EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.

9 THREE PHASE POWER Learning Objectives

(a) Compute the real, reactive and apparent power in three phase systems. (b) Calculate currents and voltages in more challenging three phase circuit arrangements. (c) Apply the principles of Power Factor Correction to a three phase load.

Recall that the power triangle graphically shows the relationship between real (P), reactive (Q) and apparent power (S). = = (W) P VI cos S cos = = (VAR) Q VI sin S sin

P S P QL QC S

We will first examine three-phase power in the context of a wye-load; then well examine a delta load. Power to the Wye-Load Active (Real) Power. Suppose that each phase has impedance Z =Z =R + X j . Then the active (real) power per phase (P) is given VR 2 2 P V I I R = = = phase power cos R Because we are considering a balanced system, the power per phase (P) is identical in all three phases, and thus the total active power (PT) is simply PT = 3 P.

PT = Pan + Pbn + Pcn = 3P

Using line voltage ( VL = 3V ) and line current (IL=I), we have

V 3= 3V I cos= P P = 3 L I L cos= T 3
2 Q V I sin = = I= X

3VL I L cos (W)

Reactive Power The reactive power per phase (Q) is given by

VX 2 (VAR) = Q X

The total reactive power can be calculated similar to the total active power:

QT = 3VL I L sin
Apparent Power

(VAR)

The apparent power per phase (S) is given

S V I 2 Z = = = I ST = 3VL I L V 2 Z (VA)

(VA)

The power factor (FP) is given

= F P P PT = = cos ST S

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Power to the Delta () Load Active (Real) Power.

Total active power (PT) is simply PT = 3 P.

PT = Pab + Pbc + Pca = 3P

Using line voltage (VL=I) and line current ( I L = 3I ):

I PT 3= P 3VL L cos= 3V I cos= = 3

3VL I L cos

(W)

Which was the EXACT same equation as for Y loads Reactive and Apparent Power The equations for calculating total reactive and apparent power are also identical to the Wye load versions:
QT = 3VL I L sin (VAR)

ST = 3VL I L

(VA)

The applicable portion of the equation sheet:

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Example In the Y-Y circuit shown, EAN = 277-30 V. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Compute P Compute PT. Compute Q Compute QT. Compute S Compute ST Compute FP.

Solution:

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Example In the circuit shown EAN = 120-30 V (a) Determine per phase powers (active, reactive, and apparent). (b) Determine total powers (active, reactive, and apparent) by multiplying the per-phase powers by 3. (c) Determine total powers (active, reactive, and apparent) by using these formulas: ST 3VL I L PT ST = cos QT ST sin = = Solution:

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Example In the circuit shown, EAB = 2080 V

a. Determine the line currents b. Determine total real power delivered by the generator c. Total real power dissipated by the load. d. Determine the load phase voltage Van Solution:

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Example. In the circuit shown, EAB = 2080 V a. Find the load phase voltage Vab b. Find ST, QT, and PT delivered by the generator. c. Find ST, QT, and PT of the load. Solution:

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Power Factor Correction Recall: In order to cancel the reactive component of power, we must add reactance of the opposite type. This is called power factor correction. In a three phase circuit, capacitors are connected in parallel with each load phase (presuming the actual load is inductive, which is usually the case)

Solution steps: 1. Calculate the reactive power (Q) of ONE PHASE of the load 2. Insert a component in parallel of the load that will cancel out that reactive power e.g. If the load has Q=512 VAR, insert a capacitor with Q= -512 VAR. 3. Calculate the reactance (X) that will give this value of Q Normally the Q=V2/X formula will work 4. Calculate the component value (F or H) required to provide that reactance.

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Example In the system shown we have EAB = 4800 V. The frequency is 60 Hz. Determine value of capacitor which must be placed across each phase of the motor to correct to a unity power factor. Solution:

EE301 Lesson 35 Reading: 23.9 Example (from Robbins and Miller, Circuit Analysis Theory and Practice, 4th ed, Delmar Cengage, 2007) In the circuit below, the 60 Hz motor is providing 100 hp at an efficiency of 80%. The power factor of the motor is 0.85 (lag). The line voltage is 575 V.

The capacitors are connected in a Y-configuration, and each capacitor has the value C = 120 F . Compute the overall power factor of the system. Solution.