MPEG-2 VIDEO COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE

By Leela Devi Sharma J.Deepa Kanya Bhoj Reddy Engineering College For Women ,Saidabad.Hyd !! !"! Abstract: MPEG-2 is an extension of the MPEG-1 nternational standard for digital compression of audio and video signals.MPEG-1 was designed to code progressively scanned video at bit rates up to about 1. Mbit!s for applications such as "#-$ %compact disc interactive&. MPEG-2 is directed at broadcast formats at higher data rates' it provides extra algorithmic tools( for efficiently coding interlaced video supports a wide range of bit rates and provides for multichannel surround sound coding. )his paper introduces the principles used for compressing video according to the MPEG-2 standard* and outlines the comression techni+ues. Introd ct!on: #he $%E&'( )ommi**ee began i*+ li,e in la*e -.// by *he hand o, Leonardo Chairiglione and Hiro+hi 0a+1da 2i*h *he immedia*e goal o, +*andardi3ing video and a1dio ,or )ompa)* di+)+.4ver *he ne5* ,e2 year+, par*i)ipa*ion ama++ed ,rom in*erna*ional *e)hni)al e5per*+ in *he area+ o, 6ideo, 71dio, and Sy+*em+, rea)hing over (!! par*i)ipan*+ by -..(. By *he end o, *he *hird year 8-..!9, a +yn*a5 emerged, 2hi)h 2hen applied *o )ode S:F video and )ompa)* di+) a1dio +ample+ ra*e+ a* a )ombined )oded bi*ra*e o, -. $bi*;+e), appro5ima*ed *he per)ep*1al <1ali*y o, )on+1mer video *ape 86HS9. 7,*er demon+*ra*ion+ proved *ha* *he +yn*a5 2a+ generi) eno1gh *o be applied *o bi* ra*e+ and +ample ra*e+ ,ar higher *han *he original primary *arge* appli)a*ion, a +e)ond pha+e 8$%E&'(9 2a+ ini*ia*ed 2i*hin *he )ommi**ee *o de,ine a +yn*a5 ,or e,,i)ien* repre+en*a*ion o, broad)a+* video. E,,i)ien* repre+en*a*ion o, in*erla)ed 8broad)a+*9 video +ignal+ 2a+ more )hallenging *han *he progre++ive 8non'in*erla)ed9 +ignal+ )oded by $%E&'-. Similarly, $%E&'- a1dio 2a+ )apable o, only dire)*ly repre+en*ing *2o )hannel+ o, +o1nd. $%E&'( 2o1ld in*rod1)e a +)heme *o de)orrela*e m1*li)hannel di+)re*e +1rro1nd +o1nd a1dio. =eed ,or a *hird pha+e 8$%E&'>9 2a+ an*i)ipa*ed in -..- ,or High De,ini*ion #elevi+ion, al*ho1gh i* 2a+ la*er di+)overed by la*e -..( and -..> *ha* *he $%E&'( +yn*a5 +imply +)aled 2i*h *he bi* ra*e, obvia*ing *he *hird pha+e. $%E&'? 2a+ la1n)hed in la*e -..( *o e5plore *he re<1iremen*+ o, a more diver+e +e* o, appli)a*ion+, 2hile ,inding a more e,,i)ien* mean+ o, )oding lo2 bi* ra*e;lo2 +ample ra*e video. #oday,$%E&8video and +y+*em+9 i+ e5)l1+iv +yn*a5 o, *he @ni*ed S*a*e+ &rand 7llian)e HD#6 +pe)i,i)a*ion, *he E1ropean Digi*al 6ideo Broad)a+*ing &ro1p, and *he high den+i*y )ompa)* di+) 8lead by rival+ Sony;%hilip+ and #o+hiba9. #he $%E& 8$oving %i)*1re+ E5per*+ &ro1p9 $%E&'( i+ di+mi++ed by many a+ iinappropria*e ,or digi*al )inema +in)e i* i+ o,*en vie2ed a* high )ompre++ion ra*io in lo2 bi*'ra*e appli)a*ion+. B1* $%E&'( i+ ,1ndamen*ally a ri)h +e* o, )ompre++ion *ool+, 2i*h )apabili*ie+ *ha* are no* made available by *he )ommonly de,ined pro,ile+ and level+. By looAing deeper *han *he 1+1al implemen*a*ion+ o, *he +*andard i* i+ po++ible *o ,ind enhan)emen*+ *o enable *he high pi)*1re <1ali*y re<1ired by *he digi*al )inema appli)a*ion. Enhan)emen*+ in )on+*an* <1ali*y ra*e )on*rol, )olor +pa)e, and bi* dep*h are po++ible 2hile +*ill adhering *o *he ba+i) $%E&'( bi*+*ream +pe)i,i)a*ion. #he enhan)emen*+ 2orA *oge*her 2i*h *he +ame +ili)on devi)e+ *ha* are 1+ed in larger marAe*+, allo2ing digi*al )inema *o *aAe advan*age o, *he bene,i)ial pri)e; per,orman)e ra*io in *he )ompre++ion and playba)A +y+*em+. N""d #or Co$%r"ss!on:y6ideo a)*1ally i+ a +e<1en)e o, pi)*1re+, ea)h pi)*1re i+ )on+i+*ed by an array o, pi5el. For a 1n)ompre++ion video, i*+ +i3e i+ h1ge. S1)h a+ CC:RR'"!- parame*e+ 8B(!pi5el+ 5 ?/!pi5el+ 5 >!,rame+;+9, i* ha+ a da*a ra*e a* abo1* -" $bp+. #hi+ high da*a ra*e i+ *oo high ,or 1+er' level appli)a*ion and i* i+ a big problem ,or C%@ and )omm1ni)a*ion. #o deal 2i*h *hi+ problem, video )ompre++ion i+ 1+ed in order *o red1)e *he +i3e. #here are *2o Aind+ o, )ompre++ion me*hod, one i+

lo++le++ and *he o*her i+ lo++y. For a lo++le++ )ompre++ion, +1)h a+ H1,,man, 7ri*hme*i), LCW..e*), *hey do no* 2orA 2ell ,or video +in)e *he di+*rib1*ion o, pi5el val1e i+ 2ide range Co$%"ss!on Ca%ab!&!t!"s O' M%"(-2 D'$%E& ( provide+ a 2ay *o )ompre++ *hi+ digi*al video +ignal *o a manageable bi* ra*e. #he )ompre++ion )apabili*y o, $%E&'( video )ompre++ion i+ +ho2n in *he *able'- ,ollo2ed. #here,ore *he higher *he pi)*1re <1ali*y ,or a given #able S1mmary o, )ompre++ion )apabili*ie+ Be)a1+e *he $%E&'( +*andard provide+ good )ompre++ion 1+ing +*andard algori*hm+, i* ha+ be)ome *he +*andard ,or digi*al #6. :* ha+ *he ,ollo2ing ,ea*1re+ F1ll'+)reen in*erla)ed and;or progre++ive video 8,or #6 and Comp1*er di+play+9 Enhan)ed a1dio )oding 8high <1ali*y, mono, +*ereo, and o*her a1dio ,ea*1re+9 #ran+por* m1l*iple5ing 8)ombining di,,eren* $%E& +*ream+ in a +ingle *ran+mi++ion +*ream9 4*her +ervi)e+ 8&@:, in*era)*ion, en)ryp*ion, da*a *ran+mi++ion, e*)9 #he li+* o, +y+*em+ 2hi)h no2 8or 2ill +oon9 1+e $%E&'( i+ e5*en+ive and )on*in1o1+ly gro2ingD digi*al #68)able, +a*elli*e and *erre+*rial broad)a+*9, 6ideo on Demand, Digi*al 6er+a*ile Di+) 8D6D9, per+onal )omp1*ing, )ard paymen*, *e+* and mea+1remen*, e*). #he $%E&'( video )ompre++ion algori*hm a)hieve+ very high ra*e+ o, )ompre++ion by e5ploi*ing *he red1ndan)y in video in,orma*ion. $%E&'( remove+ bo*h *he *emporal red1ndan)y and +pa*ial red1ndan)y 2hi)h are pre+en* in mo*ion video. #emporal red1ndan)y ari+e+ 2hen +1))e++ive ,rame+ o, video di+play image+ o, *he +ame +)ene. :* i+ )ommon ,or *he )on*en* o, *he +)ene *o remain ,i5ed or *o )hange only +ligh*ly be*2een +1))e++ive ,rame+. Spa*ial red1ndan)y o))1r+ be)a1+e pa*+ o, *he pi)*1re 8)alled pel+9 are o,*en repli)a*ed 82i*h minor )hange+9 2i*hin a +ingle ,rame o, video. Clearly, i* i+ no* al2ay+ po++ible *o )ompre++ every ,rame o, a video )lip *o *he +ame e5*en* ' +ome par*+ o, a )lip may have lo2 +pa*ial red1ndan)y 8e.g. )omple5 pi)*1re )on*en*9, 2hile o*her par*+ may have lo2 *emporal red1ndan)y 8e.g. ,a+* moving +e<1en)e+9. #he )ompre++ed video +*ream i+ *here,ore na*1rally o, variable bi* ra*e, 2here a+ *ran+mi++ion linA+ ,re<1en*ly re<1ire ,i5ed *ran+mi++ion ra*e+. #he Aey *o )on*rolling *he *ran+mi++ion ra*e i+ *o order *he )ompre++ed da*a in a b1,,er in order o, de)rea+ing de*ail. Compre++ion may be per,ormed by +ele)*ively di+)arding +ome o, *he in,orma*ion. 7 minimal impa)* on overall pi)*1re <1ali*y )an be a)hieved by *hro2ing a2ay *he mo+* de*ailed in,orma*ion, 2hile pre+erving *he le++ de*ailed pi)*1re )on*en*. #hi+ 2ill en+1re *he overall bi* ra*e i+ limi*ed 2hile +1,,ering minimal impairmen* o, pi)*1re <1ali*y.#he ba+i) opera*ion o, *he en)oder i+ +ho2n belo2D

Ba+i) 4pera*ion o, an $%E&'( En)oder $%E&'( in)l1de+ a 2ide range o, )ompre++ion me)hani+m+. 7n en)oder m1+* *here,ore 2hi)h )ompre++ion me)hani+m+ are be+* +1i*ed *o a par*i)1lar +)ene ; +e<1en)e o, +)ene+. :n general, *he more +ophi+*i)a*ed *he en)oder, *he be**er i* i+ a* +ele)*ing *he mo+* appropria*e )ompre++ion me)hani+m, and *ran+mi++ion bi* ra*e. $%E&'( De)oder+ al+o )ome in vario1+ *ype+ and have varying )apabili*ie+ 8in)l1ding abili*y *o handle high <1ali*y video, abili*y *o )ope 2i*h error+9 and )onne)*ion op*ion+. )&oc* d!a(ra$ o' "ncod"r and d"cod"r:

$o+* )ommon implemen*a*ion+ o, $%E&'( are de+igned *o 2orA 2i*h +ome ,i5ed band2id*h di+*rib1*ion )hannel. #he -..? $b;+ payload o, *he 7#SC digi*al *elevi+ion *ran+mi++ion +*andard i+ one e5ample. #he+e implemen*a*ion+ apply a )on+*an* bi*'ra*e )on*rol algori*hm *o *he )ompre++ion engine, *o maAe +1re *ha* every pi)*1re )an be delivered *hro1gh *he )hannel a* *he )orre)* *ime. #hi+

*ype o, ra*e )on*rol ne)e++arily )a1+e+ *he pi)*1re <1ali*y a,*er )ompre++ion *o vary ,rom +)ene *o +)ene. :n digi*al )inema, *he priori*y i+ ,or )on+i+*en* pi)*1re <1ali*y ,rom *he ,ir+* image *o *he la+*, be,ore any re<1iremen* ,or ,i5ed band2id*h *ran+mi++ion. Compre++ion ,or digi*al )inema +ho1ld 1+e a variable bi*'ra*e, )on+*an* <1ali*y me)hani+m ,or ra*e )on*rol.

:n ,a)*, )on+*an* <1ali*y ra*e )on*rol i+ inheren* *o *he ba+i) +e* o, )ompre++ion *ool+ o, $%E&'(, li+*ed in Fig1re -. #he+e opera*ion+ na*1rally re+1l* in )omple5 pi)*1re+ being allo)a*ed more bi*+, and +imple pi)*1re+ le++. #he )ommon pra)*i)e *o a)hieve a )on+*an* bi*'ra*e involve+ adding a layer o, )on*rol over *he+e *ool+ *o moni*or )ompre++ed pi)*1re +i3e+ and adj1+* <1an*i3a*ion ,or ea)h pi)*1re. :n )ompre++ion ,or digi*al )inema, *hi+ )on*rol layer i+ di+abled. #he ,ollo2ing paragraph+ +ho2 ho2 *he ba+i) $%E&'( )ompre++ion *ool+ re+1l* in )on+*an* <1ali*y en)oding. #he DC# *ran+,orm+ *he image da*a ,rom *he +pa*ial domain *o *he ,re<1en)y domain. 7+ an e5ample, *he blo)A o, image da*a in Fig1re (a,b i+ *ran+,ormed *o *he DC# )oe,,i)ien*+ in Fig1re ().

F:&@RE (D Blo)A di+)re*e Co+ine *ran+,orm8a9image blo)A 8b9image blo)A 2i*h l1ma repre+en*ed a+ heigh*E8)9 DC# )oe,,i)ien*+.#he d) *erm i+ in *he ,ron* )orner. 7* *hi+ +*age no in,orma*ion ,rom *he original image da*a ha+ been lo+*E *aAing *he inver+e DC# on *he )oe,,i)ien* in Fig1re () e5a)*ly reprod1)e+ *he original +o1r)e da*a. #he DC# )oe,,i)ien*+ are all +igned --' bi* in*eger+ e5)ep* ,or *he d) *erm 2hi)h i+ 1n+igned 1p *o -- bi*+. #he advan*age o, *he DC# *ran+,orm i+ *ha* mo+* o, *he )oe,,i)ien*+ are 3ero, and many o, *he re+* are +mall val1e+. :n *he +1b+e<1en* variable leng*h )oding opera*ion, +mall val1e+ *ran+la*e *o +hor* )ode+ and 3ero val1e+ are r1n'leng*h )oded. :* may +eem rea+onable *o omi* <1an*i3ing *he DC# )oe,,i)ien*+ al*oge*her and apply *he r1n'leng*h;variable'leng*h )ode+ on *he DC# )oe,,i)ien*+ dire)*ly. #he re+1l* i+ e++en*ially lo++le++ )ompre++ion 2i*h abo1* (F )ompre++ion ra*io. P!ct r" T+%"s: #he $%E& +*andard +pe)i,i)ally de,ine+ *hree *ype+ o, pi)*1re+D - :n*ra %i)*1re+8: %i)*1re+9 ( %redi)*ed %i)*1re+8% %i)*1re+9 > BiDire)*ional %i)*1re+8% %i)*1re+9 #he+e *hree *ype+ o, pi)*1re+ are )ombined *o ,orm a gro1p o, pi)*1re.

:n*ra pi)*1re+, or :'%i)*1re, are )oded 1+ing only in,orma*ion pre+en* in *he pi)*1re i*+el,, and provide+ po*en*ial random a))e++ poin*+ in*o *he )ompre++ed video da*a. :* 1+e+ only *ran+,orm )oding and provide modera*e )ompre++ion. #ypi)ally i* 1+e+ abo1* *2o bi*+ per )oded pi5el. Pr"d!ct"d P!ct r"s %redi)*ed pi)*1re+, or %'pi)*1re+, are )oded 2i*h re+pe)* *o *he neare+* previo1+ :' or %'pi)*1re+. #hi+ *e)hni<1e i+ )alled ,or2ard predi)*ion and i+ ill1+*ra*ed in above ,ig1re. LiAe :'pi)*1re+, %'pi)*1re+ al+o )an +erve a+ a predi)*ion re,eren)e ,or B'pi)*1re+ and ,1*1re %'pi)*1re+. $oreover, %'pi)*1re+ 1+e mo*ion )ompen+a*ion *o provide more )ompre++ion *han i+ po++ible 2i*h :' pi)*1re+. )!d!r"ct!ona& P!ct r"s Bire)*ional pi)*1re+, or B'pi)*1re+, are pi)*1re+ *ha* 1+e bo*h a pa+* and ,1*1re pi)*1re a+ a re,eren)e. #hi+ *e)hni<1e i+ )alled bidire)*ional predi)*ion. B'pi)*1re+ provide *he mo+* Cmpre++ion +in)e i* 1+e *he pa+* and ,1*1re pi)*1re a+ a regeren)e, ho2ever, *he )omp1*a*ion *ime i+ *he largere+*. M"t,od o' Encod!n( P!ct r"s Intra P!ct r"s

#he $%E& *ran+,orm )oding algori*hm in)l1de+ *he ,ollo2ing +*ep+D -.Di+)e*e )o+ine*ran+,orm8DC#9 (.G1an*i3a*ion >.R1n'leng*h en)oding Bo*h image blo)A+ and predi)*ion'error blo)A+ have high +pa*ial red1ndan)y. #o red1)e *hi+ red1ndan)y, *he $%E& algori*hm *ran+,orm+ /5/ blo)A+ o, pi5el+ or /5/ blo)A+ o, error *erm+ ,rom *he +pa*ial domain *o *he ,re<1en)y domain 2i*h *he di+)re*e Co+ine #ran+,orm8DC#9. #he )ombina*ion o, DC# and <1an*i+a*ion re+1l*+ in many o, *he ,re<1en)y )oe,,i)ien*+ being 3ero, e+pe)ially *he )oe,,i)ien*+ ,or high +pa*ial ,re<1en)ie+. #o *aAe ma5im1m advan*age o, *hi+, *he )oe,,i)ien*+ are organi3ed in a 3ig3ag order *o prod1)e long r1n+ o, 3ero. #he )oe,,i)ien*+ are *hen )onver*ed *o a +erie+ o, r1n ampli*1de pair+ ea)h pair indi)a*ing a n1mber o, 3ero )oe,,i)ein*+ and *he ampli*1de o, a non'3ero )oe,,i)ien*. #he+e r1n ampli*1de pair+ are *hen )oded 2i*h a variable'leng*h )ode8H1,,man En)oding9 2hi)h 1+e+ +hor*er )ode+ ,or )ommonly o))1rring pair+ and longer )ode+ ,or le++ )ommon pair+. Some blo)A+ o, pi5el+ need *o be )oded more a))1ra*ely *han o*her+ ,or e5ample, blo)A+ 2i*h +moo*h in*en+i*y gradien*+ need a))1ra*e )oding *o avoid vi+bile blo)A bo1ndarie+. #o deal 2i*h *hi+ ine<1ali*y be*2een blo)A+, *he $%E& algori*hm allo2+ *he amo1n* o, <1an*i3a*ion *o be modi,ied ,or ea)h ma)roblo)A o, pi5el+. #hi+ me)hani+m )an al+o be 1+ed *o provide +moo*h adap*a*ion *o par*i)1lar bi* ra*e.

Pr"d!ct"d P!ct r"s

7 %'pi)*1re i+ )oded 2i*h re,eren)e *o a previo1+ image8re,eren)e image9 2hi)h i+ an : or % %i)*1re+. From *he above ,ig1re, *he highligh*ed blo)A in *arge* image8*he image *o be )oded9 i+ +imalar *o *he re,eren)e image e5)ep* i* +hi,*ed *o 1pper righ*. Sin)e mo+* o, )hange+ be*2een *arge* and re,eren)e image )an be appro5ima*ed a+ *ran+la*ion o, +mall image region+. #here,ore a Aey *e)hni<1e )all mo*ion )ompen+a*ion predi)*ion i+ 1+ed. $o*ion )ompen+a*ion ba+ed predi)*ion e5ploi*+ *he *emporal red1ndan)y. D1e *o ,rame+ are )lo+ely rela*ed, i* i+ po++ible *o a))1ra*ely repre+en* or Hpredi)*H *he da*a o, one ,rame ba+ed on *he da*a o, a re,eren)e image, provided *he *ran+la*ion i+ e+*ima*ed. #he pro)e++ o, predi)*ion help+ in *he red1)*ion o, bi*+ by a h1ge amon*. :n %'%i)*1re+, ea)h -"5-" +i3ed ma)roblo)A i+ predi)*ed ,rom a ma)roblo)A o, a previo1+ly en)oded : pi)*1re. Sin)e+, ,rame+ are +nap+ho*+ in *ime o, a moving obje)*, *he ma)roblo)A+ in *he *2o ,rame+ may no* be )o+i*ed, i.e. )orre+pond *o *he +ame +pa*ial lo)a*ion. Hen)e, a +ear)h i+ )ond1)*ed in *he : ,rame *o ,ind *he ma)roblo)A 2hi)h )lo+ely ma*)he+ *he ma)roblo)A 1nder )on+idera*ion in *he %',rame ,rame. #he di,,eren)e be*2een *he *2o ma)roblo)A i+ *he predi)*ion error. #hi+ error )an be )oded in *he DC# domain. #he DC# o, *he errr re+1l*+ in ,e2 high ,re<1en)y )oe,,i)ien*+, 2hi)h a,*er *he <1an*i+a*ion pro)e++ re<1ire a +mall n1mber o, bi*+ ,or repre+ena*ion. #he <1an*i+a*ion ma*ri)e+ ,or *he predi)*ion error blo)A+ are di,,eren* ,rom *ho+e 1+ed in in*ra blo)A, d1e *o *he di+*in)* na*1re o, *heir ,re<1en)y +pe)*r1m. #he di+pla)emen*+ in *he hori3aon*al and ver*i)al dire)*ion+ o, *he be+* ma*)h ma)roblo)A ,rom *he )o+i*ed ma)roblo)A are )alled mo*ion ve)*or+. Di,,eren*ial )oding i+ 1+ed be)a1+e i* red1)e+ *he *o*al bi* re<1iremen* by *ran+mi**ing *he di,,eren)e be*2een *he mo*ion ve)*or+ o, )on+e)1*inve ,rame+. Finally i* 1+e *her1n'leng*h en)oding and h1,,man )oding *o en)ode *he da*a. )!d"r"ct!ona& P!ct r"s e5ampleD

From *he above pi)*1re+, *here are +ome in,orma*ion 2hi)h i+ no* in *he re,eren)e ,rame. Hen)e B pi)*1re i+ )oded liAe %'pi)*1re+ e5)ep* *he mo*ion ve)*or+ )an re,eren)e ei*her *he previo1+ re,eren)e pi)*1re, *he ne5* pi)*1re, or bo*h. #he ,ollo2ing i+ *he ma)hani+m o, B'pi)*1re )oding.

MPEG-2 !n "-"r+da+ &!'": J1+* abo1* 2herever yo1 +ee video *oday. D)S .D!r"ct )roadcast Sat"&&!t"9 #he H1ghe+;@SSB +ervi)e 2ill 1+e $%E&'( video and a1dio. #hom+on ha+ e5)l1+ive righ*+ *o man1,a)*1re *he de)oding bo5e+ ,or *he ,ir+* -/ mon*h+ o, opera*ion. =o do1b* #hom+on I+ S#i'> !! $%E&'( video de)oder )hip 2ill be ,ea*1red. H1ghe+;@SSB DBS already beg1n +ervi)e in =or*h 7meri)a in -..?. #2o +a*elli*e+ a* -!- degree+ We+* +hare *he po2er re<1iremen*+ o, -(! Wa**+ per (B $H3 *ran+ponder. $1l*i'+o1r)e )hannel ra*e )on*rol me*hod+ i+ employed *o op*imally allo)a*e bi*+ be*2een +everal program+ on one da*a )arrier. 7n average o, - ! )hannel+ are planned. CATV .Cab&" T"&"-!s!on9 De+pi*e )on,li)*ing op*ion+, *he *he )able ind1+*ry ha+ more or le++ +e**led on $%E&'( video. 71dio i+ le++ *han +e**led. For e5ample, &eneral :n+*r1men*+ 8*he large+* @.S. )on+1mer )able +e*'*op bo5 man1,a)*1rer9 have anno1n)ed *he planned 1+e o, *he Dolby 7C'> a1dio algori*hm. D!(!C!%,"r #he &eneral :n+*r1men*+ DigiCipher : video +yn*a5 i+ +imilar *o $%E&'( +yn*a5 b1* 1+e+ +maller ma)roblo)A predi)*ion+ and no B',rame+. #he DigiCipher :: +pe)i,i)a*ion in)l1de+ mode+ *o +1ppor* bo*h *he &: and ,1ll $%E&'( 6ideo $ain %ro,ile +yn*a5. Servi)e+ +1)h a+ HB4 2ill 1pgrade *o DigiCipher :: in -..?. 7* *he E1ropean :BC broad)a+* *e)hnology )onven*ion, in Sep*ember -..?,&: demon+*ra*ed a pro*o*ype DC:: en)oder 2hi)h handle+ bo*h digi*al en)oding +*andard+. F1lly )on,ig1red *he en)oder 2ill be able *o pro)e++ -" analog1e video inp1*+, pl1+ >( +*ereo a1dio )hannel+ and >( da*a )hannel+ in*o a +ingle high +peed da*a+*ream 2hi)h )an be )arried on )able, +a*elli*e, mi)ro2ave or 7#$ +y+*em+. DC:: *e)hnology ha+ no2 been li)en+ed *o S)ien*i,i) 7*lan*a and He2le** %a)Aard 8bo*h +e*'*op man1,a)*1rer+9 and *o )hip man1,a)*1rer+ $o*orola, LS: Logi) and C'C1be. 7ll *he+e man1,a)*1rer+ already +1ppor* $%E&( and plan *o in)orpora*e DC:: in*o d1al mode digi*al video de)oder )hip+ ,or *he +e*'*op *erminal marAe*. HDTV #he @.S.&rand 7llian)e, a )on+or*i1m o, )ompanie+ *ha* ,ormely )ompe*ed ,or *he @.S. *erre+*rial HD#6+*andard, have already agreed *o 1+e *he $%E&'( 6ideo and Sy+*em+ +yn*a5 8in)l1ding B' pi)*1re+9 . Bo*h in*erla)ed 8-??! 5 ."! 5 >! H39 and progre++ive 8-(/! 5 B(! 5 "! H39 mode+ 2ill be +1ppor*ed. #he 7llian)e m1+* *hen +e**le 1pon a mod1la*ion 8G7$, 6SB, 4FD$9, )onvol1*ion 8$S or 6i*erbi9, and error )orre)*ion 8RS%C, RSFC9 +pe)i,i)a*ion. :n Sep*ember -..>, *he )on+or*i1m o, / E1ropean )ompanie+ +igned an agreemen* *o ,1nd a proje)* Ano2n Digi*al 6ideo Broad)a+*ing 8D6B9 2hi)h 2ill develop a +*andard ,or )able and *erre+*rial *ran+mi++ion by *he end o, -..?. #he +)heme 2ill 1+e $%E&'(. #hi+ )on+or*i1m ha+ p1* *he ,inal nail in *he )o,,in o, *he D'$7C +)heme ,or grad1al migra*ion *o2ard+ an all'digi*al, HD#6 )on+1mer *ran+mi++ion +*andard. #he only remaining analog or digi*al'analog hybrid +y+*em le,* in *he 2orld i+ =HKI+ $@S Conc& s!on: $peg'( ha+ been very +1))e++,1l in de,ining a +pe)i,i)a*ion *o +erve a range o, appli)a*ion+, bi* ra*e+, <1ali*ie+ and +ervi)e+. C1rren*ly, *he major in*ere+* i+ in *he main pro,ile a* main level 8$%J$L9 ,or appli)a*ion+ +1)h a+ digi*al *elevi+ion broad)a+*ing 8*erre+*rial, +a*elli*e and )able9, video'on'demand +ervi)e+ and de+A*op video +y+*em+. Several man1,a)*1rer+ have anno1n)ed $%J$L +ingle')hip de)oder+ and m1l*i)hip en)oder+. %ro*o*ype e<1ipmen* +1ppor*ing *he S=R and +pa*ial pro,ile+ ha+ al+o been )on+*r1)*ed ,or 1+e in broad)a+*ing ,ield *rial+. #he +pe)i,i)a*ion only de,ine+ *he bi*+*ream +yn*a5 and de)oding pro)e++. &enerally, *hi+ mean+ *ha* any de)oder+ 2hi)h )on,orm *o *he +pe)i,i)a*ion +ho1ld prod1)e near iden*i)al o1*p1* pi)*1re+. Ho2ever, de)oder+ may di,,er in ho2 *hey re+pond *o error+ in*rod1)ed in *he *ran+mi++ion )hannel. For e5ample, an advan)ed de)oder migh* a**emp* *o )on)eal ,a1l*+ in *he de)oded pi)*1re i, i* de*e)*+ error+ in *he bi*+*ream. For a )oder *o )on,orm *o *he +pe)i,i)a*ion, i* only ha+ *o prod1)e a valid bi*+*ream. #hi+ )ondi*ion alone ha+ no bearing on *he pi)*1re <1ali*y *hro1gh *he )ode), and *here i+ liAely *o be a varia*ion in

)oding per,orman)e be*2een di,,eren* )oder de+ign+. For e5ample, *he )oding per,orman)e may vary depending on *he <1ali*y o, *he mo*ion've)*or mea+1remen*, *he *e)hni<1e+ ,or )on*rolling *he bi* ra*e, *he me*hod+ 1+ed *o )hoo+e be*2een *he di,,eren* predi)*ion mode+, *he degree o, pi)*1re prepro)e++ing and *he 2ay in 2hi)h *he <1an*i+er i+ adap*ed a))ording *o *he pi)*1re )on*en*. #he pi)*1re <1ali*y *hro1gh an $%E&'( )ode) depend+ on *he )omple5i*y and predi)*abili*y o, *he +o1r)e pi)*1re+. Real'*ime )oder+ and de)oder+ have demon+*ra*ed generally good <1ali*y +*andard' de,ini*ion pi)*1re+ a* bi* ra*e+ aro1nd " $bi*;+. 7+ e5perien)e o, $%E&'( )oding in)rea+e+, *he +ame pi)*1re <1ali*y may be a)hievable a* lo2er bi* ra*e+. RE#ERENCESD -. :S4;:EC ---B(D ICoding o, moving pi)*1re+ and a++o)ia*ed a1dio ,or digi*al +*orage media a* 1p *o abo1* -. $bi*;+I. (. :S4;:EC ->/-/D I&eneri) )oding o, moving pi)*1re+ and a++o)ia*ed a1dio 8$%E&'(9I. >. IEn)oding parame*er+ o, digi*al *elevi+ion ,or +*1dio+I, CC:R Re)ommenda*ion "!-'- F6:*h %lenary 7++embly D1brovniA -./", 6ol. F:, %ar* -, pp. >-.'>(/. ?. J7:=, 7.K.D IF1ndamen*al+ o, digi*al image pro)e++ingI 8%ren*i)e Hall, -./.9. . WELLS, =.D.D IComponen* )ode) +*andard ,or high'<1ali*y digi*al *elevi+ionI, Ele)*roni)+ K Comm1ni)a*ion Engineering Jo1rnal, 71g1+* -..(, ?, 8?9, pp. -. '(!(.