Space Vehicle Design

Second Edition

Michael D. Griffin
Oak Hill, Virginia

James R. French
Las Cruces, New Mexico

EDUCATION SERIES Joseph A. Schetz Series Editor-in-Chief Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia

Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344

Table of Contents

Preface Preface to the Previous Edition Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction Systems Engineering Process Requirements and Tradeoffs Bibliography 2 Mission Design Introduction Low Earth Orbit Medium-Altitude Earth Orbit Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Lunar and Deep Space Missions Advanced Mission Concepts Bibliography 3 Spacecraft Environment Introduction Earth Environment Launch Environment Atmospheric Environment Space and Upper Atmosphere Environment References Problems 4 Astrodynamics Introduction Fundamentals of Orbital Mechanics Non-Keplerian Motion Basic Orbital Maneuvers Interplanetary Transfer Perturbation Methods
xi

xv xvii 1 1 2 6 16 17 17 17 25 25 30 38 47 49 49 50 54 58 69 99 100 103 103 104 137 155 167 179

Chapter 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Chapter 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Chapter 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

xii 4.7 Orbital Rendezvous References Problems

TABLE OF CONTENTS 180 186 189 193 194 214 229 268 269 273 273 274 298 315 317 318 320 320 325 325 326 336 340 343 349 353 363 373 376 377 383 383 383 392 412 417 427 428 433

Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3

5 Propulsion Rocket Propulsion Fundamentals Ascent Flight Mechanics Launch Vehicle Selection References Problems 6 Atmospheric Entry Introduction Fundamentals of Entry Flight Mechanics Fundamentals of Entry Heating Entry Vehicle Designs Aeroassisted Orbit Transfer References Bibliography Problems 7 Attitude Determination and Control Introduction Basic Concepts and Terminology Review of Rotational Dynamics Rigid Body Dynamics Space Vehicle Disturbance Torques Passive Attitude Control Active Control Attitude Determination System Design Considerations References Problems 8 Configuration and Structural Design Introduction Design Drivers Spacecraft Design Concepts Mass Properties Structural Loads Large Structures Materials References

Chapter 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Chapter 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9 Thermal Control Introduction Spacecraft Thermal Environment Thermal Control Methods Heat Transfer Mechanisms Spacecraft Thermal Modeling and Analysis References Problems

xiii 435 435 436 437 440 458 466 467 469 469 470 471 472 474 475 478 486 487 498 501 502 505 509 509 511 511 512 513 514 516 530 548 563 564 567 567 568 572 576 582 589

Chapter 10 Power Systems 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Power System Functions 10.3 Power System Evolution 10.4 Power System Design Drivers 10.5 Power System Elements 10.6 Design Practice 10.7 Batteries 10.8 Primary Power Source 10.9 Solar Arrays 10.10 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators 10.11 Fuel Cells 10.12 Power Conditioning and Control 10.13 Future Concepts References Problems Chapter 11 Telecommunications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Command Subsystem 11.3 Hardware Redundancy 11.4 Autonomy 11.5 Command Subsystem Elements 11.6 Radio Frequency Elements 11.7 Spacecraft Tracking References Problems Chapter 12 Reliability Analysis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Review of Probability Theory 12.3 Random Variables 12.4 Special Probability Distributions 12.5 System Reliability 12.6 Statistical Inference

xiv

TABLE OF CONTENTS 12.7 Design Considerations References Problems 600 605 606 609 619 643 645 661

Appendix A: Random Processes Appendix B: Tables Bibliography Index Series Listing