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Citing your references using the Harvard (Author-Date) system

Is this the correct guide for you?
Before using this guide, please check whether your Department, School or Faculty specifies the use of a particular referencing system and, if so, if it provides its own guidelines to that system. Note that some Departments,Schools or Faculties may expect both a list of cited! references and a general! bibliography, rather than one single reference list"bibliography.

Why is it important to cite references?

#t is accepted practice in the academic world to acknowledge the words, ideas or work of others and not simply to use them as if they were your own. Failure to do this could be regarded as plagiarism $ see http%""www.brookes.ac.uk"library"skill"plagiarism.html to enable other people to identify and trace your sources &uickly and easily to support facts and claims you have made in your text There are 2 parts to a referencing system: (1) an in-text citation (2) an entry in the reference list/bibliography at the end of the assignment/work

1. In-text citations
'he in-text citation is placed at the exact point in your document where you refer to someone else(s work, whether it is a book, )ournal, online document, website or any other source. #t consists of author or editor"compiler"translator! and publication year, in brackets% eg 2000). *n author can be an organisation or +overnment Department common with websites!% eg (English Heritage, 2010) Agriculture still employs half a million people in rural Britain (Shucksmith,

#f there are , authors, both names should be given% eg ( ines an! "alker, 200#)

#f there are more than , authors, cite the first author, followed by -et al in italics! eg ($organ et al., 1%%&)

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For several documents by the same author published in the same year, use a,b,c!% eg ("atson, 200%a)

#f the author(s name occurs naturally in the sentence, only the year of publication is given% eg 'his concept is !iscusse! (y )ones (1%%&) *

#f there is no author, use a brief title instead% eg (Bur!en of anonymity, 1%+&)

For websites, if there is no author or title, use the /.0% eg (,,,.(rookes.ac.uk, 2010)

#f the date cannot be identified, use the abbreviation n.d.% eg ( a(our -arty, n.!.)

1age number s! should be included when there is a need to be more specific, e.g. referring to specific information or data, or when making a direct &uotation. eg ('hompson, 2011, p.100)

#f referencing a secondary source a document which you have not seen but which is &uoted in one of your references! the two items should be linked with the term -cited in(% eg *economic !e.elopment ()ones, 2000, cite! in "alker, 200+, p./0 !.

NB for above example of secondary sources: 2ou would only be able to include the source you have actually read in your reference list 3 in the above example you could only give full details of 4alker unless you have read 5ones yourself. #t is good practice to try to read the original source 5ones! so that you can cite and reference it in addition to the source which &uoted it 4alker!.

andling !uotations in the text

"hort #uotations may be run into the text, using single &uotation marks% eg As 1,ens state! (200&, p.%#), 2the .alue of...3

$onger #uotations should be separated from the rest of the text by means of indentation and optional si6e reduction, and do not need &uotation marks% eg gloomily6 Simone !e Beau.oir (1%#2, p.04/) e5amine! her o,n past an! ,rote rather 'he past is not a peaceful lan!scape lying there (ehin! me, a country in ,hich 7 can stroll ,here.er 7 please, an! ,ill gra!ually sho, me all its secret hills an! !ates. As 7 ,as mo.ing for,ar!, so it ,as crum(ling.

%. &eference list'bibliography
*t the end of your assignment"work you need to provide a complete list of all sources used. 1lease note that some Departments, Schools or Faculties may expect , lists 3 7! a reference list of all sources cited in your text and ,! a general bibliography of sources used but not specifically cited as in$ text citation. 'he entries in the list s! are arranged in one alphabetical se#uence by author(s name, title if there is no author, /.0 if no author or title 3 (hatever has been used in the in-text citation, so that your reader can go easily from an in$text citation to the correct point in your list. 2

*ll entries"references, including those for online resources, must contain author, year of publication and title if known! in that order. Further additional details are also re&uired, varying according to the type of source, as follows% Boo) 1 *uthor'+ditor: Surname first, followed by first name s! or initials ,be consistent-. #nclude all authors. For editors, compilers or translators use ed"eds, comp"comps or trans after the name s!. .emember that an author can be an organisation or +overnment Department. .ear of publication: #f date not known, use n.d. 0itle: #nclude title as given on the title page of a book8 include any sub$title, separating it from the title by a colon. 9apitalise the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. /se italics, bold or underline the most common practice is to use italics! ,be consistent+dition: :nly include if not the first edition. 3lace of publication and publisher: /se a colon to separate these elements. #f not given use% s.l. no place! and s.n. no publisher!. "eries: #nclude if relevant. eg 8om(rich, E. H. (1%##). Art and illusion. /th e!. on!on6 -hai!on. eg 9i!ley, A., -eckham, $. an! :lark, -. (e!s.) (2000). Cell motility: from molecules to organisms. :hichester6 "iley. E5amples of organisation;8o.ernment <epartment as author6 eg <epartment of Health (2001). National service framework for diabetes. on!on6 <epartment of Health. 9oyal Society (2001). The future of sites of special scientific interest. on!on6 9oyal Society E5ample of (ook ,ith no author6 eg Whitakers almanack (2010). +-boo) 1 % / 1 2 4 8 : *uthor'editor .ear of publication use the date for the e$book version rather than any print version! 0itle +dition 3lace of publication and publisher if available! 56nline7 in s&uare brackets *vailable at: 9&$ this should be the /.0 of the e$book collection if it is from a collection!. ,*ccessed: date you read it- in brackets! eg Holli!ay, A., Hy!e, $. an! =ullman, ). (200+). ntercultural communication: an advanced resource book. on!on6 9outle!ge. >1nline?. A.aila(le at6 http6;;,,,.!a,sonera.com; (Accesse!6 1/ August 2011) ;hapter in boo) 1 % / *uthor of chapter .ear of publication 0itle of chapter not italics! 0 on!on6 ) "hitaker an! Sons.

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1 2 4

In: and then author< title of complete boo) (in italics), place of publication< publisher< page numbers of chapter. eg Smith, H. (1%%0). 7nno.ation at large. 7n6 )ames, S., (e!.) !cience and innovation. $anchester6 @o.on, pp. +4A/0. ** (** Please note that the convention for some disciplines e.g. Science is to omit pp for page numbers)

3rinted =ournal article 1 % / 1 2 4 *uthor .ear of publication 0itle of article not italics! 0itle of >ournal (in italics) ?olume number< issue number and'or date 3age numbers ** Please note that the convention for some disciplines e.g. Science is to omit pp for page numbers

eg "illiams, ). (2000). 'ools for achie.ing sustaina(le housing strategies in rural 8loucestershire. "lanning "ractice # $esearch 1/ (0), pp.1//A1#+. BB +lectronic'online >ournal article Same as for printed )ournal article *ND *0S: 8 Name of online >ournal collection if applicable! : 56nline7 in s&uare brackets @ *vailable at: 9&$ if ; applies, this should be the /.0 of the online )ournal collection!. 1A ,*ccessed: date you read it- in brackets! eg )ones, -. an! E.ans, ). (2004). Cr(an regeneration, go.ernance an! the state6 e5ploring notions of !istance an! pro5imity. %rban !tudies +0(%), pp.1+%1A1/0%. Aca!emic Search :omplete >1nline?. A.aila(le at6 http6;;,e(.e(scohost.com (Accesse! 1# August 2010) Web page: a(our -arty (2010). "olicy guide. A.aila(le at6 http6;;,,,.la(our.org.uk;policies;home (Accesse!6 10 August 2010) &eport from a database: $intel (2010). !ports goods retailing & %' & (ay )*+*. $intel eisure >1nline?. A.aila(le at6 http6;;reports.mintel.com (Accesse!6 1# August 2010) Ne(spaper article: Hunt, -. (1%%%). 'ime is running out. ,aily Telegraph, & De(ruary, p. 10.
NB% For internet edition there is no page number 3 instead give <:nline=, *vailable at% /.0 and *ccessed% date8 if citing newspaper article from a database e.g. Factiva, follow pattern above for online )ournal article!

+mail: Saun!ers, . (2010). Email to in!a Hinton, 1& August. Bilm on C?C: "ride and pre-udice (2000). <irecte! (y Simon angton ><E<?. Base! on the no.el (y )ane Austen. on!on6 BB: "orl!,i!e t!. 0hesis: 8roschl, S. (2001). An e.ploration of cultural differences between /rench and 0ritish managers within an international hotel company. -h< thesis. 15for! Brookes Cni.ersity. +

;onference paper: Sattler, $.A. (200#). E!ucation for a more sustaina(le architecture. 7n6 !un1 wind and architecture: proceedings of the )2th nternational Conference on "assive and 3ow 4nergy Architecture. @ational Cni.ersity of Singapore, 22A2+ @o.em(er. Singapore6 <epartment of Architecture, @ational Cni.ersity of Singapore, pp. &++A&/1. BB

Bor further examples see: 1ears, .. and Shields, +. ,>7>!. Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. ?th ed. Basingstoke% 1algrave @acmillan. "helfmar): :A:.A% 3+* +ndNote: 'his service enables you to build up a database of your references and then automatically format both in$text citations and the references in the Brookes Aarvard style like this guide!. For full details see http%""www.brookes.ac.uk"library"endnote.html
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