Homework 5 Due date: Thursday, Mar. 23 Chapter 7 Problems 1. 7.88 2. 7.

92 except assume the parachute has diameter of 3.5 meters and calculate how long it takes to stop. (Must solve dierential equation) 3. 7.115 4. 7.116 Chapter 4 Problems 1. 4.47 2. 4.48 3. 4.54 4. 4.56 CFD Problem 1. Use Fluent code to calculate the ow in a channel of 0.5m x 0.1m for an inlet velocity of 1 cm/s. Approximately evaluate the thickness of the boundary layer. Hand in a velocity vector plot of the ow eld and a contour plot of the pressure eld.

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527

7.88 A pickup truck has a clean drag-area CDA of 35 ft2. Estimate the horsepower required to drive the truck at 55 mi/h (a) clean and (b) with the 3- by 6-ft sign in Fig. P7.88 installed if the rolling resistance is 150 lbf at sea level. Solution: For sea-level air, take = 0.00238 slug/ft3 and = 3.72E7 slug/fts. Convert V = 55 mi/h = 80.7 ft/s. Calculate the drag without the sign:
F = Frolling + CD A

2 V 2 = 150 + 35(0.00238/2)(80.7)2 421 lbf

Fig. P7.88

Horsepower = (421)(80.7) 550 62 hp (clean)

Ans. (a)

With a sign added, b/h = 2.0, read CD 1.19 from Table 7.3. Then
0.00238 2 F = 421clean + 1.19 (80.7) (6)(3) 587 lbf, 2

Power = FV 86 hp

Ans. (b)

7.89 The new AMTRAK high-speed Acela train can reach 150 mi/h, which presently it seldom does, because of the curvy coastline tracks in New England. If 75% of the power expanded at this speed is due to air drag, estimate the total horsepower required by the Acela. Solution: For sea-level air, take = 1.22 kg/m3. From Table 7.3, the drag-area CD A of a streamlined train is approximately 8.5 m2. Convert 150 mi/h to 67.1 m/s. Then

1.22 kg/m 3 0.75Ptrain = (C D A) V 2 V = (8.5 m 2 ) (67.1 m/s)3 = 1.56 E 6 watts 2 2

Solve for Ptrain = 2.08E6 W = 2800 hp Ans.

7.92 A 1500-kg automobile uses its drag-area, CDA = 0.4 m2, plus brakes and a parachute, to slow down from 50 m/s. Its brakes apply 5000 N of resistance. Assume sealevel standard air. If the automobile must stop in 8 seconds, what diameter parachute is appropriate?

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Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

Solution: For sea-level air take = 1.225 kg/m3. From Table 7.3 for a parachute, read CDp 1.2. The force balance during deceleration is, with Vo = 50 m/s,
F = Froll Fdrag = 5000

1.225 2 2 dV 0.4 + 1.2 Dp V = (ma )car = 1500 2 4 dt

Note that, if drag = 0, the car slows down linearly and stops in 50(1500)/(5000) = 15 s, not fast enoughso we definitely need the drag to cut it down to 8 seconds. The firstorder differential equation above has the form dV 1.225 0.4 + 1.2 Dp /4 = b aV 2 , where a = dt 2 1500
2

and b =

5000 1500

Separate the variables and integrate, with V = Vo = 50 m/s at t = 0:

Vo

dV 1 a tan 1 Vo = dt , Solve: t = = 8 s? 2 b b + aV ab 0

The unknown is Dp, which lies within a! Iteration is neededan ideal job for EES! Well, anyway, you will find that Dp = 3 m is too small (t 9.33 s) and Dp = 4 m is too large (t 7.86 s). We may interpolate (or EES will quickly report):
D parachute(t=8 s) 3.9 m Ans.

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Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

For our particular data, evaluate Vf = C= 2(9810 sin 5.71 70) m = 46.0 ; 1.225(0.7) s (9810 sin 5.71 70)(0.7)(1.225/2) = 0.0197 s1 1000

We need to know when the car reaches x = (20 m)/sin(5.71) 201 m. The above expression for V(t) may be readily integrated: x = V dt =
0 t

Vf 46.0 ln[ cosh(Ct)] = ln[ cosh(0.0197t)] = 201 m if t 21.4 s C 0.0197 m km = 65.9 Ans. s h

Then, at x = 201 m, z = 20 m, V = 46.0 tanh[0.0197(21.4)] 18.3

7.115 The Cessna Citation executive jet weighs 67 kN and has a wing area of 32 m2. It cruises at 10 km standard altitude with a lift coefficient of 0.21 and a drag coefficient of 0.015. Estimate (a) the cruise speed in mi/h; and (b) the horsepower required to maintain cruise velocity. Solution: At 10 km standard altitude (Table A-6) the air density is 0.4125 kg/m3. (a) The cruise speed is found by setting lift equal to weight:
Lift = 67000 N = CL 0.4125 kg/m 3 2 2 V Awing = 0.21 V (32 m 2 ), 2 2

m mi Ans. (a) = 492 s h (b) With speed known, the power is found from the drag: Solve V = 220

0.4125 (220)2 (32) (220) Power = FdragV = C D V 2 A V = 0.015 2 2

= 1.05 MW = 1410 hp Ans. (b)

7.116 An airplane weighs 180 kN and has a wing area of 160 m2 and a mean chord of 4 m. The airfoil properties are given by Fig. 7.25. If the plane is designed to land at Vo = 1.2Vstall, using a split flap set at 60, (a) What is the proper landing speed in mi/h? (b) What power is required for takeoff at the same speed?

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549

Solution: For air at sea level, 1.225 kg/m3. From Fig. 7.24 with the flap, CL,max 1.75 at 6. Compute the stall velocity:
Vstall = 2W

CL,max Ap

2(180000 N) m = 32.4 3 2 s (1.225 kg/m )(1.75)(160 m ) m s Ans. (a)

Then Vlanding = 1.2Vstall = 38.9 CL = C L ,max (Vland /Vstall )

2

1.75 = 1.22 (1.2)2

For take-off at the same speed of 38.9 m/s, we need a drag estimate. From Fig. 7.25 with a split flap, CD 0.04. We dont have a theory for induced drag with a split flap, so we just go along with the usual finite wing theory, Eq. (7.71). The aspect ratio is b/c = (40 m)/(4 m) =10. C D = CD +
2 CL (1.22)2 = 0.04 + = 0.087, AR (10)

1.225 Fdrag = (0.087) (38.9)2 (160) = 12900 N 2

Power required = FV = (12900 N)(38.9 m/s) = 501000 W = 672 hp

Ans. (b)

7.117 Suppose the airplane of Prob. 7.116 takes off at sea level without benefit of flaps and with constant lift coefficient and take-off speed of 100 mi/h. (a) Estimate the take-off distance if the thrust is 10 kN. (b) How much thrust is needed to make the take-off distance 1250 m? Solution: For air at sea level, = 1.225 kg/m3. Convert V = 100 mi/h = 44.7 m/s. From Fig. 7.25, with no flap, read CD 0.006. Compute the lift and drag coefficients:

CL =

2W 2(180000 N) = = 0.919 (assumed constant) 2 V Ap (1.225 kg/m 3 )(44.7 m/s)2 (160 m 2 )

C D = C D +

2 (0.919)2 CL = 0.006 + = 0.0329 AR (10)

The take-off drag is Do = CD(/2)V2Ap = (0.0329)(1.225/2)(44.7)2(160) = 6440 N. From Ex. 7.8, m T ln , K = CD (/2) Ap = (0.0329)(1.225/2)(160) = 3.22 kg/m So = 2K T Do Then So = (180000/9.81) kg 10000 N ln = 2940 m 10000 N 6440 N 2(3.22 kg/m)

Ans. (a)

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Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

4.46 Fluid from a large reservoir at temperature To flows into a circular pipe of radius R. The pipe walls are wound with an electric-resistance coil which delivers heat to the fluid at a rate qw (energy per unit wall area). If we wish to analyze this problem by using the full continuity, Navier-Stokes, and energy equations, what are the proper boundary conditions for the analysis? Solution: Letting z = 0 be the pipe entrance, we can state inlet conditions: typically uz(r, 0) = U (a uniform inlet profile), ur(r, 0) = 0, and T(r, 0) = To, also uniform. At the wall, r = R, the no-slip and known-heat-flux conditions hold: uz(R, z) = ur(R, z) = 0 and k( T/ r) = qw at (R, z) (assuming that qw is positive for heat flow in). At the exit, z = L, we would probably assume free outflow: uz/ z = T/ z = 0. Finally, we would need to know the pressure at one point, probably the inlet, z = 0. 4.47 Given the incompressible flow V = 3yi + 2xj. Does this flow satisfy continuity? If so, find the stream function (x, y) and plot a few streamlines, with arrows. Solution: With u = 3y and v = 2x, we may check u/ x + v/ y = 0 + 0 = 0, OK. Find the streamlines from u = / y = 3y and v = /x = 2x. Integrate to find
y

3 2 y x2 2

Ans.
51 39 x

Set = 0, 1, 2, etc. and plot some streamlines at right: flow around corners of half-angles 39 and 51.

Fig. P4.47

4.48 Consider the following two-dimensional incompressible flow, which clearly satisfies continuity:
u = Uo = constant, v = Vo = constant Find the stream function (r, ) of this flow, that is, using polar coordinates.

Solution: In cartesian coordinates the stream function is quite easy:

u = / y = Uo and v = /x = Vo or: = Uoy Vox + constant But, in polar coordinates, y = rsin and x = rcos. Therefore the desired result is

(r, ) = Uor sin Vor cos + constant Ans.

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283

4.54 An incompressible stream function is defined by

( x, y ) =

U (3 x 2 y y3 ) 2 L

where U and L are (positive) constants. Where in this chapter are the streamlines of this flow plotted? Use this stream function to Fig. E4.7 find the volume flow Q passing through the rectangular surface whose corners are defined by (x, y, z) = (2L, 0, 0), (2L, 0, b), (0, L, b), and (0, L, 0). Show the direction of Q.

Solution: This flow, with velocities u = / y = 3U/L2(x2 y2), and v = / x = 6xyU/L2, is identical to Example 4.7 of the text, with a = 3U/L2. The streamlines are plotted in Fig. E4.7. The volume flow per unit width between the points (2L, 0) and (0, L) is
Q/b = (2L, 0) (0, L) = U U (0 0) 2 [3(0)2 L L3 ] = UL, or: Q = ULb 2 L L Ans.

Since at the lower point (2L, 0) is larger than at the upper point (0, L), the flow through this diagonal plane is to the left, as per Fig. 4.9 of the text.

4.55 In spherical polar coordinates, as in Fig. P4.12, the flow is called axisymmetric if 0 and / 0, so that r = r(r, ) and = (r, ). Show that a stream function (r, ) exists for this case and is given by

r =

1 r 2 sin

1 r sin r

This is called the Stokes stream function [5, p. 204].

Solution: From Prob. 4.12 with zero velocity , the continuity equation is
1 2 1 2 (r r ) + ( sin ) = 0, or: (r r sin ) + (r sin ) = 0 2 r sin r r r

Compare this to a stream function cross-differentiated form It follows that:

=0

r (Stokes) =

1 1 ; (Stokes) = r sin r r sin

2

Ans.

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Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition

4.56 Investigate the velocity potential = Kxy, K = constant. Sketch the potential lines in the full xy plane, find any stagnation points, and sketch in by eye the orthogonal streamlines. What could the flow represent? Solution: The potential lines, = constant, are hyperbolas, as shown. The streamlines, Fig. P4.56 sketched in as normal to the lines, are also hyperbolas. The pattern represents plane stagnation flow (Prob. 4.48) turned at 45.

4.57 A two-dimensional incompressible flow field is defined by the velocity components

x y u = 2V L L v = 2V y L

where V and L are constants. If they exist, find the stream function and velocity potential. Solution: First check continuity and irrotationality:

u v 2V 2V + = = 0 exists; x y L L
v u 2V xV = k = k0 + 0 does not exist x y L To find the stream function , use the definitions of u and v and integrate:

xy y 2 x y = 2V , = 2V + f ( x) y L 2 L L L 2Vy df 2Vy = + = v = Evaluate x L dx L 2 2 xy y df = 0 and = V + const Ans. Thus dx L L u=

4.58 Show that the incompressible velocity potential in plane polar coordinates (r,) is such that

r =

1 r