COMPARISON OF VARIOUS RECTIFIERS

PARAMETER HALF WAVE FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

RECTIFIERS RECTIFIERS
Peak inverse voltage Em 2Em Em
Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.48
Rectification efficiency 40.6% 81.2% 81.2%
Output D.C. voltage Em/π 2Em/π 2Em/π
Number of diode 1 2 4
Load current Em/(Rf+RL) Em/(Rf+RL) Em/(2Rf+RL)
R.M.S. value of current Im/2 Im/√2 Im/√2
D.C. current Im/π 2Im/π 2Im/π
COMPARRISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT LOGIC FAMILIES
LOGIC PARAMETER RTL DTL TTL ECL p-MOS CMOS
Basic Gate (+ve logic) NOR NAND NAND OR-NOR NAND NOR,NAND
Fan in 5 10 8 5 8 8
Fan out 5 8 10 25 20 750
Power dissipated in (mW/ gate) 12 8-12 12-22 40-55 0.2-10 0.01 static 1 Mhz
Noise immunity nominal Good Very good Good Nominal Very good
Propagation delay per gate 9mW/ gate) 12 30 12-6 4-1 300 70
Clock rate in megahertz 8 12-30 15-60 60-400-2 5
Number of functions High Fairly high Very high High low low
cost low low Medium very high High(fair) high ( good)
FREQUENCY RANGES
Category Frequency range Wave Length (meter)
VLF 10-30 Khz 30000-10000
LF 30-300 Khz 10000-1000
MF 300-3000 Khz 1000-100
HF 3-30 Mhz 100-10
VHF 30-300 Mhz 10-1
UHF 300-3000 Mhz 1-0.1
SHF 3-30 Ghz 0.1-0.01
EHF 30-300 Ghz 0.01-0.001
Audio Frequency 20hz-20 Khz 15000000-15000
MICROWAVE TUBES
Type Frequency Gain Band Power Efficiency Comments
Range (in MHz) (in Width Output In (%)
db) KW

Magnetron 1000-25000 40-80 5-40 1000 30-60 Cross field device, Applied radial DC
and axial magnetic field, it can give
pulse and continuous wave
Multi cavity 500-14000 30-60 8-60 100-250 40or high Not suitable for low power signal
amplification. Good power gain. High
Klystron Mhz noise
Two cavity 500-14000 30 1-5 500 40 Can use as amplifier or frequency
multiplier
Klystron
Reflex 1000-25000 10-500 MW 22.7 Signal source for microwave generator
In microwave receiver as a local
Klystron oscillator
Traveling 3000 and higher 60 .8 GHz 10 20-40 High band width and low noise.

Wave Tube
Common screen phosphors
Phosphor number Colour Persistence Application
P1 Yellowish green Medium Oscilloscopes
P4 White Medium Monochrome picture tube
P22 Green, blue and red Medium Colour picture tubes
P31 Green Medium short Oscilloscopes
P33 Orange Very long Radar
ELEMENTS AND THEIR USES IN ELECTONICS
Element Symble Atomic number Valence electron Application
Aluminium Al 13 3 ACCEPTOR IMPURITY
Boron B 5 3 ACCEPTOR IMPURITY
Gallium Ga 31 3 ACCEPTOR IMPURITY
Indium In 49 3 ACCEPTOR IMPURITY
Germanium Ge 32 4 SEMICONDUCTER
Silicon Si 14 4 SEMICONDUCTER
Antimony Sb 51 5 DONER IMPURITY
Arsenic As 53 5 DONER IMPURITY
Phosphorus P 15 5 DONER IMPURITY

Emitter junction Collector junction Region Of Operation

Forward Biased Reverse Biased Active
Forward Biased Forward Biased Saturation
Reverse Biased Reverse Biased Cut-off
Reverse Biased Forward Biased Inverted

COMPARRISON BETWEEN TRANSISTOR, JFET, MOSFET

FUNCTION TRANSISTOR JFET
Principle Of Operation Current Controlled
Device
Voltage Controlled Device. The
conduction of channel is controlled
by electric field at PN junction(VGS).
MOSFET
Voltage Controlled Device. The
conduction of channel in both type of
MOSFET is controlled by electric
field at the layer of SiO2. By his
electric field charge indused in
channel, which is depend on the
voltage at gate.

Input Impedance low High, but low than MOSFET, due to High due to low leakage current
high leakage current.

Noise high low low

Cost low high High

Drain Resistance - High than MOSFET low than JFET

Mode Of Operation - JFET can operate in only depletion MOSFET can operate in depletion
mode. and enhance both modes.

Fabrication Take more space Intricate than MOSFET Easy than JFET
than JFET

Uses In Amplifiers Rarely use In Amplifiers Mostly use In Amplifiers

TV Picture Format/Colour System Combinations
The Main Video Signal Standards
Frame/Field rate Aspect Ratio Scan Lines
Name
TV standard Colour System Subcarrier Freq
29.97/59.94 4:3 525
NTSC
EIA NTSC 3.58MHz
29.97/59.94 4:3 525
PAL-M
EIA PAL 3.58MHz
29.97/59.94 4:3 525
SECAM-M
EIA SECAM ?.??MHz
25/50 4:3 625
PAL
CCIR PAL 4.43MHz
25/50 4:3 625
SECAM
CCIR SECAM 4.25/4.40MHz
25/50 4:3 or 16:9 625
D-MAC
D-MAC D-MAC N/A
25/50 16:9 625
PALplus
CCIR PAL 4.43MHz
60/120 16:9 1125
HiVision
HiVision MUSE Unknown