Joint Actions Flexion: - Decrease in the angle of the joint. - Flexion of the shoulders is only forewards.

Examples: - Decrease angle in elbow - Bending the knee - Step forward (hip joint.) - Shoulder joint forward Horizontal Flexion and Extention: Bringing a body part across the body. Dorsi Flexion: Ankle flexion (E.g. pointing foot upwards) Extension Increase in the angle of a joint or the returning a body part to the anatomical/neutral position E.g. returning arm from upwards Arm backwards (shoulder) Hip backwards (arabesque) Straight arm Extension of angle planter flexion (pointing of the ankle joint.) Extension of the shoulders is backwards. Hyper Extension - Extention of the segment past the anatomical position. (i.e. head backwards spine, elbows common in girls, not straight.) Dangerous in sports, esp. gymnastics, dance tumbling, handstands inversions.) Abduction - Movement away from the bodys midline. Examples - Hips sideways leg, shoulder joints sideways arm, and ankles 1st position. -Abduct shoulder blades by coming in -Cant abduct elbows different type of joint (hinge joint like a door, one way.) -Ball and sockets allow for abduction. - Shoulder blade can abduct. Remember by taking away Adduction - Movement towards the bodys midline (adding.) - Movement towards.

Can only happen if youre at a point of abduction (usually.)

Rotation - Movement about an axis either medial (inward) or lateral (outward.) Examples Hip rotations, shoulder, wrists, head, neck, pivot of the torso. Eversion - Rotation of the foot to turn the soul outwards. - Only relates to the foot. Inversion - Opposite of eversion. - Turn the foot inwards. - Rotating the ankle joint in. - Only the foot. Circumduction - Moving a limb so the end of the limb describes a circle. (E.g. moving arm in circular motion, fan kick ,torso). Different to rotation (which is movement of the joint and does not describe a circle, moves inwards and outwards).

Supination - Movement of the flexed foream so that the palm of the hand is turned to either anterior (front) or superior (upwards). Pronation - Rotating the hand so the palm faces the back , and inferior (downwards). - Posterior back. N.b. these are anatomical terms, not dictionary terms, scientific based. Elevation When the body part is moving upwards. Usually movement of the whole body. Usually conducted by the ankle.

Depression - When the body part is moving downwards. - You can usually judge whether something is in a state of elevation or depression by the torso.