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\
|
c
c
c
c
v
1
r
T
k
r l
q
c
c
=
t 2
Fourier law of heat conduction:
Steady state, no q
v
, constant k:
0 =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
r
T
r
r
( )
( )
i o
i
o i
i
r r
r r
T T
T T
ln
ln
=
( )
R
T T
q
o i
=
( )
k l
r r
R
i o
t 2
ln
=
where:
Conduction in Cylindrical Shells
EG55F8 Flow Assurance
MSc in Subsea Engineering
i
r
l
1
T
2
T
o
T
i
T
1
r
2
r
o
r
q
Conduction in Concentric Shells
o o
T T q R =
2 2
1 1
T T q R
i i
=
( )
o i o i
T T q R R R = + +
2 12 1
2 1 12
T T q R =
Fourier law of heat conduction:
Heat transfer (excluding fluids):
o i t
T T q R =
( )
o i
T T UA q =
ref
( )
=
=
n
m m
m i m o
k
r r
l
A
U
1
2
ln 1
t
ref
where:
Normally A
ref
is the outside area of the steel pipe, but should always be explicitly stated.
EG55F8 Flow Assurance
MSc in Subsea Engineering
l
q
f
T
a
T
o
T
i
T
Inside/outside boundary layers:
Overall heat transfer (including fluids):
Inside and outside film coefficients can
be estimated from empirical correlations.
( )
a o o o
T T A h q =
( )
i f i i
T T A h q =
a f
o o
t
i i
T T q
A h
R
A h
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
1 1
( )
a f
T T UA q =
ref
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
= o o
n
m m
m i m o
i i
h d k
r r
h d l
A
U
1
2
ln 1 1
1
t
ref
where:
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Units for U are Watts per square metre per Kelvin (W/m
2
/K).
EG55F8 Flow Assurance
MSc in Subsea Engineering
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
= o o
n
m m
m i m o
i i l
h d k
r r
h d U
1
2
ln 1 1 1
1
t
where (theoretically):
Heat Transfer per Unit Length
For composite systems (i.e. flexible pipes) A
ref
is not
always easily defined, but:
( ) l U l U d A U
l
= =
ref ref
t
where U
l
is commonly referred to as the heat transfer
coefficient per unit length.
In this case:
( )
a f l
T T l U q =
Units for U
l
are Watts per metre per Kelvin (W/m/K).
Do not confuse OHTC and HT per unit length always check units and A
ref
.
EG55F8 Flow Assurance
MSc in Subsea Engineering
Heat Loss in Pipelines
Heat loss from fluid:
x
dx
dT
c m x
dx
dT
T T c m dq
f
p
f
f f p
o o =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
Heat loss through wall:
( )
a f
T T U x d dq = o t
ref
Temperature decays exponentially, if fluid properties and OHTC are constant
( )
a f
p
f
T T
c m
U d
dx
dT
=
ref
t
x
c m
U d
a f
a f
p
e
T T
T T
ref
1
t