15 The situation is a critical one and calls

clear D for
(15 marks)

oca'oU1ary ~ GraITlffi'd1
a. Choose the most suitable word to complete each sentence.
Hehadan A
B
aggressive

thinking

and careful planning.

A up

B on

C in

grinon hisfaceashetook atiny b. Choose the best answer (At Bt C or D) to complete each sentence. They
months

velvet-covered box out of his pocket. (

impish

indecisive
;

D outgoing

that they hadplannedthe robberyseveral

earlier.

2 Jenny

her considerable experience as an events ( pickedup on D went for

managerto organise her sister'swedding.

A advised B informed
2 The teacher
preparation for the exam. A threatened B urged 3 The company possible. A reassured B promised 4 The regulations premises. A warned B banned 5 In signing the contract, he
conditions therein.

admitted D told

A drewon B calledfor

us to work much harder

( reassured

3 Manypeople havingto payso muchVATon what theybuy. A object B estimate ( resent D annoy 4 Thewritten text of the advertwasso smallandblurred that I couldn't it. A attend ( define B realise D decipher 5 It's a simple, restaurant, so there'sno needto dress up. A unpretentious ( irresponsible B unpredictable D unassuming 6 It'sa reallymuddypath,sowe'd betterwear A sandals ( stilettos B wellingtons D mittens 7 Bill hisfists,tryingto containhisanger. A pursed ( clenched B twisted D shrugged
8 Spending so much money on a dress you only wear once

D notified to sort out the problem assoon as ( admitted D denied

the employeesto smoke on the ( forbade

D threatened to the terms and ( followed

A agreed B admitted

D accepted (5 marks)

Useof E~glish 2
Think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only

one word in each gap. Groceries on the web Shopping for a familycan 0) bea nightmare. Goingto the
supermarket with small children is a race against the clock; you have

isjust moneydownthe A bin B sink

, in myopinion! ( drain Dearth

9 r don't believeyou really met Jack Nicholson;you're meon! A having B putting ( taking D giving her and
D on

10 Suefelt her bosswas alwayspickinq

blaming her unfairly. A 11 at Bout ( to

to be quick, 1) they get boredandthrow a tantrum. Then,2) you haveall the shopping you'll needfor the nextweek,youareconfronted3) several never-ending queues to choose 4) - andbelieve me,youwill make the wrong choice.And the grief doesn'tstop 5) ; the
unfriendly checkout staff, the struggle home with cheap bags and swollen fingers - the list goes on and on. Shopping online, 6) , can be a life-saver. You choose all your groceries for you and delivers supermarketsoffer a selection of

The company is going to hire a famous actress to ........... their new line of beauty products.

A embark 12

B launch

( sail

D set

Kellywent on a shopping
salary on clQthes.

and spent half her ( deal D chain the bill for D head

online, and the store picks them 7) them to your door. 8)

A mall
the staff party.

B spree

delivery dates anda choice of two-hour periods 0]1 9) ...................

dates. Another plus point is 10)

13 We all hopethat the bossis goingto A arm 14 Mr Nesbitt A carries B takes B leg ( foot

online,you tend to stick11) superfluous itemsthat you convince 12)

, when shopping a list, andso avoidthose

you absolutely able a million trips

a lot of weightwith the ownerof the ( pulls D measures

have to have when you're there in person. Not 13) the descriptions are good. However, 15)

store, so he's the one you should try to persuade.

to see_whatyou're buying is the sole disadvantage 14) ................... to the supermarket you know what everything looks like anyway! (15 marks)

...

,
~
For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

>
communicating with other writersand the generalpublic.Who: Isgraffitianart form?Mostof usassociate it withscribbles on isthe artist'sidentity, expression andideas. Judgmer--: walls:names, slogans, limericks, drawings - sometimes witty, communicates arebased s olely o none's artistic a bility. This typeofcommunicatiCf sometimes obscene, but surely withoutaesthetic appeal, andnot of value because it linkspeoj3le regardless of cultural, linguistic :: whatanyone would call'art'.The wordgraffiti simply means words or racialdifferences in a way that nothingelsecan.In addit:G~ drawings scratched orscribbled onawallandhas been around since graffiti artwitha crewbuilds team workinthatthecre, humans have lived insocieties. It has been found onancient Egyptian producing together for theaccomplishment of a common goal.S~ monuments andpreserved onwalls inPompeii. However, most people works graffitists viewtheirart asa political protest, others asa prote:;nowagree thatartintheform ofgraffiti originated inNew York inthe against theestablished artmarket andgallery system, inthatartisre' 1960s - andit hasbeen developing ever since. However, it isnot in a gallery asdetermined bythecurate readily accepted asbeing art,likethose works thatwegoto galleries onlythatwhichappears alsoviewtheir creations on publicand private spaces a:; ormuseums tosee. It isnotdenied thestatus ofgenuine artbecause Some ofalack offormorother basic aesthetic eliments. Infact,most ofthe statements against privateproperty. Of course, the majority c: enjoy whattheydoandfindit to befun,rewarding ar(; opposition to graffitiartisdueto itslocation andbold,unexpected graffitists Although these reasons arevalid, theydonotconclusive: and unconventional presentation; but the criticism of illegality, exciting. thematter astowhygraffiti artisartorwhyit isavalid artforr incoherence and non-standard presentation doesnot necessarily settle despite itsillegal origins. disqualify it asart. Furthermore, graffiti arthas afunction of notonly communicating Suppose that Picasso, or any of the recognised artistsof but also of beautifying thecommunity byappearing or Western European culture, wereto painta masterpiece ontheside to others, areas t hatwould normally beeyesores, such asawallinavacant lot, of your houseor on your front door or on a wall in your building. Also, alloftheaesthetic properties ana neighbourhood, wouldit begraffitior art or vandalism or graffiti oronanabandoned criteria, fromthe base element of colour to the complex issue of art?Some wouldclaim thatit wouldbeartintheformof graffiti whichareascribed to otherworksin orderto it would onlyqualify asvandalism if it appeared onprivate orpublic artisticintention characterise themasart- allof these canbefoundinexamples of property withoutpermission. Butfor somegraffitists that is the spraycan art.The onlydifference between those works ina gallery or point. andgraffiti art,interms of howandwhythelatterisnot There arethree main (and distinct) levels and types ofgraffiti. First, museum readily accepted asart,isdueto itslocation andpresentation. indeed, - which, whileit thereisthe'tag'- thestylised writing of a name the issues o f location and presentation arethe mostsignificant mightsuggest a flairor styleof writing,haslittleor no aesthetic to awholehearted acceptance ofspraycan artasart.Graffiti appeal. infact, thetagorindividual mark isnotproduced foraesthetic obstacles bedisregarded simply because it isnotpresented inthe purposes, butisbasically a means of indicating thewriter's presence artcannot manner - that is,framed andplaced ina museum or - theage-old statement of 'I washere'. Gang markings of territory conventional The location of it onawallorsubway train without permission also fit thedefinition of graffiti, andtheymainly consist of tagsand gallery. it unsolicited art.Another objection to graffiti artisthatit messages that provide news of happenings in the neighbourhood. onlymakes isforced onthe. public because people have nosay in itsproduction Murals for community enhancement andbeautification arealsoa thefactthatpublic funds areused to remove it).Graffitists formof graffiti, even though theyarenotthoughtof in thisway (despite because most murals arecommissioned. These aremore colourful and counter withtheargument thatbuildings, billboards, campaign ads andflyers a realso forced onthepublic inasimilar manner. complex. They takea considerable amount of skillto complete, and murals canbedone in a graffiti artstyle or asa traditional pictorial Graffiticanbe analysed according to the elemews of lines, andstructures that arepresent in the workin orderto scene. Thelastformof graffiti isgraffiti art,which isthecreative use colours produce a narrative about it. Artisticintentionmustalso be of spraypaint to produce an artwork that is graffitior donein a considered: graffitists intend theirworkto beapprehended asart graffiti-like style. feelings andideas to theiraudience. So, The reasons and values forwhyonemight engage ingraffiti artare that cancommunicate a theoryof necessary rulesor asvaried astheartists whoproduce it.A chief reason istheprospect whileit is difficultto formulate specifying whengraffitiart isart,it issufficient to draw of fame andrecognition of one's artistic talent. Graffiti isalso aform conditions on already established aesthetic theories andcriteria to pointout of self-expression. The art as 'writing'is a creative methodof thatsome forms of graffiti doqualify asart.
~

ttA L

Listening

You will hear part of a lecture about the English artist J.M.W. Turner. For questions 1-8, complete the sentences.

It is still

on whichdayof the yearTurner wasborn. At schoolheconcentrated on drawing . because hewasa bad

o
@]
It issuggested in paragraph 1 that graffiti A isa lateartistic development. B isanancient art form. e isnot anart format all. D shouldbeconsidered an art form. 2 Some graffitists believe that A graffitiisvandalism. B Picasso paintedgraffitiart. illegality ispartof graffitiart. D permission isneeded to do graffiti. 3 'Gang'graffitiissometimes used A to pass on information.
r'~

I.
Ito beshownat the

ThepictureFishermen at Sea washisfirst

5 Thewritersuggests that the mainvalue of graffitiart is A it makes the artists famous. B itsdisplay of artistic ability. e that it alwaysinvolves teamwork. D asa uniquemethodof communication. 6 Themainobjection to graffiti art is A it isnot foundin galleries. B howandwhereit is exhibited. e it vandalises public property. D it hasnoaesthetic appeal.

Royal Academy. TheRAwasa stronghold of

~
values.
for

Iartistic
[J I.

Hetravelled throughoutEurope looking

Even thoughhisstylewaschanging, he
still p.ainted @]

subjects. Hispaintings became morea mixtureof

[I
Hisnewwork madehisviewers work harder by SU99~stin9 fath~fthan

'='

-~

@]

I hissubjects.
(8 marks)

-:

B asa wayof showing off. e asa wayto earnmoney. D to painttraditional scenes. 4 Graffitimurals areconsidered art because A theyarenot thoughtof as graffiti. B theyenhance the neighbourhood. e theyarebrightand decorative. D theyarecommissioned.

"7 Thewriterthinksgraffitiart shouldbejudged A inthe same wayas conventional art. B byhowwellit provides a narrative. e byfindingout the artist's intentions.
~

:s

e:

:E

D byfindinga newtheoryto explain it.

....

(21 marks)

. . .

B 0

In the CAE exam, you may be asked to write an essay.An essay is a piece of formal writing which discusses a particular -opic. There are three main types of essays: For-and-against essays present the points in favour of a topic as well as the points against it. Each point is supported by .Jstifications, examples and/or reasons. This essay type usually ends with a well-balanced consideration of the points discussed. The writer's opinion may be stated in the conclusion. Opinion essays present the writer's opinion on a specific topic, clearly stated and supported by reasons and/or and the examples. The opposing viewpoints can also be included before the closing paragraph, together with an argument that

shows it is an unconvincing viewpoint. In this essay type, the writer's opinion is given in both the introduction conclusion. Essays providing solutions to problems

state a certain problem and provide several possible solutions and their

expected consequences or results. The writer's opinion is usually stated in ther conclusion. ~nts to consider _
essay should consist of well-developed paragraphs which clearly indicate each point that is made.

A well-written

Each main body paragraph should start with a topic sentence, i.e. a sentence which summarises the main idea of the paragraph. This is followed by supporting sentences which justify what has been presented in the topic sentence. As essays are mainly formal in style, formal expressions, formal linkers, impersonal tone, and passive structures need to be used. e.g. Wealth and affluence have often been considered necessaryin the acquisition of personal happiness. However, much can be said about the acquisition of self-satisfaction through non-material means.

~void using contractions and other short forms (He's), personal language (I know for certain) and everyday colloquial expressions and slang (once in a blue moon, what it boils down to).
To attract the reader's attention, an essay can begin with a quote. e.g. The healthiest competition occurs when average people win by putting in above average effort: (Colin Powell) Before starting your essay, ideas that relate to the topic need to be brainstormed. Then, group your ideas, eliminating any ones that may be irrelevant, and put them in a logical order.

porogrophpions for}j
for-and-against

..

Paragraph 1:
introduce tbe topic

..

Paragraph 2 & 3:
arguments infavour &justifications/ examples;arguments against & justifications/examples

..

Paragraph4: well-balanced summary of topic

opinion

..

Paragraph1:
introduce tbe topic & clearly

..

Paragraph2 - 4:
1st viewpoint & reasons/examples; 2nd viewpoint & reasons/examples; opposing

..

Paragraph5:
well-balanced

. ..

summary of topic;
restate opinion

stateyour opinion

viewpoint & reasons/examples

solutions to problems

..

Paragraph1:
state problem & itsprobable causers)

Paragraph 2 - 4*:
suggestions & expected results! consequences * The number of main body
paragraphs depends on the number of suggestions that are made.

..

Paragraph 5:
summarise your opinion
f>o

239

Writing: Essays
~ .

1
2
Now match the quotations to the essay topics in Ex. 1.

Readthe rubricsand decidewhichtype of essay needsto bewritten. Whichwords helpedyou decide?

Your teacher has asked you to write an essay answering the following question: Shouldstray animalsbe gathered up and euthanised? Write your essay(220-260). Pollution and global warming seem to be worsening around the planet. What can be

~ OW

0J
,I

:
2

:. :
3

'The whole object of education is ... to develop the mind. The mind should be a thing that works.' Sherwood Anderson

--~

American novelist and short story writer

----

done about this? Write an essay suggesting ways il) which the issuesof pollution and global

'We won't have a society if we destroy

the environment.'
Margaret Mead American cultural anthropologist

: warmingmightbealleviated. Writeyouressay for yourteacher(220-260).

You have had a discussionin your Englishclass about e-readersand downloadable books.Your

~ teacher has now asked you to

:
:

write an essay answering the following question: What are the possible pros and cons of e-readers and downloadable books?

rn
.

'We read to know we are not alone.'

-- --@D.

CS Lewis Irish novelist

--.-

Write your essay (220-260).

Governments in.

many

countries

consider

homelessness as a crime. What is your opinion?

. . . .

Shouldthe homelessbe consideredascriminals or should they be given assistance? Write your essay for your teacher (220-260). You have been doing a project at school about modern-day social issues. Now you have to write an essayfor your teacher based on the following question: There are countless numbers of people on the brink of starvation around the world. Should food supplies be provided for them? Write your essay (220-260). You havejust had a discussionin your English class about education. Now your teacher

'People who are homeless are not social inadequates. They are people without homes.' Sheila McKechnie Scottish trade unionist and housing campaigner

. .

IT]]

:
:

'If you can't feed a hundred people, then just feed one.'
Mother Teresa

- --

---

AIbanian humanitarian

[ill

'The man who kills the animals today is the man who kills the people who get in his way tomorrow.'
Dr Diane Fossey American zoologist

:
:

would like you to write an essaygiving your opinion on the following statement: Higher education should never be withheld as a result of insufficient financial means. Write your essay (220-260 words).

.
.

Now read these quotations. What topic does each refer to? Discussin pairs. Justify your answers.
'P.

CD 'If you live for having it all, what you have is never enough.' VickiRobin

[II

'Adversity causes some men to

break; others to break records.' WiHiam Arthur Ward

'Find a job you like and you add five days to every week.' H. Jackson Brown, Jr.

[iJ

'A designer is only as good as the star who wears her clothes.' Edith Head

'Health is not valued till sickness comes.' Thomas Ful1er

240

cj

Writing: Essays
...,

:)
4

ModelAnalysis
a. Read the rubric, then readthe
two models. Which model is more appropriate?

Look at the words in bold in Model A. Which: list points? conclude?

introduceexamples?addpoints? make contrastingpoints? Replace them with other appropriate linkingwords or phrases.
The great humanitarian, Mother Theresa,once said, 'If you can't feed a hundred people, then just feed one.' This is a wise saying, but there are so many on the planet without food. so many on the brink of starvation. What's the solution? Should food supplies be

There are countless numbers of .. people on the brink of starvation around the world. Should food

:
:
:

supplies be provided for them? Write your essay (220-260).

. provided

for them?

To my mind,

there

are more effective

alternativesavailableto help these people. 1) In the first place. it isvery nearly impossibleto know if food aid will ever reach the world's hungry. It is, unfortunately. often the casethat food donations are stolen by corrupt officials who sell it for profit. 2) Moreover, on many occasionsthe very people who are to benefit from food drops die trying to get their share of the food. 3) Secondly. it would be far more beneficial if the starving of the world were to receiveeducation and training so they could grow their own food, or make a living in some other way, 4) for example, by working on a co-operative farm. In this way, they could afford to buy food for themselves. 5) On the other hand, opponents of this view saythere is no time for education or training, that the need of the hungry is immediate. They saythere will be many deaths if their nutritional needsare not met. What they do not understand, however, isthat providing handouts is a verytemporary solution - something more permanent is required. 6) To conclude, it appears to me that the hungry and suffering would be far better off in the long run if they were educated so they could produce their olhn food. Being provided the meansto do this is the only solution to this epidemic socialissue.

b. Which contains: clear paragraphs? formal language? short forms? mild language? impersonal tone? everyday language? strong personal language? formal linkers? J UsefulExpressions and Linking WordS/Phrases

To list and add points:

In the first

place. To start/begin with. Secondly. Thirdly. Finally. Lastly. In addition (to this). Furthermore. Moreover. Besides.

etc.

To introduce or list advantages: The main/first/mostobviousadvantageof ..., One/Another/An additional advantage

of ..., One point of view in favour of

....

it is often suggested/believed/argued that ..., Some/Manypeopleare in favour of/are convincedthat ..., etc.

To introduc~

or list disadvantages:

The main/most obvious disadvantage/ drawback of ..., One/Another/An additional disadvantage of ..., One point/argument against ..., Some/ Many people are against ..., etc.

To introduce examples/reasons/ results: for example/instance,such as, like, in particular, therefore, for this reason, because.as, since, as a result, etc. To show contrast: On the other hand. However, yet, still, but, Nonetheless, Nevertheless,Although, Evenso, Even though, Despite/In spite of (the fact that), ... etc.

As a woman called Mother Theresa said, 'If you can't feed a hundred people, then just feed one.' But what hasthis got to do with the starving people. I'm sure there are way better ways to do something for them. If we give them food suppliesor aid, they'll probably neverget it becausesome bad peoplewill take it and sell it so they can get rich or whatever. And lots of time the people who want the food die when they try to get what's theirs. I think it's better if the hungry people go to school and learn something. like how to help themselves by growing stuff. Or, I guess someone could teach them things so they could work in some kind of job. But some people don't think this is a good idea becausethere's no time and everyoneis hungry now and a lot of people are going to die. But, you know what, if you give someone some food they just eat it and there's nothing left. I think you haveto teach them to grow their own food. It's way better to teach hungry people things and not just give them food just like that. I think we've got to find a way to teach them things like grow their own food.

-J

...

To

introduce

conclusion:

In

conclusion, To conclude/sumup, All in all. All things considered, Taking everything into account/consideration. ... etc.

241

~ Techniquesfor IntroductionsandConclusions
In order to attract the reader's attention and entice them to continue reading, the first paragraphshould: The last paragraphshould: f 9 give the reader something to consider. e.g.Education wouldbefarmorepracticalif... summarisethe essay. e.g.All thingsconsidered, ... is a sufficiency in theworldfor man'sneed, but not for man's greed.'(Mohandas K.Gandhi)or 'Canwe do something,or havewealready donetoo much?' end with an objective statement. e.g.It is a commonlyheldbelief that GMfoods aretheonlyviable solution tothe problemof worldhunger.

.411I

a start with an objective statement. e.g.It isoftenargued

that crimecouldbedecimated if moreareaswereequipped with CCTV cameras. b make reference to a strange scene or situatioFl. e.g.Progress in spacetechnologyhasbecomeso advanced that wemaybeholidayingon themoonverysoon. addressthe r~aderdirectly. e.g.Have youeverconsidered thepossibility that wemayonedayliveon a planetdevoidof animals?

h endwith a quotationor rhetorical question.e.g.There

d start with a quotation or rhetorical question. e.g.Can youenvision a futurewithoutschools or universities?

e start with a problem that needs a solution. e.g.The

areshrinking atanalarming rate. forests of theworld

Match the introductions to the conclusions. Which techniques (a-i)from the theory box are used in each?

T a o b
fl

rn

Introductions

Conclusions
A All things considered, I feel that GM crops could provide a small percentage of what makes up our daily diet, with more natural foods providing the rest. As Jeremy Rifkin stated, 'Many of the geneticallymodified foods will be safe, I'm sure.Will most of them be safe?Nobody knows.' B Taking everything into account, there would be both pros and cons to banning all fossil-fuel burning vehicles. What becomes more and more obvious, however, is that global warming is increasing and something, anything, must be done ... and done now!

Can you recall the last time you did something for the good of the planet? To my mind, the solution to the Earth's dilemma can only be found if efforts are made both individually and collectively. As Marshall McLuhan stated, 'There are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. We are all crew.'

if

((

rr

Ie

[IT]
It has been stated that the time is fast approaching when we will no longer rely on traditional foods to satisfy our nutritional needs as GM alternatives will becometRe norm. Is it the best idea, however,to relyon man-made food products to keep us alive?

01 tc tr

dE

re

se

[IT]
Have you ever stopped to think what the re'5ults might be if all fossil-fuel burning vehicles were banned? While this would undoubtedly be a good thing in many ways, there could be some possible irreversible drawbacks.

01 C To sum up, there are certain steps that can be taken to prevent species extinction. Perhaps it's time you took the first step and got actively involved in an animal right's organisation today.

to

sit

re

bE

~
Envision if you will, taking your young grandchild to the zoo to see the last living animal on the planet. While this may be an exaggerated scenario, the day will come when many of the Earth's many diverse and wonderful species will have vanished. What can we do about this?

In conclusion, I feel that environmental problems can only be solved if we do our part firstly, as individuals, and secondly, as part of a larger ~groJp or organisation. After all, are we all not partly responsible for the current state of our planet?

m an

pe

pr< th

sa

ch

7
242

What techniques has the writer of Model A on p. 241 used to start/end his/her essay? Write your own introduction
and conclusion using a different technique.

Al fo the thl

na

"

9'

..

'

Writing: Essays

: .

For-and-Against Essays
Read the rubric, then read the two models. Which model is more appropriate?

10

Listthe argumentsfor and against. How doesthe writer justify their points?Completethe table.

You have had a classdiscussionabout the proposed buildingof a _ chemicalplant outside)lourtOWfI. Yourteacher has flOW askedyou

( FOR)
Arguments
1 2 3
1 2 3 ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................

: .

to write an essay describing the advantages and disadvantages of having a factory near your town. Write your essay (220-260 words).

1 What are you going to write about? 2 Who is going to read your piece of writing? 3 What are the advantages/disadvantagesof having a plant located near your town? 4 What style of writingshould you use?

Justifications
........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................

Read the model and complete the paragraph plan. Are any of your arguments included in the model?

(AGAINST)
Arguments
1 2 3 ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................

There has been much discussion in the town recently about the proposal from an international company to open a chemical plant on the outskirts of town. The buildingof the plant is seen by many-asa wayto lowerthe unemploymentrate in the area and to bring much needed funds into the town itself.However,could the new plant,

Introduction

Paragraph 1
I.........................

Justifications
1 2 3 ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................

if it should be built, have some serious negative

consequences for the town? There are a number of advantages to having the plant built. To begin with, as it will be a very large plant, it will provide many jobs at both the administrative and skilled labour

......................... ......................... .........................

Main Body

11

levels.In addition, the plant will have to payproperty and

operating taxes and these monies will go directly into the town's coffers. This means they can be used for some of the long overdue improvements which the town desperately requires. Finally, if the plant were opened, it would mean that the service industry in the town - the restaurants, the cinema, and the shops - would definitely see an increase in business. On the other hand, there are also some possible drawbacks to the plant's construction. To begin with, the proposed site for the chemical plant is in a lovely wood which many residents use for recreational purposes. If the plant were to II be built, the forest would need to be destroyed. This would mean that an invaluable green space would be lost forever

Paragraph 2
I......................... ......................... ......................... .........................

Findthe topic sentences in the main body paragraphs. Suggest other appropriateones.

12 Findlinkersin'the modelwhich:
introducellist advantages introducellist disadvantages addpoints showcontrast conclude
Replace them with other appropriateones.

Main Body

Paragraph 3 I......................... ......................... ......................... .........................

and along with it the place where so many of the town's

people go to relax and enjoy themselves. Secondly, the proposed site is very dose to the town reservoir. Although the company owners have assured town officials that every safety measure would be met, there is still a risk that chemicals could seep into the town's water supply. All in all, there are a number of convincing arguments both I for and against the proposed chemical plant. However, Ifeel

II

13

What techniquehasthe writer used to begin/endthe essay? Suggest anotherbeginning/endingusinga different technique.

Conclusion Paragraph 4 W.................-........ ......................... .........................

that the disadvantages

outweigh

the advantages

as long as

there is any chance that two of the town's most valuable natural resources could be endangered.

243

Writing:Essays,.~,~. 14 Choosethe appropriatelinkers.

+'
2

15

Write supporting sentences for the topic sentences below. Compare with your partner.
TOPIC SENTENCES

.,

18

There is no doubt that modern technology hasmade our liveseasier. However, it goes without saying that there would be some disadvantagesto making universityeducation free for the asking.

3 There are severalpoints in favour of the adopting of a single world currency. There are severaladvantagesto being an only child. 1) To' conclude/To begin with, an only child would always feel safe and secure because all of their parents' love would be directed entirely at them. 2) Moreover,!ln spite of an only child is better off when it comesto material goods - they usually get everything they ask for. 3) All in all/ Finally, being an only child means that your mother and father will invest all their free time in keeping you happy and entertained 4) therefore/because you have no siblings to compete with for their attention.

16

Match the arguments to the justifications. Now, use them, together with appropriate linkers, to write the main body paragraphs for an essayabout the.advantages and disadvantages of taking part in a student exchange programme.

19

ru

Studyingabroad broadensyour horizonsand makes you a more enlightenedindividual. Somestudents who go to another country to study feel alone and isolated. Takingpart in an exchangeprogramme allows you to immerseyourself in a new culture and language. The cost of participating in an exchangeprogramme can be quite high.

You will better understand the

ru
[II]

-..}
01) Despite the fact that/On the other hand, there are some disadvantagesto teaching strictly academic subjects in secondary school. 2) The most important drawback! All in all, is that some students do not do well in subjects such as history or science, 3) but/for instance do well in less academicorientated lessons.4) For example,!As a result there are students who excel in classes that teach vocational skills. 5) Another disadvantage/Also is that an education based completely on academic subjects may not be the best kind of education required to ready someone for life in the realworld.

traditions of the culture and you will pick up the language far faster than if you were studying the language at an institute in your own country. b Many of the organisations that arrange these programmes ask for a fee and, of course,the cost of plane tickets, food and accommodation all need to be

Th

rn

figured in as well. You will see that many nations make up the world. You will also become more aware of the fact

sig chi sd StL

pa

CU

that people are people wherever you may go. d For many of them, it will be their first time away from home, their family and their friends.

Fir~

PE wil

thE wi'

Se

the

StL as Or be

a 1

CU

1) Even though/To conclude, there are both advantages and disadvantagesto using wind as a power source. 2) All things considered/Finally, perhaps the solution lies in utilising a combination of things to produce energy.

SO tei

ps~

SO

In of be

17

244

Now write an introduction and a conclusion for the essay.Useany of the techniques presented on p. 242. Compare with a partner.

shl

rei

Writing: Essays
c. ..
Read the rubric,underlinethe keywords,and answerthe questions.
You have recently been doing a school project on physicalfitness. Now your English teacher has asked you to write an essay explaining whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: PEclasses should be a compulsorypart of everyschool curriculum.Write your essay(220-260 words).

~ Opinion Essays

20

.8

Now list the viewpoints.What reasons doesthe writer useto justify them?Completethe table.
tIe

Reasons

:
:

. .

1 What type of essayare you going to write? 2 Who is going to read it? 3 In which paragraph(s)will you give your personalopinion?

~;2:

19 Readthe modeland 'completethe paragraphplan.Isthe writer in

favour or againstthe topic?What linkingwords/phrases havebeen used to: introducearguments? listpoints? introduceresults?

21

Usethe languagein the box to makefull sentences expressing your opinion.

Useful Expressions for giving opinion

C1

;.
'"'
::

225'

}J

II

ii

.1

@t

I believe/think/feel (that) ... I strongly believe ... In my opinion/view, ... The way I see it, ... It seems/appears to me, (that) ... To my mind, ... I (do not) agree that/with ...
Introduction

There is no doubt that physical fitness needs to be a

-::::e
~

significant part of any child's life, but would it benefit children if PE classes were a compulsory part of every school curriculum? participate curriculum. To my mind, I believe that of their all students, with a few exceptions, should be made to

Paragraph 1
......................... ......................... .........................

. I am totally

I am totally

My opinion is that ... As far as I am concerned ... I (completely) agree that/with I (strongly) disagree that/with
against ...

... ...

5:

in PE classes as part

school

I couldn't agree more that/with ...

I couldn't disagree that/with
opposed to

...

First of all, when children and teenagers take part in PE classes in school they form fitness habits that they will, hQpefully, carry over into adulthood. As a result, the problem of unfit grown ups would be done away with, or, at least, made less serious. Secondly, PE classes teach children about far more than just how to be good athletes. They also teach students how to co-operate with others, especially in a team, thus developing positive characteristics such as respect for others and confidence in oneself. On the other hand, some people argue that PE classes being made compulsory as part of the school curriculum team could have its drawbacks. These children For instance, could suffer

Main Body

...
all medical

Paragraph 2
......................... ......................... government/pay for

treatment and prescriptions ~

people

Main Body Paragraph 3

......................... ......................... .........................

would be healthier and live longer lives In my opinion, governments should pay for all medical treatment and prescriptions.By
doing this, people would be healthier and live

longerlives. authoritieslban possession of all firearms

~

fewer accidental deaths from gunshot

Main Body Paragraph 4

......................... ......................... .........................

wounds 3 people/take part in neighbourhood

some children simply do not take to sport, especially sports. psychologically if they were forced to take part in

watch programmes ~
4

communities
lunch to

would be safer for all re~dents schools/provide free nutritious all students
~

something they really did not want to do. In conclusion, I do feel that PE classes should be a part of every school curriculum as they can be so very

promote healthier diet

5 Conclusion Paragraph
......................... .........................

government/provideretraining
programmes for people out of work
~

,.

5
6

beneficial to students of all ages. However, exceptions should be made for those students who have a valid reason for not participating.

reduceunemployment people/volunteer for

environmental

projects

cleaner neighbourhoods, 245

towns, cities

Writing:
22
Readthe extractandanswerthe questions.

:)
24

Opposing viewpoints
Use the linkers in the table and the ideas below to write an opposing viewpoint.

26
It can be argued that
over-population of certain spe'"""-..P-

. On the other hand... Alternatively...

. However... Some peopleargue ...
permit selective hunting/prevent 'Of animals 2 3 4

some say/many advantages/make students wear school uniform same. Qe.aQle.acq,ue.tsQaceeXQlaration/not worth money community service/not severe enough/not deter people frcbreaking the law the tax ~a'~'::'":

the other hand, there are some reasonswhy zoos and conservation parks should not be banned. To begin with, for some speciesof animal, these protected places are their last chance to avoid extinction. Therefore, if there were no zoos or parks many more species could be lost forever. Furthermore, zoos and conservation parks allow children and adults alike to see live animals that they would never otherwise see. As a result, these people become more interested, and more concerned, about the fate of the planet's animal species.

27

25

a. Read the rubric. Then read the viewpoints and match them to
the reasons. Which do you agree with? Which do you disagree

with?
'All teenagers should be made to do household chores to earn too;" ... pocket money.' Do you agree with this statement?

: . . 260 words).

Write an essay for your teacher expressing your opinion (22C-

1 2 3 4

What are you going to write about? Who is going to readyour pieceof writing? What are the advantages/disadvantages of doing chores for mone~ What style of writing should you use?

What is the main idea of the paragraph? Which sentence expresses this idea? 2 3 What supporting sentences does the writer give? Which linking words/phrases has the writer used? Suggest other suitable words/phrases which could replace these. 3 2 Children must do something for the money they are given. Doing chores around the house can help make a child more responsible and mature. Doing chores as part of a family unit can provide an opportunity for communication between 4 family members. Children should not receive money for doing chores. S Children could better spend their time on their studies as opposed to doing chores around the house.

0' ar in a< tc 01

ru
[I[]

Te Children should be busy doing their homework and school projects, not cleaning the house or taking out the rubbish. Children should be raised to realise that if they live in a house, it is their duty, not their job, to help keep it clean and tidy.
Chores must be done on certain

ar

do

e~

te

a a tt

23

rv

Read the topic sentences and

suggest appropriate supporting sentences. However,some people argue that

there are several drawbacks to taking a gap year between graduating from university and joining the work force. 2 Finally,compulsory military service ensures that one's nation will alwayshave a force ready and able to protect it. 3 To start with, same-sexschoolsdo not prepare children for real-life situations.

rn

days and, often, at certain times, promoting a sense of responsibility and maturity. Otherwise, they will think that things in life come for free, when of course the/2Jo not.

VI

b d fi tl a

IT:[]

Doing things together, even if it is household chores, creates a sense of unity and togetherness as a family.

Ir c

rr

'"

/J

b. Now write your essay (220-260 words). Use ideas from Ex. 25a.

246

JI!!!!.~
;u.w~j~

!'!E

~
~.

==-~~.~~/

,c:;~~%:Y-~>r~~~;Wntlng. ,/'.,.>:i;;e~~E'~~if'.. ;r

Essays

:) ProvidingSolutions to Problems
26
~

28

a. Complete the table with ideas

from the essay.

Readthe rubric,underlinethe keywords,and answerthe

questions.
Your school newspaper has asked its reader to write an essay ... suggesting ways to make your town a more environmentallyfriendlyplace.Writeyouressay (220-260words).

s;::e-

'"

: .

. . .

b. Read the table. Which of the phrases has the writer used in his/her essay in Ex. 277

-~-

;x -?r;te ~-

1 2 3 4

Who is going to read your essay? What will your essay be about? Wha! style will you use? Give some examples. What are some possible solutions to the problem in the rubric?

] Useful Expressions: To make suggestions

27
:.:sa:' =--

A useful suggestion would be to ... Another solution... Steps/Measures should be taken in order to solve/deal with... Another way to ... is/would be to ... The situation could be improved if/by... It would be a good idea if/to... It would help if you/we, etc... ] To present results and consequences

~E'"'-:

Readthe modeland completethe paragraphplan.What techniques has the writer used to start/end his/her essay? Suggest an alternative beginning/ending.

.. ... could be solved by ...

,,--

Thiswould

...

. Then ...

Over the past decade or so, it has become more and more obvious that our planet will suffer irreparabledamageif the peopleof the world fail to act now. Everyoneneeds to do their part and our town is no exception. What can be done to make our town more environmentallyfriendly? To begin with, steps should be taken to reducethe amount of rubbish that goes into the local landfill day after day. One possiblesolution would be the establishment of a strict recycling policy in the town. This would ensure that people become aware of the advantages of recycling and would

By doing this, you/we, etc would...

......................... .........................
.. ..... ..... ..... ..... ...

If..., the result would be ... The effect(s)lconsequence(s)/result(s: Of ... would be ... In this way, ...

-29

-.- "1"""-":
~

MainBody
Paragraph 2
......................... ......................... .........................

Usethe ideas below and appropriate language to write supporting sentences for the topic sentences.
vocational classes/teach young people skills/improve chances of their being employed

-~~...uc ---e'
:.r,....

O.run

also decrease the amount of rubbish being sent

the landfill site every day.

to

offer

incentivesto businesses/hire young people/giveyounger peoplean advantage introduce job creation schemes/more

Measures should also be taken to decrease the =e-.:a-

amount of air pollution that residents of the town

produce, especiallyin the winter months. Banning wood-burning stoves might help, but it would be better if a law were passed stating that both

Main Body Paragraph 3

......................... .........................

positions made available/more people employed To begin with, we should find ways to reduce unemployment. Forexample,a useful suggestionwould be to run vocationalclasses. Theseclasseswould teach young peopleskills thusimprovingtheirchances of beingemployed. ~

~-2-

.~c ~ess

domestic- and industrial-purpose chimneys be fitted with high-quality filters. The consequenceof this would undoubtedly be a reduction in the amount of smoke poisoningthe atmosphere. In conclusion, there are severalways in which we can promote recyclingand decreaseair pollution in our town. Bycarrying out certain measures,we will

.........................

C). only
Conclusion
Paragraph 4
......................... ......................... .........................

allow

hunting

at certain times of the

year/not kill animalsduring the breeding season

make it illegal to hunt at nighVgive

aninlals

make our town more environmentally friendly and we will all be doing our part to save the planet 25a.
After all, as someone once said, 'You don.'t miss what you have, until it's gone.'

a fair chance to escape being

ki,lled

Anotherwayto protect../'d a~~.a5 be to introduce have them strcu ne'1~ ~_-:~ er::.~ '=

AI

. .:;<.;\,,'~~~~~>

Wntlng.

'Essays~;:~~~,<;;:
~-~ ," ~::;.:-'~~~:f:~',:,:~~~:

.~

I'

30

Match the suggestions to the results. Write full sentences using appropriate phrases.

DiscusS
31

~H

UI
In1 The

Read the rubrics and underline the key words. What does each one ask you to write about? What style will you use?What paragraph plan will you follow for each? Write a topic sentence for each main body paragraph. Then, write an introduction and conclusion for each rubric. Compare with a partner. 1. You have just had a class discussion about stray animals. ... Write an essay suggesting ways to improve the stray animal situation (220-260 words).

. . . .
:

. . . .
. .
.

YourEnglishteacher has asked you to write an essay based on

: therealworld? : . . Write an essay giving your

3
_

_ the followingstatement: Same-sexschools- goodpreparation for

opinion of this (220-260 words).

You and your Englishclass have been discussingthe benefits of

: you
:
i

'

. .

taking a gap year after graduation. Now your teacher has asked to write an essay outlining the advantages and
disadvantages of taking a gap year. Write your essay (220-260 words).

rn ru
[I[]

4 charge a small membership fee form athletic teams for

basketball, volleyball, etc hold weekend events such as talent contests, art competitions, etc
f!

'AI/students shouldhave a part-timejob.' Do you agree with this statement?

.
32

:
.

Write an essay for your teacher expressing your opinion

(220-260words).
.

rn
c::::.

Choose two rubrics and write your essays. Before you give your essays to your teacher, check the following:

form a youth club

government

CHECKLIST FORESSAYS
:::I The

~
a

.
.
Does your piece of writing Does your introduction follow a specific plan?

b c

d
II
", I,

give young people the opportunity to take part in a sport they enjoy teach young people about civic responsibilities and politics provide money for outings, parties and dances get youth involved in organising and taking part in things on a regular basis

state the topic clearly?

Haveyou used a different paragraph for each point you make? . Do the main body paragraphs start with a topic sentence?

Are there supporting sentences to justify your points?

Doesthe conclusionsummarisethe main points?

~
'!'o

. .

1-c It would be a good idea to charge a small membership fee.In this way, no

Have you used an appropriate style?

Have you used advanced vocabulary?

Ge The

Have you used appropriate linkers to connect ideas? Are your points presented in sequence?

.
'-

Haveyou started and ended your essay in an interesting way? Are there any-spelling,grammar or punctuation errors?

. .

248

.
Unit 1
~

Grammar Reference

o1'\e

'GO"

Infinitive
The to-infinitive is used:

preference. I hate waiting for people. BUT: for a specific preference (would like/would prefer/would love) we use a toinfinitive. I wouldliketo buyyou anicecream. after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point in, can't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, etc. Thereis no point in talking to her,shewon'tchangehermind. after spend, waste or lose (time, money,etc). Hewasted a lot of timestaringat theceiling. after the preposition to with verbs and expressionssuch as
look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, prefer (doing sth to sth else). Heprefers giving to receiving gifts. after other prepositions. I am interested in seeing that film. after the verbs hear, listen to, notice, see, watch and feel to describe an incomplete action. Iheard you speaking to MissLogan.(I
only heardpart of the conversation.)

~ai., D'

"al

. . .

to express purpose. Simon has gone to buy the football tickets.

after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan,

promise, refuse, etc). Theyappear to be intelligentanimals:

after would like, would prefer, would love, etc to expressa

specific preference. I would love to go to my favourite Indian restauranttonight. after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions (happy, sad, glad, etc); express willingness/unwillingness (willing, eager, reluctant, etc); refer to a person's character (clever, kind, etc) and the adjectivesluckyand fortunate. Hewasverylucky to get ajob soquickly. Note: with adjectives that refer to character, we can also use an impersonalconstruction. It waskind ofyou to help mewith my

.
Ed or 00 for

BUT:we use the- infinitive without to with hear, listen to, notice,see, watch andfeelto describe the complete action.I
heard you tell the story.(Iheard the whole story.) Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and the -ing form

"cs Of asked a~d

CII. after too/enough. It isn'twarmenough to go swimming.

to talk about an unexpected event, usually with only. Wedrove
to the resort only to find that the ski centre was closed.

Some verbscan take either the to-infinitive or the -ing form with a
change in meaning.

with it + be + adjective/noun.

It waseasy to follow therecipe,

afterall. after be + first/second/nextllast, etc. Andrewwas the first

person to greet me at the party. after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, explain, decide, find out, want, want to know, etc when they are followed by a question word. My financialadvisorexplained how to save moremoneyon taxes.

forget forget

+ to-infinitive + -ing form

= not

remember

- David forgot to lock

thecar doors.

= not

recall - 1'1/ never forget swimming with

~ris

thedolphins. remember+ to-infinitive

fax the last report?

= not

forget

- Didyou remember

to

remember + -ing form

= recall -

Iremember seeing you for the

Note: why is followedby subject + verb, NOTan infinitive.I wonderwhy shehasn't phoned yet.
in the expressions to tell you the truth, to be honest, to sum up, to begin with, etc. Totell you the truth, I had expected him
to be different.

firsttime.
mean + to-infinitive
bring up bad memories.

= intend

to - I'm sorry.I never meant to

I don't get a Christmas bonus, I'm

,T

mean + -ing. form

regret + to-infinitive

= involve -If = be

afraid it will mean not coming home for the holidays. sorry to (normally used in the

Note: If two to-infinitives are linked by and or or, the to of

the second infinitivecan be omitted. I wouldlike to go and see

thelatestDaliexhibition. The infil")itivewithout to is used:

present simple with verbs such as say, tell, inform)

We regret

to informyou thatyourrequest hasbeendenied. regret + -ing form = feel sorryabout - Iregretmoving to this

after modal verbs. My dog can sit and stay.

afterthe verbslet, make,see, hear andfeel. Imadehimcopy

out thesentence onehundredtimes.BUT: we use the to-infinitive

part of town.
try + to-infinitive = do one's best, attempt -I tried to tell you the truth but you wouldn't listen.

of':"

after be made, be heard, be seen etc (pilssiveform). Hewas

made to copy thesentence onehundredtimes. Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing form, there is no change in the passive. Theysaw me talking to the police.I wasseentalking to thepolice.

try + -ing form = do something as an experiment you try calling again in ten minutes?

- Whydon't

after had better and would rather. Wehad better callahead

and reserve a table.

stop + to-infinitive = stop temporarily in order to do something else - After a couple of hours, westopped to watch the game on Tv. stop + -ing form = finishdoing something - At threeo'clock, I stoppedstudying andwentto bed.

help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the infinitivewithout to. Doughelpedme(to) learn my lines.

Unit 2 Present Simpleand Present Continuous

Gerund (-ing form)

The -ing form is used:
'.. -

We use the present simple for:

as a noun. Baking cakesrelaxes me.

general truths andlaws

-Earth.
films at the weekends.
6:05 exactly.

facts and permanent states. Ralph works for a p/urrlbI'1g CO""XI'"' of nature. TheMoCJrI reYOIres~,; -e habits and routines (witt' always ..ISUa..;::~ -=_ :' ~ ~ ~ ~

after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, confess, continue, deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine, mind,
miss, quit, save, suggest, practise, consider, prevent, etc. Imaginewinning a milliondollars. after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general

timetables and Drogra~'"'ES ~ -e

~_-_::

Grammar Reference

.
.

sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. Leeswings his bat and scores a home run.
likes and dislikes. I love Slovenia; it's a beautiful
country.

Present THINK

Simple

Present

Continuous

Pre~
Weu!

Ithink she'sa verygood

The time expressions we use with the present simple

are: usually,often, always, every day/week/month/year, etc, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, on Fridays, etc
We use the present continuous (to be + verb -ing):

listener. (= believe)

She is thinking about selling her computer. (= is considering)

. .

HAVE
She has a large collection of Elvis memorabilia. (= owns, possesses) I am having a fantastic time. (= am experiencing) She is having a shower. (= is taking) He is having breakfast. (= is eating)

.
.

for actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking.

He is washing his car now.

for temporary situations. We are replacing the carpetsin the

bedrooms this weekeod.

SEE
I can see my home from up here. (= it is visible) I can see now that she was wrong for me. (= understand) My mother is seeing an ear specialist next week. (= is

.
. .

for fixed arrangements in the near future. We'resigning up fora

yoga class tomorrow. for currently becoming with changing and developing situations. The days are

meeting)

shorter and shorter.

adverbs

such as always

to express anger

or irritation

at a

repeated

action.

You are always blaming

others for your mistakes.

TASTE The chocolate tastes bitter. (= it is, has the flavour of) SMELL Your breath smells of mint. (= has the aroma)

The con1 man

The time expressionswe usewith the present continuous are: now,at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight,etc

Connie is tasting the soup to see if it is spicy. (= is testing)

Note, prese in me

I am smelling my roses. (= am sniffing)

years.

Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and so do not usually have a continuous tense. These verbs are:

APPEAR He appears to be a gentleman. (= seems to be) I am appearing in a new Broadway show. (= performing)

Uni

Pas

. .
.

FIT
My dress fits her perfectly. (= it's the right size) Frank is fitting an extra lock at the front door. (= is attaching)

verbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, sound,

We u~

seem, appear, etc) This fabric feels luxurious.

.
.
.

verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise,

remember, forget, etc) I realise this is difficult for you.

. verbs which express feelingsand emotions (like, love, hate,

enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want, etc) Helena enjoys old black
and white films.

Adverbs of Freqwency
These include always, frequently, often, once, twice, sometimes, never, usually, ever, hardly ever, rarely, occasionally, etc.

and someother verbs(be, contain, include, belong, fit need,

matter,cost, own,want, weigh,wish,have,keep,etc) My

cat weighs more than my dog.

.
.

Adverbs of frequency are normally placed before the main

verb. I often wake up in the middle of the night. I never listen to gossip.

Some of these verbs can be used in continuous with a difference in meaning.

tenses, but

However, adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb to be

and after always auxiliary verbs. Ivan is frequently away on business. I've wanted to go on an African safari.

The

Notes: .
The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses- to express a specific preference. Wereally enjoy staying home on Friday nights. (general preference) BUT: I'm enjoying thisnovelvel}'much. (specific preference)

yestE mon 1995

Present Perfect
We use the present perfect (have + past participle) for:

The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's appearance), feel (experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache can be used in simple or continuous tenses with no difference in meaning.
Peter's tooth

Pas'
Weu:

an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis is on the action. The time when it occurred is unimportant or unknown. I have seenthe film. Tinahas visited
Rome twice.

is hurting.

= Peter's tooth hurts.

an action which started in the past and continues up to the

present, especially with stative verbs (see above)~uch as be, have, like, know, etc. I have been a teacher for sevenyears.
a recently completed action. I have completed the tax form.

personal experiences or changes. She has dyed her hair pink.

.
.

The time-expressions we use with the present perfect are: for,since, already, always, just, ever, never, sofar,today,this week/month, etc,howlong,lately, recently, still,yet, etc

250