SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN

Concrete beam can fail due to excessive shear as shown below.

Shear Failure

Shear failure in reinforced concrete beams is complex and can occur in several ways. A typical failure mode for a simply supported beam is illustrated in the Figure below , which also shows how reinforcement can assist in resisting the shear.

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Typical failure mode due to shear for a simply supported beam Shear reinforcement is either in the form of : (1) Stirrups (Links) (2) Inclined bars (used together with stirrups) In EC2 the method of shear design is known as The Variable Strut Inclination Method. In a reinforced concrete beam with vertical links, shear forces are considered to be carried by the links in tension acting with diagonal concrete struts in compression, as shown below:

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Beam carrying shear: links in tension and concrete in compression

The angle of concrete strut varies depending on the shear force applied. Usually designer choose any value of , between 22 and 45 o (i.e cot between 1 and 2.5) depending on the applied shear. It can be noticed that if the value assumed for is small then the requirement for shear reinforcement is also small. Thus, to be economical use the smallest value of as possible as shown below.

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Fig: Choice of

EC2 allows the designer to vary the angle of the strut to obtain the most economical solution. However an angle of 22 (the minimum allowed in EC2) will give practical designs in most cases, and this approach is adopted in this manual. Note that for a rectangular beam the breadth bw used in the shear calculation is equal to the overall breadth b . For T and L beams bw is the breadth of the web, as shown in below:

Fig: b and bw for rectangular, L and T beams in shear

The procedure for checking the shear resistance of a concrete beam involves: (a) verifying that the concrete has suffi cient capacity at the face of the support.
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(b) reinforcement design is based on the shear force at a

distance equal to one effective depth from the face of the support as shown in the Figure below: (c) the requirements for minimum reinforcement should be checked and a suitable arrangement of links should be chosen.

Figure: Critical sections for a beam carrying shear

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Design Procedures 1 (For = 220)

1. Find VEd1 = shear force at the face of the support. 2. Find vEd1=shear stress at the face of the support = V (0.9 bwd). 3. Find the concrete strut capacity vRd, from Table below . Table: Rd concrete strut capacities for calculations of shear in beams
Ed1

4. If v Ed1 is greater than vRd then see the design procedure 2 for use of other values of up to 45 . In some cases it may be necessary to use a larger beam or a higher class of concrete. 5. If v Ed1 is not greater than v steps 6 11.
Rd

then use = 22 and follow

6. Find VEd2 = shear force at a distance d from the face of the support. 7. Find v Ed2 = shear stress at a distance d from the face of the support = V Ed2 /(0.9 bwd ). 8. Calculate the area of shear reinforcement required: Asw/s = 0.4v Ed2 b w / 0.87 f yk . Since f Ed2 bw .
yk

is always 500 N/mm2 , this gives Asw/s = 0.00092 v

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9. Find the minimum Asw/s from Table below . Table: Minimum shear reinforcement in beams

10. Consider the following limits to the spacing of the links along the beam: Minimum spacing 75 mm Maximum spacing 0.75 d but not more than 600 mm. Economy will be achieved by having as few links as possible, so in step 11 it is best to choose a spacing s close to the maximum permitted value. 11. Choose a link size Asw and link spacing s so that Asw / s is not less than the values from steps 8 and 9. Table below may be used for single links, and other arrangements using multiple links are shown in Figure 3.13 . Table 3.22 : Area of shear links Asw /s (mm2 /mm) for various link sizes and spacings (based on two legs per link)

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Figure 3.13 : Examples of shear reinforcement in the form of links.

This procedure determines the shear reinforcement needed at the support. In many beams it is possible to use less shear reinforcement towards the centre of the span where the shear force is lower, and this can often be achieved by using the same size of links but increasing the links spacing s . This module does not cover the calculations required to do this, and the chosen link arrangement should be used for the full length of the beam.
EXAMPLE

A simply supported reinforced concrete beam with an effective span of 7.0 m is 500 mm deep overall by 250 mm wide (see Figure below). It supports the following characteristic loads: Permanent dead loads: 12.0 kN/m plus beam self-weight Variable imposed loads: 11.0 kN/m. The concrete is grade C40/50, and 25-mm cover is required to all reinforcement. Determine the shear reinforcement required.

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SOLUTIONS

Beam width b= bw = 250 mm Beam overall height h = 500 mm Effective span L = 7.0 m F = 1.35 G k + 1.50 Q k, = 1.35 x 105.9 + 1.50 x 77.0 = 258.5 kN Concrete strength f ck = 40 N/mm2 Effective depth d = 500 25 10 12.5 = 452.5 mm The figure below shows part of the Shear Force diagram. The values in the diagram are calculated below:

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Reaction = F /2 = 258.5/2 = 129.3 kN Width of support =150 mm, so distance from centre of support to face of support = 0.15/2 = 0.075 m VEd1 = 129.3 258.5 x 0.075/7.0 = 126.5 kN = 126.5 x 103 N v
Ed1

= V Ed1 /(0.9 bw d ) = 126.5 x 103 /(0.9 x 250 x 452.5) = 1.24 N/mm2

ck

From Table with f Check v

Ed1

= 40 N/mm2 ;
Rd

Rd

= 4.63 N/mm2 OK

is not more than v

Effective depth d = 0.4525 m, so V E d2 = 126.5 258.5 x 0.4525/7.0 = 109.8 kN v

Ed2

=V

Ed2

/(0.9 b

d )= 109.8 x 103 /(0.9 x 250 x 452.5) = 1.08 N/mm2

Asw / s = 0.00092 v Ed2 b w = 0.00092 x 1.08 x 250 = 0.248 mm2 /mm From Table , with f ck = 40 N/mm2 , Min. A sw / s = 0.0010 b w = 0.0010 x 250 = 0.25 mm 2 /mm Max . link spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 452.5 = 339 mm From Table, with A sw /s not less than 0.25 mm 2 /mm, by interpolation. Use H8 links at 325 mm centres A sw /s = 0.309 mm2 /mm (alternatively, 2x x d2/4 /325 = 0.25, d=7.19 mm (Use H8)

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DESIGN PROCEDURE 2 ( 220 < < 450) If v Ed1 is greater than vRd then use the following procedure for use of other values of up to 45 . 1. 2. Calculate the ultimate design shear forces VEd along the beams span. Check the crushing strength VRd,max of the concrete diagonal strut at the section of maximum shear, usually VEf at the face of the beams support. For most cases the angle of inclination of the strut is = 22 o (cot 2.5) and tan = 0.4, so that VRd,max can be calculated using the expression:
VRd ,max = 0.36bw d (1 f ck / 250) f ck (cot + tan )

-------(1)

And if VRd,max VEf with = 220 and cot = 2.5 then go directly to step 3. However, if VRd,max < VEf then >220 and therefore must be calculated from the following expression:

= 0.5 sin 1 {

} 450 f ck 0.18bw d (1 ) f ck 250

VEf

--------(2)

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1 Or = 0.5 sin V

V Ef
Rd , max( 45 )

45 0

If this calculation gives a value of > 450 then the beam should be re-sized or a higher class concrete could be used. 3. The shear link required can be calculated using the expression:
Asw V Ed = s 0.78df yk cot

-------(3)

where Asw is the cross-sectional area of the legs of the links (2x
2
4

for single stirrups)

For a predominantly Uniformly Distributed Load the shear V ED should be calculated at a distance d from the face of the support and the shear reinforcement should continue to the face of the support. The shear resistance for the links actually specified is Vmin = 4.
Asw x 0.78df yk cot -------(4) s

Calculate the minimum links required by EC2 from:

Asw,min s 0.08 f ck bw = ----------(5) f yk
0 .5

5.

Calculate the additional longitudinal tensile force caused by the shear.

Ftd = 0.5V Ed cot ------(6)

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EXAMPLE The beam shown below spans 8.0 m on 300 mm wide supports. It carries a uniformly distributed ultimate load of 200 kN/m. Check if the shear reinforcement in the form of vertical links shown is sufficient. Given fck = 30 N/mm2)
175

2H25

SOLUTION Total ultimate load on beam = 200 x 8.0 = 1600 kN Support Reaction = 1600/2 = 800 kN Shear, VEf at face of support = 800 200x0.3/2 = 770 kN Shear, VEd distance d from face of support= 770 200x0.65 = 640 kN

STEP 1 v Ed1 = V N/mm2 STEP 2 From Table, for fck = 30 N/mm2 v

Rd Ed1

/(0.9 bw d ) = 770x103/(0.9x350x650) = 3.76

= 3.64 N/mm2

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Since v

Ed1

>v

Rd

proceed to Procedure 2

Check the crushing strength VRd,max of the concrete diagonal strut at the face of the beam support. Using equation 1 with =220
V Rd , max( 22 ) = 0.124bw d (1 f ck / 250) f ck

= 0.124 x 350 x 650(1 - 30/250)30 = 745 KN (<VEf = 770 kN) Using equation 1 with =450
V Rd , max( 45 ) = 0.18bw d (1 f ck / 250) f ck

= 0.18 x 350 x 650( 1 - 30/250)30 = 1081 kN (>VEf = 770 kN) Therefore, STEP 2 Determine angle using equation 2,
= 0.5 sin 1
V Ef 45 0

220 < <450

V Rd , max( 45 )

= 0.5 x sin-1( 770/1081 )= 22.70 And cot = 2.39 STEP 3 Determine the shear resistance of the links Asw of a 12 mm bar = 113 mm2 = 2 x 113 = 226 mm2
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s = 175 mm

( max spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 x 650 = 487 mm ) OK

ASW 226 = = 1.29 s 175

The shear resistance of the links can be calculated using equation 3:

V Rd , s = ASW x0.78df yk cot s

= 1.29 x 0.78 x 650 x 500 x 2.39 x 10-3 = 781 kN Design shear, VEd distance d from the face of the support = 640 kN (<781 kN) Therefore, the beam can support the ultimate UDL of 200 kN/m is shear. STEP 4 Additional longitudinal tensile force in the tensile steel using equation 6.
Ftd = 0.5V Ed cot

= 0.5 x 640 x 2.39 = 765 kN Ensure there is sufficient curtailment of the tension reinforcement and its anchorage bond length at the supports. TUTORIAL Q1. Design the shear reinforcement for the simply supported beam which is supported on 300 mm wide supports at shown below. Given fck = 50 N/mm2 characteristic dead load = 2.25 kN/m characteristic imposed load = 200 kN/m
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DL=2.25 kN/m; IL=200kN/m

d=400

2000 300

225 200

Q2. An RC beam section is shown below, and resists an ultimate factored shear of 200 kN at the face of support. Use EC2 to determine the shear reinforcement to be provided.

d = 550 425 b = 300 Given, fck =40 N/mm2, fy = 500 N/mm2

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ASSIGNMENT
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pelan lantai tingkat kedua sebuah bangunan. Data berikut diberi, Ketebalan papak konkrit = 125 mm Beban kenaan di atas papak = 3.0 kN/m2 Berat konkrit = 25 kN/m3 fyk = 500 N/mm2 fck = 30 N/mm2 Berat dinding bata di atas rasuk = 2.0 kN/m Kemasan lantai = 1.5 kN/m2 Reinforcement Cover = 25 mm Dengan mengandaikan rasuk sekunder 2/B-C sebagai tupang mudah, (i) (ii) (iii) Kirakan beban rekabentuk pada rasuk. Kirakan daya ricih rekabentuk untuk rasuk. Rekabentuk tetulang ricih bagi rasuk tersebut.

125 450 300 All dimensions in mm Beam D/1-3

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