It is said that behind every successful man, there is a woman Thanks to the woman behind me.

who is my biggest critic, cheer leader, support, guide & friend.

PLCC Protection coupler

Basic Concepts & Demonstration

S.V. Kulkarni DyEE PLCC MSETCL Pune

PLCC Protection coupler

Visit to Learning center PLCC PLCC introduction PLCT PLCC outdoor equipment Coupling schemes 30 min 15 min. 15 min. 15 min. 15 min. 15 min 15 min. 15 min. 15 min. 15 min. 30 min.

Tea Break Conventional & CAP NSD 50 Transmitter & Receiver G4AA G4AC QA Protection coupler demo

To communicate is Human Nature

We communicate to Convey feelings. Express agreements. Express love. Learn/ Teach Share knowledge Communico (Latin)

PLCC & OPGW

The PLCC is a technology which uses power line as physical media for speech, Data & protection signal transmission.

PLCC Network

Exercise
Look at the pictures & write their names

PLCC Indoor & Outdoor equipment

Power Line Carrier Terminal

PLCT converts a input signal of 4 KHz bandwidth to the RF signal & amplifies this signal to the desired output power levels up to 40 watts.

The RF range in PLCC system is

50 KHz to 500 KHz

Modulation & Demodulation

Modulation is a technique used to convert a low freq signal( information signal) to a higher freq signal ( modulated signal) using high freq signal (carrier) Demodulation is the opposite technique where information signal is extracted from the carrier. Modulation & Demodulation requires Carrier frequency which is generated in PLCT.

PLCC Panel ( type: ABB ETL 41/42)

Cabinet

Modules

( 428/456 U KHz) Or (96/92 U KHz)

( 232/108 UL KHz) Or 480/ 488 UL KHz

Tx

Rx

Rx

Rx

Tx

Tx

Frequency space 4 + 4 = 8 KHz required

Frequency space 4 + 4 +4 +4 = 16 KHz required

Telephone Bandwidth
1000 Hz 2000 Hz 3000 Hz

4000 Hz 5000 Hz 6000 Hz

Human voice 4 KHz, Music 15 KHz, TV 6 MHz BW

Single Channel ABB Make ETL 41 PLCC Panel ( 96/92 U KHz)

Adjacent Frequency

Twin Channel ABB Make ETL 42 PLCC Panel ( 480/488 UL KHz)

Adjacent Frequency

L KHz U KHz Tx band 476-480 K Rx band- 484-488 K

Tx band 96-100 KHz Rx band 92- 96 KHz

Rx Tx Frequency Spectrum BW 4+4= 8 KHz Tx Tx Rx Rx

U KHz

Tx band 480-484 K Rx band- 488-492 K

BW 4

+ 4 + 4 + 4 =16KHz

Single Channel ABB Make ETL 41 PLCC Panel ( 428/456 U KHz)

Separate Frequency

Twin Channel ABB Make ETL 42 PLCC Panel ( 232/108 UL KHz)

Separate Frequency

L KHz U KHz Tx band 228-232 K Rx band- 104-108 K

Tx band 428-432 KHz Rx band 456-460 KHz

Tx Rx Frequency Spectrum BW 4+4= 8 KHz Rx BW 4 Rx

U KHz

Tx band 232-236 K Rx band- 108-112 K

Tx Tx

+ 4 + 4 + 4 =16KHz

Single channel Maximum 56 no. of PLCC panels for 50 to 500 KHz range Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Tx / Rx
Tx / Rx Tx / Rx

Twin channel Maximum 28 no. of PLCC panels for 50 to 500 KHz range Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Tx/Rx I Tx/Rx II

Modulating signal Speech Data Protection

Carrier

Amplitude Modulated Signal

AM signal fc + fm fm fc fc

fc - fm

Modulating signal Speech Data Protection

Carrier

Amplitude Modulated Signal

fm1 Channel I Input signal

fc Carrier signal

Lower Sideband f c f m 1 Carrier & USB removed

fm2 Channel II Input signal

fc

Carrier signal

Upper Sideband f c f m 2 Carrier & LSB removed

T x

R x Amplitude Modulated Signal

Speech signal fm

Protection signal fm

T x

fc + fm AM fc signal

R x Data Signal fm

Carrier

fc

fc - fm

PLCC Applications

PLCC link

PLCT are used as a pair one at each end Each PLCT is designated for a set of Tx & Rx freq. These freq may be Separate Or Adjacent. The corresponding PLCT at the other end will be designated for the reverse value of Tx/Rx freq. The ch freq. will be either in 4 KHz or 8 KHz BW depending upon single ch or Twin ch.

Protection Frequency

Guard Frequency

Pilot Frequency

Carrier Frequency

Data Freq.

Dial Freq.

Speech Freq.

Exercise

7. Data frequency band ______________________KHz

Exercise

Hints 1. Make ,Type & Frequency of PLCT 2. Selection of Pass band of LMU 3. Selection of Blocking band of LMU 4. PLCC Phase to phase coupling 5. Main HF cable & HF loop connection.

Coupling schemes--Economic ,Engineering & common sense

Mode 1 coupling Center ph to Outer ph (No Mode 3) Center ph to Ground ( No mode 2) Outer ph to outer ph with Ground return (No mode 2) Outer ph to Ground ( All 3 modes)

PLCC Coupling
LT

LT

Cc

LT

PLC

LMU

Cc

Cc

LT LT

PLC

LMDU

LMU

Phase-to-Ground
PLC

Cc

Cc

LMDU

LMU

Inter circuit

Phase-to-Phase

Modal analysis
Modal analysis is a mathematical tool similar to symmetrical components used for analyzing unbalanced faults on three ph power system. It can be shown that no. of natural Nodes is equal to the no. of conductors involved in the propagation. For example, 3 nodes in the case of a single circuit line with 2 earth wires earthed at each tower. The ph conductor V or I can be resolved into 3 sets of natural mode components at any point on a lossy, reflection free three ph line.

Mode distribution for a 3 ph line

Mode 3 is the highest attenuated mode & more frequency dependent has Mode 1 is least attenuated & least is propagated on all 3 phases & returns& via the ground dependent more attenuation than Mode1 frequency

Mode components for various types of coupling

a)
Center phase to Ground coupling

b) Outer phase to Ground coupling c) Center to Outer Push Pull coupling d) Outer to Outer Push push coupling

Protection

Line Fault PUTTDistance relay( 21), Main I, Main II

Substation B Substation A

Zone 1 (A) Zone 1 (A & B) Zone 2 (B) Conductor snapping

Tree fault Bird fault

Zone 1 (B) Zone 2 (A)

In case of 400 KV line, Main I & Main II are parallel commands. M I ,M II should be operated simultaneously.

Substation FaultDirect Trip Protection

Substation A

Over Voltage LBB Reactor Protection Busbar Hand trip

Substation B

86ROV all commands are routed through 86ROV except Hand trip 85 LO receive command is routed through 85LO

relay.

Conventional 3 Zone Protection

Distance Relay 21

Distance Relay 21

400 220 Z1 Z2 Z3 0 0 300 400 500 700

Carrier aided Protection

Distance Relay 21

Protection Coupler

Protection Coupler

Distance Relay 21

Trip logic Conventional & Carrier aided protection

Carrier Aided Protection

Carrier aided Protection

In the absence of communication link, the operation of End zone fault is longer & auto reclosing is not possible. Carrier aided protection scheme is used for simultaneous tripping of near & far end circuit breakers

Protection Coupler equipments can be used along with PLCC terminals for Tele protection requirements.

Protection Coupler ABB Make NSD 50 (Full version) DSP Card G4AA Relay Interface 1 G4AC Relay Interface 2 G4AC

DSP
Opto coupler Alarm Contact Solid state C Solid state C Opto coupler

Opto coupler Alarm Contact Solid state C Slot no. 10 Slot no. 15

Opto coupler

Solid state C Slot no. 21

Protection coupler At S/s A

Protection coupler At S/s B

Distance Relay 21

Opto coupler 85X

Solid state Contact

Alarm Contact

Alarm Contact

Protection coupler At S/s A

Protection coupler At S/s B

Opto coupler
Distance Relay 21 85X

Solid state Contact

Alarm Contact

Alarm Contact

Protection coupler At S/s A

Protection coupler At S/s B

Opto coupler
Opto coupler 85X

85X

30X

Solid state Contact

Solid state Contact 30X

Alarm Contact

Alarm Contact

Principle of operation
Under normal conditions, i.e. when there is no fault in the line, guard frequency or frequencies G1 & G2 will be continuously transmitted through the PLC channel for monitoring the healthiness of the equipment. In the event of operation of protection due to fault the guard signals will be cut & corresponding trip signals will be transmitted in the Speech band. Speech & any other Data transmission are interrupted while the trip signals are being transmitted.

DSP Module G4AA Slot no.10 Start A Tx Command A

Relay Interfac e 1 G4AC Slot no. 15

DSP Relay Interfac e 2 G4AC Slot no. 21

AF Tx

DA

A D DA
C

BOOST
Pilot Tx Speech

DSP Module G4AA Slot no.10

Rx command A Rx aux O/P A

Relay Interfac e 1 G4AC Slot no. 15

DSP Relay Interfac e 2 G4AC Slot no. 21

DA

AF Rx

A D DA
C
Rx Speech AGC

ALARM

Alarm Tx,Rx,COM 1,2

NSD 50 Transmitter & Receiver

Transmitter Applying DC voltage to the input Tx command interrupts the Pilot /Guard signal. Tx Speech cut off. Protection coupler will generate trip frequency which will be fed to PLCC panel & Tx Counter increments. Receiver Continuously monitor guard signal. When found any trip frequency with absence of guard signal, Rx Speech is interrupted & Rx counter increments. At the same time Rx command on the protection relay is activated.

NSD 50 Trip Frequencies

Command A 872 Hz Command B 1090 Hz A & B Permissive Trip/ Uncoded Commands Command C 654 Hz / 1526 Hz Command D 654 Hz / 1745 Hz C &D Direct Trip / Coded Commands A,B,C & D Commands are transmitted in Speech band

Transmission time ,Security & Dependability

The Performance of a protection coupler is assessed by means of three criteria.
The Transmission time The Security ( Unwanted command probability) The Dependability ( Missing command probability)

Permissive & Direct

This scheme is used for protection of power line with Distance relay. Tripping can only take place at the receiving end if a tripping signal is being received and local protection relay detects a fault. Transmission Time 12ms Command Prolongation (Trip Extension) time- 20ms The tripping command from the protection coupler goes directly to the circuit breaker.

Transmission Time 26 ms Command Prolongation time- 100 ms

Utilization of PLCC panels (3P+2S)

Main I
ABB ETL 41 A B

Main II Direct Trip Sp Dialing Sp Express

ABB ETL 41 A B

ABB ETL 41 C

ABB ETL 41

ABB ETL 41

M II Parallel
v

M I Parallel M II Own Direct trip Own

M I Own

Modified Utilization (2P+2/1S)

Channel I
ABB ETL 41 A B C

Channel II Speech Dialing

ABB ETL 41 A B C v ABB ETL 41

Speech Express ABB ETL 41

M I Parallel

M II Parallel
M I Own

v
Direct trip Own

v
M II Own

Direct trip Parallel

OR
Channel I
ABB ETL 41 A B C

Channel II
ABB ETL 41 A B C v v

Speech Dialing/Express ABB ETL 42

Twin Channel Panel

M I Parallel M II Parallel M I Own

v
M II Own

Direct trip Parallel Direct trip Own

Relay Interface 1 G4AC I/P Volt 125 V DC250 V DC I/P Volt 48 V DC110 V DC Trip signal A / C Trip signal B / D Rack slot N15/ N21 CA,CC,CG,CI CB,CD,CH,CK CE,CP,CF,CQ CL,CU,CM,CV CN / CO

Com Prol. A 5ms/20ms/100ms CR/CS/CT Com Prol. B 5ms/20ms/100ms CW/CX/CY

Stand-by Battery ON/OFF

BA / BB

Programming DSP Switch S3 Command Settings

ON /OFF
Settings for Coded tripping signals (C,D)

[ x ] (8) [ x ] (7) [ x ] (6) [ x ] (5) [ x ] (4) [ x ] (3) [ x ] (2) [ x ] (1)

Security : Step 2 (increased) / step 1 T03 nominal Transmission time T0 = 46 ms T02 nominal Transmission time T0 = 26 ms T01 nominal Transmission time T0 = 16 ms

Settings for Uncoded Tripping signals ( A,B)

Security : Step 2 (increased) / step 1

T03 nominal Transmission time T0 = 19 ms T02 nominal Transmission time T0 = 12 ms T01 nominal Transmission time T0 = 10 ms

Programming DSP Switch S4 Guard Setting

ON /OFF

[ x ] (8) Not used [ x ] (7) Local Test ON / OFF [ x ] (6) -10 dBm0 / -14 dBm0 unblocking threshold [ x ] (5) 200 Bd /100 Bd Pi filter [ x ] (4) ETL Pilot / own guard S4 (3) (2) (1) = pilot [ x ] (3) Setting of 0 0 0 = 3780 Hz [ x ] (2) Guard or Pilot Freq 0 0 1 = 3600 Hz 0 1 0 = 3360 Hz [ x ] (1) (Default = 3780 Hz) 0 1 1 = 3120 Hz
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 = 2880 Hz = 2640 Hz = 2400 Hz = 2160 Hz

Programming DSP Switch S5 Alarm Setting

ON /OFF

[ x ] (8) Not used [ x ] (7) Not used [ x ] (6) Interface in Slot N 21 ? Yes / No [ x ] (5) Interface in Slot N 15 ? Yes / No [ x ] (4) Command output latching status for [ x ] (3) An alarm condition ( SNR/ Level Alarm) [ x ] (2) 6 dB / 12 dB SNR alarm threshold [ x ] (1) Cyclic loop test ON/ OFF
S5 (4) (3) = statuses of the com O/P for an alarm 0 0 = no influence on receiver contacts 0 1 = uncoded tripped, coded contacts quiescent 1 0 = all receiver contacts quiescent. 1 1 = no influence on receiver contacts.

Programming DSP Switch S6 Alarm Delay

Common alarm contacts ALARM 1, ALARM 2

Contact closes in alarm state ( N/C) Contact opens in alarm state ( N/O) AB,AD (default) AA, AC

[ x ] (8) [ x ] (7) [ x ] (6) [ x ] (5) [ x ] (4) [ x ] (3) [ x ] (2) [ x ] (1)

ON /OFF

27
26 25

6.5 s
3.3 s 1.6 s Alarm Relay delay = Sum of ON values (settings in steps of 50 ms) Default setting = 10 s

24
23 22 21 20

0.8 s
0.4 s 0.2 s 0.1 s 0.05 s

Serial Interface LEDs

Signal Processor
Data & Program Memories

Digital signals

Aux Alarm Relay

Tx command A

Start A
Tx command B Start B Rx command A AUX A

Rx command B
AUX B

Unblocking 1 Unblocking 2

Relay Panel

Protection coupler

Distance Relay 21
Trip Send Contact in RP 85X

RP K102
RP K877 Opto coupler

Carrier Receive Relay in RP

RP K173

30X

RP K169

Solid state Contact

Carrier Healthy relay in RP

RP K161 Alarm Contact RP K169

Relay Panel
Distance Relay 21 Trip Send Contact in RP 85X

Protection coupler

Opto coupler

CR relay in RP
Solid state C Distance Relay 21 Trip Send Contact in RP 85X CR relay in RP Solid state C

Opto coupler

30X
Carrier Healthy relay in RP Alarm Contact

WT

WT

Relay Panel

Protection coupler

Protection coupler

Relay Panel

21
Trip Send Contact in RP 85X

RP K102
RP K102

RP K877

Opto coupler

Opto coupler RP K877

21
85X
Trip Send Contact in RP

Carrier Receive Relay in RP

RP K173

RP K173

Carrier Receive Relay in RP

30X

RP K169

Solid state Contact

Solid state Contact

RP K169

30X

Carrier Healthy relay in RP

RP K161 Alarm Contact

Alarm Contact

RP K161
RP K169

Carrier Healthy relay in RP

RP K169

Own Commands & Parallel commands

84 + 0.872 =84.872 KHz & ETL 41 ETL 41 80 + 0.872 PLCC =80.872 KHz PLCC

MI

MI

M II

DT

Panel Having Freq 84/80 KHz with NSD 50

Panel Having Freq 80/84 KHz with NSD 50

M II

DT

MI M II DT

ETL 41 84/80 KHz with NSD 50

ETL 41 80/84 KHz with NSD 50

MI M II DT

ETL 41 96/92 KHz with NSD 50

ETL 41 92/96 KHz with NSD 50

Exercise
Refer Fig A & B and Complete the following table

BPL DC 42 Protection Coupler

The DC 42 series Digital Protection coupler can be directly inserted into the BPL Make 9505 V3 Power line carrier equipment.

Under normal conditions i.e. when there is no fault in the line, two guard frequencies G1 & G2 will be continuously transmitted through the PLC channel for monitoring the healthiness of the equipment. When there is a fault the guard signals will be cut & corresponding trip signals will be transmitted in the speech band.

Speech & any other Data transmission are interrupted while the Trip signals are being transmitted.

Guard & Trip frequencies of DC 42

Guard 1- 2146 Hz Guard 2 2341 Hz Trip F1- 1171 Hz Trip F2 1366 Hz Trip F3 1561 Hz Trip F4 1756 Hz Trip F5 1951 Hz Loop Test Frequency 3902 Hz

Block Diagram of DC 4

DC 42 Transmitter & Receiver

When there is a fault, the trip signals will be extended to the DC CPU through DC COMIO module. The DC CPC sends the corresponding command to the DC REC module. DC REC module decodes the command and corresponding frequency /frequencies are transmitted. At the receiving end, the composite signals from the DC REC is fed to DC CPU module which detects the presence of trip signal ( only in absence of the guard signals ) & gives the corresponding command logic high /low & also logic lines corresponding to frequencies to DC CPU module. DC CPU module decodes the logic lines and corresponding relays are activated. The remote end breakers will be tripped only when the protection receiver depending on the nature of the fault receives the assigned combination of Trip frequencies.

Face plan of DC 42
The DC PSU Module provides dual 12 V DC outputs & 5 V DC output. DC CPU module provides the commands necessary to generate the Guard & Trip frequencies. DC REC module is responsible for transmitting the frequency corresponding to command issued by DC CPU as well detecting the trip frequency and issuing corresponding trip command to DC CPU. DC COMIO consists of DC CIC & DC COC DC CIC provides the interface between the local distance protection relays & protection relaying equipment. DC COC provides the necessary interface for transferring the trip command received from the distant protection equipment to the local distance protection relays.

Permissive & Direct Commands

Command I F1 + F3 Command II F2 + F4 Command III F5 F1 F5 Command IV F5 F2 F5

Permissive & Direct Commands

The Transmission time permissive command is < 20 msec & for Direct command is < 30 msec. The trip frequency level is 11dB higher than guard frequency level in permissive & 17 dB higher in Direct scheme. The Direct commands are more secure whereas permissive commands are more dependable in nature.

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