Modern Digital Electronics

Lectureter : Xie Songyun

Chapter9 Timing Circuits

Glossary
Analog comparator: An analog circuit which compare two analog signals and produces an output whose polarity indicates the result of the comparison. Astable multivibrator: A multivibrator circuit having both the states as quasi-stable states. It is a square wave oscillator. Also known as free-running multivibrator. Bistable multivibrator: A multivibrator circuit that has both the states as stable. It goes from one stable state to another when triggered. It is same as the FLIP-FLOP. Comparator: A device which compares two voltages or currents and switches its output to indicate which is larger. Discharge: The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials. Duty cycle: The fraction of time that a system is in an "active" state. Free-tunning multivibrator: Same as the astable multivibrator.

Chapter9 Timing Circuits

Glossary
Hysteresis: The difference between the upper and lower triggering voltage in a Schmitt trigger circuit. Impulse circuit: Circuit used to generate impulse wave and transform types of impulse. Jitter: When the successive pulse duration of a monostable multivibrator are not same it is said to jitter. Monostable multivibrator:An electronic circuit that produces an output pulse for a fixed time period in response to a trigger pulse and then returns to its quiescent state. The width of the output pulse produced depends upon the timing elements (R and C) used in the circuit. It is also known as one-shot circuit. One-shot: Same as the monostable multivibrator. Operational amplifier (OP AMP) (OP AMP): An high gain differential input amplifier. Port: A hardware interface by which a device is connected to another device. Pulse stretcher: Same as the monostable multivibrator.

Chapter9 Timing Circuits

Glossary
Quasi-stable state: The state which is not a stable state. When a circuit is forced to go to a quasi-stable state, it comes back to its stable state after a time depending upon the elements of the circuit. Recovery time: The time required for a timing circuit to come back to steady-state after having been triggered. Regenerative comparator: Same as the Schmitt trigger. Retriggerable monostable multivibrator: A monostable multivibrator that is capable of getting triggered even when it is in its non-quiscent (or quasi-stable) state. Schmitt trigger: An analog comparator circuit with different upper and lower triggering voltages. It exhibits hysteresis effect. It produces a single, sharp transition from a slowly changing input. It is same as regenerative comparator. The supply voltage: Voltage of the power supply. Timer: A timer is a specialized type of clock. A timer can be used to control the sequence of an event or process.

9.1 Introduction
In digital systems, a rectangular waveform is most desirable. The generators of rectangular waveform are referred to as multivibrators. There are three types of multivibrator: 1. Astable (or free-running) multivibrator, 2. Monostable multivibrator (or one-shot), and 3. Bistable multivibrator (or Flip-Flop) Multivibrators are now design using : 1. Logic gates, 2. OP- AMPs and 3. Timers.

9.2 555 Timer

IC 555 timer is one of the most popular and versatile sequential
logic devices which can be used in monostable and astable modes. Its inputs and output are directly compatible with both TTL and CMOS logic circuits.

9.2.1 555 timer circuit

Two comparators C1, C2, the basic RS FF, the triode TD with OC output .

0 1 0

VCO: control voltage VTH: threshold VTR: trigger VO: discharge /R: reset VCC: supply voltage VO: output

9.2 555 Timer

Operational Amplifier
Circuit symbol
two inputs and one output.

Non inverting input Inverting input Amplification of Differential voltage Avd= The condition of the ideal
operational amplifier

Input resistance Rid= Output resistance RO=0 Band width is wide enough

Comparator
The comparator is circuit used for comparing the input signal VI with reference voltage VREF.

Non inverting input voltage comparator

OperationIf Non inverting input is bigger than the reference voltage, the output is 1.

VI
VREF

VO

when differential-mode input voltage VID=VI-VREF<0VO=VOL when differential-mode input voltage VID=VI-VREF>0VO=VOH Reversed-phase input voltage comparator VREF
Operation If reversed-input is bigger than the reference output ,the output is 0.

VO

VI

when differential-mode input voltage VID=VI-VREF<0VO=VOH when differential-mode input voltage VID=VI-VREF>0VO=VOL

9.2 555 Timer

Assume1: VCO no input
VCC VCO VTH VTR
VR 2

2 1 VR1 VCC VR 2 VCC 3 3 Assume 2:

VCO is connected to a fix voltage

VR1

VO

VR1 VCO

VR 2

1 VCO 2

v'o

The output is decided by the two comparators, controlling the RS trigger and the discharge tube TD .

9.2 555 Timer

IfVTH>2/3VCC Comparator C1=0=R VTR>1/3VCC Comparator C2=1=S Discharge tube openedVO= 0
VCO VTH VTR VCC

1 0 1
VO

R0 1
S

1 0

IfVTH<2/3VCC Comparator C1=1=R Discharge tube closed VO=1

1 0

VTR<1/3VCC Comparator C2=0=S v'o 0 1

IfVTH<2/3VCC Comparator C1=1=R VTR>1/3VCC Comparator C2=1=S TriggerTDVO keep the stage

9.2 555 Timer

555 timer function table
/R 0 1 1 1 VTH X >2/3VCC <2/3VCC <2/3VCC VTR X >1/3VCC <1/3VCC >1/3VCC R X 0 1 1 S X 1 0 1 VO 0 0 1 keep TD on on off keep 0 1

9.2 555 Timer

9.2.2 Application of 555 Timer
1. Schmitt trigger
Threshold VTH(6) and trigger VTR(2) are connected together to input VI.

VCC
4 8 7 6 555 3 2 1 5

VI

VO 0.01f

Normally /R4is connected to HIGH. input 5 connected to 103 capacitor.

Principle
1 0 VT+ = 2/3VCC VT = 1/3VCC Differential voltage: VT = VT+ - VT- = 1/3VCC If the reference voltage is given by VCO VT+ = VCO VT = 1/2VCO VT = VT+ - VT- = 1/2VCO
2/3VCC 1/3VCC 0 VO VI VT+ VT t

Applications examples of Schmitt flip-flop

Ex. Applications examples of Schmitt flip-flop:
Obtain a temperature-control circuit. VI: voltage of the measured degree Thermo-element, sensor

Preset the scale of the control temperature:

adjust VCO voltage first ,to make sure the rise transformation level VT+ and drop transformation level VT- correspond to the controlled temperature bound.
VI VCO

1/2VCO ifVI < VCO,VO=1,T conductwarm upVI 0 ifVI > VCO,VO=0,Tkeep warmVI VO ifVI 1/2 VCO,VO=1,T conductwarm upVI

VT+ VT
t

To change the bounds of the temperature by Changing VCO.

9.2 555 Timer

2. Monostable (one-shot) Multivebrator Characteristics
(1)Two states: stable state and quasi-stable state. (2)The circuit remains in its stable state until an external triggering pulse causes a transition to the quasi-stable state. (3)The circuit returns to its stable state after a time TW.

application
(1) Time delay The output response to an input after time delay TW (2) Timing: generate rectangular waveform with certain width.

9.2 555 Timer

circuit
RC: timing elements VI : input trigged pulse (narrow)

VO VI 0.01f

Threshold VTH(6) is connected with discharged end V(7) together .

Control end VCO5is connected to land with 103 capacitor making strobe .

 Operation
Stable state VI = VTR = 1 And assume VC=VTH=1 0,TD turns on VCTDgrandC dischargesVC0 quasi-stable state
VI 1 TD turns offVCCRC charges.
+)=0 (0 V C Three factors 0 in VC charging VC()=VCC VC = RC Because Vc of the two comparator C1 C2 is impossible to charging to VCC. when1/3VCC< VC<2/3VCC() 0 VO remains the high voltage. VO whenVC2/3VCCVI changed to 1.( 0)TDturns onthe capacitor discharges againthe quasi-stable state is over. 0

VI =0 comes, and VTH=VC=0

V CC

2/3V CC 1/3V CC t TW t

VC VC 0 t w RC ln VC VC TW V 0 RC ln CC 1.1RC 2 VCC VCC 3 Apparentlyby changing RC we can change the width of TW.

9.2 555 Timer

discharge:

VI t

whenafter TD opensVC discharges to 0 by TDthe circuit recovers to the stable state waiting for the next trigger pulse.

VC(0+)=2/3VCC Three factors of the charging of VC VC()=0 = rd C

VC

V CC

2/3V CC 1/3V CC t
W TW

VO Generally R=several hundred ~several M. TW=several s~ several decades minutes,

t re=(3~5r d C ------- very short.

C=several decades Pf several hundred f

9.2 555 Timer

Application example Exposure hole timer

Work process: When it is in the darkroom works, without pressing switch K.

K switched, the electric circuit enters the quasi-stable state, simultaneously the output is 1, the lamp (white,) bright. Starts to expose. The exposure time is 1.1RC, the exposure time to the self-recovery is the original state. To change the exposure time, only need to change R and C.

9.2 555 Timer

3. Astable Multivibrator
The multivibirator is a kind of astable circuit. Which is able to produce the rectangular automatically.

(1) circuit
/R:(4)if normally works, needs to be connected to HIGH. Control end VCO5is connected to grand through a 103 capacitor as a filter.
VTR (2), VTH (6) are connected to grand through C , simultaneously connected to the triode tube collecting electrode through R2

The opening outputs of triode VO ' is connected to power source VCC by the pull resistance R1.

R1R2and C are all timing elements

9.2 555 Timer

(2) Operation Assumeon the electrifying VC=0 VTH VTR 0 (1) TD C begins to charge VC VTRVTH

whenbefore VC charges to 2/3VCC VTR>1/3VCC VC VTH<2/3VCC 2/3VCC whenVC charges to2/3VCC 1/3VCC VTH>2/3VCC 0 VO VTR>1/3VCC T conducts
Vc is discharging through TD.
D

VCC 0

whenVC discharges to 1/3VCC VTH<2/3VCC 1 VTR<1/3VCC

9.2 555 Timer

(3) Transition condition width TW1TW2
three factors of VC charging:

VC(0+)=1/3VCC VC()=VCC = (R1+R2) C

VC VC 2/3VCC 1/3VCC
0 V O V0

VCC CC

00
TW 2 TW2 T 1 TW W1

t t

1 VCC VCC 3 tW 1 ( R1 R2 )C ln 0.7( R1 R2 )C 2 TW1 VCC VCC 3 + VC(0 )=2/3VCC three factors of

VC(TW1)=2/3VCC

2 0 VCC = R2 C 3 ln 0.7 R2C t R C W2 2 VC(TW2)=1/3VCC TW2 1 0 VCC 3 T = tw1+ tw2 = 0.7(R1+2R2)C

By changing R and C we can get the oscillator frequency about 0.1Hz~300KHz.

VC discharging

VC()=0

Duty cycle
For an unsymmetrical square waveform, the percentage of time-period (T) for which the output is HIGH is referred to as duty cycle and is given by.

circuit
The accesses of charge and discharge of Capacitor C is isolated by D1 and D2. RW I is the adjustable resistance. when chargingonly through R1 when discharging, only through R2

TW 1 q T R1 R2 R1 2 R2

tW 1 0.7 R1C

tW 2 0.7 R2C

By changing RW, not changing the addition of R1+R2

Circuit oscillation cycle T=0.7(R1+R2)C

Duty cycle
Output square-wave duty-cycle If chose R1=R2, the output VO is symmetry square-wave.

Multi-vibrator
EX. 1

application example

0.7 R1C R1 TW 1 q T 0.7( R1 R2 )C R1 R2 R1 50% q R1 R2

Circuit of electric piano

S1~S8 are on behalf of switches of eight key , when press down the different keys, the oscillator turns on different resistances, the electric circuit has the different oscillating frequencies.

If the selection of R21~R28 is properthe horn is able to produce eight different scales.

Duty cycle
Ex. 2 Simulation sound electric circuit
Composes the simulation sound circuit with two multi-vibrators. Select the timing element properly, to make

f A 1H Z f B 1KH Z
Because the low frequency oscillator A output are higher than the replacement end (4) of frequency oscillator B. When VO1 produces a high level, the B oscillator can vibrate, when VO1 produces a low level, the B oscillator sets 0, stops the vibration. Therefore causes the speaker to send out 1KHZ intermittence aural signal.

V O1 V O2

working waveform

By this example we may make the police siren, rescue and so on sound effects.

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