AME 50531: Intermediate Thermodynamics

Homework Solutions
Fall 2010
1 Homework 1 Solutions
1.1 Problem 1:
CPIG air enters and isentropic nozzle at 1.30 atm and 25

C with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. The nozzle entrance diameter

is 120 mm. The air exits the nozzle at 1.24 atm with a velocity of 90 m/s. Determine the temeprature of the exiting air
and the nozzle exit diameter.
At the nozzle entrance (State 1):
P
1
= 1.30 atm
101.3 kPa
1 atm
= 131.7 kPa (1)
T
1
= 25

C+273.15 = 298.15 K (2)

v
1
= 2.5 m/s (3)
A
1
= (0.120 m)
2
= 0.045 m
2
(4)
At the nozzle exit (State 2):
P
2
= 1.24 atm
01.3 kPa
1 atm
= 125.6 kPa (5)
v
2
= 90 m/s (6)
T
2
and d
2
are unknown.
Because the nozzle is isentropic, we can use the isentropic relation for temperature and pressure to nd the exit
temperature. For air, k = 1.4.
T
2
T
1
=
_
P
2
P
1
_k1
k
(7)
T
2
= T
1
_
P
2
P
1
_k1
k
= 298.15 K
_
125.6 kPa
131.7 kPa
_1.41
1.4
(8)
T
2
= 294.14 K = 21

C (9)
To nd the exit diameter, recall that m = Av. Then,
m =
1
A
1
v
1
=
2
A
2
v
2
(10)
Knowing that
1
=
2
,
A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
(11)
A
2
= A
1
_
v
1
v
2
_
= 0.045 m
2

_
2.5 m/s
90 m/s
_
= 0.0012 m
2
(12)
Therefore, d
2
= 0.020 m = 20 mm .
1
1.2 Problem 2: 9.47
Consider a steam turbine power plant operation near critical pressure, as shown in Figure 1.2. As a rst approximation,
it may be assumed that the turbine and pump processes are reversible and adiabatic. Neglecting any changes in kinetic
and potential energies, calculate:
The specic turbine work output and the turbine exit state.
The pump work input and enthalpy at the pump exit state.
The thermal efciency of the cycle.
We are given P
1
= P
4
= 20 MPa, T
1
= 800

C, P
2
= P
3
= 10 kPa, and T
3
= 40

C.
State 1: Using Table B.1.3, h
1
= 4069.80 kJ/kg, s
1
= 7.0544
kJ
kgK
State 2:
s
2
= s
1
= 7.0544
kJ
kg K
(13)
Using Table B.1.2,
s
2
= 0.6492 +7.5010 x
2
= 0.8539 (14)
h
2
= 191.81 +0.8539 2392.82= 2235.04 kJ/kg (15)
The specic work output from the turbine,
w
t
= h
1
h
2
= 4069.80 kJ/kg 2235.04 kJ/kg = 1834.76 kJ/kg (16)
The turbine exit state is a saturated mixture.
State 3: Compressed liquid, using Table B.1.1, h
3
= 167.54 kJ/kg, v
3
= 0.001007
State 4: Using the property relation for constant v,
w
p
=v
3
(P
4
P
3
) =0.001007 (2000010) = 20.13 kJ/kg (17)
h
4
= h
3
w
p
= 167.54 kJ/kg +20.13 kJ/kg = 187.67 kJ/kg (18)
The heat transfer in the boiler is
q
in
= h
1
h
4
= 4069.80 kJ/kg 187.67 kJ/kg = 3882.13 kJ/kg (19)
w
net
= w
t
+w
p
= 1834.76 kJ/kg 20.13 kJ/kg = 1814.63 kJ/kg (20)

TH
=
w
net
q
in
=
1814.63
3882.13
= 0.4674 (21)
2
2 Homework 2 Solutions:
2.1 Problem 1: 7.64
Helium has the lowest normal boiling point of any of the elements at 4.2 K. At this temperature the enthalpy of
evaporation is 83.3 kJ/kmol. A Carnot refrigeration cycle is analyzed for the production of 1 kmol of liquid helium at
4.2 K from saturated vapor at the same temperature. What is the work input to the refrigerator and the coefcient of
performance for the cycle with an ambient temperature at 280 K?
For the Carnot cycle the ratio of the heat transfers is the ratio of temperatures:
Q
L
= n

h
f g
= 1 kmol 83.3 kJ/kmol = 83.3 kJ (22)
Q
H
= Q
L

T
H
T
L
= 83.3
280
4.2
= 5553.3 kJ (23)
W
IN
= Q
H
Q
L
= 5553.33 83.3 = 5470 kJ (24)
=
Q
L
W
IN
=
83.3
5470
= 0.0152
_
=
T
L
T
H
T
L
_
(25)
3
2.2 Problem 2: 8.97
A piston/cylinder contains air at 1380 K, 15 MPa, with V
1
= 9 cm
3
, A
cyl
= 5 cm
2
. The piston is released, and just
before the piston exits the end of the cylinder the pressure inside is 200 kPa. If the cylinder is insulated, what is its
length? How much work is done by the air inside?
The cylinder is a control volume of air. It is insulated and therfore adiabatic, so Q = 0. By the continuity equation,
m
2
= m
1
= m (26)
From the energy equation (5.11),
m(u
2
u
1
) = Q
1 2
W
1 2
= W
1 2
(27)
From the entropy equation (8.37),
m(s
2
s
1
) =
_
dQ
T
+ S
1 2gen
= 0 + S
1 2gen
(28)
Pressure and temperature are known at State 1, but only pressure is known at State 2, so T
2
must be obtained. Assume
a reversible process.
S
1 2gen
= 0 s
2
s
1
= 0 (29)
State 1: Using Table A.7, u
1
= 1095.2 kJ/kg and s

T1
= 8.5115
kJ
kgK
m =
P
1
V
1
RT
1
=
15000 9 10
6
0.287 1380
= 0.000341 kg (30)
State 2: From the entropy equation, s
2
= s
1
so from Eq. 8.19,
s

T2
= s

T1
+Rln
P
2
P
1
= 8.5115 +0.287ln
_
200
15000
_
= 7.2724
kJ
kg K
(31)
Then, use Table A.7 to interpolate and nd T
2
= 447.2 K and u
2
= 320.92 kJ/kg.
V
2
=V
1
T
2
P
1
T
1
P
2
= 9
447.2 15000
1380 200
= 218.7 cm
3
(32)
L
2
=
V
2
A
cyl
=
218.7
5
= 43.74 cm (33)
w
1 2
= u
1
u
2
= 774.3 kJ/kg (34)
W
1 2
= m
1
w
2
= 0.264 kJ = 264 J (35)
4
2.3 Problem 3:
CPIG air in a cylinder (V
1
= 0.03 m
3
, P
1
= 100 kPa, T
1
= 10

C) is compressed reversibly at constant temperature to a

pressure of 420 kPa. Determine the entropy change, the heat transferred, and the work done. Also accurately plot this
process on T-S and P-V diagrams.
State 1:
T
1
= 10

C = 283.15 K
P
1
= 100 kPa
V
1
= 0.03 m
3
State 2:
T
2
= T
1
= 283.15 K
P
2
= 420 kPa
V
2
=?
We know that m
1
= m
2
, so,
m
1
= m
2
=
P
1
V
1
RT
=
100 0.03
0.287 283.15
= 0.0369 kg (36)
V
2
=
mRT
P
2
=
0.0369 0.287 283.15
420
= 0.00714 m
3
(37)
v
1
=
V
1
m
=
0.03
0.0369
= 0.813 m
3
/kg (38)
v
2
=
V
2
m
=
0.00714
0.0369
= 0.193 m
3
/kg (39)
S
2
S
1
= m
_
c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
Rln
P
2
P
1
_
= 0.0369
_
1.004ln1 0.287ln
420
100
_
(40)
S
2
S
1
=0.0152 kJ/K (41)
Now, to nd the heat transfer and work done,
Q
1 2
= W
1 2
= mRT ln
v
2
v
1
= 0.0369 0.287 283.15ln
0.193
0.813
(42)
Q
1 2
= W
1 2
=4.312 kJ (43)
0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26
270
280
290
300
S (kJ/K)
T

(
K
)
(a) T-S Diagram
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
0
100
200
300
400
500
P

(
k
P
a
)
V (m
3
)
(b) P-V Diagram
5
2.4 Problem 4: 12.97
Consider an ideal air-standard Stirling cycle with an ideal regenerator. The minimum pressure and tmeperature in the
cycle are 100 kPa, 25

C, the compression ratio is 11, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 1000

C. Analyze
each of the four processes in this cycle for work and heat transfer, and determine the overall perfomance of the engine.
P
1
= 100 kPa, T
1
= T
2
= 25

C,
v
1
v
2
= 11, T
3
= T
4
= 1000

C
From 1-2 at constant temperature, w
1 2
= q
1 2
= T
1
(s
2
s
1
)
w
1 2
=RT
1
ln
v
1
v
2
=0.287 298.15ln11 = 205.2 kJ/kg (44)
From 2-3 at constant volume, w
2 3
= 0
q
23
=C
V0
(T
3
T
2
) = 0.717(1000 25) = 699 kJ/kg (45)
From 3-4 at constant temperature, w
3 4
= q
3 4
= T
1
(s
4
s
3
)
w
3 4
= +RT
3
ln
v
4
v
3
= 0.287 1273.15ln11 = 876.2 kJ/kg (46)
From 4-1 at constant volume, w
4 1
= 0
q
41
=C
V0
(T
1
T
4
) = 0.717(25 1000) = 699 kJ/kg (47)
w
NET
=205.2 +0 +876.2+0 = 671 kJ/kg (48)
Since q
23
is supplied by q
41
(regenerator),
q
H
= q
34
= 876.2 kJ/kg (49)

TH
=
w
NET
q
H
=
671
876.2
= 0.766 (50)
NOTE:
q
H
= q
34
= RT
3
ln11 (51)
q
L
= q
1 2
= RT
1
ln11 (52)

TH
=
q
H
q
L
q
H
=
T
3
T
1
3
=
975
1273.15
= 0.766 = Carnot efciency (53)
6
3 Homework 3 Solutions:
3.1 Problem 1: 11:36
Consider an ideal steam reheat cycle where steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 4.0 MPa, 400

C, amd then
expands to 0.8 MPa. It is then reheated to 400

C and expands to 10 kPa in the low-pressure turbine. Calculate the

cycle thermal efciency and the moisture content of the steam leaving the low-pressure turbine.
State 3: High-pressure turbine entrance.
P
3
= 4 MPa, T
3
= 400

C h
3
= 3213.51 kJ/kg, s
3
= 6.7689
kJ
kg K
(54)
State 4: High-pressure turbine exit. s
4
= s
3
h
4
= 2817.77 kJ/kg
State 5: Low-pressure turbine entrance.
P
5
= 0.8 MPa, T
5
= 400

C h
5
= 3267.07 kJ/kg, s
5
= 7.5715
kJ
kg K
(55)
State 6: Low-pressure turbine exit. Use entropy to nd the moisture content x
6
:
s
6
= s
5
= 7.5715
kJ
kg K
two-phase state (56)
x
6
=
s
6
s
f
s
f g
=
7.5715 0.6492
7.501
= 0.92285 (57)
h
6
= h
f
+x
6
h
f g
= 191.81 +0.92285 2392.82 = 2400.02 kJ/kg (58)
State 1: Pump entrance. P
1
= 10 kPa, v
1
= 0.00101 m
3
/kg, h
1
= 191.81 kJ/kg
State 2: Pump exit. Pump is reversible and adiabatic. Assume incompressible ow.
w
P
= v
1
(P
2
P
1
) = 0.00101(4000 10) = 3.94 kJ/kg (59)
h
2
= h
1
+w
P
= 191.81 +3.94 = 195.75 kJ/kg (60)
w
T,tot
= h
3
h
4
+h
5
h
6
= 3213.51 2817.77+3267.072400.02 = 1262.79 kJ/kg (61)
q
H1
= h
3
h
2
= 3213.51 195.75 = 3017.76 kJ/kg (62)
q
H
= q
H1
+h
5
h
4
= 3017.76 +3267.072817.77 = 3467.06 kJ/ jg (63)

CYCLE
=
(w
T,tot
w
P
)
q
H
=
1262.79 3.94
3467.06
= 0.3631 (64)
7
3.2 Problem 2:
Consider a 600 MW reheat-Rankine cycle steam power plant. The boiler pressure is 1000 psia, the reheater pressure
is 200 psia, and the condenser pressure is 1 psia. Both turbine inlet temperatures are 1000

F. The water leaving the

condenser is saturated liquid. Determine the thermal efciency of the power plant and the boiler mass ow rate in
lbm/hr.
State 3: HP turbine entrance. P
3
= 1000 psia, T
3
= 1000

F, h
3
= 1505.86 Btu/lb
m
, s
3
= 1.6530
Btu
lb
m
R
State 4: HP turbine exit. P
4
= 200 psia, s
4
= s
3
= 1.6530
Btu
lb
m
R
. Interpolating, h
4
= 1297.58 Btu/lb
m
State 5: LP turbine entrance. P
5
= 2000 psia, T
5
= 1000

F, h
5
= 1529.28 Btu/lb
m
, s
5
= 1.8425
Btu
lb
m
R
State 6: LP turbine exit. P
6
= 1 psia, s
6
= s
5
= 1.8425
Btu
lb
m
R
x
6
=
s
6
s
f
s
f g
=
1.8425 0.1323
1.8461
= 0.9264 (65)
h
6
= h
f
+x
6
h
f g
= 69.57 +0.9264 1036.11 = 1029.41 Btu/lb
m
(66)
State 1: Pump entrance, saturated liquid. P
1
= 1 psia, h
1
= 69.57 Btu/lb
m
, v
1
= 0.016136 f t
3
/lb
m
State 2: Pump exit. P
2
= 1000 psia
w
P
= h
1
h
2
=v
1
(P
2
P
1
) h
2
= h
1
+v
1
(P
2
P
1
) (67)
Converting pressures into lb/ f t
2
, we get P
1
= 144 lb/ f t
2
and P
2
= 144000 lb/ f t
2
.
w
P
= 0.016136(144000 144)
1.285 10
3
Btu
1 lb f t
= 2.983 Btu/lb
m
h
2
= 72.55 Btu/lb
m
(68)

T
=
w
NET
Q
IN
=
(h
3
h
4
) +(h
5
h
6
) +(h
1
h
2
)
(h
3
h
2
) +(h
5
h 4)
= 0.4235 (69)

W
cycle
= 600 MW
1 Btu/s
1.055 10
3
MW
= 5.687 10
6
Btu/s (70)
m =

W
cycle
w
NET
=

W
cycle
(h
3
h
4
) +(h
5
h
6
) +(h 1 h
2
)

3600 s
1 hr
= 2.9033 10
7
lb
m
/hr (71)
8
3.3 Problem 3: 11.45
A power plant with one open feedwater heater has a condenser temperature of 45

C, a maximum pressure of 6 MPa,

and a boiler exit temperature of 900

C. Extraction steam at 1 MPa to the feedwater heater is mixed with the feedwater
line so the exit is saturated liquid into the second pump. Find the fraction of extraction steam ow and the two specic
pump work inputs.
State 5: Boiler exit/turbine entrance. h
5
= 4375.29 kJ/kg, s
5
= 7.8727
kJ
kgK
State 6: Turbine is reversible and adiabatic: s
7
= s
6
= s
5
P
6
= 1 MPa, s
6
= 7.8727
kJ
kg K
h
6
= 3569.39 kJ/kg (72)
State 1: Condenser exit/pump 1 entrance. h
1
= 188.42 kJ/kg, v
1
= 0.00101 m
3
/kg, P
1
= 9.593 kPa
State 2: Pump 1 exit. P
2
= P
6
w
P1
= h
2
h
1
= v
1
(P
2
P
1
) = 0.00101(1000 9.593) = 1.0 kJ/kg (73)
h
2
= h
1
+w
P1
= 188.42 +1.0 = 189.42 kJ/kg (74)
State 3: Feedwater exit. P
3
= P
2
, h
3
= 762.79, v
3
= 0.001127 m
3
/kg The extraction fraction can be expressed as
y =
m
6
m
tot
. From the energy equation, (1 y)h
2
+yh
6
= h
3
y =
h
3
h
2
h
6
h
2
=
762.79 189.42
3569.39 189.42
= 0.1696 (75)
State 4: Pump 2 exit. P
4
= P
5
w
P2
= h
4
h
3
= v
3
(P
4
P
3
) = 0.001127(6000 1000) = 5.635 kJ/kg (76)
9
4 Homework 4 Solutions:
4.1 Problem 1: 12.22
A Brayton cycle produces 14 MW with an inlet state of 17

C, 100 kPa, and a compression ratio of 17 : 1. The heat

added in the combustion is 960 kJ. What are the highest temperature and mass ow rate of air, using properties from
Table A.7.1?
The specic heat varies; therefore it is necessary to go through the processes individually to nd the net work and
highest temperature T
3
.
State 1: T
1
= 290.15 K, P
1
= 100 kPa. From A.7.1, h
1
= 290.43 kJ/kg, s

T1
= 6.83521
kJ
kgK
State 2: The compression is reversible and adiabatic, so from Eq. 8.19,
s
2
= s
1
s

T2
= s

T1
+Rln
P
2
P
1
= 6.83521 +0.287ln17 = 7.64834
kJ
kg K
(77)
T
2
= 642.36 K, h
2
= 652.04 kJ/kg (78)
From the energy equation with compressor work in,
w
C
= w
1 2
= h
2
h
1
= 652.04 290.43 = 361.61 kJ/kg (79)
State 3: Energy equation for the combustor,
h
3
= h
2
+q
H
= 652.04 +960 = 1612.04 kJ/kg (80)
T
3
= 1480.33 K, s

T3
= 8.59596
kJ
kg K
(81)
State 4: The expansion is reversible and adiabatic so from Eq. 8.19,
s
4
= s
3
s

T4
= s

T3
+Rln
P
4
P
3
= 8.59596 +0.287ln
1
17
= 7.78283
kJ
kg K
(82)
T
4
= 728.36 K, h
4
= 744.14 kJ/kg (83)
From the energy equation with turbine work out,
w
T
= h
3
h
4
= 1612.04 744.14 = 867.9 kJ/kg (84)
The net work is
w
net
= w
T
w
C
= 867.9 361.61 = 506.29 kJ/kg (85)
The total power requires a mass ow rate of
m =

W
net
w
net
=
14000
506.29
KW
kJ/kg
= 27.65 kg/s (86)
10
4.2 Problem 2: 12.36
A large stationary Brayton cycle gas-turbine power plant delivers a power output of 100 MW to an electric generator.
The minimum temperature in the cycle is 290 K, and the maximum temperature is 1600 K. The minimum pressure in
the cycle is 100 kPa, and the conmpressor compression ratio is 14 : 1. The compressor has an isentropic efciency of
85% and the turbine has an isentropic efciency of 88%. Calculate the power output of the turbine. What fraction of
the turbine output is required to drive the compressor? What is the thermal efciency of the cycle?
Solve using constant C
P0
. For an ideal compressor, s
2
= s
1
Implemented by Eq. 8.23
T
2s
= T
1
_
P
2
P
1
_k1
k
= 290(14)
0.286
= 616.4 K (87)
w
Cs
= h
2
h
1
=C
P0
(T
2
T
1
) = 1.004(616.4 290) = 327.71 kJ/kg (88)
For the actual compressor,
w
C
=
w
SC

SC
=
327.71
0.85
= 385.54 kJ/kg =C
P0
(T
2
T
1
) (89)
T
2
= T
1
+
w
C
C
P0
= 290 +
385.54
1.004
= 674 K (90)
For an ideal turbine, s
4
= s
3
Implemented by Eq. 8.23
T
4s
= T
3
_
P
4
P
3
_k1
k
= 1600
_
1
14
_
0.286
= 752.8 K (91)
w
Ts
= h
3
h
4
=C
P0
(T
3
T
4
) = 1.004(1600 752.8) = 850.63 kJ/kg (92)
For the actual turbine,
w
T
=
ST
w
ST
= 0.88 850.63 = 748.56 kJ/kg =C
P0
(T
3
T
4
) (93)
T
4
= T
3

w
t
C
P0
= 1600
748.56
1.004
= 854.4 K (94)
To calculate the overall net work and the cycle efciency,
w
NET
= w
T
w
C
= 748.56 385.54 = 363.02 kJ/kg (95)
m =

W
NET
w
NET
=
100000
363.02
kW
kJ/kg
= 275.47 kg/s (96)

W
NET
= mw
T
= 275.47 kg/s 748.56kJ/kg = 206.203 MW (97)
w
C
w
T
=
385.54
748.56
= 0.515 (98)
Energy input is from the combustor,
q
H
=C
P0
(T 3 T
2
) = 1.004(1600 674) = 929.7 kJ/kg (99)

TH
=
w
NET
q
H
=
363.02
929.7
= 0.3905 (100)
11
4.3 Problem 3: 12.41
An air-standard Ericsson cycle has an ideal regenerator. Heat is supplied at 950

C and heat is rejected at 80

C. Pressure
at the beginning of the isothermal compression process is 70 kPa. The heat added is 700 kJ/kg. Find the compressor
work, the turbine work, and the cycle efciency.
Identify the states:
Heat supplied at high temperature: T
3
= T
4
= 950

C = 1223.15 K
Heat rejected at low temperature: T
1
= T
2
= 0

C = 353.15 K
Beginning of the compression: P
1
= 70 kPa
Ideal regenerator:
q
2 3
= q
4 1
q
H
= q
3 4
= 700 kJ/kg (101)
w
T
= q
H
= 700 kJ/kg (102)

TH
=
CARNOT
= 1
353.15
1223.15
= 0.7113 (103)
w
NET
=
TH
q
H
= 0.7113 700 = 497.895 kJ/kg (104)
w
C
= q
L
= q
H
w
NET
= 700 497.895 = 202.105 kJ/kg (105)
12
4.4 Problem 4: 12.53
An afterburner in a jet engine adds fuel after the turbine this raising the pressure and temperature due to the energy of
combustion. Assume a standard condition of 800 K, 250 kPa after the turbine into the nozzle that exhausts at 95 kPa.
Assume the afterburner adds 425 kJ/kg to that state with a rise in pressure for the same specic volume, and neglect
any upstream effects on the turbine. Find the nozzle exit velocity before and after the afterburner is turned on.
Without afterburner: T
1
= 800 K, P
1
= 200 kPa, P
2
= 95 kPa
With afterburner: v
3
= v
1
, P
4
95 kPa
Assume reversible adiabatic nozzle ow, then constant s from Eq. 8.23
T
2
T
1
_
P
2
P
1
_
(k1)
k
= 800 K
_
95
250
_
0.2857
= 606.8 K (106)
Energy Equation:
1
2
V
2
2
=C
P
(T
1
T
2
) V
2
=
_
2C
P
(T
1
T
2
) =

2 1004
J
kg K
(800 606.8) K = 622.8 m/s (107)
Add the q
AB
at assumed constant volume then energy equation gives
T
3
= T
1
+
q
AB
C
v
= 800 +
425
0.717
= 1392.63 K (108)
v
3
= v
1
P
3
= P
1
_
T
3
T
1
_
= 25 kPa
1392.63
800
= 435.2 kPa (109)
Reversible adiabatic expansion, again from Eq. 8.23
T
4
= T
3
_
P
4
P
3
_
(k1)
k
= 1392.63
_
95
435.2
_
0.2857
= 901.5 K (110)
V
2
=
_
2C
P
(T
3
T
4
) =

2 1004
J
kg K
(1392.63 901.5) K = 993.02 m/s (111)
Comment: The real process adds some fuel that burns releasing energy so the temperature goes up and due to the
conned space then pressure goes up. As the pressure goes up the exit velocity increases altering the mass ow rate
through the nozzle. As in most problems the real device is more complicated than we can describe with our simple
analysis.
13
5 Homework 5 Solutions:
5.1 Problem 1: 12.70
A gasoline engine takes air in at 300 K, 90 kPa and then compresses it. The combustion adds 1000 kJ/kg to the air
after which the temperature is 2050 K. Use variable heat capacities (Table A.7) and nd the compression ratio, the
compression specic work and the highest pressure in the cycle.
Standard Otto cycle, solve using Table A.7.1.
State 3: T
3
= 2050 K, u
3
= 1725.71 kJ/kg
State 2: Combustion Process
u
2
= u
3
q
H
= 1725.71 1000 = 725.71 kJ/kg (112)
T
2
= 960.5 K, s

T2
= 8.0889
kJ
kg K
(113)
State 1: Compression from 1 to 2: u
1
= 214.36 kJ/kg, s
1
= 6.86926
kJ
kgK
, s
2
= s
1
From Eq. 8.19
0 = s

T2
s

T1
Rln
_
P
2
P
1
_
= s

T2
s

T1
Rln
_
T
2
v
1
T
1
v
2
_
(114)
= 8.0089 6.869260.287ln
_
960.5
300
_
0.287ln
_
v
1
v
2
_
(115)
Solving
v
1
v
2
= 21.89 (116)
Comment: This is much too high for an actual Otto cycle.
w
1 2
= u
2
u
1
= 725.71 214.36 = 511.35 kJ/kg (117)
Highest pressure is after combustion where v
3
= v
2
so we get
P
3
= P
2
T
3
T
2
= P
1
_
T
3
T
1
__
v
1
v
3
_
= 90
_
2050
300
_
21.89 = 13.46 MPa (118)
14
5.2 Problem 2: 12.90
A diesel engine has a state before compression of 95 kPa, 300 K, a peak pressure of 6000 kPa, and a maximum
temperature of 2400 K. Find the volumetric compression ratio and the thermal efcency. Use the properties from
Table A.7.
Compression:
State 1: T
1
= 300 K, u
1
= 214.36, s
1
= 6.869
kJ
kgK
State 2: s
2
= s
1
From Eq. 8.19
s

T2
= s

T1
+Rln
_
P
2
P
1
_
= 6.869 +0.287ln
_
6000
95
_
= 8.0588
kJ
kg K
(119)
A.7.1 T
2
= 935.32 K, h
2
= 972.90 kJ/kg (120)
State 3: h
3
= 2755.78 kJ/kg, s

T3
= 9.19586
kJ
kgK
q
H
= h
3
h
2
= 2755.78 972.90 = 1782.88 kJ/kg (121)
CR =
v
1
v
2
=
_
T
1
T
2
__
P
2
P
1
_
=
_
300
935.32
__
6000
95
_
= 20.26 (122)
Expansion process
s

T4
= s

T3
+Rln
_
P
4
P
3
_
= s

T3
+Rln
_
T
4
T
3
_
+Rln
_
v
3
v
4
_
(123)
v
3
v
4
=
v
3
v
1
=
_
v
2
v
1
_

_
T
3
T
2
_
=
_
T
3
T
2
__
1
CR
_
=
_
2400
935.32
__
1
20.26
_
= 0.1267 (124)
s

T4
Rln
_
v
3
v
4
_
= s

T3
+Rln
_
T
4
T
3
_
= 9.1958 +0.287ln0.1267 = 8.6029 (125)
Trial and error on T
4
since it appears both in s

T4
and the ln function
T
4
= 1300 K, LHS = 8.4405 0.287ln
_
1300
2400
_
= 8.6160 (126)
T
4
= 1250 K, LHS = 8.3940 0.287ln
_
1250
2400
_
= 8.5812 (127)
Now linearly interpolate T
4
= 1280.7 K, u
4
= 1004.81 kJ/kg
q
L
= u
4
u
1
= 1004.81 214.36 = 790.45 kJ/kg (128)
= 1
_
q
L
q
H
_
= 1
_
790.45
1782.88
_
= 0.5566 (129)
15
5.3 Problem 3: 11.122
Consider an ideal dual-loop heat-powered refrigeration cycle using R-134a as the working uid, as shown in Figure
5.3. Saturated vapor at 90

C leaves the boiler and expands in the turbine to the ocndenser pressure. Saturated vapor at
15

C leaves the evaporator and is compressed to the condenser pressure. The ratio of the ows through the two loops
is such that the turbine produces juse enough power to drive the compressor. The two exiting streams mix together
and enter the condenser. Saturated liquid leaving the compressor at 45

C is then separated into two streams in the

necessary proportions. Determine the ratio of mass ow rate through the power loop the the refrigeration loop. Find
also the performance of the cycle, in terms of the ratio

Q
L

Q
H
.
From Table B.5.1, T
6
= 90

C sat. vapor P
5
= P
6
= 3.2445 MPa
From Table B.5.1, T
3
= 45

C sat. liquid P
2
= P
3
= P
7
= 1.1602 MPa
T
1
=15

C, h
1
= 389.20 kJ/kg, h
3
= h
4
= 264.11 kJ/kg, h
6
= 425.70 kJ/kg (130)
C.V. Turbine
s
7
= s
6
= 1.6671
kJ
kg K
= 1.2145 +x
7
0.4962, x
7
= 0.912 (131)
h
7
= 264.11 +0.912 157.85 = 408.09 kJ/kg (132)
C.V. Compressor
s
2
= s
1
= 0.9258 h
2
= 429.89 kJ/kg (133)
CV: turbine + compressor
Continuity Eq.: m
1
= m
2
, m
6
= m
7
(134)
Energy Eq.: m
1
h
1
+ m
6
h
6
= m
2
h
2
+ m
7
h
7
(135)
m
6
m
1
=
(h
2
h
1
)
(h
6
h
7
)
=
429.89 389.20
425.20 408.09
= 2.31 (136)
CV: pump
w
P
= v
3
(P
5
P
3
) = 0.000890(3244.5 1160.2) = 1.855 kJ/kg (137)
h
5
= h
3
+w
P
= 265.97 kJ/kg (138)
CV: evaporator

Q
L
= m
1
(h
1
h
4
)
CV: boiler

Q
L
= m
6
(h
6
h
5
)
=

Q
L

Q
H
=
m
1
(h
1
h
4
)
m
6
(h
6
h
5
)
=
389.20 264.11
2.31(425.70 265.97)
= 0.339 (139)
16
5.4 Problem 4: 12.112
A small utility gasoline engine of 250 cc runs at 1500 RPM with a compression ratio of 7 : 1. The inlet state is 75 kPa,
17

C and the combustion adds 1500 kJ/kg to the charge. This engine runs a heat pump using R-410a with a high
pressure of 4 MPa and an evaporator operating at 0

C. Find the rate of heating the pump can deliver. Overall cycle
efciency is from Eq. 12.12, r
v
=
v
1
v
2
= 7

TH
= 1 r
1k
= 1 7
0.4
= 0.5408 (140)
w
NET
=
TH
q
H
= 0.5408 1500 = 811.27 kJ/kg (141)
We also need specic volume to evaluate Eqs. 12.9 to 12.11
v
1
=
RT
1
P
1
=
0.287
kJ
kgK
290 K
75 kPa
= 1.1097 m
3
/kg (142)
v
2
=
v
1
CR
= 0.15853 m
3
/kg (143)
P
me f f
=
w
NET
v
1
v
2
=
811.27
1.097 0.15853
kK/kg
m
3
/kg
= 852.9 kPa (144)
Now we can nd the power from Eq. 12.11 (assume 4-stroke engine)

W = P
me f f
V
displ
RPM
60
1
2
= 852.9 2.5 10
4

1500
60

1
2
= 2.665 kW (145)
For the refrigeration cycle we have:
State 1: h
1
= 279.12 kJ/kg, s
1
= 1.0368
kJ
kgK
State 2: P
2
= 4 MPa, s
2
= s
1
, interpolate h
2
= 323.81 kJ/kg
State 3: P
3
= 4 MPa, interpolate h
3
= 171, 62 kJ/kg

HP
=
q
H
w
C
=
h
2
h
3
h
2
h
1
=
323.81 171.62
323.81 279.12
= 3.405 (146)
The work out of the heat engine queals the input to the heat pump

Q
H
= HP

W = 3.405 2.665 kW = 9.07 kW (147)
17
6 Homework 6 Solutions:
6.1 Problem 1: 13.20
A 100 m
3
storage tank with fuel gases is at 300 K, 100 kPa containing a mixture of acetylene C
2
H
2
, propane C
3
H
8
and butane C
4
H
10
. A test shows the partial pressure of C
2
H
2
is 15 kPa and that of C
3
H
8
is 65 kPa. How much mass is
there of each component?
Assume ideal gases, then the ratio of partial to total pressure is the mole fraction, y =
P
P
tot
y
C
2
H
2
=
15
100
= 0.15, y
C
3
H
8
=
65
100
= 0.65, y
C
4
H
10
=
20
100
= 0.20 (148)
n
tot
=
PV

RT
=
100 kPa 100 m
3
8.31451
kJ
kmolK
300 K
= 4.0091 kmol (149)
m
C
2
H
2
= (nM)
C
2
H
2
= y
C
2
H
2
n
tot
M
C
2
H
2
= 0.15 4.0091 kmol 26.038 kg/kmol = 15.659 kg (150)
m
C
3
H
8
= (nM)
C
3
H
8
= y
C
3
H
8
n
tot
M
C
3
H
8
= 0.65 4.0091 kmol 44.097 kg/kmol = 114.905 kg (151)
m
C
4
H
10
= (nM)
C
4
H
10
= y
C
4
H
10
n
tot
M
C
4
H
10
= 0.20 4.0091 kmol 58.124 kg/kmol = 46.604 kg (152)
18
6.2 Problem 2: 13.29
A ow of 1 kg/s argon at 300 K and another ow of 1 kg/s CO
2
at 1600 K both at 200 kPa are mixed without any
heat transfer. Find the exit T,P using variable specic heats.
No work implies no pressure change for a simple ow.
P
e
= 200 kPa (153)
The energy equation becomes
mh
i
= mh
e
= ( mh
i
)
Ar
+( mh
i
)
CO
2
= ( mh
e
)
Ar
+( mh
e
)
CO
2
(154)
m
CO
2
(h
e
h
i
)
CO
2
+ m
Ar
C
PAr
(T
e
T
i
)
Ar
= 0 (155)
1 kg/s (h
e
1748.12 kJ/kg) +(1 0.52) kW/K (T
e
300 K) = 0 (156)
h
eCO
2
+0.52T
e
= 1748.12 +0.52 300 = 1904.12 kJ/kg (157)
Trial and error on T
e
using Table A.8 for h
eCO
2
T
e
= 1200 K : LHS = 1223.34 +0.52 1200 = 1847.34 (158)
T
e
= 1300 K : LHS = 1352.28 +0.52 1300 = 2028.28 (159)
Interpolating,
T
e
= 1200 +100
1904.121847.34
2028.281847.34
= 1231.4 K (160)
19
6.3 Problem 3: 13.46
A mixture of 2 kg oxygen and 2 kg argon is in an insulated piston cylinder arrangement at 150 kPa, 300 K. The piston
now compresses the mixture to half its initial volume. Find the nal pressure, temperature, and the piston work.
C.V. Mixture. Control mass, boundary work, adiabatic and assume reversible.
Energy Eq. 5.11: u
2
u
1
= q
1 2
w
1 2
= w
1 2
(161)
Entropy Eq. 8.37: s
2
s
1
= 0 +0 = 0 (162)
Process: cosntant s Pv
k
= constant, v
2
=
v
1
2
,
Assume ideal gases(T
1
T
c
) and use k
mix
and C
vmix
for properties.
Eq. 13.15: R
mix
=

c
i
R
i
= 0.5 0.25983 +0.5 0.20813 = 0.234
kJ
kg K
(163)
Eq. 13.23: C
Pmix
=

c
i
C
Pi
= 0.5 0.9216 +0.5 0.5203 = 0.721
kJ
kg K
(164)
C
vmix
=C
Pmix
R
mix
= 0.487
kJ
kg K
(165)
Ratio of specic heats: k
mix
=
C
Pmix
C
vmix
= 1.4805 The relations for the polytropic process
Eq. 8.25: P
2
= P
1
_
v
1
v
2
_
k
= P
1
(2)
k
= 150(2)
1.4805
= 418.5 kPa (166)
Eq. 8.24: T
2
= T
1
_
v
1
v
2
_
k1
= T
1
(2)
k1
= 300(2)
0.4805
= 418.6 K (167)
Work from the energy equation
W
1 2
= m
tot
(u
1
u
2
) = m
tot
C
v
(T
1
T
2
) = 4 kg 0.487
kJ
kg K
(300 418.6) K = 231 kJ (168)
20
6.4 Problem 4: 13.54
Carbon dioxide gas at 320 K is mixed with nitrogen at 280 K in an insulated mixing chamber. Both ows are at
100 kPa and the mass ratio of carbon dioxide ot nitrogen is 2 : 1. Find the exit temprature and total entropy generation
per kg of the exit mixture.
CV mixing chamber. The inlet ratio is so m
CO
2
= 2 m
N
2
and assume no external heat transfer, no work involved.
Continuity Eq. 6.9: m
N
2
+2 m
N
2
= m
ex
= 3 m
N
2
(169)
Energy Eq. 6.10: m
N
2
(h
N
2
2h
CO
2
) = 3 m
N
2
h
mixex
(170)
Take 300 K as reference and write h = h
300
+C
Pmix
(T
mixex
300)
C
PN
2
(T
iN
2
300) +2C
PCO
2
(T
iCO
2
300) = 3C
Pmix
(T
mixex
300) (171)
C
Pmix
=

c
i
C
Pi
=
2
3
0.842 +
1
3
1.042 = 0.9087
kJ
kg K
(172)
3C
Pmix
T
mixex
=C
PN
2
T
iN
2
+2C
PCO
2
T
iCO
2
= 830.64 kJ/kg (173)
T
mixex
= 304.7 K (174)
To nd the entropies we need the partial pressures, which assuming ideal gas are equal to the mole fractions times
the total pressure:
y
i
=
_
c
i
M
i
_

c
j
M
j
(175)
y
N
2
=
_
0.3333
28.013

0.3333
28.013
+
0.6666
44.01
= 0.44 (176)
y
CO
2
= 1 y
N
2
= 0.56 (177)

S
gen
= m
ex
s
ex
( ms)
iCO
2
( ms)
iN
2
= m
N
2
(s
e
s
i
)
N
2
+2 m
N
2
(s
e
s
i
)
CO
2
(178)

S
gen
3 m
N
2
=
1
3
_
C
PN
2
ln
T
ex
T
iN
2
R
N
2
lny
N
2
_
+
2
3
_
C
PCO
2
ln
T
ex
T
iCO
2
R
CO
2
lny
CO
2
_
(179)
=
1
3
_
1.042ln
_
304.7
280
_
0.2968ln0.44
_
+
2
3
_
0.842ln
_
304.7
320
_
0.1889ln0.56
_
(180)

S
gen
= 0.1561
kJ
kg
mix
K
(181)
21
7 Homework 7 Solutions:
7.1 Problem 1: 13.73
Ambient moist air enters a steady-ow air-conditioning unit at 105 kPa, 30

C, with a 60% relative humidity. The

volume ow rate entering the unit is 100 L/s. The moist air leaves the unit at 95 kPa, 15

C, with a relative humidity

of 100%. Liquid condensate also leaves the unit at 15

C. Determine the rate of heat transfer for this process.

State 1:
P
V1
=
1
P
G1
= 0.60 4.246 kPa = 2.5476 kPa (182)
w
1
= 0.622
2.5476
105 2.5476
= 0.0154668 (183)
m
A
=
P
A1

V
1
R
A
T
1
=
102.45 0.1
0.287 303.15
= 0.1178 kg/s (184)
State 2:
P
V2
= P
G2
= 1.705 kPa (185)
w
2
= 0.622
1.705
95 1.705
= 0.1137 (186)
Energy Eq. 6.10:

Q
CV
+ m
A
h
A1
+ m
V1
h
V1
= m
A
h
A2
+ m
V2
h
V2
+ m
3
h
L3
(187)

Q
CV
m
A
=C
P0A
(T
2
T
1
) +w
2
h
V2
w
1
h
V1
+(w
1
w
2
)h
L3
(188)
= 1.004(15 30) +0.1137 2528.910.0154668 2556.25+0.00456 63.0 =26.732 kJ/kg air (189)

Q
CV
= 0.1178(26.732) = 3.088 kW (190)
22
7.2 Problem 2: 13.103
Use a psychrometric chart to nd the missing property of: , , T
wet
, T
dry
a. T
dry
= 25

C, = 80%
b. T
dry
= 15

C, = 100%
c. T
dry
= 20

C, = 0.008
d. T
dry
= 25

C, T
wet
= 23

C
a. 25

C, = 80% = 0.016, T
wet
= 22.3

C (191)
b. 15

C, = 100% = 0.0106, T
wet
= 15

C (192)
c. 20

C, = 0.008 = 57%, T
wet
= 14.4

C (193)
d. 25

C, T
wet
= 23

C = 0.017, = 86% (194)

23
7.3 Problem 3: 14.35
The Joule-Thomson coefcient
J
is a measure of the direction and magnitude of the temperature change with pressure
in a throttling process. For any three properties x, y, z use the mathematical relation
_
x
y
_
z
_
y
z
_
x
_
z
x
_
y
=1 (195)
to show the following relations for the Joule-Thomson coefcient:

J
=
_
T
P
_
h
=
T
_
v
T
_
P
v
C
P
=
RT
2
PC
p
_
Z
T
_
P
(196)
Let x = T, y = P and z = h and substitute into the relations as
_
T
P
_
h
_
P
h
_
T
_
h
T
_
P
=1 (197)
Then we have the denition of specic heat as C
P
=
_
h
T
_
P
so solve for the rst term

J
=
_
T
P
_
h
=
1
C
P
_
P
h
_
T
=
1
C
P
_
h
P
_
T
(198)
The last derivative is substituted with Eq. 14.25 so we get

J
=
_
T
P
_
h
=
T
_
v
T
_
P
v
C
P
(199)
If we use the compressibility factor then we get
Pv = ZRT
_
v
T
_
P
=
ZR
P
+
RT
P
_
Z
T
_
P
=
v
T
+
RT
P
_
Z
T
_
P
(200)
so then
T
_
v
T
_
P
v = v +
RT
2
P
_
Z
T
_
P
v =
RT
2
P
_
Z
T
_
P
(201)
and we have shown the last expression also.

J
=
_
T
P
_
h
=
T
_
v
T
_
P
v
C
P
=
RT
2
PC
p
_
Z
T
_
P
(202)
24
7.4 Problem 4: 14.77
Develop general expressions for changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy for a gas obeying the Redlich-
Kwong equation of state.
Redlich-Kwong equation of state:P =
RT
v b

a
v(v +b)T
1/2
(203)
_
P
T
_
v
=
R
v b
+
a
2v(v +b)T
3/2
(204)
From Eq. 14.30
u
2
u
1
=
_
2
1
C
v
(T, v)dT +
_
2
1
3a
2v(v +b)T
1/2
=
_
2
1
C
v
(

T, v)d

T
3a
2bT
1/2
ln
__
v
2
+b
v
2
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
(205)
We nd the change in h from change in u, so we do not do the derivative in Eq. 14.27. This is due to the form of the
EOS.
h
2
h
1
=
_
2
1
C
P
(

T, v)d

T +P
2
v
2
P
1
v
1

3a
2bT
1/2
ln
__
v
2
+b
v
2
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
(206)
Entropy follows from Eq. 14.35
s
2
s
1
=
_
2
1
C
v
(T, v)
dT
T
+
_
2
1
_
R
v b
+
a/2
v(v +b)T
3/2
_
dv (207)
s
2
s
1
=
_
2
1
C
v
(

T, v)
d

T

T
+Rln
_
v
2
b
v
1
b
_

a
2bT
3/2
ln
__
v
2
+b
v
2
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
(208)
25
7.5 Problem 5: 14.81
A ow of oxygen at 235 K, 5 MPa is throttled to 100 kPa in a steady ow process. Find the exit temperature and
the specic entropy generation using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state and ideal gas heat capacity. Notice this
becomes iterative due to the non-linearity coupling h, P v and T.
C.V. Throttle. Steady single ow, no heat transfer and no work.
Energy Eq.: h
1
+0 = h
2
+2 so constant h (209)
Entropy Eq.: s
1
+s
gen
= s
2
so entropy generation (210)
Find the change in h from Eq. 14.26 assuming C
P
is constant.
Redlich-Kwong equation of state:P =
RT
v b

a
v(v +b)T
1/2
(211)
_
P
T
_
v
=
R
v b
+
a
2v(v +b)T
3/2
(212)
From Eq. 14.31
(u
2
u
1
)
T
=
_
2
1
3a
2v(v +b)T
1/2
=
3a
2bT
1/2
ln
__
v
2
+b
v
2
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
(213)
We nd change in h from change in u, so we do not do the derivative in Eq. 14.27. This is due to the form of the EOS.
(h
2
h
1
)
T
= P
2
v
2
P
1
v
1

3a
2bT
1/2
ln
__
v
2
+b
v
2
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
(214)
Entropy follows from Eq. 14.35
(s
2
s
1
)
T
=
_
2
1
_
R
v b
+
a/2
v(v +b)T
3/2
_
dv = Rln
_
v
2
b
v
1
b
_

a
2bT
3/2
ln
__
v
2
+b
v
2
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
(215)
P
c
= 5040 kPa, T
c
= 154.6 K, R = 0.2598
kJ
kg K
(216)
b = 0.08664
RT
c
P
c
= 0.08664
0.2598 154.6
5040
= 0.0006905 m
3
/kg (217)
a = 0.42748
R
2
T
5/2
c
P
c
= 0.42748
(0.2598)
2
(154.6)
5/2
5040
= 1.7013 (218)
We need to nd T
2
so the energy equation is satised
h
2
h
1
= h
2
h
x
+h
x
h
1
=C
p
(T
2
T
1
) +(h
2
h
1
)
T
= 0 (219)
and we will evaluate it similar to gure 13.4, where the rst term is done from state x to 2 and the second term is done
from state 1 to state x (at T
1
= 235 K). We do this as we assume state 2 is close to ideal gas, but we do not know T
2
.
We rst need to nd v
1
from the EOS, so guess v and nd P
v
1
= 0.011 m
3
/kg P = 5059 too high (220)
v
1
= 0.01114 m
3
/kg P = 5000.6 OK (221)
Now evaluate the change in h along the 235 K from state 1 to state x, that requires a value for v
x
. Guess ideal gas at
T
x
= 235 K,
v
x
=
RT
x
P
2
= 0.2598
235
100
= 0.6105 m
3
/kg (222)
26
From the EOS: P
2
= 99.821 kPa (close) A few more guesses and adjustments gives
v
x
= 0.6094 m
3
/kg, P
2
= 100.0006 kPa OK (223)
(h
x
h
1
)
T
= P
x
v
x
P
1
v
1

3a
2bT
1/2
ln
__
v
x
+b
v
x
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
= 19.466 kJ/kg (224)
From energy eq.: T
2
= T
1
=
(h
x
h
1
)
T
C
p
= 235
19.466
0.9055
= 213.51 K (225)
Now the change in s is done in a similar fashion,
s
gen
= s
2
s
1
= (s
x
s
1
)
T
+s
2
s
x
= Rln
_
v
x
b
v
1
b
_

a
2bT
3/2
ln
__
v
x
+b
v
x
__
v
1
v
1
+b
__
+C
p
ln
T
2
T
x
(226)
= 1.0576 +0.02020.0868 = 0.9910
kJ
kg K
(227)
27
7.6 Problem 6:
Consider a thermodynamic system in which there are two reversible work modes: compression and electrical. So take
the version of the texts Eq. 4.16 giving dW to be
W = PdV E dZ, (228)
where E is the electrical potential difference and dZ is the amount of charge that ows into the system.
Extend the Gibbs equation to account for electrical work.
Find the Legendre transformation which renders the independent variables to be P, E and T and show how the
other variables can be determined as functions of these independent variables.
Find all Maxwell equations associated with this Legendre transformation.
Gibbs equation:
dU = QW, Q = Tds (229)
dU = TdS PdV +E dZ (230)
Legendre transformation:

1
= T,
2
=P,
3
=E , x
1
= S, x
2
=V, x
3
= Z (231)
F
1
=U
1
x
1
=U TS (232)
F
1
=U
2
x
2
=U PV (233)
F
1
=U
3
x
3
=U E Z (234)
F
1,2,3
=U TS +PV E Z (235)
F(P, E , T) =SdT +VdPZdE (236)
Maxwell equations:
S =
_
U
T
_
P,E
, V =
_
U
P
_
T,E
, Z =
_
U
E
_
T,P
(237)
_
S
P
_
T,E
=
_
V
T
_
P,E
(238)
_
S
PE
_
T,P
=
_
Z
T
_
P,E
(239)
_
V
E
_
T,P
=
_
Z
P
_
T,E
(240)
28
7.7 Problem 7: 14.113
A 2 kg mixture of 50% argon and 50% nitrogen by mass is in a tank at 2 MPa, 180 K. How large is the volume using
a model of (a) ideal gas and (b) Redlich-Kwong equation of state with a, b for a mixture.
a) Ideal gas mixture:
Eq. 13.15: R
mix
=

c
i
R
i
= 0.5 0.2081 +0.5 0.2968 = 0.25245
kJ
kg K
(241)
V =
mR
mix
T
P
=
2 0.25245 180
2000
= 0.0454 m
3
(242)
b) Redlich-Kwong equation of state:
Before we can do the parameters a, b for the mixture we need the individual component parameters, Eq. 14.54, 13.55.
a
Ar
= 0.42748
R
2
T
5/2
C
P
c
= 0.42748
(0.2081)
2
(150.8)
2.5
4870
= 1.06154 (243)
a
N
2
= 0.42748
R
2
T
5/2
C
P
c
= 0.42748
(0.2081)
2
(126.2)
2.5
3390
= 1.98743 (244)
b
Ar
= 0.08664
RT
C
P
c
= 0.08664
0.2081 150.8
4870
= 0.000558 (245)
b
N
2
= 0.08664
RT
C
P
c
= 0.08664
0.2081 126.2
3390
= 0.000957 (246)
Now the mixture parameters are from Eq. 14.84
a
mix
=
_

c
i
a
1/2
i
_
2
=
_
0.5

1.06154+0.5

1.98743
_
2
= 1.4885 (247)
b
mix
=

c
i
b
i
= 0.5 0.000558 +0.5 0.000957 = 0.000758 (248)
Using now Eq. 14.53:
P =
RT
v b

a
v(v +b)T
1/2
(249)
2000 =
0.25245 180
v = 0.000758

1.4885
v(v +0.000758)180
1/2
(250)
By trial and error we nd the specic volume, v = 0.02102 m
3
/kg
V = mv = 0.04204 m
3
(251)
29
8 Homewrok 8 Solutions:
8.1 Problem 1: 15.20
Calculate the theoretical air-fuel ratio on a mass and mole basis for the combustion of ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH.
Reaction Eq.: C
2
H
5
OH +
O
2
(O
2
+3.76N
2
) aCO
2
+bH
2
O+cN
2
(252)
Do the atom balance
Balance C: 2 = a (253)
Balance H: 6 = 2b b = 3 (254)
Balance O: 1 +2
O
2
2a +b = 4 +3 = 7
O
2
= 3 (255)
_
A
F
_
mol
=

O
2
(1 +3.76)
1
= 3 4.76 = 14.28 (256)
_
A
F
_
mass
=

O
2
M
O
2
+
N
2
M
N
2
M
Fuel
=
3 31.999 +11.28 28.013
46.069
= 8.943 (257)
30
8.2 Problem 2: 16.20
A container has liquid water at 15

C, 100 kPa in equilibrium with a mixture of water vapor and dry air also at 15

C,
100 kPa. How much is the vater vapor pressure and what is the saturated water vapor pressure?
From the steam tables we have for a saturated liquid:
P
g
= 1.705 kPa , v
f
= 0.001001 m
3
/kg (258)
The liquid is at 100 kPa so it is compressed liquid still at 15

Cso from Eq. 14.15 at constant T

g
liq
g
f
=
_
vdP = v
f
(PP
g
) (259)
The vapor in the moist air is at the partial pressure P
v
also at 20

C so we assume ideal gas for the vapor

g
vap
g
g
=
_
vdP = RT ln
P
v
P
g
(260)
We have two saturated phases so g
f
g
g
(q = h
f g
= Ts
f g
) and now for equilibrium the two Gibbs functions must
be the same as
g
vap
= g
liq
= RT ln
P
v
P+g
+g
g
= v
f
(PP
g
) +g
f
(261)
leaving us with
ln
P
v
P
g
=
v
f
(PP
g
)
RT
=
0.001001(100 1.705)
0.4615 288.15
= 0.0007466 (262)
P
v
= P
g
e
0.0007466
= 1.7063 kPa (263)
This is only a minute amount above the saturation pressure. For moist air applications such differences were
neglected and assumed the partial water vapor pressure at equilibrium (100% relative humidity) is P
g
. The pressure
has to be much higher for this to be asignicant difference.
31
8.3 Problem 3: 16.24:
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction H
2
2H at a temperature of 2000 K, using properties from Table
A.9. Compare the result with the value listed in Table A.11.
From Table A.9 at 2000 K we nd:

h
H
2
= 52942 kJ/kmol, s
H
2
= 188.419
kJ
kmol K
,

h

f
= 0 (264)

h
H
2
= 35375 kJ/kmol, s
H
2
= 154.279
kJ
kmol K
,

h

f
= 217999 (265)
G

= HTS = H
RHS
H
LHS
T(S

RHS
S

LHS
) (266)
= 2 (35375 217999) 529432000(2 154.279182.419) = 213528 kJ/kmol (267)
lnK =
G

RT
=
213528
8.3145 2000
=12.8407 (268)
K = 2.6507 10
6
(269)
Table A.11: lnK =12.841 OK
32
8.4 Problem 4: 16.34
Pure oxygen is heated from 25

C to 3200 K in a steady ow process at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. Find the exit
composition and the heat transfer.
The only reaction will be the dissociation of oxygen
O
2
2O, From A.11: K(3200) = e
3.069
= 0.046467 (270)
Look at initially 1 mol Oxygen and shift reaction with x
n
O
2
= 1 x, n
O
= 2x, n
tot
= 1 +x, y
i
=
n
i
n
tot
(271)
K =
y
2
O
y
2
O
2
_
P
P
0
_
21
=
4x
2
(1 +x)
2
1 +x
1 x
3 =
12x
2
1 x
2
(272)
x
2
=
K/12
1 +K/12
x = 0.06211 (273)
y
O
2
=
1 x
1 +x
= 0.883 , y
O
= 1 y
O
2
= 0.117 (274)
q = n
O
2
ex

h
O
2
ex
+n
Oex

h
Oex

h
O
2
in
= (1 +x)(y
O
2

h
O
2
+y
O

h
O
) 0 (275)

h
O
2
= 106022 kJ/kmol,

h
O
= 249170 +60767 = 309937 kJ/kmol q = 137947 kJ/kmol O
2
(276)
q =
q
32
= 4311 kJ/kg (277)
33
9 Homework 9 Solutions:
9.1 Problem 1: 15:70
An isobaric combustion process receives gaseous benzene C
6
H
6
and air in a stoichiometric ratio at P
0
, T
0
. To limit the
product temperature to 2200 k, liquid water is sprayed in after the combustion. Find the kmol of liquid water adder per
kmol of fuel and the dew point of the combined products.
The reaction for stoichiometric mixture with C and H balance done is:
C
6
H
6
+
O
2
(O
2
+3.76N
2
) 3H
2
O+6CO
2
+cN
2
(278)
O balance: 2
O
2
= 3 +6 2 = 15 v
O
2
= 7.5 (279)
N balance: c = 3.76
O
2
= 3.76 7.5 = 28.2 (280)
With x kmol of water added per kmol fuel the products are
Products: (3 +x)H
2
O+6CO
2
+28.2N
2
(281)
Energy Eq.: H
R
= H

R
+x

h
f

H
2
O liq
= H

P
+H
P
= H

P
+x

h
f

H
2
O vap
+(3 +x)

h
H
2
O
+6

h
CO
2
+28.2

h
N
2
(282)
Where the extra water is shown explicitly. Rearrange to get
H

R
H

P
6

h
CO
2
28.2

h
N
2
3

h
H
2
O
= x(

h
f

H
2
O vap

h
f

H
2
O liq
+

h
H
2
O
) (283)
40756 78.1146 10356228.2 633623 83153 = x[241826 (285830) +83153] (284)
525975 = x(127157) x = 4.1364 kmol/kmol f uel (285)
Dew point: y
V
=
3 +x
6 +28.2 +x
= 0.1862 (286)
P
V
= y
V
P = 0.1862 101.325 = 18.86 kPa (287)
B.1.2 : T
dew
= 58.7

C (288)
34
9.2 Problem 2: 15.81
A stoichimetric mixture of benzene C
6
H
6
and air is mixed from the reactants owing at 25

C, 100 kPa. Find the

adiabatic ame temperature. What is the error if constant specic heat at T
0
for the products from Table A.5 are used?
C
6
H
6
+
O
2
O
2
+3.76
O
2
N
2
3H
2
O+6CO
2
+3.76
O
2
N
2
(289)

O
2
= 6 +
3
2
= 7.5
N
2
= 28.2 (290)
H
P
= H

P
+H
P
= H
R
= H

R
(291)
H
P
=H

RP
= 40576 78.114 = 3169554 kJ/kmol (292)
H
P
= 6

h
CO
2
+3

h
H
2
O
+28.2

h
N
2
(293)
H
P 2600K
= 6(128074) +3(104520) +28.2(77963) = 3280600 (294)
H
P 2400K
= 6(115779) +3(93741) +28.2(70640) = 2968000 (295)
Linear interpolation T
AD
= 2529 K

i

C
Pi
= 6 0.842 44.01+3 1.872 18.015+28.2 1.042 28.013 = 1146.66
kJ
kmol K
(296)
T =
H
P

i

C
Pi
=
3169554
1146.66
= 2764 (297)
T
AD
= 3062 K, 21% high (298)
35
9.3 Problem 3: 16.49
Water from the combustion of hydrogen and pure oxygen is at 3800 K and 50 kPa. Assuming we only have H
2
O, O
2
and H
2
as gases, nd the equilibrium composition.
With only the given components we have the reaction
2H
2
O 2H
2
+O
2
(299)
which at 3800 K has an equilibrium constant from A.11 of lnK =1.906.
Assume we start with 2 kmol water and let it dissociate x to the left then
Species H
2
O H
2
O
2
Initial 2 0 0
Change 2x 2x x
Final 2 2x 2x x
Total: 2 +x
Then we have
K = e
1.906
=
y
2
H
2
y
O
2
y
2
H
2
O
_
P
P
0
_
2+12
=
_
2x
2+x
_
2
x
2+x
_
22x
2+x
_
2
50
100
(300)
which reduces to
0.148674 =
1
(1 x)
2
4x
3
2 +x
1
4
1
2
or x
3
= 0.297348(1 x)
2
(2 +x) (301)
Trial and error to solve for x = 0.54, then the concentrations are
y
H
2
O
=
2 2x
2 +x
= 0.362, y
O
2
=
x
2 +x
= 0.213, y
H
2
=
2x
2 +x
= 0.425 (302)
36
9.4 Problem 4: 16.54
A tank contains 0.1 kmol hydrogen and 0.1 kmol of argon gas at 25

C, 200 kPa and the tank keeps constant volume.

To what T should it be heated to have a mole fraction of atomic hydrogen, H, of 8%?
For the reaction H
2
2H, K =
y
2
H
y
H
2
_
P
P
0
_
21
(303)
Assume the dissociation shifts right with an amount x, then we get
Assume we start with 2 kmol water and let it dissociate x to the left then
Reaction H
2
2H also, Ar
Initial 0.1 0 0.1
Change x 2x 0
Equilibrium 0.1 x 2x 0.1
Total: 0.2 +x
y
H
=
2x
0.2 +x
= 0.08 x = 0.008333 (304)
We need to nd T so K will take on the proper value; since K depends on P we need to evaluate P rst.
P
1
V = n
1

RT
1
, P
2
V = n
2

RT
2
P
2
= P
1
n
2
T
2
n
1
T
1
(305)
where we have n
1
= 0.2 and n
2
= 0.2 +x = 0.2083
K =
y
2
H
y
H
2
_
P
P
0
_
21
=
(2x)
2
(0.1 x)n
2
200
100
n
2
T
2
0.2 298.15
= 0.0001016T
2
(306)
Now it is trial and error to get T
2
so the above equation is satised with K from A.11 at T
2
.
3400 K : lnK =1.519, K = 0.2189, RHS = 0.34544, error =0.1266 (307)
3600 K : lnK =0.611, K = 0.5428, RHS = 0.36576, error = 0.1769 (308)
Linear interpolation between the two to make zero error
T = 3400 +200
0.1769
0.1769 +0.1266
= 3483.43 K (309)
37
9.5 Problem 5:
Consider the reaction of heptane and air:

1
C
7
H
16
+

2
(O
2
+3.76N
2
)

3
CO
2
+

4
H
2
O+

5
CO+

6
NO+

7
NO
2
+

8
N
2
(310)
Find the most general set of stoichiometric coefcients for the reaction.
C
H
O
N
_

_
7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
16 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 2 2 1 1 1 2 0
0 7.52 0 0 0 1 1 2
_

_
_

8
_

_
= / 0 (311)
Row echelon form:
_

_
1 0 0 0 1/22 34/1019 16/203 14/579
0 1 0 0 0 25/188 25/188 25/94
0 0 1 0 15/22 103/441 1141/2068 175/1034
0 0 0 1 4/11 67/251 326/517 53/274
_

_
_

_
= / 0 (312)
_

_
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_

_
_

4
_

_
=
_

1
22

5
34
1019

6
16
203

7

14
579

8
0
25
188

6

25
188

7

25
94

15
22

5

103
441

6

1141
2068

7
175
1034

8
4
11

5

67
251

6

326
517

7
53
274

8
_

_
(313)
From there the four stoichiometric equations can be written out

1
=
1
22

5
+
34
1019

6
+
16
203

14
579

8
(314)

2
=
25
188

25
188

25
94

8
(315)

3
=
15
22

103
441

1141
2068

7
+
175
1034

8
(316)

4
=
4
11

67
251

326
517

7
+
53
274

8
(317)
38
10 Homework 10 Solutions:
10.1 Problem 1:
Plot
u

R
versus T [300 K, 5000 K] for He, Ar, H, O, H
2
, O
2
, H
2
O, and H
2
O
2
. Use the chemkin software package to
generate values of u(T).
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Temperature [K]
u
H
e
/
R

[
K
]
Helium
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Temperature [K]
u
A
r
/
R

[
K
]
Argon
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
x 10
4
Temperature [K]
u
H
/
R

[
K
]
Hydrogen, Monatomic
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
x 10
4
Temperature [K]
u
O
/
R

[
K
]
Oxygen, Monatomic
39
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
4
Temperature [K]
u
H
2
/
R

[
K
]
Hydrogen, Diatomic
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
4
Temperature [K]
u
O
2
/
R

[
K
]
Oxygen, Diatomic
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
x 10
4
Temperature [K]
u
H
2
O
/
R

[
K
]
Water
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
x 10
4
Temperature [K]
u
H
2
O
2
/
R

[
K
]
Hydrogen Peroxide
40
10.2 Problem 2:
Consider a Hydrogen dissociation reaction,
H
2
+H
2

2H+H
2
(318)
For this reaction
a = 2.23 10
12
cm
3
K

1
2
mole s
(319)
= 0.5 (320)

E = 92600
cal
mole
(321)
Consider an isochoric, isothermal reaction in which n
H
2
= 1 kmole, n
H
= 0 kmole at t = 0, and for which T =
5200 K and P = 1500 kPa.
a) Formulate the reaction kinetics in the form
d
H
2
dt
= f (
H
2
) (322)
b) Find all equilibria.
c) Ascertain the stability of each equilibrium point.
d) Use any appropriate numerical method such as Mathematicas NDSolve, MATLAB, or a straightforward Euler
method to integrate the governing differential equation from the initial state to the equilibrium state.
e) Repeat this using chemkin to generate the reaction rates and dlsode to integrate the differential equations.
f) Plot the Gibbs free energy, G = n
H
2
g
H
2
+n
H
g
H
, as a function of time.
Formulation of the reaction kinetics:
d
H
2
dt
= v
1
aT

RT
_
N

k=1

v

k
k
__
1
1
k
c
N

k=1

v
k
k
_
(323)
a = 2.23 10
9
m
3
K

1
2
kmol s
,

E = 387, 623.6 kJ/kmol (324)
(
H
2
)
t=0
=
P
0

RT
=
1500 kPa
8.314
kJ
kmolK
5200 K
= 0.034696 kmol/m
3
(325)
V =
(n
H
2
)
t=0
_

rho
H
2
_
t=0
= 28.82 m
3
(326)
dn
H
2
=
1
2
n
H

_
n
H
2
(n
H
2
)
t=0
_
=
1
2
_
n
H
2
(n
H
2
)
t=0
_
(327)
n
H
= 2(1 kmol n
H
2
) ,

rho
H
= 2
_
1 kmol
28.82 m
3


rho
H
2
_
(328)
d
H
2
dt
= v
H
2
aT

RT
(
H
2
)
v

H
2
(
H
)
v

H
_
1
1
k
c
(
H
2
)
v
H
2
(
H
)
v
H
_
(329)
v

H
2
= 2, v

H
= 0, v
H
2
=1, v
H
= 2 (330)
d
H
2
dt
=aT

RT
(
H
2
)
2
_
1
1
k
c

2
H

H
2
_
(331)
41
k(T) = aT

RT
=2.0532 10
7
(332)
k
c
=
_
P
0

RT
_

N
i=1
v
i
e
(
G

RT
)
, G = 179564.2 kJ/kmol k
c
= 0.14723 (333)
d
H
2
dt
=2.0532 10
7

2
H
2
_
1
1
0.14723

[2(0.034696
H
2
)]
2

H
2
_
(334)
Find all equilibria:
Equilibria are located at the points where
d
H
2
dt
= 0.
d
H
2
dt
= 0 when
H
2
={0, 0.0129, 0.0933} (335)
Ascertain stability:
For stability,
d
2

H
2
dt
2
must be negative. Therefore,
= 0 is unstable
= 0.0129 is stable
= 0.0933 is unstable and non-physical
42