A dead weight tester apparatus uses known traceable weights to apply pressure to a fluid for checking the accuracy

of readings from a pressure gauge. A dead weight tester (DWT) is acalibration standard method that uses a piston cylinder on which a load is placed to make an equilibrium with an applied pressure underneath the piston. Deadweight testers are so calledprimary standards which means that the pressure measured by a deadweight tester is defined through other quantities: length, mass and time. Typically deadweight testers are used in calibration laboratories to calibrate pressure transfer standards like electronic pressure measuring devices. Dead weight testers utilized dead weights in determination of pressures operating in a closed and compressed fluid system. for each value of pressure to be exerted/ applied in the closed hydraulic system, a predetermined / fixed amount of weights are used to exert the force to counter balance the buoyancy forces. In a closed system of incompressible fluid, the pressure applied will exert equal amount of force in all the directions. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. The hydrometer works on the principle that a floating body displaces a volume of liquid whose weight is equal to its own; the lighter the liquid (that is, the less its specific gravity), the deeper the body sinks because a greater amount of liquid is required to equal the body's weight.

The fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. At the flash point, a lower temperature, a substance will ignite briefly, but vapor might not be produced at a rate to sustain the fire. Most tables of material properties will only list material flash points, but in general the fire points can be assumed to be about 10 C higher than the flash points. However, this is no substitute for testing if the fire point is safety critical. The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source. At the flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed.

The polar planimeter is a device that measures the area of a plane region by tracing out its boundary. The mechanism has two arms, a fixed anchor point, a freely moving elbow, a needle that traces the boundary of the region counterclockwise, and a wheel whose orientation is perpendicular to the elbow-to-needle arm. If the distance from the elbow to the needle is , then the net distance rolled by the wheel is the area divided by . This Demonstration shows two possible locations of the wheel: at the needle, or at an arbitrary point on the elbow-to-needle arm (which is how a real planimeter works). The inner wheel traces out a curve that is a morph between the path of the needle (the region being measured) and the path of the elbow (an arc of a circle).