AME2503 Session 1&2 PDF

PEMP
AME2503
P li i i Preliminaries
Session delivered by: Session delivered by:
Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 1
PEMP
AME2503
Session Objectives
At the end of this session the delegate would
have understood the
Need for analysis
Approach to solving complex problems
Finite Element Method
B i t i l dd fi iti Basic terminology and definitions
Strength of material approach to design
Variablesof interest instructural problem Variables of interest in structural problem
Application of analysis approach to structures
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AME2503
SessionTopics Session Topics
1. Design process and need for analysis tools
2. Different methods and need for numerical methods
3. Analysis approach to solving complex problems
4. Finite element analysis approach, its steps and key concepts
5. Basics of Mechanics of Materials
6. Stress, Strain, their relation and material failure
7 Component level analysisinSOM 7. Component level analysis in SOM
8. Typical structural problem
9. Structure as a combination of springs
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AME2503
Why?
The Need
What does it help one accomplish?
Design
What isdesign? What is design?
1: tocreate fashion execute or construct accordingtoplan: devise contrive 1: to create, fashion, execute, or construct according to plan : devise, contrive
2 a: to conceive and plan out in the mindb: to have as a purpose : intend
c: to devise for a specific function or end
3archaic : to indicate with a distinctive mark, sign, or name , g ,
4 a: to make a drawing, pattern, or sketch of b: to draw the plans for
intransitive verb
1: to conceive or execute a plan
2: to draw, lay out, or prepare a design
http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/design
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AME2503
Design
Checkingthebehaviour under operatingconditions Checking the behaviour under operating conditions
Must know/understand the behaviour
beforeonecanproceedtodesign before one can proceed to design
Must know/understand
what theproduct hastoaccomplish
what the product has to accomplish
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AME2503
So many things (to design) So little time
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AME2503
In the beginning, there was product development
Concept Observations Trials
Concept Observations Trials
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AME2503
What is involved in product development?
Understanding of functional requirements
Understanding of operational requirements
Development of conceptual design
Development of geometrical design
Assessment of the design
Hand calculations
Testing
Simulation
A simulation is an imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation
Imitation of Physics
k d i i
Q ifi i
How to assess? How to make a decision?
Quantification
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AME2503
Some Definitions
Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical
bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of
the bodies on their environment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics
Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to
design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering
Quantification
Quantification covers all those acts which quantify observations and
experiences by converting them into numbers through counting and measuring.
It is thus the basis for mathematics and for science.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantification
Mathematical modelling
A mathematical model isanabstract model that usesmathematical language
A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language
to describe the behaviour of a system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model
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AME2503
Mathematical Models
dt
v m d
F
) (

=
dx
dT
k q =
u c
t
u
2 2
2
2
V =
c
c
) 2 l (

| |
c
) 2 ln(
2 / 1
= t
) ( B v E q F

+ =
f T p v v
t
v

+ V + V =
|
.
|
\
|
V - +
c
c
rt
o
e P t P = ) (
Malthusian growth model
tx x C x xp t x = ) ( ) ( ) , ( t
n
i PV FV ) 1 ( + =
CompoundInterest
x x x x Utility Optimise ) (
tx x C x xp t x ) ( ) ( ) , ( t
Profit maximisation
Compound Interest
=
s
n
i
i i
n
Budget quantity price
x x x x Utility Optimise
1
3 2 1
) ( ) ( subject to
) ,...., , , (
= i 1
Rational behaviour of consumer
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AME2503
Closed Form Solutions
m
k
m
x x x

, , +
k

1
e e =
kx x m
(Restoring Force) (Inertia Force)
0 = x m kx

0 = + kx x m

0 x m kx 0 kx x m
t B t A t x Assume e e sin cos ) ( + =
ps r
m
k
n
= e
) (
) cos sin ( ) ( t B t A t x e e e + =
) ( ) sin cos ( ) (
2 2
t x t B t A t x e e e e = + =

m
Hz
k
f
n

2
1
=
) ( ) sin cos ( ) ( t x t B t A t x e e e e = + =
0 ) (
2
= + = + x k m kx x m e

sec
2
n
t
t =
m
n
2t
A closed-form solution (or closed form expression) is any formula that can
n
n
e
( p ) y
be evaluated in a finite number of standard operations.
---- http://www.riskglossary.com/link/closed_form_solution.htm
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AME2503
Solutions with Simplifying Assumptions
X u(xy)
Y,v(x)
u
P
q(x)
X,u(x,y)
u
M
q( )
c c
2
u y v y
x
x v
y x u =
'
=
c
c
=
) (
) , (
k c y v y
x
v
y
x
u
=
' '
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
2
2
v c
2

o E
y I
M
= =
k c o Ey
x
v
Ey E =
c
c
= =
2
} }
= = = k k o EI dx y E dx y M
2
} }
k k o EI dx y E dx y M
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AME2503
Complexities in Engineering Problems
o o o o
c c
P
Transient
Harmonic
Random
t
P
t
P
t
t
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AME2503
Boundary Value Problems
) (
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
x h y a
dx
dy
a
dx
y d
a
dx
y d
a
dx
y d
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
= + + + + +

dx dx dx dx
General solution contains n arbitrary constants
Requires n specified conditions for unique solution
Initial Value Problems Boundary Value Problems
Statement of differential equation
q p q
Specified value of the unknown
)) ( , ( ) ( t y t f t y =
' '
0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
T
x
T
p
function at a given point in the domain
0 0 0 0
) ( ) ( y t y y t y
'
=
'
=
Specified value of the unknown and/or
its derivative all around the boundary
0
c
+
T
b aT
.
0 =
c
+
n
b aT
Newtons law:
m F t x / ) ( =

PEMP
AME2503
Solution Techniques for Boundary Value Problems
Shooting Method:
) , , ( ) ( y y t f t y
'
=
' '
| o = = ) ( ) ( b y a y
o
|
At a, guess a value
a b
o
, g
of
) (t y
'
It may not lead to
2
2.5
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
correct value of
y at b
T f
1
1.5
Try sequence of
increasingly accurate
guesses until specified
0
0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
value of y at b is matched
-0.5
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AME2503
Fi i Diff M h d
Finite Difference Method:
) , , ( ) ( y y t f t y
'
=
' '
| o = = ) ( ) ( b y a y
i
y
y
1 i
y
2 i
y
2 + i
y
1 + i
y
3 + i
y
3 i
y
2 i
y
i 1 + i 2 + i 3 + i 1 i 2 i 3 i
h
i 1 + i 2 + i 3 + i 1 i 2 i 3 i
h
y y
t y
i i
i
2
) (
1 1 +

~
'
2
1 1
2
) (
h
y y y
t y
i i i
i
+
+
~
' '
) , , (
2
2
1 1
2
1 1
h
y y
y t f
h
y y y
i i
i i
i i i + +

=
+
Solve for y
i
, i=1,2,3,.,n
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AME2503
Weighted Residual Method
) ( )) ( ( x p x u D
T l
) ( )) ( ( x p x u D =
To solve
= ~
n
i i
a u x u
~
) (
Assumesolutiontobe

=
~
i
i i
a u x u
1
) (
Assume solution to be
0 )) ( )) (
~
( ( = x p x u D
Residual R(x)
Goal is to force this residual to zero in some average sense over the domain.
n ., 1,2,3,.... i 0 ) ( = =
}
O
dx W x R
i
Leads to a set of n algebraic equations for the unknowns a
i
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AME2503
Collocation method:
Forcing residual to be zero at finite number of points g p
0
1
) (
i
i
i i
x for x
x for x
x x W
=
=
= = o
At the points, W
i
is non-zero, forcing R(x
i
)=0
Sub-domain method:
Forcing residual to be zero over various sub-sections of the domain
by setting weighting functions to unity over the sub-domains
n 123 i 0 ) ( ) ( = = =
}

}
dx x R dx W x R
n ., 1,2,3,.... i 0 ) ( ) ( = = =
}

}
O O
i
i
i
dx x R dx W x R
PEMP
AME2503
Least Square method:
Summation of all the squared residuals is minimised
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
} }
O O
= = = dx x R dx x R x R S
For minimisation of S
) ( ) ( 2 0
} }
O O
=
c
c
= =
c
c
dx W x R dx
a
R
x R
a
S
i
i i
Galerkin method:
Similar to Least Square method
Derivative of approximating function is used as the
weighting function
) (
~
u
W
c
) (x
a
W
i
i
i
=
c
=
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AME2503
Ritz Method
P i i l f Vi t l W k
Close Form Solutions
FiniteElement Method
Principle of Virtual Work:
Principle of Min. Potential Energy:
Finite Element Method
Finite Difference Method
Variational Principle:
Boundary Element Method
Finite Volume Method
Spectral Method Spectral Method
Mesh-Free Method
PEMP
AME2503
How to deal with Complexity?
Divide each difficulty into as many parts
i f ibl d t l it as is feasible and necessary to resolve it.
- Rene Descartes
Divide and Conquer
Analysis Analysis
The separation of an intellectual or material whole
i i i f i di id l into its constituent parts for individual
The study of such constituent parts and their
interrelationships in making up a whole.
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AME2503
Application
Findingtheperimeter andareaof acircleusingastraight edgemeasure Finding the perimeter and area of a circle using a straight edge measure
n Perimeter/2R Area
0 0 0
1 1.22515E-16 -1.22515E-16
2 2 1.22515E-16
4 2828427125 2
u
R
4 2.828427125 2
8 3.061467459 2.828427125
16 3.121445152 3.061467459
) / sin( R P
i i
2 2 u =
32 3.136548491 3.121445152
64 3.140331157 3.136548491
128 3141277251 3140331157
i i
sin R A u
2
2
1
=
128 3.141277251 3.140331157
256 3.141513801 3.141277251
512 3.14157294 3.141513801
2
1024 3.141587725 3.14157294
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AME2503
Steps in Analysis
Understand the nature (underlying Physics) of the problem
(Representationof areaandperimeter of thesmall part)
Trytomimicthebehaviour of asmall entity
(Representation of area and perimeter of the small part)
Try to mimic the behaviour of a small entity
(Calculation of area and perimeter of small part)
Through a collection of small entity, mimic the behaviour
of thewholequantity of the whole quantity
(Calculation of area and perimeter of full part)
PEMP
AME2503
Extension to Finite Element Method
Writedowntheequation Understandthenature Write down the equation
for calculation of quantities
of interest
Understand the nature
(underlying Physics) of the
problem
Try to mimic the behaviour
to be modelled over small
Use the formula to
calculate the quantities of
entities
Through collection of
ll i i i i h
interest over small regions
Addupthevalueof the
small entities, mimic the
behaviour of the whole
quantity
Add up the value of the
quantities to be calculated
over all the small elements
q y
Solve the simplified
representation of the
Find the value of the
quantities of interest directly
problem or after some calculations
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AME2503
How to apply this to structural
Problems Problems
On what basis to break it up? What parameter should be looked at? p p
How to apply the methodology here?
Isthisanewmethodology? Is this a new methodology?
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AME2503
Finite Element Analysis -- Process
SYSTEMS
CONTINOUS
Response is described by
DISCRETE
variables at an INFINITE
number of points.
variables at a FINITE
number of points.
Set of differential equations
Set of algebraic equations
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AME2503
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AME2503
Computational Continuum Mechanics
Statics Dynamics
Study of phenomena with
negligibleinertiacomponent
Study of phenomena with
i ifi i i
negligible inertia component
Static
significant inertia component
(time dependence is explicitly
considered)
Quasi-static
)
Linear Non-Linear
Response of the structure is
proportional to the applied
loads
Response of the structure is not
proportional to the applied
loads& isloadpathdependent
loads loads & is load path dependent
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AME2503
Computer Aided Engineering
Analyse the functional and performance characteristics
Structural:
Fluids Flow:
Structural:
Strength
Stiffness
Durability
Pressure
Velocity
Temperature Durability
(under given loads)
Temperature
Mixing
Thermal
Kinematics Characteristics
(under given motion input)
Other application areas:
Acoustics, electro-magnetics, multibody dynamics
g y y
Bio-medial applications, weapons, weather
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AME2503
Mathematical Model Approach
Starting Point: g
DE/ PDE in
space/time
Modelling:
Using Using
Variational or
Weak form
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AME2503
Physical Model Approach
Starting Point: g
Physical
System
Modelling: Modelling:
Idealisation
and
Discretization
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AME2503
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AME2503
Finite Element Analysis A brief
history
1943
Richard Courant proposes breaking a continuum problem into
triangular regions with piecewise approximation of field variable
history
1945
Electronic digital computer gains usage
1952
B. Langefors describes global behaviour as assimilation of
l l b h i P bl ith100d f b i l d local behaviour. Problems with 100 dof are being solved
1953
N.J .Turner develops triangular plane stress model
Turner Clough MartinandTopppublishpaper describing
1959 Development of irregularly shaped cells
1956
Turner, Clough, Martin and Topp publish paper describing
determination of FE properties using direct stiffness method
1960 The new method is christened Finite Element
Structural AnalysisbyDigital Simulationof AnalogMethods
1963
Structural Analysis by Digital Simulation of Analog Methods
(SADSAM) developed in NASA
http://www.asme.org/Communities/History/Resources/Interactive_Timeline.cfm
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AME2503
Finite Element Analysis A brief history
1963
Structural Analysis by Digital Simulation of Analog Methods
(SADSAM) developed in NASA
y y
NASA Structural Analysis Program (NASTRAN) developed
First conference on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics
Portabledesktopsandmocrocomputersdebut
1965
Portable desktops and mocrocomputers debut
Variational form developed opening FEM to problems other than
structural mechanics (Zienkiewicz and Cheung)
First publicreleaseof NASTRAN ANSYSgrowsout of
1976
CRAY supercomputer developed
1971
First public release of NASTRAN, ANSYS grows out of
Westinghouse, Interactive pre and post processor programs appear,
use of FEM in automotive industry begins
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AME2503
Finite Element Analysis A brief history
1980
Use of FE for diverse problems, growth in model generation and
result display, development in non-linear arena, PC debuts
y y
1990
Use of FE for CFD and other non-structural applications increases
1994
MSC/NASTRAN for Windows released
1998
Fe is being used for the solution of fully coupled problems,
applications in biomedical research
1999
Growth in CFD applications
2000+Application to more complex problems
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AME2503
Finite Element Method -- Idealisation
Idealisation
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AME2503
Finite Element Method -- Discretisation
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AME2503
Ch f
Physical problem
Change of
physical problem
I h i l
Mathematical model
Improve mathematical
model
FE Solution
Refine mesh, solution
FE solution of
mathematical
parameters etc.
Assessment of accuracy
model
Interpretation of results Refine analysis
Design
Design
improvements/optimization
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AME2503
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AME2503
Mathematical model
Governed by by differential
equations
Assumptions on
Geometry
Ki i Kinematics
Material law
Loading Loading
Boundary conditions
etc
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AME2503
Fi it l t
THE PROCESS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Finite element
solution
Choice of
Finite element
Mesh density
S l ti t Solution parameters
Representation of
Loadingg
Boundary conditions
etc
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AME2503
Start
Stop
IMPLEMENTATION
OF FINITE ELEMENT
Problem
Analysis and
design decision
O N N
ANALYSIS
Preprocessor
1 Reads control
Postprocessor
1. Prints and plots contours for
1. Reads control
parameters.
2. Reads or generates nodal
o
r
state variables.
2. Returns element domain &
calculates flux & other
coordinates.
3. Reads or generates element
data.
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
calculates flux & other
variables.
3. Prints and plots contours for
flux and other physical
4. Reads material constants.
5. Reads boundary conditions
flux and other physical
conditions.
4. Evaluates and prints error
bounds.
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AME2503
Start
Stop
IMPLEMENTATION OF
Problem
Analysis and
design decision
Processor
N ON O
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Preprocessor
Processor
1. Generates element shape
functions.
Postprocessor
2. Calculates master element
equations.
3. Calculates transformation
p
matrices.
4. Maps element equations into
global system.
5. Assembles element equations.
6. Introduces boundary
conditions.
7. Performs solution procedures.
PEMP
AME2503
Six Steps of FEA Procedure
Creation of Finite Element model (Pre-Processing) Creation of Finite Element model (Pre-Processing)
a) Idealize the structure and discretize it into a collection of
Elements connected at Nodes.
b) S if M t i l ti B d diti d b) Specify Material properties, Boundary conditions and
Loading conditions.
Analysis with the Finite Element Program (Solver)
a) Generate element stiffness equations and assemble them.
b) Modify global equations to suit BC and Loads ) y g q
c) Solve resulting set of equations for primary unknowns.
Finite Element Program Results (Post Processing) Finite Element Program Results (Post-Processing)
a) Using the nodal values of primary unknowns
(displacement, temperature etc.) calculate and check the
al es of the primar deri ed ariables
values of the primary derived variables.
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AME2503
FEM FEM Idealisation Idealisation FEM FEM Idealisation Idealisation
Idealisation
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FEM FEM Discretisation Discretisation FEM FEM Discretisation Discretisation
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FEM FEM Assembly & Solution Assembly & Solution FEM FEM Assembly & Solution Assembly & Solution
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AME2503
Degree of Freedom
Minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine
completely the positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time
Discrete and Continuous
Systems Systems
Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are called
discrete or lumped parameter systems discrete or lumped parameter systems
Systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are
called continuous or distributed systems
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AME2503
Distributed (Continuous) ( )
and Lumped (Discrete) Systems
1
1.2
1.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
http://www.zentech.co.uk/zencrack_example_helicopter.htm
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
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AME2503
Features of Finite Element methodology
Thepiecewise approximation of the physical field (continuum)
onfiniteelementsprovidesgoodprecisionevenwithsimple
gy
on finite elements provides good precision even with simple
approximating functions. Simply increasing the number of
elements can achieve increasing precision.
Thelocality of the approximation leads to sparse equation
systems for a discretized problem. This helps to ease the solution
of problems having very large numbers of nodal unknowns. It is
not uncommontodaytosolvesystemscontainingamillion not uncommon today to solve systems containing a million
primary unknowns.
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AME2503
Governing Equation for Solid Mechanics Problems
[K] { } {F } + {Fth} + {F } + {F } + {F l} + {F } + {F } + {Fld}
Basic equation for a static analysis is as follows:
Governing Equation for Solid Mechanics Problems
[K] {u} = {Fapp} + {Fth} + {Fpr} + {Fma} + {Fpl} + {Fcr} + {Fsw} + {Fld}
[K] = total stiffness matrix
{u} = nodal displacement
{Fapp} = applied nodal force load vector
{Fth} = applied element thermal load vector
{Fpr} = applied element pressure load vector {Fpr} applied element pressure load vector
{Fma} = applied element body force vector
{Fpl} = element plastic strain load vector
{F } l t t i l d t {Fcr} = element creep strain load vector
{Fsw} = element swelling strain load vector
{Fld} = element large deflection load vector
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AME2503
Boundary Conditions
| |{ } { } P K = o
Representation of interaction with the surroundings
Why are boundary constraints required? What will happen to the body otherwise?
o
K
P
o
o = infinite
o = finite
H
H t
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Skew
Normal
Skew
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AME2503
Boundary Conditions
Geometric or Essential Boundary Conditions
Ki i C i Di l B d Kinematic Constraints or Displacement Boundary
Conditions
Ux,; Uy; Uz; Rx; Ry; Rz; Ux,; Uy; Uz; Rx; Ry; Rz;
The order of the derivative in the essential boundary
conditions is in a C
m-1
problem at most m-1
Natural or Forced Boundary Conditions
Correspond to prescribed forces
F F F M M M Fx; Fy; Fz; Mx; My; Mz;
The order of the derivative in these boundary
conditionsareof order mto2m-1
conditions are of order m to 2m1
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AME2503
St th f M t i l Strength of Materials
Session delivered by: Session delivered by:
Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia
PEMP
AME2503
Session Topics
1 Basicsof Mechanicsof Materials 1. Basics of Mechanics of Materials
2. Stress, Strain, their relation and material failure
3. Component level analysis in SOM
4. Typical structural problem
5. Structure as a combination of springs
6. Structure idealisation, discretisation and assemblyy
7. Element stiffness formulation
8 Displacement approachandshapefunctions
8. Displacement approach and shape functions
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AME2503
Mechanics
Study of interaction between physical objects and the Study of interaction between physical objects and the
effect of this interaction on the objects involved.
Theoretical Applied Computational
2 1
m m
2
2 1
r
m m
G F
G
=
Planetary Motion Routing a satellite
Mechanicsof Material Mechanics of Material
What happens to solid bodies when subjected to various types of loading?
(Strength of Materials, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, Solid Mechanics, .)
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AME2503
Mechanics of Materials
Forces make the world turn
Goal of structural design
Createastructurethat will safelywithstandtheoperational loads Create a structure that will safely withstand the operational loads
Loads
Static, Sustained, Dynamic, Impact, Concentrated, Distributed
Material subjected to loading
Structure Components Material
Strength: Intrinsic property of ability to carry load
Structure subjected to loading
Strength: Of the material (YS, UTS)
Stiffness: Geometric details of the components
Density: Weight of the structure
What parameter to compare for design assessment?
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AME2503
Stress Stress
As internal reaction/resistance to applied load
P
P P
o =P/A
P P
M M
P
M
P
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AME2503
Stress
Stress: A measure of internal force distribution (reaction of one
part of the body on the other) in a loaded body
T
2
P
3
Z
P o
P
P
1
Y
Z
n
P o
A o
plane specified a on force internal on the Intesity
T
1
T
P
2
X
A o
A
P
Stress
A
o
o
o 0
lim
=
li o
1
T
3
St t i t St ?
? lim
0
A
A
o
o
Stress at a point or Stress on an area?
PEMP
AME2503
Stress
Z
n
P o
Z
n
P o
Y
Z
n
+
X
Y
n
X
Y
n
X
Y
n
t
P o
+
=
Normal Shear
P o
Z
n
P o
Z
n
n
P o
Z
n
n
P o
= =
Y
X
X
Y
n
t
P o
X
Y
P o
ty
P o
= =
t
tx
P o
PEMP
AME2503
Transformation of Stress
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
o
y t
xy
2 2
. \
( )
(
(
=

tan 2
1
t
u
o
x
o
x
t
xy
t
xy
u
( )
(
(

=
2
tan 2
y x
o o
u
o
y
t
xy
u
o o o o
o 2 cos
2 2
2 1 2 1
,

+
=
y x
o
x
o
y
o
xy
t
yx
t
y
u
o o
t 2 sin
2
2 1
=
xy
x
o
y
o
xy
t
yx
t
2
y
x
PEMP
AME2503
Combined Stress
1. Find stress state for each loading
2. Sum up like stresses
3 UseMohrscircle 3. Use Mohr s circle
Like Stresses: Normal (bending, axial)
Shear (torsion, shear)
T
T
Mc P
n

I A
n
= o
J
Tr
A
P
s
= t
o
y t
xy
o
x
o
x
t
xy
t
t
xy
u
o
y
t
xy
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AME2503
l
Strain
l
Al
l
l A
= c
| |
c
dx
c
dx u dx
x
u
u / ) (
|
.
|
\
|

c
c
+ = c
u
d
u c
+
u c
y
dy
v c
= c
x
u
x
c
c
= c
dx
x
u
c
+
x
u
c
c
= c
x
dx
y
y
c
= c
y
d
u c
c c
dy
y
u
c
c
+
dy
v c
Shear Strain ==t-u
x
v
y
u
xy
c
c
+
c
c
=
v
u
dx
x
v
v
c
c
+
dx
u c
dy
y c
u
Normal Strain: No distortion, Volume change
Shear Strain: Distortion, no volume change
x
dx
x c
, g
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AME2503
Stress-Strain Relationship
Load Deformation
?
Uniqueness for structure?
Load Stress Strain Deformation
q
Stress Strain
?
Unique for material
Robert Hooke (1676)
iii tt
Simeon Poisson
y
y x l t
c c c c v = =
Auxetic Materials Auxetic Materials
P
(o)
ceiiinossssttuu
Ut tensio, sic vis(1678)
Auxetic Materials Auxetic Materials
o,c
(o)
E
1
As the extension, so the force
x
http://home.um.edu.mt/auxetic/www/properties.htm
o,c
PEMP
AME2503
Stress Stress- -Strain Relationship Strain Relationship
c o E = (HookesLaw) c o E =
Poissons Effect:
(Hookes Law)
l t
c c v =
x
o
x
o
E
x
x
o
c =
x
o
E E E
zz
yy
xx
o
c
o
c
o
c = = =
3 2 1
; ;
x
y
z
zz
o
xx
o
E
x
z y
v c c = =
E E E
3 2 1
; ;
xx
o
yy
o
yy
o
zz
o
xx
3 2 1
vc vc c c =
xx
| |
zz yy xx xx
E
vo vo o c =
1
| |
xx zz yy yy
E
vo vo o c =
1
| |
yy xx zz zz
E
vo vo o c =
1
1 1 1
xy xy
G
t
1
=
yz yz
G
t
1
=
zx zx
G
t
1
=
=
E
G
( ) v +
=
1 2
G
PEMP
AME2503
Stress-Strain relations
(
0 0 0 1
(
(
(
(
(
yy
xx
yy
xx
E
c
c
c
v
v v v
v v v
v v v
o
o
o
2 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
=
yz
xy
zz
yz
xy
zz
E
c
v
v
v v
t
t
o
2 1
0
2
2 1
0 0 0 0
0 0
2
2 1
0 0 0
) 2 1 )( 1 (
(
(
zx zx
v t
2
2 1
0 0 0 0 0
(
Stiffness Representation
(
(
(
(
(
zz
yy
xx
zz
yy
xx
o
o
o
v v
v v
v v
c
c
c
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1
)
`
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
=
)
`
zx
yz
xy
zx
yz
xy
E
t
t
t
v
v
v
) 1 ( 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 ) 1 ( 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 ) 1 ( 2 0 0 0
) )
Flexibility Representation
PEMP
AME2503
Different Kinds of Material Behaviours Different Kinds of Material Behaviours
I t i Isotropic
Same properties in all directions
2 material constants
Orthotropic
Properties have two orthagonal planes of symmetry
Composites, rolled sheets
Transversely Orthotropic
Same property in one plane and different normal to it
5material constants
Anisotropic
Properties have no planes of symmetry
p p y y
PEMP
AME2503
Material Behaviour Material Behaviour
o
o
u
o
f
o
y
Elastic limit
i
o
n
a
l
t
E
e
n
i
n
g
o
y
P
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
l
i
m
i
l
a
s
t
i
c
y
i
e
l
d
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n

h
a
r
d
e
n
e
c
k
i
n
g
l l A P / / A = = c o
eys
t
n
c
l l A P / / A = = c o
PEMP
AME2503
Material Behaviour Material Behaviour Theories of Failure Theories of Failure
o
o
o
y
o
x
t
xy
t
xy
F
n
M
n
?
o
o
o
y
o
x
t
xy
t
xy
n
?
Seely, F.B. and Smith, J .O, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, Second edition, J ohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
PEMP
AME2503
http://web.utk.edu/~prack/mse201/Chapter%208%20Failure.pdf http://web.utk.edu/~prack/mse201/Chapter%208%20Failure.pdf
http://www-
outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/physics_at_work/2005/exhibi
t/matsci.php
http://www.aloha.net/~icarus/
PEMP
AME2503
(Rankine Theory)
(Coulombs Theory)
(St VnenamtsTheory) (St. Vnenamt s Theory)
PEMP
AME2503
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AME2503
Components Subjected to Axial Loading Components Subjected to Axial Loading
P
Assume
AE
P
E
= = o c
1
o
A
,

L
E
o
A

=

P
c
L
L A
= c
P i ti M b (U if C ti )
Loads/Weight act only along the axis of the element
P
o
P
AE
PL
L = A
Prismatic Member (Uniform Cross-section)
Loads applied at the centroid of the cross-section
AppliedLoadsareconstant
Cross-section remains plane
P
P P
Deformation is uniform
Stresses and Strains are constant
Applied Loads are constant
Material is homogeneous and isotropic
Poissons effect is neglected
Bucklingeffect isnot considered Buckling effect is not considered
PEMP
AME2503
Components Subjected to Bending Loading Components Subjected to Bending Loading
P
E, L, I
( )
P
X,u(x,y)
Y,v(x)
u
M
P
q(x)
( y)
M
k c y v y
v
y
u
=
' '
=
c
=
c
=
2
2
u y v y
x v
y x u =
'
=
c
c
=
) (
) , (
y y
x
y
x c c
2
y y
x
y
c
) (
k c o Ey
x
v
Ey E =
c
c
= =
2
2
} }
= = = k k o EI dx y E dx y M
2
o=Mc/I
t=Mc/2I
t=P/2a
o`
o`
t Mc/2I
PEMP
AME2503
PP
E, L, I
Shearing Bending
M M
+
+
+

dV
V
dM M d dw u
u q
dx
V
dx

EI dx

dx
w = = = =u
o E M
= =
y Va dM y a
' '
y I
= =
It
y
dx It
y
= = t
PEMP
AME2503
St ti l d Static loads
Stress is purely a result of external loads
Bendingisthepredominant deformationpattern Bending is the predominant deformation pattern
Bending is not accompanied by twisting of the cross-section
Beamissubjectedtopurebending Beam is subjected to pure bending
Initial configuration of the beam is straight
Cross-section does not change abruptly g p y
Material follows Hookes law
Material is homogeneous
Point of interest is far from the point of loading and constraint
PEMP
AME2503
Components Subjected to Torsional Loading Components Subjected to Torsional Loading
l
T
o
l
T
o
u
r
A l f i |( )
Prismatic member
Angle of twist =|(x)
l / u =
Pure Torsion
l G / u t =
Stress-Strain
Torque applied at the end
Small angle of twist
N h i
Gu t
Stress Strain
dA l G T
}
= ) / ( * u
Equilibrium
} }
t 2
2
r
No change in r
Cross-section twists as rigid body
} }
= = u u
0 0
2
) / ( ) / (
p
l GI dA l G T
G T u t
l r J
= =
PEMP
AME2503
Components Subjected to Torsional Loading Components Subjected to Torsional Loading
Beams Torsion
x
y
z
T
T
u
L
G
J
T
r
u t
= =
L
x
y
z
T b
) /( 3 /
3
Gbt T L = u 3 /
3
bt J =
T
t
) /( 6
3
bt Ty = t
) /( 3
2
max
bt T = t
3
) ( / 3 / t b G T L
i
= o u
o is shape coefficient
C(11) Z(117)
3
) /( 6 t b Ty
i
= o t
C(1.1), Z(1.17),
Angle(0.83), T(1.00)
2
max
) /( 3 t b T
i
= o t
PEMP
AME2503
Components Subjected to Internal Pressure Components Subjected to Internal Pressure
Thinwalled(r>5t) Thin walled (r>5t)
2
2 r p r t
l
t t o =
|
|
|
pr pr
dx r p dx t
t
= 2 2o
|
|
|
pr pr
pr
l t
=
=
o o
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
pr
t
pr
l
l
q
o
2

2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
pr
t
pr
t
t
q
o
2
2 t
t 4 2
max
= = t
2 r p r t
t
t t o =
t
pr
t
2
= o
t 2
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/mat_mechanics/pressure_vessel.cfm
PEMP
AME2503
Components Subjected to Internal Pressure Components Subjected to Internal Pressure
Thickwalled Thick walled
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
/ )
i o
i o o i o o i i
r
r r
r p p r r r p r p

= o
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
/ )
i o
i o o i o o i i
t
r r
r p p r r r p r p
+
= o
2 2
2 2
i o
o o i i
l
r r
r p r p
= o
| | ) (
1
l r t t
E
o o v o c + =
1
| | ) (
1
l t tr t
E
o o v o c + + =
| | ) (
1
o o v o c + =
l t v
c c c + = 2
| | ) (
t r l l
E
o o v o c + =
PEMP
AME2503
Components Subjected to Thermal Loading Components Subjected to Thermal Loading
o,l
AT
olAT
A,E
P P
l
P P
Pl
T l = A o T E
P
A = = o o
AE
T l = A o T E
A
T
A = = o o
Temperature increase under constraints p
Thermal gradient in a component
Phase change during solidification (locked in stresses)
Differential cooling rates (locked in stresses)
PEMP
AME2503
Structural Problem and FE
PEMP
AME2503
Extension to Finite Element Method
Write down the equation
for calculation of quantities
of interest
Understand the nature
(underlying Physics) of the
problem of interest
Try to mimic the behaviour
tobemodelledover small
problem
Use the formula to
calculatethequantitiesof to be modelled over small
entities
Through collection of
calculate the quantities of
interest over small regions
Add th l f th
g
small entities, mimic the
behaviour of the whole
quantity
Add up the value of the
quantities to be calculated
over all the small elements
quantity
Solve the simplified
representationof the
Find the value of the
quantitiesof interest directly
representation of the
problem
quantities of interest directly
or after some calculations
PEMP
AME2503
How to apply this to structural Problems
On what basis to break it up? What parameter should be looked at?
How to apply the methodology here?
Is this a new methodology?
PEMP
AME2503
Problems in Structural Mechanic
To determine the Deformation (o)
in a structure of Stiffness (K)
bj t dt L d(P)
subjected to Load (P)
PEMP
AME2503
Typical Problem in Solid Mechanics
PP
o
To determine the Deformation (o) in a structure of stiffness (K) subjected to Load (P)
Ko = P
K=?
PEMP
AME2503
Breaking up of the structure
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AME2503
Summary
Needs and methods for quantification in design have been explained
Mathematical modals and their solution have been explained
Analysis method for complicated problems have been explained
Finite element approach and steps have been described
B i d fi iti dt i l f fi it l t dh b Basic definitions and terminology for finite element used have been
introduced
Basicparameters stressandstrains usedinstrengthof material have Basic parameters, stress and strains, used in strength of material have
been defined
Types of material behaviour under load and at failure have been yp
described
Behaviour of typical structural members has been revised
PEMP
AME2503
Summary Summary
Basic parameters, stress and strains, used in strength of
material have been defined
Types of material behaviour under load and at failure have
beendescribed been described
Behaviour of typical structural members has been revised
Implementationof FE approachhasbeenexplained Implementation of FE approach has been explained
Variables of consequence have been identified

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