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Table 4.1: System data Self Element no. Bus code Impedance p-q z pq,pq (p.u.) 1 0 - 1(1) j0.4 2 0 - 1(2) j0.5 3 0-2 j0.5 4 2-3 j0.4 5 1-3 j0.6 Mutual Bus code Impedance r-s z pq,rs (p.u.) 0 - 1(2) j0.2 0 - 1(1) j0.1
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Bus ] matrix element by element. To initiate the Step 1: The algorithm starts building the [Z process, start with element 1 connected between nodes p = 0 and q = 1, shown in Fig. 4.34. The Bus ] matrix of the partial network is given as, [Z
(1)
Bus ] = (1) [Z
j 0.4
Step 2: Next add element 2 connected between p = 0 and q = 1 which is mutually coupled to the existing element 1, connected between = 0 and = 1. This new element is a link as it does not temp) ( create a new node, the partial network for this step is shown in Fig. 4.35. The augmented [Z ] Bus matrix after the addition of this element, is given by
( )
1 j 0.4 Z 1 Z Z
01 Z 11 ) 01(2),01(1) (Z 1=Z 01 Z 11 + y Z y 01(2),01(2) 0 Z 1 ) 01(2),01(1) (Z =Z 0 Z 1 + 1 + y Z y 01(2),01(2) 01 and Z 0 are the elements of [Z Bus ] matrix associated with the reference node. where, Z The primitive impedance matrix [ z] for the partial network is
01(1) 01(2)
[ z] =
01(1) 01(2)
The primitive admittance matrix [y ] for the partial network in nothing but the inverse of primitive 139
[y ] = [ z]1 =
01(1) 01(2)
01 = 0, since 0 is the reference node, Z 1 is evaluated as With Z 1 1 = j 0.4 + j 1.25(j 0.4) = j 0.2 = Z Z j 2.5 0 = 0, since 0 is the reference node, and hence, Z is calculated as Also as Z = j 0.2 + 1 + j 1.25(j 0.2) = j 0.50 Z j 2.5
The augmented Zbus
(temp)
matrix is given as
(1) (1) temp) ( Z = Bus ( ) ( )
The row and column corresponding to the th row and column corresponding to a link addition,(shown in red in the above matrix), need to be eliminated as the link addition does not create Bus ] matrix, after the addition of second element to the partial network, is a new node. The [Z calculated using the following expression
Bus = (1) Z
j0.32
Bus matrix is still (1 1) as no new node has been added to the partial network Note that the size of Z as yet. Step 3: Next add element 3, which is connected between the nodes p = 0 and q = 2. This is a branch addition as a new node, node 2 is created. This element is mutually coupled to the existing element 1. Hence, the primitive [ z] matrix of the partial network, shown in Fig. 4.36, is
140
01(1)
[ z] = 01(2)
02
01(1)
01(2)
02
and is equal to
01(2) 02
01(1)
[y ] = 01(2)
02
01(1)
Bus ] = [Z
(1) (2)
j 0.32 21 Z
12 Z 22 Z
is [0 1(1) 0 1(2)]
For this element p = 0 and q = 2 and the set of elements [ ] mutually coupled to this element
02 Z 11 Z 01 Z 11 Z
01 and Z 02 are the transfer impedances associated with the reference node and are equal to zero. Z j 0.667 j 0.2667 21 = Z j 2.133
141
j 0.32 j 0.32
= j 0.06
j 2.133
= j 0.48
(2)
Bus ] = [Z
(1) (2)
Step 4: On adding element 4 between p = 2 and q = 3, a new node, node 3 is created. Hence, this Bus ] matrix can be written as is a branch addition and is shown in Fig. 4.37. The modied [Z
(1)
Bus = (2) Z
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
13 Z 23 Z 33 Z
As this element is not mutually coupled to other elements the elements of vector y pq, are zero. Bus ] matrix can be calculated, using the expression given in (4.41), Hence, the new elements of [Z as : O-diagonal elements
qi = Z pi i = 1, 2, 3 i q Z
142
qq = Z pq + z Z pq,pq
hence,
(1)
Bus = (2) Z
(3)
Step 5: Finally add element 5 between nodes p = 1 and q = 3. This is an addition of a link hence a temporary row and column are added. Fig. 4.38 showns the nal network after the addition of this temp) ( element. The modied Z matrix can be written as Bus
Figure 4.38: The complete network after the addition of link in step 5
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
( )
temp) ( Since this element is not mutually coupled to other elements, the new elements of [Z ] Bus matrix can be calculated, using the expression of (4.55), as : O-diagonal elements
i=Z pi Z qi i = 1, 2, 3 Z 1 = Z 11 Z 13 = j 0.32 j 0.06 = j 0.26 = Z 1 Z 2 = Z 21 Z 23 = j 0.06 j 0.48 = j 0.42 = Z 2 Z 3 = Z 31 Z 33 = j 0.06 j 0.88 = j 0.82 = Z 3 Z
Diagonal element For calculating the diagonal element, the expression given in (4.59) is used. Hence,
(temp)
j 0.32 j 0.06 j 0.06 j0.26 j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.06 j0.42 j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.88 j0.82 j0.26 j0.42 j0.82 j1.68
Bus to 3 3. The elimination The th row and th column are to be eleminated to restore the size of Z is done using the relation Z T Z (temp) Bus = Z Bus Z Z
T = j 0.26 j 0.42 j 0.82 Z j 0.23 j 0.42 j 0.26 j 0.42 j 0.82 j 0.32 j 0.06 j 0.06 j 0 . 82 Bus = Z j 0 . 06 j 0 . 48 j 0 . 48 j 1.68 j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.88
144
Bus ] is Hence, the nal matrix [Z j 0.2798 j 0.1250 j 0.1869 j 0.1250 j 0.3750 j 0.2750 j 0.1869 j 0.2750 j 0.4798
(1) (2) (3)
(1)
Bus ] = (2) [Z
(3)
Bus ] matrix, we are now ready to discuss fault analysis, After this discussion of formulation of [Z which we will start from the next lecture.
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