BCH2602/101/3/2012

Tutorial Letter 101/3/2012

BIOENERGETICS

BCH2602 Semesters 1 and 2

Department of Life and Consumer Science
This tutorial letter contains important information about your module.

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CONTENTS
1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.3 9 10 11 INTRODUCTION AND WELCOME................................................................................................ 3 Tutorial matter................................................................................................................................. 3 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ................................................................ 3 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Outcomes ....................................................................................................................................... 3 LECTURER AND CONTACT DETAILS......................................................................................... 3 Lecturers......................................................................................................................................... 3 Department ..................................................................................................................................... 4 University ........................................................................................................................................ 4 MODULE RELATED RESOURCES............................................................................................... 4 Prescribed books ............................................................................................................................ 4 Recommended books ..................................................................................................................... 4 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ................................................................ 4 MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN............................................................................................... 5 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK ...................................................................................................... 6 ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................... 6 Assessment plan ............................................................................................................................ 6 General Assignment Information .................................................................................................... 7 Unique assignment numbers .......................................................................................................... 7 Due dates of assignments .............................................................................................................. 7 Submission of assignments ............................................................................................................ 7 EXAMINATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 7 SEMESTER 01 ASSINGMENTS.................................................................................................... 8 SEMESTER 02 ASSINGMENTS.................................................................................................. 13

Please note / important notes: Although students may work together when preparing assignments, each student must write and submit his or her own individual assignment. In other words, you must submit your own ideas in your own words, sometimes interspersed with relevant short quotations that are properly referenced. It is unacceptable for students to submit identical assignments on the basis that they worked. Avoid an act of Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of taking words, ideas and thoughts of others and passing them off as your own. It is a form of theft which involves a number of dishonest academic activities. The Disciplinary Code for Students (2004) is given to all students at registration. Kindly read the universitys policy on copyright infringement and plagiarism

BCH2602/101/3/2012

INTRODUCTION AND WELCOME

Dear Student I am Dr LS Teffo, your Biochemistry Lecturer. I would like to welcome you all to the Department of Life and Consumer Sciences. I trust that you will find the BCH2602 module interesting, exciting and stimulating. This module consists of a lot of information, which cannot be mastered in a short space of time. Therefore, in order to make the study of this module easier, you are encouraged to start studying from the very first day, make a study schedule and to stick it. I am available to assist you if you encounter any problems during your learning process. Also remember that this is a semester module and therefore time is of the essence. 1.1 Tutorial matter

Some of this tutorial matter may not be available when you register. Tutorial matter that is not available when you register will be posted to you as soon as possible, but is also available on myUnisa.

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2.1

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

Purpose

The primary purpose of this module is to help you develop an understanding of the basic scientific principles and methods related to the field of Metabolism. Metabolism refers to all the reactions that occur in an organism or a cell. In this module we will introduce you to various metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport and oxidative phoshorylation, glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. 2.2 Outcomes

Upon completion of this module you will be able to: Define metabolism Discuss bioenergetics in relation to metabolic flux Summarise various metabolic processes and how they are related to one another Discuss the control of metabolic flux Interpret disease conditions in relation to metabolic failures Adequately answer all questions at the end of each study unit

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3.1

LECTURER AND CONTACT DETAILS

Lecturers

Dr LS Teffo is the lecturer responsible for this module. For any matter relating to this module contact the lecturer by using contacts details below.

Contact details: : 011 471 3990 Fax: 011 471 2796 E-mail: Teffols@unisa.ac.za 3.2 Department

Department of Life & Consumer Sciences is situated on the Florida campus, c/o Christian de Wet and Pioneer Avenue Postal address: Dept of Life and Consumer Science College of Agriculture and Environmental Science P/Bag X6 Florida 1710 3.3 University

You can make enquiries to the university by making use of the following contacts details: Unisa website: www.unisa.ac.za Unisa e-mail address: study-info@unisa.ac.za

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4.1

MODULE RELATED RESOURCES

Prescribed books

Mathews, CK, Van Holde, KE & Ahern, KG. 2000. Biochemistry. 3rd edition. San Francisco: Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 0-201-70235-5 4.2 Recommended books

Any Biochemistry text book.

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

Unisa offers tutor services for students as additional academic support at the various Unisa regional learning centers throughout the country. A tutorial is an organized session where students and tutor(s) meet regularly at a common venue and at scheduled times to discuss course material. The main purpose of the tutorial services is to facilitate student learning by developing the student independent learning skills and assisting students to become motivated and independent learners. Tutorials help the students to develop and enhance their learning experience and academic performance through interaction with the tutor and fellow students. Tutorials are not compulsory and willing students receive tutorial support at a nominal fee. Interested students are advised to consult a learning centre closest to them to enroll for tutorials. Remember that you should enroll for tutorial services as soon as you register for the module. For further information on student support services consult my Studies @ Unisa brochure.
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Should you experience any problem regarding enrolling for tutorial services please contact me (responsible lecturer).

MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills. Week Semester 1 Semester 2 Activity Dates Dates 1 23-29 Jan 16-22 Jul Take time and read through your study material which includes Tut 101 and BCH2601 study guide. Consult your prescribed book and skim through relevant chapters to get an overall idea of your study material. Read and skim through study Unit 1 in your study guide and refer to relevant chapters in your prescribed guide. Engage with discussion forums on my unisa and check announcements posted on myunisa, do this exercise every week until end of semester. 2 30 Jan05 Feb 23-29 Jul Read and skim through study Unit 2 in your study guide and refer to relevant chapters in your prescribed guide. Engage with discussion forums on my unisa and check announcements posted on myunisa, do this exercise every week until end of semester. 3 6-12 Feb 30 Jul-05 Aug Read and skim through study Unit 3&4 in your study guide and refer to relevant chapters in your prescribed guide 4 13-19 Feb 06-12 Aug Read and skim through study Unit 5 in your study guide and refer to relevant chapters in your prescribed guide. 5 20-26 Feb 13-19 Aug Read and skim through study Unit 6 in your study guide and refer to relevant chapters in your prescribed guide. 6 27 Feb-04 Mar 20-26 Aug Read and skim through study Unit 7 in your study guide and refer to relevant chapters in your prescribed guide. Prepare and submit assignment 01 to Unisa. 7 05-11 Mar 27 Aug- 02 Sep Study Unit 1& 2 in your study guide and consult 8 12-18 Mar 03 Sep- 09 Aug relevant chapters in your prescribed book again,, this time you must get in-depth knowledge of subject matter. Make notes and highlight important aspects as you go along. Make sure you answer all the review questions at the end of the study unit.

Week 10

Semester 1 Dates 19-25 Mar

Semester 2 Dates 10-16 Sep

Activity Study Unit 3 in your study guide and consult relevant chapters in your prescribed book again, this time you must get in-depth knowledge of subject matter. Make notes and highlight important aspects as you go along. Make sure you answer all the review questions at the end of the study unit Study Unit 4 & 5 in your study guide and consult relevant chapters in your prescribed book again, this time you must get in-depth knowledge of subject matter. Make notes and highlight important aspects as you go along. Make sure you answer all the review questions at the end of the study unit. Study Unit 6 & 7 in your study guide and consult relevant chapters in your prescribed book again, this time you must get in-depth knowledge of subject matter. Make notes and highlight important aspects as you go along. Make sure you answer all the review questions at the end of the study unit. Prepare and submit assignment 02 to Unisa. Do revision and prepare for exam; upload exam guidelines and memorandum from my unisa.

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26 Mar- 01 Apr

17-23 Sep

12

02-08 Apr

24-30 Sep

13 14 15

09-15 Apr 16-22 Apr 23 Apr-29 Apr

01-07 Oct 08-14 Oct 15-21 Oct

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK

There are no practicals for this module. Practical aspects of this module are covered in BCH2604 module.

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8.1

ASSESSMENT
Assessment plan

Calculation of year mark (continuous assessment mark) and final mark. The year mark will be the average percentage obtained for your two assignments. Your mark for the examination paper will be referred to as the examination mark. Your final mark will be calculated according to a prescribed ratio of 30:70, that is, 30% for the year mark and 70% for the examination mark. Subminima for the examination and for admittance to the supplementary exam A specified minimum mark (40%) must be obtained in the final examination; if you obtain less than 40% in the exam, your year mark will not count and therefore you will fail the module. You need a final mark of 50% to pass the module. In order to be admitted to the supplementary examination you need to obtain a subminimum of 40% for the final mark. The year mark will not contribute to the results of students writing a supplementary examination because they failed the main
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BCH2602/101/3/2012

examination, therefore the mark obtained in the supplementary exam will be the final exam mark. The year mark will however, contribute in the case of aegrotat examinations. In light of the abovementioned rules, it should be clear that it is in your own interest to perform well in your assignments to ensure that you obtain a good year mark. No concessions will be made to students who do not qualify for the examination. 8.2 General Assignment Information

Assignments provide a means of communication between student and lecturer. The aim of an assignment is not only to evaluate, but also to teach. Assignments require students to study the contents of the study guide and the prescribed book systematically. There are two compulsory assignments for this module. Assignment 01 constitutes of multiple choice questions and assignment 02 is written. 8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers A unique number is provided for each assignment. Make sure you fill in the correct unique assignment number for each assignment. Consult my Studies @ Unisa brochure. 8.2.2 Due dates of assignments BOTH assignments must be completed and submitted on or before the due date. Late submissions are not allowed they will be returned to you unmarked. Read further on Assignments in my Studies @ Unisa brochure. 8.3 Submission of assignments

Consult my Studies @ Unisa brochure.

EXAMINATIONS

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination preparation guidelines.

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SEMESTER 01 ASSINGMENTS

ASSIGNMENT 01 DUE DATE: 12 March 2012 [Unique assignment no: 221047] INSTRUCTIONS Write assignments for the semester that you are registered for (e.g. if you are registered for semester 01, write only semester 01 assignments and if you are registered for semester 02 write assignments for semester 02 only. It is advisable to keep a copy of your completed assignment. Refer to my Studies @ Unisa brochure for further information on how to fill in the mark reading sheet and to submit your completed assignment. Work through Study Units 1 to 7 of the study guide and consult the relevant chapters in the prescribed book. The unique mark-reading sheet number for this assignment is 221047. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW FOR ASSINMENT 01 1.1 Intermediary metabolism is the term applied to reactions that ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.2 degrade molecules synthesize large molecules such as proteins convert glucose to pyruvate involve low molecular weight metabolites

Which statement is false about ATP? 1. 2. 3. 4. Its concentration in a particular cell usually fluctuates very little. The concentration of ATP in cells is generally much lower than that of AMP. Its concentration is maintained in part by adenylate kinase. The intracellular concentration of ATP varies among cell types.

1.3

In order for a reaction to proceed spontaneously from left to right as written.. 1. 2. 3. 4. ATP must be involved in the reaction. a common intermediate must be formed. the overall free-energy change must be negative. a phosphate group must be transferred.

1.4

The glycolytic pathway oxidizes glucose to two molecules of pyruvate and also produces a net of two molecules of ATP. ATP allosterically inhibits the enzyme, PFK-1, that catalyzes the third step of glycolysis. This is an example of ________. 1 2 3 4 feed-forward activation feedback inhibition negative cooperativity competitive inhibition

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1.5 Which substance is a product of glycolysis, a precursor of gluconeogenesis and a precursor of the citric acid cycle? 1. 2. 3. 4. Glucose Pyruvate ATP Coenzyme A

1.6 Isozymes are enzymes.. 1. from one species that catalyze the same reaction. 2. from different species that catalyze the same reaction. 3. that have isomers as substrates. 4. that have products that are isomers. 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.8 an essential component of glycolysis for ATP production. converted to 3-phosphoglycerate with formation of ATP. essential for the efficient release of O2 from hemoglobin. a product of the enzyme phosphofructokinase.

1.7

Which of the following is not regulated in glycolysis? 1. 2. 3. 4. Pyruvate kinase Phosphoglycerate kinase Hexokinase PFK-1

1.9

Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise? 1. 2. 3. 4. Pyruvic acid Lactose dehydrogenase Lactate ion Lactic acid

1.10

Which applies to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

1. Inhibitor of pyruvate kinase 2. Product of PFK-1 catalyzed step in glycolysis 3. Isomer of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate 4. All of the above 1.11 A patient is found to be deficient in the enzyme galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Specifically due to this deficiency what might a doctor recommend? 1. 2. 3. 4. Avoid all strenuous exercise Eat a fat-free diet Increase intake of vitamin C Avoid ingestion of milk and milk

1.12

Gluconeogenesis is the ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. result of amylase activity formation of glycogen formation of starches formation of glucose from simple two and three-carbon precursors

1.13

The ________ is the site of most gluconeogenesis in mammals. 1. 2. 3. 4. liver pancreas cytosol of all cells small intestine

1.14

In the Cori cycle, gluconeogenesis occurs in ________ and glycolysis in ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. liver; muscle liver; liver muscle; muscle muscle; liver

1.15

During fasting, what role does gluconeogenesis play? 1. 2. 3. 4. Aids in the release of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver. Uses alanine to restore blood glucose levels. Produces products that slow the oxidation of pyruvate. Helps transport glucose across the blood-brain barrier to maintain brain glucose levels.

1.16

In eukaryotes the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found in the ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. cytosol mitochondria nucleus endoplasmic reticulum

1.17

The succinate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes________. 1. 2. 3. 4. the formation of a single hydrogen bond in the oxidation of succinate to fumarate the formation of a double bond in the oxidation of succinate to fumarate Both 1 and 2 are correct. None of the above.

1.18

The glyoxylate cycle is________. 1. 2. 3. 4. a catabolic pathway in plants and some microorganisms an anabolic pathway in plants and some microorganisms regarded as a shunt within the citric acid cycle Both 2 and 3 are correct.

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1.19

ATP synthase is located in the ________ of the mitochondrion. 1. 2. 3. 4. outer membrane inner membrane matrix intermembrane space

1.20

The chemiosmotic theory is a concept that ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. the transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes is by active transport explains how transport by facilitated diffusion reaches a saturation limit explains the blood-brain barrier a proton gradient that drives the formation of ATP

1.21

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate? 1. 2. 3. 4. Aldolase Citrate synthase Citrate isomerase Aconitase

1.22 Heat can be generated in the brown adipose tissue of hibernating mammals due to ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.23 increased ATP production by ATP synthase uncoupling by thermogenin a greater pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane by complex IV insufficient NADH production during the citric acid cycle due to less active pyruvate translocase. Eicosanoids are not like hormones in that they________. can alter blood flow act in the area where they are formed can mediate inflammation and swelling are chemically diverse

1. 2. 3. 4. 1.24

Another name for Complex II in the electron transport chain is________. 1. 2. 3. 4. cytochrome c oxidase NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase cytochrome bc1 complex succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase

1.25

Cytochrome oxidase is located in this complex________. 1. 2. 3. 4. Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV
TOTAL: (25 x 2) = 50

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ASSIGNMENT 02 DUE DATE 06 April 2012 [Unique assignment no: 325555] 1. Define the following: (a) Alcoholic fermentation (b) Glycosidic bond (c) Tautomers (d) Galactosemia (e) Gluocneogenesis (1x5=5)

2.

Disaccharides may be enzymatically converted to the constituent hexose sugars, give an example for each of the following: (2x3=6) 2.1 Sucrose 2.2 Lactose 2.3 Maltose Describe the difference between cellulose and starch? (4)

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Explain feed-forward regulation of a reaction with an appropriate example. Compare this mechanism of regulation to feed-back inhibition. (5) Metabolic reactions are regulated by a variety of regulatory mechanisms. Mention and discuss three (3) mechanisms. Give a clear example of each mechanism. (12) Describe the reactions that differentiate glycolysis from gluconeogenesis in terms of reversibility of both pathways. (9) Give the three primary fates of pyruvate. Outline the Cori cycle and explain its biological significance. (3) (8)

During the phosphoglucose isomerase reaction, the pyranose structure of glucose 6phosphate is converted into the furanose ring structure of fructose 6-phopsphate. Does this conversion require an additional enzyme? Explain. (6) The oxidation of a fatty acid with an even number of carbon atoms yields a number of molecules of acetyl CoA, whereas the oxidation of an odd-numbered fatty acid yields molecules of not only acetyl CoA but also propionyl CoA, which then gives rise to succinyl CoA. Why does only the oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acid lead to the net synthesis of oxaloacetate? (5) Describe what is meant by respiratory control. (2) Total= [65]

10.

11.

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SEMESTER 02 ASSINGMENTS

ASSIGNMENT 01 DUE DATE: 03 Sept 2012 [Unique assignment no: 278907] INSTRUCTIONS Write assignments for the semester that you are registered for (e.g. if you are registered for semester 01, write only semester 01 assignments and if you are registered for semester 02 write assignments for semester 02 only. It is advisable to keep a copy of your completed assignment. Refer to my Studies @ Unisa brochure for further information on how to fill in the mark reading sheet and to submit your completed assignment. Work through Study Units 1 to 7 of the study guide and consult the relevant chapters in the prescribed book. The unique mark-reading sheet number for this assignment is 278907. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW FOR ASSINGMENT 01 1.1 Levels of ATP and ADP are partly maintained in cells by________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.2 phosphoglucomutase the ADP concentration adenylate kinase equilibrium with dissolved oxygen

The conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase has a G' of -7.6 kJ/mol. Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 298 K and a pH of 7. (R = 8.315 J/K-mol). 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.3 0.003 0.047 1.00 21

Anabolic and catabolic reactions in eukaryotes can occur simultaneously in cells. This is possible because ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. they all occur in the cytosol the anabolic and catabolic pathways do not share any intermediate metabolites of the compartmentation of metabolites for the reactions of opposing pathways all catabolic reactions are exergonic and all anabolic reactions are endergonic

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1.4

The most biochemically complex organisms are ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. chemoheterotrophs photoheterotrophs heterotrophs autotrophs

1.5

Which statement is not true about catabolic pathways? 1. 2. 3. 4. They have a net release of energy. They have a net consumption of ATP. They liberate smaller molecules from larger ones. They include the citric acid cycle.

1.6

Ten people are sitting in a row. Their objective is to whisper a secret from one person to the next all the way down the row. The first person whispers the secret to the second person who passes the secret to the third person and so on. After whispering to the third person, the second person in the row notices the ninth person has fallen asleep in their chair, so she gets up, goes down the row and shakes person nine awake. This example is similar to ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. allosteric control positive cooperativity feed-forward activation negative modulation

1.7

Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction are called ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. isozymes complementary enzymes cofactors catalytes

1.8

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. lactate reductase pyruvate kinase lactoenolpyruvate lactate dehydrogenase

1.9

Under what situation might lactic acidosis occur? 1. 2. 3. 4. Lactate dehydrogenase is inactive. Transport of glucose into cells is accelerated. Oxygen supply to tissues is inadequate. PFK-1 is over-activated.

1.10

The genetic disorder galactosemia can cause ________ in infants. 1. 2. 3. 4. inability to properly digest milk due to its galactose content jaundice damage to the nervous system All of the above.

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1.11

Glucose is stored as ________ in bacteria and animals. 1. 2. 3. 4. glucagon starch glycogen NADPH

1.12 The sequence of glucose oxidation to lactate in peripheral tissues, delivery of lactate to the liver, formation of glucose from lactate in the liver, and delivery of glucose back to peripheral tissues is known as the ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. glyoxylate cycle Krebs cycle Cori cycle gluconeogenesis cycle

1.13 Deficiencies in G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in humans causes________. 1. 2. 3. 4. varying degrees of hemolytic anemia increased resistance to malaria lack of NADPH in many cells Both 1 and 2 are correct.

1.14 The major regulatory step of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by which enzyme? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.15 Transaldolase Phosphofructokinase-1 Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase

What is the prosthetic group of transketolase? 1. 2. 3. 4. Thiamine pyrophosphate Biotin Pyridoxal phosphate NAD+

1.16

Glycogen degradation occurs in________. 1. 2. 3. 4. muscle liver muscle and liver brain cells

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1.17 Protein kinase A, which stimulates glycogen degradation, is activated directly by________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.18 glucagon insulin epinephrine cyclic AMP

Which statement is false about glucagon? 1. 2. 3. 4. It forms a protein scaffold for glycogen. It is a hormone that contains 29 amino acids. Elevated levels are associated with a fasting state. It is produced in the pancreas.

1.19

The enzyme pyruvate translocase is located ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. in the cytosol in the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial matrix in the endoplasmic reticulum

1.20

Which cofactor is not used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? 1. 2. 3. 4. Lipoamide Thiamine pyrophosphate FAD QH2

1.21

What type of reaction is the conversion of fumarate to malate? 1. 2. 3. 4. Oxidative decarboxylation Hydration Dehydrogenation Condensation

1.22

Which enzyme is the same in both the pyruvate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate complexes? 1. 2. 3. 4. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Aconitase Pyruvate decarboxylase The two complexes have no components that are similar.

1.23

Which is not produced by the citric acid cycle? 1. 2. 3. 4. NADH FMN CO2 QH2

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1.24

Which statement is true about lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase? 1. Both enzymes are highly specific for their own substrates. 2. A single amino acid change can convert lactate dehydrogenase to a malate dehydrogenase. 3. The naturally occurring enzymes do not have much sequence similarity, but do have closely related three-dimensional structures. 4. All of the above.

1.25

The chemiosmotic theory explains________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the phosphorylation of ADP the electron transport chain the differences between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes the source of energy for formation of mitochondrial ATP TOTAL: (25 x 2) = 50

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ASSIGNMENT 02 DUE DATE 01 Oct 2012 [Unique assignment no: 300114]

1.

Define the following: (a) Anomer (b) Uncoupler (c) Glycolipid (d) Peptidoglycan (e) Reducing sugar

(1x5=5)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

There are three (3) major control site in glycolysis, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate plays a role in one control site. Mention the control site and the mechanism of regulation involved. (5) Explain the meaning of induction and repression in relation to control of metabolism. Explain how the glyoxylate cycle differs from the TCA cycle. (4) (5)

Discuss the effects of insulin and glucagon on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism. (15) FADH2 generated by the succinate-Q-reductase complex participate in electron transport it is not free to diffuse from the enzyme complex? Does the oxidation of succinate transport protons? (5) Yeast can grow both aerobically and anaerobically on glucose. Explain why the rate of glucose consumption decreases when yeast cells that have been maintained under anaerobic conditions are exposed to oxygen. (8) Explain the roles of protein kinase A and calmodulin in the control of phosphorylase kinase in the muscle. (5) What two properties make triacylglycerols more efficient than glycogen for the storage of metabolic energy? (4) Explain the involvement of carnitine in the oxidation of fatty acid. The citric acid cycle is not always a cycle. Explain. (6) (3)

7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

Total= [65]

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