RFID BASED MUSIUM GUIDE FOR TOURISTS

ABSTRACT
RFID enabled tour assistant is expected to replace tourist guides to an extent. Its a voice enabled device that speaks out as the tourist is traveling from places to places (museum). When the tourist is standing near major landmarks, it will detect the RFID tag and will play an audio clip relevant to that location. This is achieved by placing a RFID receiver with the tourist (palm device). as soon as the palm device comes in the vicinity id the RF tag the microcontroller receives the RF tag unique id from the receiver and matches it with it's own data base. If match occurs the microcontroller will play an audio clip relevant to that statue/painting. Audio files are tagged with location coordinates and a tolerance range. In a particular location, the file that matches the tolerance range are played. The buzzer is used to give audio indication and the information related to a particular object is displayed on LCD. An RFID module basically consists of two parts, namely, a tag and a reader. A typical RFID system consists of an antenna, a transceiver and a transponder (RF tag). The radio frequency is read by the transceiver and the information is transferred to a device for further processing. The information (the unique serial number) to be transmitted is stored in the RF tag or transponder. The transponder contains a chip and an antenna mounted on a substrate. The chip transmits the relevant information through antenna. The antenna also receives the electromagnetic waves sent by the RFID reader. Different RFID tags work on different frequencies. Here low frequency, 125 kHz, RFID tags have been used. These tags work within a range of 10 cm. When an RFID tag comes in this range, the reader detects it

and sends a unique code of the tag serially. This serial code, consisting of 12 bytes, is received by the microcontroller

INTRODUCTION
Embedded systems have grown tremendously in recent years, not only in their popularity but also in their complexity. Gadgets are increasingly becoming intelligent and autonomous. Refrigerators, air-conditioners, automobiles, mobile phones etc are some of the common examples of devices with built in intelligence. These devices function based on operating and environmental parameters. The intelligence of smart devices resides in embedded systems. An embedded system, in general, in co-operates hardware, operating systems, low-level software binding the operating system and peripheral devices, and communication software to enable the device to perform the pre-defined functions. An embedded system performs a single, well-defined task, is tightly cons system executes a specific program repeatedly. For example, a pager is always a pager. In contrast a desktop system executes a variety of programs like spreadsheets, word processors, etc. However there are exceptions where in an embedded systems program is updated with newer program versions. Cell phones are examples

design metrics but those on embedded systems can be especially tight. A design metric is a measure of embedded systems must continually react to changes in the systems environment and must compute certain results in real time without delay.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER

Basically, a microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of the components of a microprocessor system onto a single microchip. So a microcontroller combines onto the same microchip. The following components: CPU Core M)

The microprocessor is the integration of a number of useful functions into a single IC package. Has the ability to execute a stored set of instructions to carry out user defined tasks; also has ability to access external memory chips to both read and write data from and to the memory. Essentially, a microcontroller is obtained by integrating the key components of microprocessor, RAM, ROM, and Digital I/O onto the same chip die. Modern microcontrollers also contain a wealth of other modules such as Serial I/O, Timers, and Analogue to Digital Converters. There are a large number of specialized devices with additional modules for specific needs. E.g. CAN controllers.

MICROCONTOLLER ( AT89S52 )

FEATURES Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 256Bytes Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines 3 16-bit Timer/Counters Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable flash one monolithic chip; the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful micro controller, which provides a highly flexible and cost- effective solution to many embedded control applications.

PIN DIAGRAM

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) BASICS

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a system that facilitates the tracking of objects, primarily for inventory tracking, via a three-part technology comprised of a reader, a transceiver with decoder and a transponder (RF Tag). RFID is a wireless system that works in conjunction with an organizations information technology infrastructure to improve business processes such as inventory management and efficiency in supply chain management. The RFID is not a new technology. For example, the principles of RFID were employed by the British in World War II to identify their aircraft using the IFF system (Identify Friend or Foe). Later, work on access control that is more closely related to modern RFID, was carried at Los Alamos National Laboratories during the 1960s, RFID tags incorporated in employee badges enabled automatic identification of people to limit access to secure areas, and had the additional advantage that it made the badges hard to forge. For many years this technology has been adopted in various domains, such as to identify animals, make toys interactive, improve car-key designs, label airline luggage, time marathon runners, prevent theft, enable automatic toll-way billing (smart tag), and many forms of ID badge for access control. Today, it is even being applied to validate money and passports, and as a tamper safeguard for product packing.

Advantages of RFID
a. No line of sight requirement. b. The tag can stand a harsh environment. c. Long read range. Larger area of coverage up to several feet. d. Portable database e. Multiple tag read/write. f. Tracking people, items, and equipment in realtime. Non-line of sight identification of tags g. Unattended operations are possible, minimizing human errors and high cost. h. Ability to identify moving elements that have tags embedded. i. Can be used in diverse environments, including live stock, military, and scientific

areas. j. RFID can be used in addition to Bar Code. These two technologies can be complementing each other. k. Automatic integration with back end software solutions provide end to end integration of data in real time. l. Labor reduction m. Enchanced visibility and forecasting n. Improved inventory management. o. Simultaneous automatic reading.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5V C1 .1MFD .1MFD C2 5V

5V JP1 1 2 6 8 11 13 9 1 16 DS2E-S-DC5V 12V VOUT

GND

LS1
4 5V C3 D2 1N4001 1 2 3 R3 10K BC548 U13 L7812/TO220 1 VIN 2 C7 Y1 30PF Q1 10MFD 1N4007 D3 100K R2

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32

P0.0/AD0 P0.1/AD1 P0.2/AD2 P0.3/AD3 P0.4/AD4 P0.5/AD5 P0.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7

40 VCC

<HIGH ADDRESS> P2.0/A8 P2.1/A9 P2.2/A10 P2.3/A11 P2.4/A12 P2.5/A13 P2.6/A14 P2.7/A15 P3.0/RXD P3.1/TXD P3.2/INTO P3.3/INT1 P3.4/TO P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD PSEN 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 29 30 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15

<LOWER ADDRESS> D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 3 4 7 8 13 14 17 18

U3 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D 8D 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 5Q 6Q 7Q 8Q 2 5 6 9 12 15 16 19 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 U4 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 25 24 21 23 2 26 1 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 28 VCC D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

<ADDR/DATABUS> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

P1.0/T2 P1.1/T2-EX P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7

11 1 LE OE 20 .1MFD VCC 74HC373 5V

1N4007 C5

11.059MHZ C8 5V 5V
14

19 18 XTAL1 9 XTAL2 RST 31

ALE/PROG

EA/VPP GND AT89C52 20 1 2

5V
14

20 22 CE 27 OE WE VSS 14 HM62256

JP2 3 2 1 U12 L7805/TO220 1 VIN

GND

5V 6

1 2 6 4 5 74HC20 74HC20 K0 K1 K2 K3
7

U9A 5V 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 U6 1A1 1A2 1A3 1A4 2A1 2A2 2A3 2A4 1Y1 1Y2 1Y3 1Y4 2Y1 2Y2 2Y3 2Y4 18 16 14 12 9 7 5 3 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 2 5V 5 C12 .1MFD
7

VOUT

74HC14 U10A 14

+ 100MFD .1MFD

1 3 2 5V 7 74HC08 U5 1 2 A 3 B C 4 3 2 1 TO RFID .1MFD 5V Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 GND Y4 6 Y5 4 G1 Y6 5 G2A G2B VCC Y7 74LS138 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 7 1

14

14

.1MFD

1 19 1G 2G 74LS244
1

GND 10 VCC 20

2 7 74HC14
7

JP3

74HC14 14 5V .1MFD
2

5V D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 3 4 7 8 13 14 17 18 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D 8D 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 5Q 6Q 7Q 8Q 2 5 6 9 12 15 16 19 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 K4 K5 K6 GND 10

5V

11 1 LE OE 20 5V VCC 74HC373 .1MFD

JP4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5V LCD DISPLAY 5V K0 K1 K2 K3 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 4 3 2 1

KEY BOARD <DISPLAY DATA> K4 K5 K6 3 2 1

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY
As the microcontroller operating voltage is +5V DC. Through this power supply circuit we have to create a +5V DC which is given to the micro controller. The below components are used to create the power supply

230V AC supply is given to the step down transformer of 12A type. It may be a 230V to 9V or 12V step down transformer. The output of the step down transformer is given to bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier is formed with 1N4007 diodes. The bridge rectifier converts the AC Voltage into DC Voltage. But the output DC Voltage contains some AC component (ripples). So we use a capacitors-2200uF/25V, 0.1uF/D and resistor of 10K as a filter for removing ripples. That output DC Voltage is given to the positive voltage regulator LM7805 (i.e., 78 represents the positive series and 5 represent the output voltage it can provide). So the output of the regulator will be the regulated +5V DC. To indicate the condition of the circuit we place a LED at the end Regulator Filter Bridge rectifier Step down transformer 230V AC Supply of the circuit.

VOLTAGE REGULATORS Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. IC Voltage Regulators Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in

dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other. For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 11 I/O lines. For a 4-bit data bus it only requires the supply lines plus seven extra lines. When the LCD display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller. Address locations for a 2x16 line LCD SIGNALS TO THE LCD The LCD also requires 3 control lines from the microcontroller: 1) Enable (E) This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS lines. When this line is low, the LCD is disabled and ignores signals from R/W and RS. When (E) line is high, the LCD checks the state of the two control lines and responds accordingly. 2) Read/Write (R/W) This line determines the direction of data between the LCD and microcontroller. When it is low, data is written to the LCD. When it is high, data is read from LCD. 3) Register select (RS) With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on data lines. When it is low, an instruction is being written to the LCD. When it is high, a character is being written to LCD.

UART

Atmel microcontroller features a full duplex (separate receive and transmit registers) Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART). The main features are: Baud rate generator that can generate a large number of baud rates (bps) High baud rates at low XTAL frequencies 8 or 9 bits data Noise filtering Computer UART driver Microcontroller Noise filtering Overrun detection Framing Error detection False Start Bit detection Three separate interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty and RX Complete. The alternative function of portd0, portd1 is UART. Portd0 is the receiver pin and portd1 is the transmitter pin. Here we are using IC MAX232 as a UART driver. This micro controller board contains max232 IC which is used as a voltage converter.

RESET CIRCUIT

Reset pin is used in the controller board in order to bring back the controller to the initial position. The reset circuit will be in the following manner: Reset circuit contains one zener diode which operates in reverse bias, one tic-tac switch, one tantalum capacitor and one resistor. Vcc is the supply of +5V which we are giving to the controller board. This supply passes through the zener diode to the controller through pin no. 9. The reset pin here works in active low position. Active low means that whenever we are providing the supply, it will go to the controller.

When we are grounding the circuit once, it shows the reset operation. Now, in this circuit, when we press the reset button (tic-tac switch), then the supply will be grounded which means that the supply has been stopped and when we release the switch the controller comes to the initial position. Tantalum capacitor is used here in order to protect the controller from the spike voltages caused due to the sudden change in the voltage when we press and release the tic-tac switch.

VOICE MODULE

APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their natural form. It eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often introduce distortion. The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording, non-volatile storage, and playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The device supports both random and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample rates are user-selectable, allowing designers to customize their design for unique quality and storage time needs. Integrated output amplifier, microphone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatly simplify system design. The device is ideal for use in portable voice recorders, toys, and many other consumer and industrial applications. APLUS integrated achieves these high levels of storage capability by using its proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implemented in an advanced Flash non-volatile memory process, where each memory cell can store 256 voltage levels. This technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their natural form.

CONCLUSION
The project RFID Based Museum Guide For Tourists has been successfully completed and tested with Integration of the features of every hardware component for its development. Presence of every block has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. The project was finished using very simple and easily available components making it lightweight and portable. This helps tourists to move in any premises of museum with the help of RFID Technology. The voice chip module is also interfaced for audio playback for the recorded voice messages relevent to particular object. I believe that our step is towards complete automated guidance system for tourists. Finally I can conclude that this project application gives a very good features and there is huge scope for further research and development for using the same with the help of advanced technology.

BILL OF MATERIALS
Item Quantity Description Price

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 1 2 5 1 1 1 6

CAPACITOR 0.1uf CAPACITOR 1uF/16V CAPACITOR 33PF CAPACITOR 10uF/25V CAPACITOR 22uF/25 CAPACITOR 2200/16V CAPACITOR 100/16V DIODE 1N4007

5 8 8 12 5 12 10 6

10PIN SHOWEDED HEADER WITH CABLE

200

10

3 PIN SHOWDED HEADER WITH CABLE

150

11

15PIN SHOWEDED HEADER WITH CABLE

250

12

2PIN SHOWEDED HEADER WITH CABLE

120

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

RESISTOR 47K RESISTOR 1K RESISTOR 100K RESISTOR 10K 20PIN MM74HC373 HM62256 AT89C52 74HC14 MAX232 LM7805C/TO220 CRYSTAL 11.059 MHZ

1 1 1 1 100 60 100 30 50 20 20

COMPONENTS OUTSIDE PCB

1 2 3 4 5

1 1 7 1 1

TRANSFORMER 9-0-9 \1A LCD DISPLAY (16Chr. X 2 Line) IC sockets(round type strip) 2 pin AC cord DB9 CONNECTOR (Female)

200 600 525 150 200

Total cost

3328

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) P. Bahl and V. N. Padmanabhan, RADAR: An In-Building RF-based User Location and Tracking System, in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2000, pp. 775784.

2) P. Krishnan, A. S. Krishnakumar , Wen-Hua Ju , Colin Mallows , Sachin Ganu A System for LEASE: Location Estimation Assisted by Stationary Emitters for Indoor RF Wireless Networks, IEEE INFOCOM 2004, March 7-11, 2004, Hong Kong. 3) Leonard E. Miller, Indoor Navigation for First Responders: A Feasibility Study, Technical Report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, February 2006. 4) Hirohiko Ohkubo, Seiji Kitakaze, Yo Fujishima, Naoto Watanabe, Minoru Kamata, Integrated Way Finding/Guidance system using GPS/IR/RFID with mobile device, Technology & Persons with Disabilities Conference, March 14-19, 2005, Los Angeles. 5) S. Willis, S. Helal, RFID information grid for blind navigation and wayfinding, in Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2005 18-21 Oct. 2005. 6) Jongwhoa Na, The Blind Interactive Guide System Using RFID-Based Indoor Positioning System, in Computers Helping People with Special Needs, LNCS Volume 4061, ISBN 978-3-540-36020-9, 2006. 7) www.atmel.com for ATMega8515 micro controller