Baseband Pulse Transmission Intersymbol Interference and Nyquists Criterion

Cheng Chia-Hsin Department of Information & Communication Engineering Chaoyang University of Technology

2008/10/26

ISI & Nyquist's Criterion

Intersymbol Interference
Motivations z The next source of bit errors in a baseband-pulse transmission system that we wish to study is intersymbol interference (ISI). z In practical, the communication channel is bandlimited () and dispersive (). z Hence, the ISI often is arisen in the practical communication systems. z The baseband transmission of digital data is assumed to be discrete pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) in this material.

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ISI & Nyquist's Criterion

Intersymbol Interference
Baseband binary PAM () z Suppose the incoming binary sequence {bk} consists of symbols 1 and 0, each of duration Tb. z Polar form +1, if symbol bk is 1 ak = 1, if symbol bk is 0

x s (t )

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ISI & Nyquist's Criterion

Intersymbol Interference
z The signal at the source output is
Time-domian Signal

xs (t ) =

k =

a (t kT )
k b

Bit duration

z The transmitted signal is given by

s (t ) =

k =

a (t kT ) g (t ) = a g (t kT )
k b k = k b

z The channel introduces additional filtering, which is imposed by a filter with transfer function H(f) and additive Gaussian noise represented by w(t).

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ISI & Nyquist's Criterion

Intersymbol Interference
z Thus the channel output, or received input, is given by

x(t ) = x0 (t ) + w(t ) where x0 (t ) = s (t ) h(t )

z The receiver consists of a filter with transfer function C(f) and impulse response of c(t), a sampler, and a decision device. z The comparison threshold can be set at zero because of the symmetry of the data and noise amplitude distributions about zero. z The output of the receiver filter, denoted by y(t), is given by (the derivation is summarized in the next slider)

y (t ) = k ak p(t kTb ) + n(t )

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Intersymbol Interference
y (t ) = x(t ) c(t ) = [ x0 (t ) + w(t )] c(t ) = [ s (t ) h(t ) + w(t ) ] c (t )
Receiver input

= xs (t ) g (t ) h(t ) c(t ) + w(t ) c(t )

= k ak (t kTb ) g (t ) h(t ) c(t ) + w(t ) c(t ) = k ak (t kTb ) p(t ) + w(t ) c(t ) = k ak p(t kTb ) + n(t )

n(t ) = w(t ) c(t ) where p (t ) = g (t ) h(t ) c(t )

is a scale factor chosen such that p(0) = 1, n (t) is the noise component at the
receiver filter output, and p(t) is the pulse shape at the receiver filter output.

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ISI & Nyquist's Criterion

Intersymbol Interference
z The receiver output y(t) is sampled at time ti = iTb (with i taking on integer values), yielding
i.e., the desired signal is a

y (ti ) = ak p [ (i k )Tb ] + n(ti )

k =

= ai + ak p [ (i k )Tb ] + n(ti )
k = k i

The contribution of the ith transmitted bit. 1. 2.

AWGN noise sample

The residual effect of all other transmitted bits on the detection of the ith bit. This residual effect due to the occurrence of pulse before and after the sampling instant ti is called intersymbol interference (ISI)
ISI & Nyquist's Criterion 7

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Intersymbol Interference
desired signal

s (t ) = ak g (t kTb )
k

x0 (t ) = s (t ) h(t )

y (ti ) = ai + ak p [ (i k )Tb ] + n(ti )

k = k i

6 444 7 444 8

ISI

2444444 3 1444444

1 4 4 244 3

p (t ) = g (t ) h(t ) c(t )
x(t ) = x0 (t ) + w(t )

y (t ) = k ak p (t kTb ) + n(t )
No ISI

1, i = k p [ (i k )Tb ] = 0, i k
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i.e., p (0) = 1

Intersymbol Interference
z In the absence of both ISI and noise, we observe from the previous result that

y (ti ) = ai
which shows that, under these ideal conditions, the ith transmitted bit is decoded correctly. z The unavoidable presence of ISI and noise in the system, however, introduces errors in the decision device at the receiver output. z Therefore, in the design of the transmit and receive filters, the objective is to minimize the effects of noise and ISI and thereby deliver the digital data to their destination with the smallest error rate possible. z In the following sections, we wish to determine the pulse waveform p(t) for which the ISI is completely eliminated.

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ISI & Nyquist's Criterion

Nyquists Criterion
Designing for zero ISI: Nyquists pulse-shaping criterion z Since the channel is fixed, the goal is to choose G(f) and C(f) to minimize the combined effects of ISI and noise on the decision process. z The effects of ISI can be completely negated if it is possible to obtain a received pulse shape, p(t), with the property 1, n = 0 p (nTb ) = 0, n 0
z Nyquists pulse-shaping criterion: If P(f) = F [p(t)] satisfies the condition

then

k 1 + = P f T , f T b 2Tb k = b

1, n = 0 p (nTb ) = 0, n 0
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For example : k = 0 1 P ( f ) = Tb , f 2Tb

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Nyquists Criterion
z Proof: Break the inverse Fourier transform integral for p(t) up into contiguous intervals of length 1/T hertz. z This results in the summation
p (t ) t = nT = P ( f )e j 2 ft df

k =

1 2T

(2 k +1) 2T

(2 k 1) 2T

P( f ) exp( j 2 fnT ) df

k ( ) exp( j 2 nTu )du + P u = 1 2T T k = =T

1 2T 1 2T

exp( j 2 nTu )du = sinc( n)

1, n = 0 = 0, n 0
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Nyquists Criterion
Ideal Nyquist channel z The simplest way of satisfying Nyquists criterion is to specify the frequency P(f) to be in the form of a rectangular function, as shown by
1 2W , W < f < W P( f ) = f >W 0, 1 f rect = 2W 2W R 1 where W = b = 2 2Tb
W (BW) Rb BWRb/2
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p (t ) =

sin(2 Wt ) 2 Wt = sinc(2Wt )

Nyquists Criterion
An example

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ISI & Nyquist's Criterion

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Nyquists Criterion
Practical considerations z Although the use of the ideal Nyquist channel does indeed achieve economy in bandwidth in that it solves the problem of zero intersymbol interference with the minimum bandwidth possible, z there are two practical difficulties that make it an undesirable objective for system design: 1. It requires that the magnitude characteristic of P(f) be flat form W to W and zero elsewhere. This is physically unrealizable because of the abrupt transitions at the band edges W. 2. The function p(t) decreases as 1/|t| for large |t|, resulting in a slow rate of decay. This also caused by the discontinuity of P(f) at W. Accordingly, there is practically no margin of error in sampling times in the receiver.

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Nyquists Criterion
The effect of timing error z Consider the sample of y(t) at t = t, where t is the timing error. z To simplify the exposition, the correct sampling time ti is assumed to be zero. z In the absence of noise
y (t ) = ak p (t kTb )
k

y (t ) = ak p(t kTb )
k

= ak
k

sin [ 2 W (t kTb ) ] 2 W (t kTb )

(1) k ak sin(2 W t ) = a0sinc(2W t ) + k (2W t k )

k 0

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Nyquists Criterion
Raised cosine spectrum z We may overcome the practical difficulties encountered with the ideal Nyquist channel by extending the bandwidth from the minimum value W = Rb/2 to an adjustable value between W and 2W. z The overall frequency response P(f) to satisfy a condition more elaborate than that for the ideal Nyquist channel
P ( f ) + P ( f 2W ) + P( f + 2W ) = 1 , 2W W f W

z A particular form of P(f) that embodies many desirable features is provided by a raised cosine spectrum ()
1 2W , ( f W ) P ( f ) = 1 4W 1 sin , 2W 2 f1 0,
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0 f < f1 f1 f < 2W f1 f 2W f1
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Nyquists Criterion
z For the rolloff factor = 0.5 or 1, the function P(f) cuts off gradually as compared with the ideal Nyquist channel ( = 0). f z Therefore, it is easier to implement in practice. = 1 1 W z The time response p(t) is the inverse Fourier transform

cos(2Wt ) p (t ) = ( sinc(2Wt ) ) 2 2 2 1 16 W t
This factor reduces the tails of the pulse considerably below that obtained from the ideal Nyquist channel, so that the transmission of binary waves using such pulses relatively insensitive to sampling time errors.

Characterizing the ideal Nyquist channel which ensures zero crossings of p(t) at the desired sampling instants of time t = iT.

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Nyquists Criterion
Frequency response flat portion = 1 = 1
2 f1 = W W 2

Time response

rolloff portion

f =W = 1 1 W

insensitive to sampling time errors

f = 1 1 W BT = 2W f1 = W (1 + )
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is called the rolloff factor; it indicates excess

bandwidth over the ideal solution, W. The transmission bandwidth
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Nyquists Criterion
Full-cosine rolloff characteristic z The special case with = 1. f1 = 0 1 P ( f ) = 4W 0, p(t ) = f + 1 cos 2W , 0 < f < 2W f 2W

sinc(4Wt ) 1 16W 2t 2

z At t = Tb/2 = 1/4W, p(t) = 0.5; that is, the pulse width measured at half amplitude is exactly equal to the bit duration Tb. z There are zero crossings at t = 3Tb/2, 5Tb/2, in addition to the usual zero crossings at the sampling times t = Tb, 2Tb,
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Nyquists Criterion
Example bandwidth requirement of the T1 system z T1 carrier system is used to multiplex 24 independent voice inputs, based on an 8-bit PCM word. z It is shown that the bit duration of the resulting time-division multiplexed signal (including a framing bit) is Tb = 0.647 s
Rb = 1.544 Mbps

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Nyquists Criterion
z Assuming the use of an ideal Nyquist channel, it follows that the minimum transmission bandwidth BT of the T1 system is (for = 0)

BT = W =

1 = 772 kHz 2Tb

z However, a more realistic value for the necessary transmission bandwidth is obtained by using a full-cosine rolloff characteristic with = 1. z In this case, we find that

BT = W (1 + ) = 2W =

1 = 1.544 MHz Tb

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