COST C26: Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events

WG2 Meeting in Timisoara, 26-27 October, 2007

Characteristics of strong ground motion records in Romania

D. Lungu, C. Arion, A. Aldea and R. Vacareanu Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest

Strong motion modeling

Physical process of wave generation in source to propagation from source to site
Radiation from source Attenuation in Crust and Mantle Amplification at site

Local site Engineering Deep bedrock basin Crust and Mantle Seismic bedrock basement source

The unusual nature of the ground motion and the extent and distribution of the structural damage have important bearing on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States. Jennings & Blume, NRC & EERI Report

World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Mnich Re, 1998 indicates for Bucharest: Large city with Mexico-city effect

"Nowhere else in the world is a center of population so exposed to earthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source" Charles Richter. 15 March 1977, Letter to the Romanian government

Seismicity of Vrancea subcustral source (60-180 km) in Carpathian Mountains

Ukraine Hungary East-European plate Intra-Alpine subplate

Vrancea source

Rep. of Moldova

Bucharest Yugoslavia Moesian subplate Bulgaria

Black Sea subplate Black Sea

Seismic zones in Romania and epicenters of earthquakes (984 to 2007)

1000 yr catalogue of Vrancea earthquakes

Major historical events and major earthquakes in the XX century

Event 1802, 1829, 1838, 1940, 1977, 1986, October 26 November 20 June 23 November 10 March 4 August 30

Epicentral intensity Io >9 8 8 9 8/9 7/8

Focus depth. km

Moment magnitude Mw 7.9

Obs Largest Vrancea event ever occurred

150 109 133

7.7 7.5 7.2

Largest seismic losses ever experienced

Romania Seismic networks

March 4, 1977 seismic station INCERC Bucharest

Station INCERC O Comp. NS Z EW PGA cm/s 194.9 105.8 162.3 Tc s 1.40s 1.20s 0.89s

First strong ground motion recorded in Romania

3.50 3.00

March 4, 1977, INCERC Station in Bucharest NS comp.

Normalized SA

2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

Period, s

High dynamic amplification at long periods, dangerous for high-rise buildings, that makes Bucharest the most dangerous capital city of Europe

32 tall buildings completely collapsed

Elastic response spectra for INCERC N-S77 record

700 600 500 SA , cm/s
2

INCERC N-S'77

=0,05

400 300 200 100 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T,s

ADRS
700

150 125 SV , cm/s 100 75

TC=1,34s

INCERC N-S'77

=0,05
600 500 SA , cm/s

INCERC N-S'77

=0,05

50 25 0 0.0
50 40

TD=1,90s
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T,s

400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 SD , cm 25 30 35 40

TC=1,34s TD=1,90s

INCERC N-S'77

=0,05

SD , cm

30 20 10 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T,s

The recorded maximum peak ground acceleration in Romania during 1977, 1986 and 1990 Vrancea earthquakes
ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes
N W S E

21 48

22

23

24

Ukraine 25

26

27

28

29

Hungary

Botosani
# #

11.5

PGA, cm/s2 0 - 75 75 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 300

Satu-Mare

Republic of Moldova
Krasnogorka Chisinau
& #

Moldova
Iasi

146.4
47
#

t Pru

82.0

212.8

&

Dochia Cris Cluj-Napoca

# % %

Oradea Seismic stations with free-field records:

# % $ & &

50.9
Bacau

132.0
Barlad
# #

INCERC network INFP network GEOTEC network R. of Moldova network Bulgaria network March 4, 1977 Mw=7.5 h=109 km Aug.30, 1986 Mw=7.2 h=133 km May 30, 1990 Mw=7.0 h=91 km

Transilvania Banat
Mures Timisoara
#

168.6 232.1 # Adjud 86.6

Olt

Onesti

46

1990 157.2 # Focsani # Surduc 1940 %

% $

Vrancioaia

&

Cahul

136.6

Muntele Rosu Vidra Lotru

$

97.2

Vidraru Arges
$

14.3

# Valenii de Munte
Campina #

79.1

1986 Ramnicu Sarat #

#

297.1

1977 Istrita
%

158.6

Carcaliu

26.1
Pitesti

186.9 #
#

164.0 Tulcea # % 93.6

Baia

61.5
45
#

109.4 Valahia 219.8

Calarasi
# # Otopeni Branesti # #

Ploiesti

45.8 208.6

Bolintin Vale
#

223.8

Peris#

90.8 # Dobrogea
Fetesti Cernavoda
#

Craiova
#

Bucuresti 150.8 194.9

100.4 #

107.1

Constanta

Mw - moment magnitude h - focus depth 44

Yugoslavia Danube
#

Black Sea

Turnu Magurele

Giurgiu 114.1 # & Ruse112.4

Epicenters of strong #
Vrancea events (Mw > 6.9)

112.2 Bulgaria
200 Kilometers
Provadia 48.2
&

Shabla 32.9 & Kavarna 36.2

&

Varna
&

33.6

Lungu, Aldea, 1999

100

100

ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.

Bucharest Seismic networks

Seismic instrumentation for site response studies in Bucharest

Depth of sensor Depth of No. Site in shallow sensor in deep Type of equipment borehole, m borehole, m 1 UTCB Tei UTC1 free field -28 -78 2 UTCB Pache UTC2 1 storey building -28 -66 3 NCSRR/INCERC INC 1 storey building -24 -153 4 Civil Protection Hdq. PRC 1 storey building -28 -68 K2 + FBA-23DH 5 Piata Victoriei VIC free field -28 -151 (Kinemetrics) 6 City Hall PRI free field -28 -52 7 Municipal Hospital SMU free field -30 -70 GSR24+AC23 DH 8 UTCB Plevnei UTC3 free field -30 (Geosig) Station Surface sensor ID location

Bucharest - Location of borehole instrumented sites

Borehole seismic instrumentation
Surface and borehole cables

Free field

Altus K2 accelerometer

Shallow borehole 2430m

Deep borehole 60153m

Borehole sensor

Borehole sensor

20th BRD - Socit Gnrale bank headquarters RC structure, 2002

Free field borehole
Acc. (cm/s/s) 70 0 -70 70 0 -70 30

19 storeys
Acceleration Top - transv. (peak:- 69.4 cm/s/s)

Acc. (cm/s/s)

Basement - transv. (peak: 36.9 cm/s/s)

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 Time (sec)

110

120

130

140

150

27 October, 2004 seismic event

B3

Characteristics of the horizontal components of motions recorded by NCSRR seismic station BLD1
- 10 July 2004, Mw=4.3, h=150km, - 27 Sept. 2004, Mw=4.6, h=166km, - 27 Oct. 2004, Mw=6.0, h=99km, - 14 May 2005, Mw=5.2, h=144km, - 18 June 2005, Mw=5.0, h=135km, - 8 Sept. 2005, Mw=4.3, h=140km.
PA, 2 cm/s 07/10/2004 09/27/2004 10/27/2004 05/14/2005 06/18/2005 09/08/2005 SNS SEW SNS SEW SNS SEW SNS SEW SNS SEW SNS SEW 1.61 2.03 8.59 7.62 22.26 26.12 5.65 6.33 6.99 6.89 0.59 1.29 Tc, s 0.23 0.29 0.22 0.30 0.31 0.41 0.25 0.28 0.29 0.33 0.31 0.30 Td, s 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.62 0.78 1.18 0.69 0.46 0.63 0.44 0.38 EPA, 2 cm/s 1.36 1.57 5.85 7.13 22.57 24.66 3.90 4.89 5.58 5.36 0.60 0.99 EPV, cm/s 0.05 0.07 0.20 0.34 1.13 1.62 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.03 0.05 EPD, cm 0.003 0.004 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.20 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.002 0.003 f10, Hz 3.03 2.54 2.64 2.25 1.46 1.46 2.64 1.76 2.44 1.76 2.64 2.64 f50, Hz 5.08 4.49 4.98 4.39 3.13 3.71 4.59 4.49 4.39 3.81 4.10 3.42 f90, Hz 9.96 9.08 8.11 7.62 8.30 8.79 10.06 8.30 7.62 7.91 10.06 7.91 f90-f10, Hz 6.93 6.54 5.47 5.37 6.84 7.32 7.42 6.54 5.18 6.15 7.42 5.27

Bucharest. Aug. 30, 1986 Shake map for PGA

BU CU R ES TI TIR VIIL G OV OR IS T

Bucharest. Aug. 30, 1986 Microzonation of control period Tc

BU CU R ES TI TIR GO VIS T

Y 219.8 #
Otopeni
E

0.67 Otopeni
E

Y #

TUNARI

TUNARI

AI OD
A

AI OD
A

BA NA

TU

IL TR PE
LU I

BA NA

TU LU I

IL TR PE

ES TI

ES TI

CE

N CE

ST EF AN

NORDULUI

NORDULUI

RUDENI

P PI

RUDENI

P PI

II UT RT VI
UV ER TU RII

CHISINAU

PAC II

Y 100.6 #
TIM ISOARA

96.2 Panduri

Y #
INCERC 95.3
Colentina River

CHISINAU

I CE N TRO CO

Y #

Drumul Sarii

Y #

PA ND UR I

R MA

UNIRII TI ES AS

AL EB EC

PAC II

Y 0.90 #
TIM ISOARA

UV ER

TU RII

1.07 Panduri

1.26

Y #

Y #

A GHENCE

B IR ZE S TI

TII LIBERTA

B IR ZE S T

V IT AN

SA LA J

SA LA J

LE

UR ES TI M

M AR

B UC

CE N

B UC

AS TI

TUR

Metalurgiei Y 71.7 #

OL TE NIT EI

UR ES TI M

AG UR E

AG UR E

LE

V IT

I RIE ND E XA AL

E PI

Dambovita River

E XA AL

AN

I RIE ND

Dambovita river

TII LIBERTA

I AR AN PT

RE SS U CA VU MIL A R B AI IH

Drumul Sarii

INCERC 1.43 Colentina river

Y #
A GHENCE

M AR AS TI

CE N

Metalurgiei
TU R A

OL TE NIT EI

CE

RA TU

Y 1.51 #
I EN RC BE
CE NT

A UR

135.4 Bucuresti-Magurele

[ %

Lungu, Aldea, 1999

Bucuresti-Magurele [ 1.05 %

Lungu, Aldea, 1999

Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Demetriu, S., Arion, C., 2000. Zonation of seismic hazard for the city of Bucharest. Technical Report prepared for Association Franaise du Gnie Parasismique, 59p.

CENTURA

CENTURA

Militari

OL ES CU

Y #

GA STEFAN CEL L MARE RII OB OR

IN A

IN IC

ISPH/ARM Z 86.8 $

UI IANCUL

PAN TELIMON

CERN IC A

Titulescu I G TI OL # Y T U 1.10 ES IR

FU UNDENI

FU UNDENI

87.5 Titulescu G

EI LT CU LA

AVIATO

AVIATO

1M AI

TE RA SA

1M AI

I MARAST

I MARAST

RILOR

RILOR

CO LE NT

Militari

CO LE NT GA STEFAN CEL L MARE RII IN A OB OR CU PAN TELIMON D IN UI I IANCUL I CU CE N TRO CO AL EB PA UNIRII EC ND D I UR ST I SE RE SS U RA MA CA VU MIL A R B AI IH M RI NA TA EP I P

L CU LA

I TE

TE RA SA

ISPH/ARM

CERN IC A

Z $

CO NS TA NT A
R ILO VI

CO NS TA NT A

EREN Y 156.0 #

EREN Y 0.76 #

ST E

A ER

I AT UM AF

A ER

I AT UM AF

A UR NT

FA N

RA TU

II IC BL PU RE

II IC BL PU RE

R ILO VI

I EN RC BE

Bucharest: Microzonation map for shear wave velocity (m/s) averaged on 30m

The values in the range between 224m/s and 310m/s

Elastic response spectra for August 30, 1986 free-field seismic records in Bucharest
Bucuresti, 30 august 1986 - miscari inregistrate in free-field 700 600
=0,05

INCERC Balta Alba-SS Carlton-SS2 EREN Metalurgiei-P Metrou - IMGB Militari

TC=1,42s

500 S e , cm/s 400 300 200 100 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
2

Panduri Titulescu Otopeni-P TD=1,83s Bucuresti - ISPH Bucuresti - Magurele

2.5

3.0 T,s

Variability of free-field seismic records in Bucharest

400 Bucuresti, 30 aug. 1986 - 16 miscari free-field Valori medii

500

=0,05
400

Bucuresti, 30 mai 1990 - 16 miscari free-field Valori medii

=0,05

300 Valori medii+1abatere standard

2

Valori medii+1abatere standard SA, cm/s

2

300

SA, cm/s

200

200

100

100

0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 T,s 2.0 2.5 3.0

0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 T,s

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 T,s 2.0 2.5 3.0

2.0

2.5

3.0

COV SA

Bucuresti 1986 Bucuresti 1990

400 350 300 250

2

1986 earthquake (Mw=7.2) - maxSA(1.5s)

BUCHAREST August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2 TITULESCU station
300 BUCHAREST August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2 INCERC station NS comp. EW comp. 250

SA , cm/s

200

200 150 100

SA , cm/s

L comp. T comp.

150

100

50 0 0 1 T,s 2 3
0 0 1 T, s 2 3 50

300
250 200

BUCHAREST August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2 ISPH station

N15E comp. E15S comp.

300
BUCHAREST August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2 METALURGIEI station L comp.

250

SA , cm/s

150

200

SA , cm/s

T comp. 150

100 50 0

300 250 BUCHAREST August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2 METROU - IMGB station

100

200
T,s

50

SA , cm/s

L comp. 150 100 T comp.

0 0 1 2 3

T,s

50 0 0 1 T,s 2 3

4.0 BUCHAREST Aug.30, 1986, M w =7.2 20 horiz. comp. 0.1 probability of exceedance

0.10 Normalized median PSD 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 M w =7.2 30 Aug. 1986, 22 comp. 30 May 1990, 22 comp. 31 May 1990, 12 comp. Horiz. comp. M w =7.0 M w =6.3

3.0 Normalized SA

2.0

1.0 0.5 probability of exceedance 0.0 0.0 1.0 Period T , s 2.0 3.0

4 6 Frequency f , Hz

10

4.0 BUCHAREST May 30, 1990, M w =7.0 20 horiz. comp.

3.0 Normalized SA

Mobility of average normalized PSD Stronger earthquake

2.0 0.1 probability of exceedance 0.5 probability of exceedance 0.0 0.0 1.0 Period T , s 2.0 3.0

1.0

Narrower frequency band shifted towards lower frequencies

Mobility of average normalized SA

Mobility with magnitude of normalized SA spectrum for INCERC seismic station, East of Bucharest
3.5

INCERC, NS comp.
3.0

March 4, 1977 Aug. 30, 1986 May 30, 1990

2.5

Normalized SA

2.0

M w =7.5

1.5

M w =7.2
1.0

0.5

0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

M w =7.0
2.5 3.0 3.5

Period T , s

3.5 4.8/T 3.0 2.5 SA normalizat 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Perioada T , s 3.0 3.5 4.0 4 Martie 1977, comp. NS PGA=1.95m/s 2 T C =1.5 T C =1.6 T D =2.0 9.6/T
2

3.0 3.75/T 2.5

Bucuresti 7 comp. orizontale teren moale

0.1 0.5 probabilitate de depasire

Normalized SA spectrum for Bucharest records

7.5/T

4.0 3.5 3.2 3.0 SA normalizat 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Perioada T , s 3.0 3.5 4.0 T C =0.6 T C =0.5 2.5 0.1 probabilitate de depasire 0.5 30 Aug. 1986, Focsani, comp.EW PGA=2.97 m/s 2 5.76/T T D =3
2 2

1.92/T 1.25/T

Moldova & Republica Moldova 20 comp. orizontale teren tare

Normalized SA spectrum for Moldova records

3.75/T

Banat crustal source

5.0

media + 1 abatere standard

4.0

Timisoara 3.5 3.0 2.1/T 8 comp. orizontale

Spectru normalizat de acceleratii

3.0

1.5/T

Normalised response spectra for seismic records in Timisoara

2.0

1.0

media
5.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.0

Perioada, T, s
4.0

Spectru normalizat de acceleratii

media + 1 abatere standard

3.0

Banloc 20 componente orizontale

2.5 2/T
2.0

Normalised response spectra for seismic records in Banloc

1.0

media
0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Perioada, T, s

Alternative description of seismic ground motion artificial spectrum compatible accelerograms

Acc1_24 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 0 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25

Acc2_24 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 0 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25

a , 'g

a , 'g

10

15

20

10

15

20

t,s

t,s Acc4_24 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 0 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25

Acc3_24 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 0 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25

a , 'g

10

15

20

a , 'g

10

15

20

t,s

t,s

Acc5_24 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 0 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25

a , 'g

10

15

20

t,s

Alternative description of seismic ground motion artificial spectrum compatible accelerograms

0.9 a g =0.24g 0.8 0.7 0.6 S e, 'g 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 1 2 T,s 3 4 5 Acc1_24 Acc2_24 Acc3_24 Acc4_24 Acc5_24 Medie P100-1/2006

Seismic hazard analysis for Bucharest Recurrence of magnitudes Truncated Gutenberg-Richter law (McGuire & Arabasz, 1990)
(M w ,max M w ) 1 e M w n ( M w ) = e (M M ) 1 e
w ,max w0

tronquee f ( Mw ) Mw

e
1e

( M w M w0 )

( M w max M w0 )

Vrancea subcrustal source (Lungu et al., 2000) Attenuation law Modele type - Molas & Yamazaki (1995) ln PGA = c0 + c1 Mw + c2 lnR +c3R +c4 h + PGA peak ground acceleration Mw- moment magnitude R hypocentral distance h focal depth c0, c1, c2, c3, c4 - coefficients - random variable with zero mean and st. dev.=ln PGA Vrancea subcrustal source (Lungu et al., 2000)

Hazard curve (Cornell, 1968, Cramer, 1996)

P[PGA>PGA*] =

P [ PGA > PGA * M w ,R ,h ] f ( M w ) f ( R ) f ( h ) dM w dR dh

P(PGA>PGA*|m,r) annual exceedance probability of PGA* for an earthquake of magnitude Mw occuring at hypocentrale distance R and depth h (PGA lognormally distributed) f(Mw) probability density function of magnitude f(R) probability density function of hypocentrale distance f(h) probability density function of focal depth
1.E-01

Annual exceedance rate, (PGA )

PSHA - Bucharest 1.E-02

Vrancea subcrustal source (Vacareanu & Aldea, 2002)

1.E-03

1.E-04 100 150 200 250 300 2 PGA , cm/s 350 400

Uniform hazard spectrum for Bucharest

900 PSHA Bucharest - 475 yr. MRI 800 700 600 SA , cm/s
2

=0,05

500 400 300 200 100 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 T,s 2.0 2.5 3.0

Risk-UE Project

Probabilistic zonation of peak ground acceleration for design P100/1-2006 Code: MRI =100 yr

Bucharest MRI = 475 yr PGA 0,35 g Tp = 1.6

P100-1/2006 Control period of design spectra

Normalised Response Spectra in EC8 format P100-1/2006

3.5

=0.05
3 2.5 Amplification factor 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 T C =0.7 0.5 T C =1 1 T D =2 T C =1.6 1.5 2 2.5 Period T , s T D =3 3 3.5 4

Vrancea subcrustal source T< TB TB<T TC TC<T TD T> TD

6.3/T T C =0.7s
T B =0.07s
2

= 1+

( 0 1) T
TB

= 0
TC = 0 T
= 0
TC TD T2

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Perioada T , s 3 3.5 4 T D =3
0 =3
2.1/T
Tc ? 0.7s =0.05

Banat crustal source