Journal of Race Development - 1910 - 12 PDF

Mission Pedagogy Author(s): G. Stanley Hall Source: The Journal of Race Development, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Oct., 1910), pp.
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MISSION PEDAGOGY.
By G. Stanley Hall, LL.D., President
The very purest, highest and perhaps
of Clark University.
strongest manifes?
tation of the teaching instinct is found in missionarywork. He who devotes his work with every kind of personal sacri?
of a religion fice to the propagation those who know it among to be of supreme and his teaching not believes importance
burns with zeal to impart it. He feels that he has a priceless

The need. vitally in his own soul, to impart tial, or the pressure or and hunger, the need conscious potential, as he sees it, makes in the soul of his hearers treasure his hearers which poten? positive to the negative or unconscious, a situation not
unlike that which drew our Lord to earth.

sionary must have rare power of quick,
The ideal mis?

insight
sympathetic
into souls of a very different grade of culture and ethnic type from his own, a quick sagacity as to things to avoid, a fervor of belief uncooled by doubt, infinite plasticity to
become all things to all men effort zeal. has Thus and a readiness to sacrifice his
life on the altar of his cause at anytime,

defects, sential routine ested Yet missionary thing, viz., and is rarely engaged in the work, but engage
if need be. With
all
rarely ever lacked the one es? it does not lapse to wooden in by those who are not inter? in it for a mere livelihood.
in labor for a new dispen? it groans and travails today sation. It needs a larger light and more comparative perspec? tive and radical less than a reconstruction, indeed, nothing
soul.
new
religions Many tribal or national to them and
have
no mission evolved
features. the
They
have that
been holds
and were
too exactly fitted to its are to alien races. Such religions never trianism in this way, spread on the other hand, was not taught,
stirp by own needs to ever tribal while but palladia.
spread Zoroas
Mohammedanism, forced upon subject
128 Other Often while
G. STANLEY HALL races have victors the of their the con?
people. ited.
adopted cherish
religion
querors gradually because they felt their own gods discred?

again, rancors against conquered reli?
gion of their victims and many

ex-gods, missionary 300 years Thus temples conversely,
devils are gods degraded or

the give
sometimes
their faith to the conquerors.
Buddhism was the first great
its propagation religion, although only began after Buddha's under the Emperor Osaka. death, it spread to Japan where Shinto monks became teachers schools; art and folklore were re-interpreted the universalistic more than on a
higher plane. Jesus was the
great
expounder realizing
of
ten? of his
dencies of Judaism which he sought to free from all local and

temporal a religion rather this limitations, must vastly any
followers that to be diffused by peaceful and natural methods,

be more The or less transformed. Paul, address?
ing chiefly the Gentiles, proclaimed salvation to be by faith

than works. greatest of missionaries owes more of Jesusism to spread than to any other individual.
Not
had
only was he transformed, but he became all things to

never
he idealizes Jesus all the more because he Perhaps seen him. He certainly took great liberties with the person and sayings of his master. if shall say, Who another his pursue great modern missionary genius would we might not have a new and a very different
all men.
methods,
dispensation of Christianity in the East? Some have said that if Paul were not in the Canon, but if we would regard
it as what among greater inspiration Christianity ought an able, than earnest his man could need do alien nations, it is. We influence certainly would religion been really have a great master today in planting
fortified with modern
learning, charged with
the positive
for original and able to restate reconstruction as in a way to fit the occidental cultivated mind
Paul adjusted it to the leaders of theGreek cities. The church

to believe are still possible that other Pauls and that one day arrive and free the Christian from world they may the the bond of dogma and wont and extend its quintessen? tial requirements of loving and serving God and man to the uttermost of the earth. bounds Until this is done, despite all
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 129
our present agencies, Christianity will remain a geographical

The expression. and unprecedented of the East opening call which gives thus the constitutes church an a new oppor?
tunity never open to it before. Will this call of the Divine Pedagogue, as the Holy Spirit used to be called, be now heeded? Christianity owes many of its best elements to the inter?
pretation of on a higher the plane of pre-existing sacrifice not religious ideas, It was
even baptism, the Eucharist, and the doctrines and methods

salvation, piacular excepted.1
by using rites and ideas that were established and commonly understood, by grafting onto the great mysteries of all the
countries about the sage out sacraments, of our Lord was and that the mes? Mediterranean, is No effective with? accepted. religion the religious instinct needs and indeed, eastern
can understand, little but mysteries. Often faith sees sac? none raments where exist. So in the field of thought, Greek as Hatch has shown, had very much to do in philosophy, Christian doctrine. Philo wrought out the doctrine shaping
of the convictor a cloud in the wilderness, manna, logos as heavenly of sin, etc., before the New Testament. While
some of the church fathers rejected philosophy, many had to learn it for apologetics and were themselves profoundly
moulded by it, so that some regarded Plato e.g., as inspired,
and urged that he had borrowed from the Old Testament, and that other Greeks before Jesus had anticipated him and were saved. All know the profound influence ofMithraism, Epicureanism and Stoicism in preparing the way for Chris? tianity and in developing a sense of the great corruption which prevailed and of man's higher destiny. Thus Chris?
is the great adapter con? and adopter, and its merits tianity sist in interpreting ever higher meanings. and revealing The Teutonic faith was, perhaps, the greatest of all factors for centuries in the diffusion and deepening of Christianity. the Eddas From concerned with on, that faith was chiefly
1 The 1910. See Dr. Vol. J. A. Magni, The of ethnological background Journal and Education, of Religious Psychology 4, No. 1-2, pp. 1-47. the
American
March,
Eucharist, 1910.
130
G. STANLEY HALL
the struggles between

by The the relations gave, from of former
good and evil principles, pre-formed

summer life. up, and and winter. was con? solu? There
and night, day the latter destroyed the vegetable world
stant warfare
the only
tion will be a new dispensation each will be given its deserts.

fairest, was in whose presence nothing
and a great judge by whom Balder was the purest and

bad could exist, but he was
doomed and even Odin could not save him, although he

to ultimately in which there was rule over a new world no death. was not To avert his murder, everything pledged
to hurt him save the mistletoe,

myth, was the arrow with which
which, after the method

Hoder pierced his
of
heart.
Then the world was full of evil. The death queen consented to release him only if all things should weep, and so they did
save one. Then came the wars with Loki and the giants earth the
and even Odin

Nevertheless, when Balder
is vanquished
survives come again
and evil reigns in Asgard.

and a new This was from death.
hope shall
of a new heaven
psychic matrix which Christianity found in the Germans, comparable with the Messianic hopes of the Jews, and to it
Christianity came as a fulfilment. the Russians Balder became Christ, Perun,
and Hoder
Saint George,
Judas, as among the Franks Siegfried became

and among the fire-god
driving the chariot of the sun, became Elijah, Apollo, Saint Belius, and Lodo, the Russian Venus, the Virgin. Thus gods
goddesses and martyrs tion went on. and were this The or changed supplanted of substitutions process sacred springs into and saints and transforma? were blessed
of the Picts
by Saint Columba. If pagan temples were destroyed, churches were built on their sites, and eclipsed them in beauty and
embodied structed. nal many The of their solstice features. was The old feasts were recon? as yuletide, the niver celebrated in the new calendar. rites Pagan their needed and interpretation
became Easter equinox were full of symbols that myths
were These vital and were faiths were allegories. more new still Christian given vigor by the interpretations, and statuary. helped out bypictures Jesusinhisparableswas was the great story-teller. The Old Testament, particularly, as an allegory, and the apocryphal literature transformed
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 131
is full of it. Thus the church sublimated the methods of the barbarians and their folklore was worked over into Chris? tian legends. The Christian mind from Sigmund to Dante and the "Pilgrim's Progress" was most impressed by this
so the Holy method; tonic myth, which feudalism and the very core of Teu? reinterprets martial the spiritualized temperament, Grail which was now turned against sin.
chivalry,
None but the pure could see the Grail or sit upon the seat perilous. The entire quest of this vessel is the mythopoeic equivalent of the Balder conquest. Only the Grail can cure the king's fatal wound. There is an in tense longing for the
day of release. from ness the attack because Parsifal and Sir Galahad represent Pride virtue and
bring the boon of salvation.

of two knights confess, he did not
The
called and
latter rescues the hero

and Cov^eteous the beauti? in the former
ful heroine represents the dalliance of the church with

with safety its pathos The German only in the cross. and an emotional baptism. soul must
sin,
have
So inPeru, the Catholics rededicated the pagan temples to Saint Francis and showed amore splendid ritual so that itwas
of one easy to pass from the feasts and festivals the other. In Mexico, the pagan temples were to those often of used,
only substituting
on the altars shipped ancestor account. and
images of the Virgin and of the Saviour

of idols. of rain, been have and cross, which was wor? a sign of salvation. became The to splendid thus easily and made tactful into
in place as an emblem has
So in Formosa,
as Mackay
has shown, filial piety due to

turned convertible as Stoute
worship The Karens Africa for moral
in South
the folk
apparatus myer tation
legends tales are occasionally But religious training.
with the wonderful says, "as compared re-interpre? which Christian in the Teutonic thought wrought the efforts of modern missions have little to show, folklore, we must and perhaps now wait till the native soul of the East shall give us a new of Christianity." interpretation methods are more or less similar in other comparative mythology shows, is to an extent hitherto countries unexpected zation of pre-existing and more indigenous and Christianity as traits, in all these
Aryan
only the ideali? material. A
132 folk's soul cannot
G. STANLEY HALL be nor its ancient
easily
transformed,
content transmuted into something different. The world is full of persistencies for religion is rooted in racial heritage,
and every new religion must appear to be a re-interpreta?
tion on a higher plane of the old one. If we use theological terms, we must say that God is in all faiths. The religion of the Teutons, like that of the Jews, was fullfilled in Jesus,
whose plant tion. tary The from must religion faith the native It must and need Islamic its fulfil always to bring and not than rather sup? supplement and regenera? true redemption are fragmen? They destroy. has the and will be a marvel Arabian
to be supplemented. always welded scattered
propaganda It start. very
tribes into an invincible army, impassioned for Allah. For 110 years, until the western wing was hurled back by Martel,
its growth Its ever tine Arabs conquest instilled church not was was into was unprecedented. by the sword, the souls corrupt, but Later, after the conquest not forget,
of Constantinople,
in 1453, the West was again in danger.

that, we must To
was wielded by an impetuous faith that few religions have

of men. superstitious, but extended be sure, the Byzan? It and oppressive.
was hard to fill even the bishoprics inNorth Africa.

especially only absorbed in mathematics, Western medicine astronomy,
Great
learning, and philos?
ophy, and made a splendid period for their faith, to which the young Turks are now harking back and pointing to with pride as showing what their faith can do. Proselyting by
the had sword no penetrated was religion, which for instance, Bengal, " from delivered Islam caste, easily by know how Mohammedans tyranny." far East.
and Hebrew contempt for instance, In China, and social methods. to use all political wear are merchants who settle, marry its emissaries natives, from all and do the queue, customs, expected adopt Chinese and In the Malay officers of the government. Archipelago and customs of the natives, they use the language Philippines set examples to add to their influence, even purchase slaves under zeal for their religion and often mask of industry, accom? In of Sumatra and lust business they gold. enterprise modated by allowing natives to worship the spirit of their
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 133
ancestors as saints already in Islam, saying that their long dead forbears now desired them to become Moslem. The missionaries to the Kabils inNorth Africa went in rags,
in small groups, lived in caves like monks, and slowly won
their way by their knowledge ofmedicine and industries and led up to the teaching of their religion without naming it. Thus North Africa, which had been a stronghold of Chris?
was Mohammedanized. since Augustine, Arabian tianity so are not considered that they conform merchants strangers. as mis? were were not known always They self-supporting,
sionaries, had no supervision, and while some of them drove " an active business in order to live, they produced the im?
pression in fact that they not they were were not traders and this rendered but preachers but preachers." them traders, They to their while often
brought weapons
Islam, pressed mies who used
and sold them to potent chiefs who
im?
ene?
superior A potent missionary the old weapon. method to Mecca, which and is the pilgrimage gives great prestige
which
cally
is told of for a life-time afterwards.

there are sects, also one missionary organized of which modes
Besides
and
these
unorganized
originated
specifi? in Persia
in the eighth century, which wrought miracles for the super? stitious, won the devout by piety and the mystics by reveal? To the Jew they declared that their ing hidden meanings. Messiah was coming and to the Christian that the Holy
Ghost was about dwell Allah, sionaries the Great oppressed Among the cruelty of their conquerors; in work? scant the Jews, show for Christians respect they upon to reign, Deliverer. and to all preached the coming of the mis? people,
ing among
and Moslems, preaching only that Allah is theMessiah. In working with the Christians, they dwell upon the obstinacy
profess creed, cau? when the time comes, that a few things tiously intimating, or that Ali was the true paraclete. have been misunderstood In India he is the promised tenth Avatar of Vishnu, who was are two monastic to come from the West. In West Africa has been active since the fifteenth cen? orders, one of which chief of the Christian tury, but very active in isolated regions during the last. and of the Jews reverence for the the ignorance articles of the Islam and
134 These emissaries
G. STANLEY HALL as venders readers, scribes, a little when they have Their meth? into a centre. of the Soudan eighteenth are cen? in the
go
of amulets, schoolmasters, band of converts organize Most ods are all peaceful. of this are errors sect. The for the other
traders, and them
of the teachers founded
was
tury inAlgeria and uses the sword only in extremity.

sects and others
There
own its from of Islam purification of infidels. to free it from the dominion
The
firs Each They cent
latter has developed pronounced hostility

and after a universal vows holy war under a great
to the Kaf?
leader, and vice. enlisted a
purified Islam will be re-established

adherent often have have to abstain code. from a secret
throughout
wine
the world.
luxuries, a soldier Many
has
solely from a missionary

enlisted the From time the
motive
(one writer
thinks 75 per
for a long the vast to Chris? and
from a religious motive). Crusades the eleventh century endeavor, in converting effort and
were
losses, Lull made and Duff
chief missionary little was accomplished an epoch-making
despite Mohammedans. Islam
to convert
tian philosophy and theology and sought to use the geography

He anticipated of the Saracens. language to teach Saracen schools in advocating to fit missionaries to meet Lull Islam even in a Loyola and language on its own grounds. a parlia?
literature and
And this led to chairs of Oriental literature in Paris and Ox?

ford Salamanca which in 1411. "held proposed theological
ment '
of religions
for open discussion with

Europe
Islam.
The
Inquisition,
quaran?
tine/ profoundly influenced mission work, infidelity a crime punishable in this world
the next, inals. As good the and the heathen was it was and forced were religious in evil the monk waifs
for it made as well as in

if not crim? in a and hand
sword
successful allied with conquest,
Peru, in hand.
one, when conversion After
causes, why not In Mexico cross? soldier, went
and
temples were con? conversion, Native to Christian secrated images were deposed worship. natives Jesus. The Infant and the for those of the Virgin were im? were and that their gods conceived vanquished con Doubtless the ceremonials. by the majestic pressed the Aztec
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 135
querors
used, Xavier
sincerely felt that, violent

was blessing first and greatest was conferred.
though the means
they
eternal
of all the Jesuit
missionaries.
Despite his scholarship and enthusiasm, he never himself learned the languages of the people for whom he wrought, but had interpreters and translators. He gathered boys to the sound of the bell on the street, taught them prayers and rituals, twice a day, and baptized all who believed, sometimes
cities in a day. The government appointed The enemies overseers to
instruct the people in the articles of faith.

people were oppressed by Mohammedans. arms were invoked by others against was were the price sometimes or the reward. rewarded were Xavier conversions often whole army moved,
Sometimes the
Portuguese and baptism that viceroys
advocated
should be constrained by fear to make

sent, Many helpers and when the mission
converts, and they
offices. by government were regions converted, the Brahmins easily
reconverted
their people and were
therefore visited with

Evangeliza? He realized so withdrew and claim?
eondign punishment. was Xavier's De Nobili tion that an had become he must orthodox
successor. greatest of the part government policy. not assail the caste and system mastering rites, doctrines the native
from all contact with his country and slowly made himself
Brahmin, and language
Sanskrit
native
and
customs
studying profoundly.
He
and
conformed to all
penances,
ing to be a Brahmin. Although his lineage was challenged, he hid all traces of it and made his debut with mystery, receiv? ing only visitors of highest rank, and discussing philosophi?
cal questions. form or break He was He no convert required caste but re-interpreted very was successful and to abandon their the new symbolic spiritual the old cus? law
toms.
found This
embodied
bring, Veda, it as which
in the fourth and lost Veda, which he claimed to

purely spiritual. had been forgotten, the come essentials from or new-old restore very The and he would
which
he asserted, containing he had
of Christianity. country
N. Y., Kenedy,
Brahmins
2T. W. M.
confessed
Marshall,
that they had lost this spiritual

a remote
Missions, vol.
law
to proclaim.2
1, p. 221.
Christian
136 Thus He his method was not, of noble was as he
G. STANLEY HALL not exoteric there. like Xavieres, to be, a Brahmin The severest but criticism esoteric.
claimed
but was here his
birth went
from Rome, made
against him is his defense of caste and many

conformity too far.
think that
The first great propaganda
of Christianity
in China was
and scientist, des? who, by the great mathematician Ricci, was of the hatred welcomed and admired pite foreigners, for his instruments and his knowledge. He tolerated every?
thing tolerable, thought the Chinese god identical with that

did no open mis? sion work but not insinuated those doctrines op? only as a to the Chinese belief. He went rather posed philosopher than as a priest and as a literary man rather than as a preacher. the adoration He of Christianity, the dead and and ancestor worship of saints. with the masses for
Working his way to Pekin, he bribed and importuned his way

of his instruments and skill and by means an appoint? audience with the and emperor finally gained a college. ment with pay and the privilege of opening Here among officials
his
some
lectures were unobjectionable,

elements Christ of Christianity. in an alluring He garb,
although
attracted reconstructed
he did instill
the the literati, calen?
clothed
a map of the world, published on science works dar, perfected a catechism. and morals, and evolved he did Although a number build of churches, his work was more political and he was regarded not as an emissary of another religion, but as a great literary man from the West. He thus became to his government indispensable Adam Schall succeeded him. musician, set and He the faith. spread was an astronomer and
threatened, came the tutor matical
the psalms to music, and when insurrection built a foundry and cast heavy field guns, be? of the mathe? and obtained use astrology, was they like bit?
was president of the emperor, tribunal. followed his methods Verbiest was an astronomer who could make orders been who guns; were could but
great success, a mathematician
the great method. Rival found that the Jesuits had heathen terly idolatries condemned and
astronomy shocked when
so perilously near rites the Franciscans and Dominicans They, however,
these methods.
succeeded
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 137
in placing the Christian cuted, else China might

there was though was this absolutely was in Paraguay, to take great
faith in disrepute and were perse? have to-day been Christian. Al?
accommodation in China went some deception, at this time. and the armies and
necessary where
Another brilliant mission

they abodes.
chapter of the Spanish Jesuits

beyond was
up to 1602 travelled from tribe to tribe and induced the

Indians settled There great oppression
and enslavement by the Spanish and so the Jesuits sought to make a Christian state and to bring a territory of which they alone knew the riches into subjection to the church and to Spain. They persuaded the Indians to reside in vil? lages. This they did the more readily because in union they could defend themselves against the oppression of Some thirty of these settlements the Spanish government.
were a superior, a grade with of subordi? under organized were a towns The thus built nates. church square, with on the sides. at one end and the Indians and storehouse churches were magnificent. agriculture bed cordage, Here and and the fathers introduced stock cotton, raising, cart making, etc., with so and with painting,
The
various tanning,
handicrafts, coopery,
musical arms, powder, instruments, The and spinning for the women. much weaving per week of the people was extreme. indolence natural So each morn?
ing they were marshalled with great pomp and music to go in procession to the fields at sunrise, with the saint borne aloft and with shrines at intervals, where they prayed and
as individuals The off sang. grew smaller group dropped to work, until priests and acolytes returned alone. too, Thus, for their meal and siesta and again went to they returned work. lated were refused ported Indians barred Nowhere doled out has from received in all its details. to work life, perhaps, All products the common no food. been went so completely regu? to the fathers and Those were who im? articles
storehouse.
for worship and the festivals and so loved The worst and from these
Costly surplus went saint
celebrated.
competition
penalty from holding in splendor, in gaiety
to Spain. The days were elaborately for a culprit was to be de? office, and there was great and f?tes. At the age of
138 were under
G. STANLEY HALL the of alcades and worked or
five,
boys
charge
were taught until the middle of the forenoon. Perhaps this was the very best system for the Indians just at that
stage. It aimed to make them contented. It taught that
the mission property was their own and the king had decreed their freedom. In the villages there were perhaps 100,000 inhabitants and between 1610 and 1778 some 700,000 had
and this semi The trades were indigenous baptised. was and from isolated communal from system Europeans abso? The became fathers7 pioneer corruptions. authority been lute. interest weak. cants, them until There was little individual or independence, and the Jesuits Thus when the now Indians could not and left. to remote only no property adjustment, became morally the neophytes were by the mendi? replaced demoralization adapt, were swept easily they drove away,
haunts, ruins are
The order was suppressed in 1769 and the Dominicans extended this work in California, where also the Indians
were could First were into villages, gathered paid a small land and crown tax, select their officers, and had the same right to the soil. a small building was put up, with banners and pictures Sometimes force. The wild convert Indians after property he was and captured vow was his consid? the priest was and for punished and were
and gifts of trinkets and food, and the pictures of the Virgin
explained. in by brought ered almost his
parent. slight There was a cease? grave ones turned over to the governor. less round of social, religious and industrial and stock duties, a was and of orchards. There chain raising, agriculture of these missions twenty-one extending were till the friars removed with coast, 600 miles some along the Indians. 30,000 came into States
a part For
of the mission offences
in 1834, when the United began a and then of them have since retired possession, majority was some to the mountains. Some of the property sold, rented, are many and there to adjudicate. claims hard There was too much and these did methods very yet dependence decline not very much and Hampton. would improvements lisle differ at Car? the government schools a and modern longer period Perhaps from have abundantly justified methods
The
MISSION so very astutely planned. some success with among

met.
PEDAGOGY 139 same methods tribes, boards
The
have e.g.,
been
used
northwestern of missionary
by Des out
It was
once
the
custom
to send
almost all who wished
to go, with
little regard to health or

colleges have courses has greatly extended
smaller denominational training. Many on missions. The volunteer movement now is usually in the condition Our
and improved our ideals in this field, and some medical

hospital ismore training instruction required. of the people schools What
and
is needed
they are to work. and supernaturalism
theological of a specific type and mission his? methods comparative religions, theology, the cata? who examined tory are slighted. Stoutemyer, three hundred of our colleges and univer? logues of nearly
among whom are inadequate is over-stressed while
sities, finds that present-day history is very rarely taught, although some of the Southern courses include the problem in history of the negro, and the Pacific institutions often
courses give and perhaps in Oriental the most The most problems. are the needed, departments neglected, of anthro?
pology
sympathy dogmatic out
and ethnology, without

with, aspects or understanding are over-stressed;
which
there can be little
man. The of, primitive are mis? other religions
interpreted, and their defects are magnified.
Hill3 points
and social especially advocates rate, teach
the gross neglect of practical church problems life in our Protestant theological seminaries, those not attached to large universities. He even of religion. This should, at any
a university
us not to go to the Mohammedans with a gospel bound in pigskin, or to India with one bound in calfskin, and we must
ness one finds only "folly, blind? longer teach that in Burma and superstition" and that among Confucians "every vice is tolerated if not sanctioned." Mission work must be a part of pedagogy in every school and college, certainly of lower races should be included in just as the psychology course of psychogenesis. Races and religions every repre
* The Education of Religious and Problems of the Protestant vol. American Ministry. 1908. 1, 29-70 May,
no
Journal
Psychology
and Education,
3, No.
140 sent different
G. STANLEY HALL factor of culture
stages.
Every
indigenous
should be utilized, if possible, and re-interpreted on a higher plane. We should admit that the Catholic missions have
been and far more have a higher should upon that successful done culture with better Protestants Catholics Protestants even if the races, primitive more cultured among people, is prone to enforce precocity. The the
stress upon and freedom lay more the dramatic and emotional elements.
Is it not plain to my dispassionate mind who has studied the higher history of missions and knows a little of pedagogy
and race psychology the missionary when that all present tendencies point to a time and shall be chiefly a conserver, reviver
interpreter of the best that is in the native faith, whatever it is? Religious progress is slowest of all and especially we
cannot gion the East." "hurry us that have taught and comparative Ethnology there are saving elements reli? every? the it,
where and that these have the prodigious advantage of being

organs. ready-made apperception Christianity ab extra, alien, heteronomous thing we have is not thought
but the very best sugared-off product of the soul of the mul? titudinous peoples of old who have contributed to it. It
He approaches. loves and serves God and man, under whatever chiefly The is Christian. Christian name, name, very however, or Church, or mentioned. if it offends, need not be assumed is the goal toward which farther, less, some with all have some with tended, nearer some more, some
who
The only thing needful is possible without

children and the woe to those who offend
it. Nations
them applies
are
here.
It is better to enter the kingdom unnamed than not at all.

Negations the past precated ponderant must and with unless and be minimized. always social environment there certain are very clear breaks with Abrupt are always to be de? or pre? compensating It is a common individual and place of race are
religious psychology found the elements
advantages. that in every
of about that ever was in every religion the world, from fetichism and that the best Christian is up, so only by a more or less safe working of his facul? majority ties. and Protestants should and judi? Catholics carefully ciously compare and weigh each, the methods of the other, in
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 141
both the past and the present, and teach candidates pre? paring for the field. The syncretism of all religions, includ? ing our own, should be intelligently studied and realized;
we should understand what the church to-day owes to
Greek thought, to Dionysiac rites, the cult of Attis and Osiris, Mythra, and Apollo; its debt to the inspired and magnifi?
cent Teutonic rites. of We must methods, know and how and feel all these have contributed
to the doctrine of the atonement

concession,
and to shape Eucharistie

power pedagogic and how the
the mighty
church, where have not been the talked
injunction with Protestant
adaptation, accommodation, it has conquered to all. We all, has stooped as doves because we have forgotten harmless as serpents. to be wise I have precedent missionaries long in India who never
heard of the inspiring work in that country done by the Catholics Nobili and Ricci, which are among the most inter?
esting and suggestive of all pages of history. Such propagan?
dists should study modern pragmatism, which teaches that the best definition of truth is that which works best, and should reconsider both the truth as well as the error that lurks in the old slogan that the end justifies the means. No one is fit to labor for the heathen to-day who has not arduously worked his way to a sympathetic appreciation of all there is in the native faith and is able to idealize it all it will bear. About all the old religions are decadent. Perhaps nothing so tends to deterioration as a religion if it is not incessantly
wrought higher over meanings. and transformed eternally Hence the missionary's and informed care with should first
be to revive the best of all the old beliefs and rites and restore them to their highest estate, and to make the best possible
Confucianists Mussulmans, this basis educate, evolve the next, always mindful and Buddhists, and then and on to the next higher and then stage, of the peril of great ideas in small
and innovations in rutty and rusty souls, of radical novelties brains. We should be ever mindful of the greater good and of future and not allow conditions these to be eclipsed by immediate needs. individual Toleration should be stretched to its uttermost if need be. We should be first of all sure to thoroughly understand the native view and custom, giving
142
G. STANLEY HALL
it the benefit of every doubt, should conserve everything and attack nothing so far as it is possible, ignore, overlook, wait long before antagonizing, think much as well as pray, be
sure that the natives respect everything in their traditions
and life that can be made worthy of respect, and think as highly of it all as possible, trust to growth as well as to sud?
den conquest; in a word, fulfil rather than destroy.
Suppose an educated young Buddhist should say to a mis? sionary, "I have studied your Scriptures and the teachings
and character of Jesus. and more I have than commended, He the virtues practised came to the young man who
Him, I have given Him all in charity, but for a hundred genera? tions my ancestors have lived and died Buddhists and I
would not desert their traditions or cause my relatives pain.
I see no serious contradiction between the two faiths but deem Christianity higher and realize how much it adds. I can do more for Jesus by staying as I am and diffusing among my friends the new light I have found, without coming out and taking a Christian name or being enrolled as one of your
converts."
Should
such
a man
be not
rejected,
or even
urged
to break
caste? Could he not do farmore in the old harness and under

the old name, and would the same be true of a like-minded
Brahmin, Parsee, and all the rest? Indeed, if any of them lived up to the very top of their own religion and idealized it and avoided its abuse, how much would they lack of the Kingdom of God? If they were near it, wrould they not do more for it by revising and idealizing the faith of their fathers, and might they not thus be doing for it something very like what Jesus did for the faith inwhich he was born and bred? How far from essential Christianity are the idealized and per? If any of them could fected great ethnic faiths, anyhow?
be made to blossom into legitimate psychogenetic least a near variety of the very has If so, the true missionary vert where from one faith he works higher a genuine new dispensation not this flower would way, same species in a be at
the next
a higher to do for the faith to another, namely, it to Jesus did for Judaism, what develop are not All religions, if they arrested stage.
as Christianity? than to con? calling
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 143 love and service of God and
and perverted,
issue
in the same
man. This is the common goal from which they have been withheld and toward which all of them more or less tend. This, the teaching of the genetic psychology of religion
affirms, and only theology conditions, and dogma but which deny. need The latter are
not religion but only a set of tools that piety has found effec?
tive under refashioned. certain to be constantly
All this presupposes,

never say what
of course, that both myth

but must be interpreted,
and rite
some?
they mean
what as the Freudians bring order into the night side of life by working from themanifest dream content down to the later
dream thoughts. This recent method of work has a remarkable
field of application here, but must be presupposed. Now, in view of this, if the missionary, on the other hand, should devote himself first, chiefly or unduly to the suppression of what he deems bad and false without this preliminary
psycho-analysis the more conscious or less of the folk soul, submerged they have eliminated spirit the result, of the power if he soul. is successful, In its un?
is that the elements evicted from the open will retreat to

regions amazing depths of persistence, From and the even
not only through the lives of individuals but of generations.

are never They secret recesses thus of the but only obscured. feeling they motivate it may be
will
Thus
long after they are lost to the light of the intellect.

they slowly gather momentum, for ages.
They
slumber, they grow strong; though their very stalk
is pruned the root, like that of tares, waxes and saps away, comes the soil for wheat. At last, in due time, the reaction, which take many forms under manifold may provocative
stimuli.
with no available outburst till else.
The new faith may

visible
simply languish and die out

energy There of the soul be an may
all the because cause, in this field has gone elsewhere. or a recrudescence of fanaticism of superstition
grow come in, weird diverse may seizures, there may be outbursts of fanaticism, hysteroid symptoms; Effete modes of divination and persecution. intolerance, oracles and be may forgotten fortune-telling, prophecies Crass spiritism
the weeds
so rank
of abject credulity as to choke all
144 revived as the soul by
G. STANLEY HALL strives reverting to restore its losses or compensate state of culture.
for over-strain
to an outlived
All that dies an unnatural or precocious death in the soul, to live again, and in this tends, often most pathetically,
rehabilitated that ments, came of form is often worse order and more ghastly its own so of psychic growth. to get back strive unnatural negation no revenient These than many ele? to is
voluntarily
consciousness,
always expelled, that progress by
always unstable
own dead,
and insecure.
are
Only
there
if the soul buries its

haunting
in its own way,
ghosts. This principle has unnumbered examples in the individual and race soul, and most of allin the field of religion.
Only when progress from these is known and all the stages wasteful are more or
less fully lived out and in due sequence, is there any effective
has very many forms of Religious psychology to to diagnose, and religious cure, but therapy many must the and in realm diagnosis healing, precede psychic demands The real cause and long and painstaking analysis. disease cure are both often baffling, latent, and obscure, far more so safeguard reversions. dangerous, and often ruinous
than are the beneficent elements in the religious life. Thus it follows again that the development of the good among all non Christian races should long precede the active elimination of the bad. Thus we should commend early and condemn late,
praise with attempt encourage infinite caution to teach. should and generously, and tact, antagonize sparingly before and learn much ceremonies and we and
beliefs, as thoroughly with
be dissected
All myths and legends, and cross-examined treat from them the
as the Freudians and
and explicated to find the sex core,
and then only can the Christian psychotherapy

harm
be applied
waste of intelligence pathetic safety was where both intended. This is the good tragedy and the Nemesis of religious work among backward people. A missionary and spirit of modern equipped with the methods and genetic is best en? and analytic ethnology psychology a as errors sured against to these which in a stranger just new so he is much He should be also fully land, exposed. on all the larger racial informed issues of the day, such as those proposed for the first International Race Congress called
MISSION
PEDAGOGY 145
in London for July, 1910, to discuss these problems in the light of modern knowledge, and the modern conscience
problems conference To-day treated already in September, mission in the Clark University 1909.4 are merging into seven-day the greatest
questions
of all the problems looming up for the world, viz., the new East, and its relations to theWest. What will theWest do with China, Japan and India, and what will they do with us?
Ehrenfels estimates that in these countries about every wo?
man is bearing children during her entire fertile period, while in the West only about two-thirds of this capacity of reproduction is utilized, and that in China at least the best
classes are more fecund than the worst and also that in gen?
eral the unfit aremore effectively eliminated than with white races with all their child saving agencies. This, with their
now rapid future, assimilation we must of the arts, have under industries some name and a new culture Oriental of
the West,
this
can mean but one thing for the East.
To meet
type of Christianity, very different from that now proclaimed in these lands. All sectarian differences must be utterly effaced. We must get back of theology to the word itself and perhaps back of Paul to Jesus. We must discriminate between the portions of scripture fit and those unfit for the
East. The evangelists be superseded their surcharged by own with their first own message,
feeling that they have everything

learn, must and can
to give and nothing

almost become
to
those who
Orientals, with veritable
genius
for appreciating
the East
who transforming religious concepts?men learn to impress the leading classes and inspire them to a talent Men with be their guides. for sympathetic appre? ciation which is hard and rare must take the place of the which is easy for spirit of criticism or American and bred European if he has not, our Oriental? Even he can do so because he must, for think,
4 See 1910.
Did any born any tyro. ever yet understand an now be that slogan must sooner than we they may, resources the accumulated
become
China p. 455.
our heirs
the Far also
and wield
and See
edited N. Y., Crowell, East, by G. H. Blakeslee, the Journal vol. of Race Development, 1, 1910.
146
G. STANLEY HALL
of our civilization,
them.
and make
the future what we now make
of our own race and of our reli? Our mighty conceit too often led to in language and have gion have gone under instead of relations. When antipodal comparative friendly
religion has done its work and we fully realize that all reli?
of a larger universal gions are parts some revelation, left no race without as of old all roads were said that faiths, potency without of exception, salvation. have one and that God have has so all and we may to lead to confess
in them
to Rome, the promise

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Mission Pedagogy Author(s): G. Stanley Hall Source: The Journal of Race Development, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Oct., 1910), pp.

127-146 Published by: Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29737853 . Accessed: 04/10/2013 02:06

burns with zeal to impart it. He feels that he has a priceless

unlike that which drew our Lord to earth.

The ideal mis?

life on the altar of his cause at anytime,

if need be. With

religions Many tribal or national to them and

stirp by own needs to ever tribal while but palladia.

Mohammedanism, forced upon subject

128 Other Often while

G. STANLEY HALL races have victors the of their the con?

querors gradually because they felt their own gods discred?

gion of their victims and many

devils are gods degraded or

their faith to the conquerors.

Buddhism was the first great

higher plane. Jesus was the

dencies of Judaism which he sought to free from all local and

followers that to be diffused by peaceful and natural methods,

ing chiefly the Gentiles, proclaimed salvation to be by faith

only was he transformed, but he became all things to

fortified with modern

learning, charged with

Paul adjusted it to the leaders of theGreek cities. The church

our present agencies, Christianity will remain a geographical

even baptism, the Eucharist, and the doctrines and methods

the struggles between

good and evil principles, pre-formed

and night, day the latter destroyed the vegetable world

tion will be a new dispensation each will be given its deserts.

and a great judge by whom Balder was the purest and

doomed and even Odin could not save him, although he

to hurt him save the mistletoe,

which, after the method

and even Odin

and evil reigns in Asgard.

Judas, as among the Franks Siegfried became

became Easter equinox were full of symbols that myths

bring the boon of salvation.

latter rescues the hero

ful heroine represents the dalliance of the church with

images of the Virgin and of the Saviour

in place as an emblem has

has shown, filial piety due to

worship The Karens Africa for moral

apparatus myer tation

legends tales are occasionally But religious training.

only the ideali? material. A

132 folk's soul cannot

G. STANLEY HALL be nor its ancient

to be supplemented. always welded scattered

propaganda It start. very

in 1453, the West was again in danger.

was wielded by an impetuous faith that few religions have

was hard to fill even the bishoprics inNorth Africa.

learning, and philos?

and sold them to potent chiefs who

is told of for a life-time afterwards.

134 These emissaries

traders, and them

of the teachers founded

tury inAlgeria and uses the sword only in extremity.