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SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES

If y = f(x) is a diffrentiable function of x then its derivative f '(x) is a function of x. If f '(x) is a differentiable function then its derivative is called the second order f ( x + h) f ( x) derivatie of f(x). It is denoted by f ''(x) and f ( x) = Lt h0 h .

f ( x + h) f ( x) d2 f f ''(x) is also denoted by f ( x) = Lt or or D2y or y'' or y2. h0 h dx 2

EXERCISE I. If y =

2x + 3 then find y 4x + 5

Sol : y =

2x + 3 4x + 5

Differentiating w. r. to x

d d 2x + 3 y= dx dx 4 x + 5
dy ( 4 x + 5 ) .2 ( 2 x + 3) .4 8 x + 10 8 x 12 = = dx ( 4 x + 5 )2 ( 4 x + 5 )2 = 2 = 2 ( 4 x + 5 )2

( 4 x + 5)

Again diff w.r.t x,

d2y dx
2

d 2 ( 4 x + 5 )2 dx

d2y dx
2

= ( 2 )( 2 )( 4 x + 5 )3 .4

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y" = 16

( 4 x + 5 )3

2.

y = ae nx + be nx then prove that y " = n 2 y

Sol : y = ae nx + be nx Diff with respect to x

y1 = na enx nb e nx
Diff with respect to x

y2 = n 2 .aenx + n 2 be nx
y2 = n 2 ( ae nx + b.e nx ) = n 2 y
II. 1. i) sol : Find the second order derivatives of the following functions f ( x )

cos3 x

y = cos3 x =

1 [ cos 3x + 3cos x ] 4

diff w.r.t x, we get

y1 =

1 [ 3sin 3x 3sin x ] 4

Diff w.r.t x, we get

y2 =

1 ( 9 cos 3x 3cos x ) 4

1 = ( cos x + 3cos 3x ) 4

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ii)
y = sin 4 x
2 (1 cos 2 x )2 y = sin 4 x = ( sin 2 x ) = 2

sol :

1 1 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x 4
1 1 + cos 4 x 1 2 cos 2 x + 4 2

1 = [ 2 4 cos 2 x + 1 + cos 4 x ] 8

1 = [3 4cos 2 x + cos 4 x ] 8
Diff w.r.t. x , then

y1 =

1 ( 8cos 2 x 4sin 4 x ) 8

y2 =

1 (16 cos 2 x 16 cos 4 x ) = 2 ( cos 2 x cos 4 x ) 8

iii)

y = log ( 4 x 2 9 )
= log ( 2 x 3)( 2 x + 3) = log ( 2 x 3) + log ( 2 x + 3)

Diff with respect to x, then

y1 =

2 2 + 2x 3 2x + 3

Again diff w.r.t. x, then

y2 =

2 ( 1)2

( 2 x 3)2

2 ( 1)2

( 2 x + 3)2

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= 4

( ( 2 x + 3)2 + ( 2 x + 3)2 ) = 4 ( 2{4 x2 + 9}) 2 2 ( 4 x2 9) ( 4 x2 9)

4 x2 + 9) ( = 8 2 ( 4 x2 9)

iv) sol :

y = e 2 x .sin 3 x y = e 2 x .sin 3 x

Diff with respect to x

y ' = e2 x ( 3sin 2 x.cos x ) + sin 3 x ( e2 x ) ( 2 )
2 3 = e2 x 3sin x.cos x 2sin x

Diff with respect to x

d2y dx
2

= e 2 x [3sin 2 x ( sin x ) +3cos x ( 2sin x ) cos x 6 sin 2 x cos x ) 2.e 2 x

2 3 3sin x.cos x 2sin x

2 2 3 6 sin x.cos x + 4 sin x ) = e 2 x 6 sin x.cos x 6 sin x.cos x 3sin x

3 2 2 = e2 x sin x 12sin x.cos x + 6sin x.cos x

v)

e x .sin x.cos 2 x
y = e x .sin x.cos 2 x = ex ( sin 3 x sin x ) 2 ex ( 2 cos 2 x.sin x ) 2

sol :

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diff w.r.t. x, then
y1 = 1 x e ( 3cos 3 x cos x ) + e x ( sin 3x sin x ) 2

Again diff w.r.t. x, then

y2 = 1 x + e x [3cos 3 x cos x ] + e x ( sin 3 x sin x ) e ( 9sin 3 x + sin x ) + e x ( 3cos 3 x cos x ) 2

ex [9 sin 3 x + sin x + 3cos 3 x cos x +3cos3x cos x + sin x3x sin x] 2 ex [ 6 cos 3 x 8sin 3 x 2 cos x ] 2

= e x [3cos 3 x 4 sin 3 x cos x ]

vi)

Tan1

+x (1 1 x) +x (1 1 x)

sol :

y = tan 1

Put x = tan then = tan-1x

tan + tan 4 y = tan 1 1 tan .tan 4

= tan 1 tan

+ )) = + ( ( 4 4

f ( x) =

+ tan 1 ( x ) 4

Diff. w. r. to x

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f '( x) = 0 + 1 1 + x2

Again diff w.r.t. x,

f " ( x ) = ( 1) (1 + x 2 )
2

(2x)

f "( x ) =

2 x

(1 + x 2 )

vii)

3 x x3 tan 1 2 1 3x
3 x x3 f ( x ) = tan 1 2 1 3x

sol :

Put x = tan = tan 1 x

3 tan tan 3 f ( x ) = tan 1 2 1 3 tan
= tan 1 ( tan 3 ) = 3
f ( x ) = 3 tan 1 ( x )

Diff. w. r. to x
1 3 f '( x) = 3 = 2 1 + x 1 + x2

Again Diff. w. r. to x
f '' ( x ) = ( 3)( 1) (1 + x 2 )
2

( 2 x ) f "( x )

6x

(1 + x 2 )

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II. 1. Prove the following . If y = ax n +1 + bx n , then x 2 y " = n ( n + 1) y.

Sol : y = ax n +1 + bx 1

Diff w.r.t x,

y1 = ( n + 1) .ax n nbx n 1

Again diff with respect x,

y2 = n ( n + 1) .ax n 1 + n ( n + 1) bx n 2
x 2 y2 = n ( n + 1) ax n +1 + n ( n + 1) bx n

= n ( n + 1) ( ax n +1 + bx n ) = n ( n + 1) y
x 2 y " = n ( n + 1) y

ii) iii) iv)

If y = a cos x + ( b + 2 x ) sin x, then show that y "+ y = 4cos x If y = 6 ( x + 1) + ( a + bx ) e3 x then y " = 6 y '+ 9 y = 54 x + 18 If ay 4 = ( a + b )5 , then 5 y y " = ( y ' )2

sol :

ay 4 = ( x + b )5 y 4 =

( x + b )5 a

y=

( x + b )5 4 a1 4

Diff
y1 =

w.r.t x, we get
5 . ( x + b) 14 4 a 1
1 (5 4 ) =

5 4a
14

( x + b )1 4 .1 Again diff with respect x,

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1

1 4 y2 = 1 4 . ( x + b ) 4 4a

5 16a
54

14

( x + b )3 4

L.H.S. = 5 y y " = 5. ( x + b ) 14
a

5 16a
14

( a + b )3 4

24 5 ( x + b )1 4 = ( y ')2 ( ) + = x b 4a1 4 16a1 2

25

v) III. 1.

If y = a cos ( sin x ) + b sin ( sin x ) , then y "+ ( tan x ) y '+ y cos 2 x = 0 try yourself.

i) If y = 128sin 3 x cos 4 x, then find y ".

Sol : y = 128sin 3 x.cos 4 x D.w.r. to x

3 3 4 2 y1 = 128 sin x {4 cos x ( sin x )} + cos x {3sin x.cos x}

2 5 4 3 = 128 3sin x cos x 4sin x cos x

Again D. w. r to x
4 2 y2 = 128{3[sin 2 x 5cos 4 x. ( sin x ) + cos5 x} 2 sin x cos x ] 4[sin x.3.cos x ( sin x )

+ cos3 x.4 sin 3 x cos x ]} = 128[ 15sin 3 x.cos 4 x + 6 sin x cos 6 x +12 sin 5 x cos 2 x 16 sin 3 x cos 4 x ] f " ( x ) = 128[6sin x cos6 x + 12sin 5 x.cos 2 x 31sin 3 x.cos 4 x ]

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ii) sol : If y = sin 2 x sin 3x sin 4 x, then find y ".

y = sin 2 x sin 3x sin 4 x = 1 sin 2 x [ 2sin 4 x. sin 3x ] 2 1 sin 2 x [ cos x cos 7 x ] 2 1 [sin 2 x.cos x cos 7 x. sin 2 x ] 2
1 1 [ 2sin 2 x.cos x 2cos 7 x.sin 2 x ] 2 2

1 [( sin 3x + sin x ) ( sin 9 x sin 5 x )] 4

1 [ sin 9 x + sin 5 x + sin 3x + sin x ] 4

D.w.r to x
y1 = 1 [ 9 cos 9 x + 5cos 5 x + 3cos 3x + cos x ] 4

D. w. r. to x
y2 = 1 [81sin 9 x 25sin 5 x 9sin 3 x sin x ] 4

iii)

If ax + 2hxy + by = 1, then prove that

2 2

d2y dx 2

h 2 ab

( hx + by )3

sol : Given ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 = 1 Differentiating w. r. to x

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d ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 ) = 0 ( dx
a.2 x + 2h x.

dy dy + y + b.2 y =0 dx dx

2ax + 2hx.

dy dy + 2hy + 2by. =0 dx dx by = 2 ( ax + hy ) dx
..... (1)

2 ( hx + by ) .

( ax + hy ) dy 2 ( ax + hy ) = = ( hx + by ) dx 2 ( hx + by )
Differentiating again w. r. to x,

d2y dx 2 d2y

d ( ax + hy ) dx ( hx + by )

( hx + by ) a + h dy ( ax + hy ) h + b. by dx dx = 2 dx 2 ( hx + by )

( ax + hy ) ( ax + hy ) ( ax + hy ) h b. ( hx + by ) hx + by hx + by ( ax + hy ) h 2 x + bhy abx bhy = ( hx + by )2

( hx + by ) ( ahx + aby ahx h 2 y )

( hx + by )3

h 2 ab ) [ x ( ax + hy )] + ( h 2 ab ( y ( hx + by ) ) ) ( h 2 ab ) [ x ( ax + hy ) + y ( hx + by )] ( = =

( hx + by )3

( hx + by )3

h 2 ab ) ax 2 2hxy + by 2 ( =

( hx + by )3

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= h 2 ab

( hx + by )

2 2 ax + 2hxy + by = 1

iv)

If y = ae bx cos ( cx + d ) then prove that y "+ 2by '+ ( b 2 + c 2 ) y = 0 .

k x 2

v)

If y = e

k2 ( a cos nx + b sin nx ) . Then prove that y "+ ky '+ n 2 + y = 0 4

sol : Given y =

k x e2

( a cos nx + b sin nx ) ...... (1)

diff w.rt. x, we get,

y1 =

k x e 2 ( n.a sin nx

+ n.b cos nx ) + ( a cos nx +

k x b sin nx ) .e 2

( k2 )

k = . y n.e kx / 2 ( a sin nx + b cos nx ) 2

y1 + k y = n e kx / 2 ( a sin nx + b cos nx ) ..... ( 2 ) 2

Differentiating w. r. to x
y2 +

k kx / 2 k kx / 2 ( ) + a sin nx + b cos nx . e ( ) y1 = n e na cos nx nb sin nx { } 2 2

( )}

= n 2 e kx / 2 ( a cos nx + b sin nx )

k n.e kx / 2 ( a sin nx + b cos nx )} { 2

= n 2 . y

k k y1 + 2 2

y by (1) , ( 2 )

= n 2 y

k k2 y1 y 2 4

k k2 y1 n 2 + y 2 4

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k2 y2 + k . y1 + n 2 + y = 0 4
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. If f ( x ) = x 2 ( x R ) , Prove that f is differentiable on R and find its derivative. 2. Suppose f ( x ) =
f '( x) .
x ( x > 0 ) , prove that f is differentiable on ( 0, ) and find

3.

If f ( x ) =

1 x +1
2

( x R ) , prove that f is differentiable and find f ' ( x )

4.

If f ( x ) = sin x ( x R ) , then show that f is differentiable on R and

f ' ( x ) = cos x

5.

Show that f ( x ) = x ( x R ) is not differentiable at zero and is differentiable at any x 0

6.

Check whether the following function is differentiable at zero

3 + x if f ( x) = 3 x if
x0 x<0

Sol : Suppose h > 0 and

f ( 0 + h) f ( 0) f ( h) 3 = h h

3+h3 h = =1 h h

f ( 0 + h ) f ( 0) =1 h 0 h Lt f has the right hand derivative zero and f ' ( 0+ )

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h f ( 0 + h ) f ( 0) 3h3 = Lt = = Lt = 1 h0 h h 0 hx h h
Lt

F has the left hand derivative at zero and f ' ( 0 ) = 1 f ' ( 0+ ) f ' ( 0 )
f ( x ) is not differentiable at zero

7. 8.

Show that the derivative of a constant function on an interval is zero. Suppose for all x, y R f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) . f ( y ) and f ' ( 0 ) exists. Then show that f ' ( x ) exists and equal to f ( x ) f ' ( 0 ) for all x R.

Sol : Let x R, for h 0, we have

f ( x + h) f ( x) f ( x) f ( h) f ( x) = h h
= f ( x)

[ f ( h ) 1]
h

...... (1)

f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 + 0 ) = f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) (1 f ( 0 ) ) = 0

f (0) = 0 f (0) = 1

Case (i) : Suppose f ( 0 ) = 0

f ( x ) = f ( x + 0) = f ( x ) f ( 0) = 0 x R

f ( x ) is a constant function f ' ( x ) = 0

For all x R
f ' ( x ) = 0 = f ( x ). f ' ( 0)

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Case (ii) : Suppose f ( 0 ) = 1

f ( x + h) f ( x) = Lt f ( x ) f ( h ) f ( x ) = f ( x ) Lt f ( h ) 1 h0 h h 0 h0 h h Lt

f ( x ) Lt

h 0

f ( h ) f ( 0) ( f ( 0) = 0) h

= f ( x ) f ' (0)

f is differential and f ' ( x ) = f ( x ) f ' ( 0 )

9. If f ( x ) = ( ax + b )n x >

b , then find f ' ( x ) a

10.

Find the derivative of f ( x ) = ex ( x 2 + 1) , If y =

11.

ax dy ( x a ) , find a+x dx

12.

If f ( x ) = e 2 x .log x ( x > 0 ) , then find f ' ( x )

1 + x2 1 x2

13.

If f ( x ) =

( x < 1) , then find f ' ( x )

14.

If f ( x ) = x 2 , 2 x log x ( x > 0 ) , find f ' ( x ) . if y =

f ( x) g ( x) f '( x) g '( x) f ( x) g ( x) dy then show that = + ( x) ( x) ( x) ( x) '( x) '( x) dx f ( x) g ( x) = f ( x) '( x) + ( x) g ( x) ( x) ( x)

15.

Sol : Given is =

dy = f ( x ) ' ( x ) + ( x ) f ' ( x ) [ ( x ) .g ' ( x ) + g ( x ) . ' ( x )] dx

= [ f ( x ) ' ( x ) g ( x ) ' ( x )] + [ f ' ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) .g ' ( x )]

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= f ( x) g ( x) f '( x) g '( x) + '( x) '( x) ( x) ( x)

16. 17. 18.

3 If f ( x ) = 7 x + 3 x ( x > 0 ) , then find f ' ( x ) .

If f ( x ) = x.e x sin x, then find f ' ( x ) . If f ( x ) = sin ( log x )( x > 0 ) , find f ' ( x ) . If f ( x ) = x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x 13

19.

100

; find f ' ( x ) .

20.

Find the derivative of f ( x ) =

x cos x 1 + x2

21.

If f ( x ) = log ( sec x + tan x ) find f ' ( x ) If y = sin 1 x , find

22.

dy . dx

23.

If y = sec ( tan x ) , find

x sin 1 x 1 + x2

dy dx

24.

If y =

, find

dy dx
dy . dx dy . dx

25.

If y = log ( cos h 2 x ) , find

26.

If y = log ( sin ( log x ) ) , find

27.

If y = cot 1 x3

, find

dy . dx

28.

If y = cos ec 1 e 2 x +1 find

dy . dx

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29. If y = tan 1 ( cos x ) , find

dy dx

Sol : v =

x and u = cos v, y = tan 1 u

du dy 1 du 1 = , = sin u = dx 2 x dv du 1 + u 2

= sin x =

1 1 + cos 2 ( x )

dy dy du du = . . dx du dv dx
= 1 1 + cos 2 ( x ) sin x 1 2 x

sin x 2 x 1 + cos 2 ( x )
x2 + 1 + x2 for 0 < x < 1, find dy . dx x2 1 x2

30.

1+ If y = Tan 1 1+

31.

If y = x 2 .e x sin x, find

dy . dx dy dx

32.

If y = x tan x + ( sin x )cos x , find

Sol : Let u = x tan x and v = ( sin x )cos x

log u = log x tan x = ( tan x ) log x

1 dy 1 = tan x + ( log x ) sec2 x. . u dx x

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du tan x =u + ( log x ) .sec2 x dx x
= x tan x
2

x + ( log x ) .sec x ) ( tan x

log v = log ( sin x ) cos x] = cos x.log sin x

1 dv 1 . cos x + ( log sin x )( sin x ) = cos x. v dx sin x

cos x cos 2 x sin x log ( sin x ) sin x

cos 2 x dv = v sin x log sin x dx sin x

cos 2 = ( sin x )cos x sin x log ( sin x ) sin x

dy du dv = + = x tan x dx dx dx

(
33.

cos 2 x tan x + ( log x ) ( sec2 x ) + ( sin x )cos x sin x.log ( sin x ) x sin x

If x = a cos t + log tan

( 2t )) , y = a sin t, find dy dx
dy log x = dx (1 + log x )2

34.

If x y = e x y , then show that

Sol : x y = e x y log x y = log e x y

y log x = x y ( log e = 1)
y (1 + log x ) = x , y =

x c 1 + log x

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dy = dx

(1 + log x ) .1 x. (1 + log x )2
=

1 x

1 + log x 1

log x

(1 + log x )

(1 + log x )2

35.

2 If sin y = x sin ( a + y ) , then show that dy = sin ( a + y ) ( a is not a multiple of )

dx

sin a

Sol : x =

sin y sin ( a + y )

dy sin ( a + y ) cos y sin y cos ( a + y ) dy . = dx dx sin 2 ( a + y )

sin ( a + y y )

sin a

sin 2 ( a + y ) sin 2 ( a + y )

dy 1 sin 2 ( a + y ) = = sin a dx dx dy
36. 37. Sol : If y = x 4 + tan x, then find y. If f ( x ) = sin x,sin 2 x,sin 3 x find f " ( x ) .

f ( x) =
=

1 1 sin 2 x ( 2sin 3x sin x ) = ( sin 2 x )( cos 2 x cos 4 x ) 2 2

1 ( 2sin 2 x cos 2 x 2sin 2 x cos 4 x ) 4 1 ( sin 2 x + sin 4 x sin 6 x ) 4

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Therefore,

f '( x) =
Hence,
f "( x ) =

1 [ 2cos 2 x + 4cos 4 x 6cos 6 x ] 4

1 ( 4sin 2 x 16sin 4 x + 36sin 6 x ) = 9sin 6 x 4sin 4 x sin 2 x. 4

38.

Show that y = x + tan x satisfies cos 2 x

dy 2 dx 2 d2y dx 2

+ 2 x = 2 y.

39.

If x = a ( t sin t ) , y = a (1 + cos t ) , find

40.

2x Find the second order derivative of y = tan 1 1 x2

41.

If y = sin ( sin x ) , show that y "+ ( tan x ) y '+ y cos 2 x = 0 .

2 k2 y "+ ky + n + y = 0 4
1

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