Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 1

Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 2

2
a
2
E
F
(L/r)
t
=
2
a
2
12 E
F
23(KL/r)
t
=
Elastic buckling:
2
y 2
c
a
(KL/r)
1 F
2C
F
F.S.
(

(

=
Allowable buckling stress:
Inelastic buckling:
K-factors as previously described
2
3
c c
5 3(KL/r) (KL/r)
F.S.
3 8C 8C
= +
F.S. = factor of safety, computed as:
2
y
2
F
E
2 (L/r)
t
=
at
2
c
y
L 2 E
C
r F
t
= =

Steel buckling
Based on empirical tests steel has 2 buckling modes:
Inelastic buckling (KL/r < C
c
)
Elastic buckling (KL/r > C
c
)
C
c
at ~ Fy/2 is derived using Eulers formula:
1.2-1.5
For F
y
= 50 ksi C
c
= 107
For F
y
= 36 ksi C
c
= 126
2
y 2
c
a
(KL/r)
1 F
2C
F
F.S.
(

(

=
2
a
2
12 E
F
23(KL/r)
t
=
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 3
F
a
(ksi)
F
a
(ksi) Steel columns & struts
Allowable buckling stress for steel of:
F
y
= 36 ksi
F
y
= 42 ksi
F
y
= 60 ksi
F
y
= 100 ksi
Note:
High strength steel is NOT effective for slender
columns in the elastic range, since the E-modulus
is relatively constant for all steel grades
Maximum slenderness: 200
Max. recommended column slenderness: 120
Usual truss bar slenderness range 40-200
The following AISC tables give allowable buckling
stress for 2 common steel grades for KL/r =1-200.
Together with tables for allowable buckling load
they usually eliminate cumbersome computations.
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 4
F
y
= 36 ksi F
y
= 50 ksi
Buckling stress governed by E-modulus
AISC table, copyright American Institute of Steel Construction Inc. Reprinted with permission of AISC. All rights reserved
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 5
Allowableload
P=FaA=22.8(24.1) P=550k
Graph method
Allowablestressat stresscurve/ kL/r intersection
At KL/r =58 F
a
=23ksi
P=FaA=23(24.1) P=554k
3
2
8
) / (
8
) / ( 3
3
5
. .
c
c
C
r KL
C
r KL
S F + =
3
2
) 107 ( 8
) 58 (
) 107 ( 8
) 58 ( 3
3
5
+ =
Factor of safety
F.S.=1.87
. .
2
) / (
1
2
2
S F
F
C
r KL
F
y
c
a
(

=
87 . 1
50
) 107 ( 2
58
1
2
2
(

=
Allowable stress
F
a
=22.8 ksi
Analysis
- Determinek-factor for givensupports
- DefineC
c
, size, andlength
- Computeslendernessration KL/r
- Computeallowablestress F
a
- Computeallowableload P=F
a
A
Example
W14x82post, L=12, F
y
=50ksi, A=24.1in
2
, r
y
=2.48
Slenderness
KL/r =12(12) / 2.48 KL/r =58
Useinelasticformula C
c
=107>58
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 6
AISC table, copyright American Institute of Steel Construction Inc.
Reprinted with permission of AISC. All rights reserved
Design
Design is a trial and error process, with given P and L
Analyze and adjust a trial sectionor use AISC tables
Example
Assume: Fy=50 ksi, K=1, KL=10, P=270 k
From AISC table Use W14x43
P
all
=279>270
Example
Assume: 2-story post, braced about Y-axis only
Y-axis length L1=18; X-axis length L2=29, P=180 k
For critical length about X-axis, divide unbraced X-axis
length by r
x
/r
y
ratio. The greater length governs.
Scan table for smallest r
x
/r
y
ratio: r
x
/r
y
=2.44
X-axis effective length KL = 29/2.44 KL =12
Y-axis length governs 18 > 12
Try W14x53 P
all
=184>180
Check rx/ry ratio r
x
/r
y
=3.07>2.44
Use W14x53
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 7
Eccentric load
Eccentric load causes bending (M=Pe).
Posts with combined axial and bending stress
must satisfy the interaction formula:
f
b
/F
b
+f
a
/F
a
1
f
b
= actual bending stress
F
b
= allowable bending stress
f
a
= actual axial stress
F
a
= allowable axial stress
For convenience, substitute equivalent axial load for bending
f
b
= M / S = M B / A = f
a
P = f
a
A = M B
M = bending moment in k (kip-inch)
S = Section modulus
A = cross section area
B = A / S (defined as Bending factor)
P = axial load
For biaxial bending the total equivalent axial load is
P
tot
= P+M
x
B
x
+M
y
B
y
For bending about the X-axis only (most common)
P
tot
= P+M
x
B
x
Bending factors listed in AISC column tables assume k (kip-inch)
e
P
M=Pe
Eccentric load
Interaction graph
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 8
Concentric example
Concentric load P = 250 k, Fy=50 ksi, KL=10
Use W14x43 P
all
= 279
279>250, ok
Eccentric example
Same as above, but e = 7eccentricity
M = P e = 250 (7) M=1750 k
Scan table for bending factor: B
x
= 0.196
P
tot
=P+M
x
B
x
=250+1750(0.196) P
tot
= 593 k
Try W14x82 P
all
= 593=593
Check bending factor B
x
= 0.196
Use W14x82
Note:
Eccentric load doubles
post weight
While concentric post
has plenty reserve
e=7
P
M = P e
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 9
W-shapes: allowable axial load (ASD)
W-shape data *
F
y
=50 ksi [345 MPa]
A =Cross section area
Bx =Bending factor about x-axis
By =Bending factor about y-axis
Rx =Radius of gyration about x-axis
Ry =Radius of gyration about y-axis
US units SI units
Label A Bx By Ry Rx/Ry Label Bx By
Units in
2
1/in 1/in In 1/m 1/m
W14X193 56.8 0.183 0.477 4.05 1.77 W360X287 7.21 18.79
W14X176 51.8 0.184 0.484 4.02 1.60 W360X262 7.26 19.06
W14X159 46.7 0.184 0.485 4 1.60 W360X237 7.24 19.11
W14X145 42.7 0.184 0.489 3.98 1.59 W360X216 7.25 19.26
W14X132 38.8 0.186 0.521 3.76 1.67 W360X196 7.31 20.50
W14X120 35.3 0.186 0.523 3.74 1.67 W360X179 7.31 20.59
W14X109 32 0.185 0.523 3.73 1.67 W360X162 7.28 20.59
W14X99 29.1 0.185 0.527 3.71 1.66 W360X147 7.30 20.75
W14X90 26.5 0.185 0.531 3.7 1.66 W360X134 7.30 20.91
W14X82 24 0.195 0.819 2.48 2.44 W360X122 7.68 32.25
W14X74 21.8 0.195 0.820 2.48 2.44 W360X110 7.66 32.27
W14X68 20 0.194 0.826 2.46 2.44 W360X101 7.64 32.54
W14X61 17.9 0.194 0.833 2.45 2.44 W360X91 7.65 32.78
W14X53 15.6 0.201 1.091 1.92 3.07 W360X79 7.89 42.95
W14X48 14.1 0.201 1.102 1.91 3.06 W360X72 7.91 43.37
W14X43 12.6 0.201 1.115 1.89 3.08 W360X64 7.92 43.90
* Data from AISC, copyright American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
Reprinted with permission of AISC. All rights reserved
Design graph for convenient metric conversion
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 10
Composite post
Assume:
Support factor K = 1.2, L=15, KL=15x1.2=18
Yield stres Fy = 50 ksi
1 MC 13x50: A=2x14.7= 29.4 in
2
, I
y
=2x16.5=33 in
4
2 Composite post
Weak axis moment of inertia I
y
=E(I
00
+AX
2
)
X = 14/20.974 X= 6.026 in
Plate moment of inertia
I
00
= 2bd
3
/12 = 2x1x13
3
/12 I
00
= 366 in
3
I=
Radius of Gyration
r = (I/A)

=(1467/55.4)

r = 5.1
KL/r = 18 x 12 / 5.1 kL/r = 42
Allowable stress (from graph) F
a
=25.6 ksi
Allowable load
Pall = Fa A = 25.6 x 55.4 P
all
=1418 k
Part A (in
2
) X (in) A X
2
(in
4
) I
00
(in
4
) I
y
(in
4
)
2 MC13x50 29.4 6.026 1068 33 1101
2 Plates 13x1 26 0 0 366 366
E 55.4 1467
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 11
Truss bar (design vertical bar A)
Point loads P = 12 k
Pin joints K = 1
Bar length (truss depth) KL = 6
Reactions
R = 6 P/2 = 6 x 12 k / 2 P = 36 k
Bar force
P = R P = 36 k
Try alternate shapes and strengths
Alternate 1, Double angle, Fy = 36 ksi
Try DL3x3x1/4 @ 9.8 plf P
all
= 45>36
Alternate 2, Double angle, Fy = 50 ksi
Try DL3x3x3/16 @ 7.42 plf P
all
= 38>36
Alternate 3, Standard Pipe, Fy = 36 ksi
Try P3 @ 7.58 plf P
all
= 38>36
Alternate 4, Square Tubing, Fy = 46 ksi
Use ST3x3x3/16 @ 6.87 plf P
all
= 42>36
Note: Tubing at only 6.87 plf is most economical
P P P P P P/2 P/2
A
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 12
Truss bars and joints
Bar joints must be concentric to avoid bending stress
Concentric joints require all bar system lines to meet at
one point at each joint.
For symmetricbarssystemlinesareat bar centers
For asymmetricbars(LandT-shapes) systemcenter
linesareincludedinAISCtables.
1 TrusswithdoubleLbarsjoint bygusset plates
2 Joint detail
3 Double channel bars joint by gusset plates
4 Pipe bars joint by gusset plates
5 Tubing bars with welded joints
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 13
Steel sections
1 W-shape, light (W14x22)
Used as column supporting light weight
2 W-shape, heavy(W14x730)
Used as column supporting heavy weight
3 S-shape (Standard shape)
Used as joist
4 Wide flange shape
Used as column and girder
5 Channel
Double channels used for bracing
6 T-shapes
(cut from S-shapes [left] and W-shapes [right])
Used as truss chords and bracing
7 L-shapes (unequal legs)
Double L-shapes used as truss bars and bracing
8 L-shapes (equal legs)
Double L-shapes used as truss bars and bracing
9 Pipes (standard, extra strong, double extrastrong)
Used as posts and truss bars
10 Tubing (square and rectangular)
Used as truss bars, posts, and bracing
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 14
Column details
Column splices are usually at mid-height of
floors at inflection points of zero bending stress
1 Bolted web splice plates
2 Welded transition plate
3 Bolted flange splice plates
4 Bolted flange splice plate
with shim to adjust variable post size
5 Base plate section with twin nuts to adjust
vertical and lateral alignments
6 Base plate welded to column, bolted to footing
E Twin nuts (allow column alignment)
F Grout (placed under base plate after alignment)
5 6
Steel buckling Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 15
Design strong columns