Chapter 7.

Verification of multi-anchored wall

In this chapter, we are showing how to design and verify a multi-anchored wall. Assignment Verify a multi-anchored wall made from steel soldier piles I 400 with a length of 21,0 m. Depth of the ditch is 15,0 m. The terrain is horizontal. The surcharge acts at the surface and is permanent with size of 25,0 kN m 2 . The GWT behind the construction is 10,0 m below the surface.

Scheme of the wall anchored in multiple layers Table with the soil and rock parameters Soil, rock (classification) Profile [m] Unit Weight kN m 3

Angle of internal friction ef []

Cohesion of soil cef [kPa]

Deformation modulus Edef [MPa]

Poissons Ratio []

CL, CI Clay with low or medium 0,0 2,0 plasticity, firm consistency CS Sandy 2,0 4,5 clay, firm consistency R4 (good rock), 4,5 12,0

19,5

20

16

6,0

0,4

19,5 21

22 27,5

14 30

7,0 40,0

0,35 0,3

low strength R3 (good rock), medium strength R5 (poor rock), very low strength R5 (poor rock), very low strength R5 (poor rock), very low strength

12,0 16,6 16,6 17,4 17,4 25,0 from 25,0

22

40

100

50,0

0,25

19

24

20

40,0

0,3

21

30

35

55,0

0,25

21

40

100

400,0

0,2

Angle of friction between structure and soil is = 7,5 for all layers. Also, the saturated Unit weight equals the Unit Weight above. Note that the Modulus of deformation is being used for soil materials.

Table with position and geometry of the anchors Anchor no. 1 2 3 4 5 All Depth z [m ] 2,5 5,5 8,5 11,0 13,0 anchors Length l [m ] 19,0 16,5 13,0 10,0 8,0 have a Root l k [m] 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 diameter Slope [] 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 25,0 Spacing b [m] 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 modulus Anchor force F [kN ] 300,0 350,0 400,0 400,0 400,0 of elasticity

d = 32,0 mm ,

E = 210,0 GPa . Anchor spacing is b = 4,0 m .

Solution For solving this task, use the GEO5 program Sheeting Check. The analysis will be performed in the classical way without reduction of input data so the real behavior of the structure will be grasped. Internal stability of the anchor system and overall stability will be checked with a safety factor of 1,5. This solution assumes you have entered the soil types and profiles, and permanent load as listed above.

In the frame Settings select option no. 1 Standard safety factors. Then, go to frame Geometry and input the basic dimensions of the section, and also the coefficient of pressure reduction below the ditch bottom, which is in this case 0,4.

Dialog window New section

Note. The coefficient of reduction of earth pressures below the excavation reduces the pressures in the soil. For classical retaining walls this is equal 1,0. For braced sheeting it is less than or equal to one. It depends on size and spacing of braces (More info in help F1).

Now, we will describe the building of the wall stage by stage. It is necessary to model the task in stages, to reflect how it will be constructed in reality. In each stage it is necessary to look at values of internal forces and deformation. If the braced sheeting is not stable in some stage of construction or if the analyzed deformation is too large, then we need to change structure for example to make the wall embedment longer, make the ditch shallower, increase the anchor forces etc.

In construction stage 1, the ditch is made to depth of 3,0 m. In the stage 2, anchor is placed at a depth of 2,5 m. The GWT behind the structure is at a depth of 10,0 m beneath the surface.

Frame Anchors Construction stage 2 In the 3rd construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 6,5 m. In the 4th stage, anchor is placed at a depth of 5,5 m. The GWT is not changed so far.

Frame Anchors Construction stage 4

In the 5th construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 9,0 m. In the 6th stage, anchor is placed at the depth of 8,5 m. The depth of GWT is not changed.

Frame Anchors Construction stage 6 In 7th construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 11,5 m. In 8th construction stage, an anchor is placed at the depth of 11,0 m. The GWT in front of the wall is now at a depth of 12,0 m below the surface. The GWT behind the structure is not changed.

Frame Anchors Construction stage 8

In the 9th construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 13,5 m. In the 10th stage, an anchor is placed at the of the structure is 15,5 m below the surface. depth of 13 m. The GWT in front

Frame Anchors Construction stage 10

In the 11th, and last, construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 15,0 m. We will not add new anchors. The GWT in front of the wall is at a depth of 15,5 m. Behind the wall it is at a depth of 10,0 m.

Frame Anchors Construction stage 11

Note: Due to deformation of the structure the forces in anchors are changing. These changes depend on the stiffness of the anchors and the deformation of the anchors head. The force can decrease (due to loss of pre-stress force) or increase. The forces can be pre-stressed in any stage of construction again to the required force.

Results of analysis On the pictures below are the analysis results of the last, 11th construction stage.

Frame Analysis (Kh + pressures) Stage of construction 11

Frame Analysis (Internal forces) Stage of construction 11

Frame Analysis (Deformation + stresses) Stage of construction 11

All the stages are satisfactorily analyzed that means that the structure is stable and functional in all stages of the construction. The deformation must also be checked that it is not too large, as well as that the anchor force does not exceed the bearing capacity of the anchor (The user must check this as this is not checked by the program Sheeting check). Maximum displacement of the wall is 28,8 mm, which is satisfactory.

Note: If the program does not find a solution in some of the construction stages, then the data must be revised e.g. to make the structure longer, make the forces in anchors larger, change the number or position of anchors, etc.

Verification of cross-section of the structure Open the frame Envelopes in the 1st construction stage, where you see the maximum and minimum values of variables. Maximum shear force: Maximum bending moment:

237,24 kN m 220,80 kNm m

Frame Envelopes

The bending moment is calculated per one meter (foot) of structure, so we have to calculate the moment acting on the soldier beam. The spacing of soldier beams in our example is 2,0 m, so the resulting moment is 220,80 * 2,0 = 441,6 KNm. Users can perform the verification of cross-section I 400 manually or using another program such as FIN EC STEEL.

Verification (cross-sections I 400) output from FIN EC STEEL program

 Overall utilization of cross-section: 72,8 % Verification of bearing capacity:

M y , R = 606,582 kNm M max = 441,6 kNm

This designed cross-section satisfies analysis criteria.

Note: Dimensioning and verification of concrete and steel walls is not part of the program Sheeting Check, but is planned for a future version.

Analysis of internal stability Go to the frame Internal stability in the last construction stage and look at maximum allowable force in each anchor and the specified safety factor. The minimum safety factor is 1.5.

Frame Internal stability

Note : The verification is done this way. At first we iterate the force in the anchor, resulting in equilibrium of all forces acting on the earth wedge. This earth wedge is bordered by construction, terrain, the middle of the roots of anchors and the theoretical heel of structure. If an anchor is not satisfactory the best way to resolve the issue is to make it longer or decrease the pre-stressed force.

Verification of external stability The last required analysis is external stability. The button will automatically open the program Slope stability, where you perform overall stability analysis.

Program Slope stability

Conclusion The structure was successfully designed with a maximum deformation of 28,8 mm. This is satisfactory for this type of construction. Additionally, the limits of forces in anchors were not exceeded. Verification of bearing capacity of cross-section SATISFACTORY Internal stability SATISFACTORY Anchor nr. 4 (analyzed safety factor): External stability SATISFACORY Safety factors (Bishop optimization):

SFmin = 5,31 > SFa = 1,50 . SF = 2,92 > SFs = 1,50 .

The designed sheeting satisfies evaluation criteria.