Cosine rule a = b + c - 2bc cos A Binomial series ( a+b) = a + ( ) an-1b+( ) an-2b + +( ) an-rbr + +bn ( n

Where (

) = n Cr = ++ + (
1 n )

Logarithms and exponentials x= Geometric series =a = = forr

1

Numerical integration The trapezium rule:

1) where

{(y + ) + 2(y1 + y2 + +

Logarithms and exponentials e ln a = ax Trigonometric identities = sin A cos B cos (A B) = cos A cos B cos A sin B sin A sin B (A sin A +sin B =2 sin sin A sin B =2cos cos sin cos sin B (k + )

cos A + cos B =2cos cos A cos B =2 sin Differentiation

tan sec cot sec

sec2 sec tan sec2 sec cot

Integration (+constant)

sec2 tan cot x sec sec =

tan | | | | | | | | | | | |

Sunmmations

= n(n+1)(2n+1) =

Numerical solution of equations The Newton-Raphson iteration for solving f( ) = 0 : =

Conics Standard Form Parametic Form Foci Directrices Parabola = 4a (a ) Regtangular Hyperbola = ( )

= -a

Not required Not required

Matrix transformations Anticlokwise rotation through Reflextion in the line = about 0: ( :( ) )

In FP1, will be a multiple of

Area of a sector A= d (polar coordinates)

Complex numbers = { The roots of = = 1 are given by z = , for k = 0,1,2,,n-1

Maclurins and Taylors Series

= exp(x) = 1 + ln(1+ ) = = + + +

++ +

+ for all + (1 )

+ for all + for all

=1

Arctan

(1

Vector The resolved part of a in the direction of b is The point dividing AB in the ratio : is
| |

Vector product: a b = | || |

=|

a.(b c) = |

| = b.(c a) = c. (a

If A is the point with position vector a = vector b is given by b = direction vector b has cartesian equation = = (= ) +

i+

j+

k and the direction

k then the straight line through A with

The plane through A with normal vector n = equation + + + d = 0 where d = a.n

i+

j+

k has Cartesian

The plane through non-collinear points A , B and C has vector equation

r = a + (b-a) + (c-a) = (1- )a + b + c The plane through the point with position vector a and parallel to b and c has equation r = a + sb + t c

The perpendicular distance of (

|

) from
|

+ d = 0 is

Hyperbolic functions =2 = arcosh arsinh artanh = = = { { ( + ) | | ( 1) =1

Conics Ellips Standard Form Parametric ( Parabola Hyperbola Rectangular Hyperbola = ( )

)(

)(

Form Eccentricity Foci Directrices Asymptotes ( = none ) ,0) =none

) ,0) = = ( + = = )

Differentiation

arcsin arccos arctan -

arsinh arcosh artanh

Integration (+constant;a

whererelevant) d

ln

arcosh( ), arcsinh( ), ln| ln|

{ {

| |

| = artanh( ) |

Arc length S= ( ) dx ( ) (cartesian coordinates) (parametric form)

S = ( )

Surface area of revolution =2 = 2 ( = 2 ( ) ( ) ) ( )

Centres of mass For uniform bodies: Triangular lamina: along median from vertex

Circular arc, radius r, angle at centre 2 : Sector of circle, radius r, angle at centre 2 :

from centre from centre

Motion in a circle Transverse velocity: =r

Transverse acceleration: = r Radial acceleration: r = -

Universal law gravitation Force =

Statistics Probability P P P = =P =P +P P -P

Discrete distributions

For a discrete random variable X taking values P Expectation (mean): E Variance: Var For a function g : E( )= P = = = = P P

with probability

Continuous distributions Standard continuous distribution: Distribution of X Normal N P.D.F.

( )

Mean

Variance

Correlation and regression For a set of n pairs of values = = = = =

The product moment correlation coefficient is r= =

{ {

=
(

( )

)(

) ( )

)(

The regression coefficient of Least squares regression line of b

is b = is

= a + b where a = -

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION The values z in the table are those which a random variable Z N exceeds with probability p; that is P =1=p p 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1500 0.1000 z 0.0000 0.2533 0.5244 0.8416 1.0364 1.2816 p 0.0500 0.0250 0.0100 0.0050 0.0010 0.0005 z 1.6449 1.9600 2.3263 2.5758 3.0902 3.2905