SEGMENTED BOND TOOL - A NEW GENERATION CEMENT

BOND LOGGING DEVICE

J.H. TYNDALL
this article begins on the next page F F
PETROLEUM SOCIETY OF CIM/SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS PAPER NO. CIM/SPE 90-115 THIS IS A PREPRINT - SUBJECT TO CORRECTION SEGMENTED BOND TOOL - A NEW GENERATION CEMENT BOND LOGGING DEVICE BY J.H. Tyndall Atlas Wireline Services PUBLICATION RIGHTS RESERVED THIS PAPER IS TO BE PRESENTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING JOINTLY HOSTED BY THE PETROLEUM SOCIETY OF CIM AND THE SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS IN CALGARY, JUNE 10 TO 13,1990. DISCUSSION OF THIS PAPER IS INVITED. SUCH DISCUSSION MAY BE PRESENTED AT THE MEETING AND WILL BE
CONSIDERED FOR PUBUCATION IN CIM AND SPE JOURNALS IF FILED IN WRITING WITH THE TECHNICAL PROGRAM CHAIRMAN PRIOR TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE MEETING. ABSTRACT A new cement integrity tool has been developed, the Seg- mented Bond Tool (SBT), which affords a complete cement bond analysis in onc@ logging pass. An array of transmitter- receivers, mounted on six pads, are utilized to extract quantita- tive measurements of the cement bond in six 60 degrees seg- ments around the borehole. In addition, by effectively mounting the transmitters and receivers in contact with the casing wall through
the use of pads, many of the problems common to the standard mandrel-type tools are effectively eliminated. Expefi- mental laboratory tests indicate that angular resolution of the tool is 60 degrees as expected and that channels as small as 15 degrees can be detect-.ed. From conception ()f this new generation CBL to final product, several rigid parameters were demanded. Briefly these are: 1. Ease of interpretation. 2. Eliminate ambiguity of conventional bond logs by quantita- tively depicting tlie bond condition around the
casing (i.e. channelling). References and illustrations at end of paper. 115-1 3. Complete data acquisition in one logging pass in all casing sizes4-1/2" to 13-5/8"in bothvertical anddeviatedwellbores. 4. Be unaffected by gasified wellbore fluids, fast formation and slight tool decentralization. The purpose of this paper is to detem-iine the success of the SBT in fulfilling these goals. Presented here are four Canadian examples from widely varied areas having casing strings ce- mented with
various slurries. INTRODUCTION As discussed in Lester's Paper (CWLS 1989) and as summa- fized below, the evolution of cement bond logging has resulted in four distinct tool types: 1. Standard Tool - Utilizes a single transmitter and dual receivers usually mounted at 3 and 5 foot intervals, with the amplitude measured at the 3 foot interval. Attenuation is calculated from this amplitude. The VDL is derived from the 5 foot spacing (Pardue et al 1962). The data collected is effected by tool centralization, wellbore fluid
condition, transducer variations, fast formations, and calibration problems.
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PETROLEUM SOCIETY OF CIM/SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS PAPER NO_ CIMISPE 90-115
THIS IS A PREPRINT - SUBJECT TO CORRECTION
SEGMENTED BOND TOOL -
A NEW GENERATION CEMENT BOND
LOGGING DEVICE
BY
J.H. Tyndall
Alias W1rolino Services
PUBLICATION RIGHTS RESERVED
THIS PAPER IS TO BE PRESENTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING JOINTLY HOSTED BY THE
PETROLEUM SOCIETY OF CIM AND THE SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS IN CALGARY, JUNE 10 TO 13, 1990.
DISCUSSION OF THIS PAPER IS INVITED. SUCH DISCUSSION MAY BE PRESENTED AT THE MEETING AND WILL BE
CONSIDERED FOR PUBUCATION IN CIM AND SPE JOURNALS IF FILED IN WRITING WITH THE TECHNICAL PROGRAM
CHAIRMAN PRIOR TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE MEETING.
ABSTRACT
A new cemem integrity [001 has been developed. the Seg-
memed Bond Tool (SBT), which affords a complete cement
bond analysis in one logging pass. An array of [l"ansmirrer-
receivers, mounted on six pads, are utilized to exrraCl quantita-
tive measurt:ments of the Cement bond in six 60 degrees seg-
ments around the borehole. In addition, by effectively mounting
the transmiuers and receivers in contact with the casing wall
through the use of pads, many of the problems common lO the
standard mandrel-type tools are effectively eliminated. Experi-
mental laboratory teSts indicate that angular resolution of the
tool is 60 degrees as expected and that channels as small as 15
degrees can be detected.
From conception oflhis new generation CBL to final product,
several rigLd parameters were demanded. Briefly these are;
1. Ease of interpretadon.
2. Eliminate ambiguity of convemional bond logs by quamita-
tively depicting the bond condition around the casing (i.e.
channelling).
References and illusrrations at end of paper.
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115-1
3. Complete data acquisition in one logging pass in all casing
sizes4-IJ2" to 13-5/8" in both vertical and deviated well bores.
4. Be unaffected by gasified wellbore fluids, fast formation and
slight tool decenrralizarion.
The purpose of this paper is to determine the success of Lhe
SBT m fulfilling these goals. Presented here are four Canadian
examples from widely varied areas having casing strings ce-
mented wi rh various s lumes.
INTRODUCTION
As discussed in l.ester's Paper(CWLS 1989) and as summa-
rized below, rhe evolution of cement bond logging has resulted
in four distinct toollypes:
I. Standard Tool
- Utilizes a single rransminer and dual receivers usually
moun Led at 3 and 5 foot imervals, with the amplirude measured
at the 3 foot interval. Anenuarion is calculaled from this
amplitude. The VDL is derived from rhe 5 foot spacing (Pardue
el aI 1962). The data collected is effected by [001 cenrralizadon,
well bore fluid condiDon, [l"ansducer variations, fasr formations,
and calibration problems.
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2. Compensated Tool
Dual transmitters and tWO or Lhree receivers are utilized [Q
compensate" for !.he inherent problems associared. with the
standard bond Lool (Gollwitzer and Masson, 1982). Transducer
van3uons are reduced by compensation and fast formation
effects are curbed by closer transmitter/receiver spacmg. Cen
traliz.alion, however is critical and the log data is sIgnificantly
deteriorated in gasified wellbore fluids.
3. Pulse Echo Tool
- Pulse echo lools employ an array of eight transducers in
which reflection are generated aL eight "points"
around the casing wall (Froelich et al 1981). This was the first
tool design which could detect channelling in [he casing [0
cement area. Advanced tools are able to provide a more
complele cement analysLs, however two logging passes were
required Tool response is subjeclLo wellbore nuids and center-
ing problems simllano the SHllldard tool.
4. Pad Mounted Transmitter-Receiver Tool
. By mounung lhe transminers and receivers on pads which
then ride along the casing wall in the logging position, many of
the factors which effecLlhe earlier lools can be eliminaled. The
Segmemed. Bond Tool (SBT) utilizes transducers mounted on
six pad secuons as well as an improved 5 ft. VOL secLion. The
pad seclion provides auenuation measuremems around the cas-
ing in 60 degree segments averaged over 3 ft of vertical depth to
accurately define channelling.
SBT CONFIGURATION
A complete SaT insrrument scing includes a gamma ray and/
or neuc-on, continuous collar locator, eiecu-ontC cartridge, pad
and VDL sections. Cenrralization is ensured by Slip-on, in-line,
or motorized roller cem.raJizers. Tool specific3nons are shown
in Figure I.
The elecrronic cartridge previously mentioned coma ins a
downhole computer which conITols [he SBT. An automattC gain
conITol ensures thaI the measured amplitudes are neithercJipped
nor In the noise. The digiLal telemetry system maim.ains consls
lent data by elirrunating any wi.reline effects.
A pair of acceleromeIers are used to determine Ihe low side
of the welJbore. The orientation is correcl to +/- 5 degrees with
a well deviation 10 excess of I degree.
TRANSDUCER CONFlQURATION
Each pad section mcludes a receiver and twin steered beam
acoustic rransrruuers. Six separate allenuation measurements
are made in a spiral fashion around the casing. Each
mem uLilizes IWO cr.msmilter sets and twO receivers IO produce
a fully compensaled signal over adynamic range of25 db/fl. The
115-2
operarional sequence for the entire system is as follows
1. Transmitter T1 fires and ampJiIudes aL receivers R1 and R3
are recorded. as A 12 and A 13, respectively.
2. Transminer T4 fires and amplirudes at receivers R3 and R2
are recorded as A43 and A42, respectively.
3. Auenuation is lhen calculated as:
Anenuation = 10 logA12*A43)/(AI3*A42))
ThlS is called "Subcycle #1"
4. The above process continues for a IOtal of six subcycles in the
pad section.
5. Subsequently, the VOL measurement tS made as subcycle 7.
The twin Sleered beam rransmiuers refer to the twO a-ansmll-
leTS seLS in each pad and VOL section. These twO transmLtters arc::
arranged. to control lhe directional characteristics thus enhancing
the signal srrength in lhe desired direction. For example, thLs
system Ylelds a VOL with enhanced formarion aITlvals whLle
concurrenlly dampening lhe casing response. The net result is an
easier 10 interpret VOL particularly in low velocity formations.
SOT PRESENTATION
To allow ease of interpretation, the SST log formal is sepa
rated into primary and secondary presentations. The primary log
is similaTIO a standard BAL (c:ompens,ned) presemalion
ingofan amplitude, amplified amplirude, average and minimum
allenuil.tion curves, and VOL in Tracks 2 and 3. The average
attenuaLion is the average of the six subcydes while lne mim
mum (an adduion [0 the sIandard presentation) is the lowest
attenuation value. Separation belween the average and mini-
mum attenuation curves is shaded and indicates channelling.
Track 1 includes CeL, gamma ray and/or neutron curves. The
primary presentation is exaclly as seen On the (:ompuler CRT
while logging. Figure 2 is the primary presentation header
section.
The secondary presentation is derived in playback mode and
consists of a cement map or variable anenuation log and the
anenuation of the six subcycles plotted individually. The cemenL
map is scaled in five incremenLs from white (0 fully blue LO
graphically illustrate the bonding condition around the annular
cavily in a continuoLls fashion. While represents a Bond Rating
of 0 10 20% while fully blue is a 80 to 100% bond [1lting
condition. The lhree ratings between are scaled in 20% incre
ments. The anenuarion values assigned are adjusted LO conronn
with the compressive strength of the cement present. Separ:ue
plOlS are made for each rype of cement pumped. FIgure 3 a
header section for lhe secondary presemation.
The Tool Azimuth Curve is ploned over the SLX !-Iubcycle!-l. In
this manner, [he bond conditiOn (ie: channeling) LS referenced to
lhe low side of the well bore and not a specific pOLnt on the tool.