544 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 JULY 2011

Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research

Vol. 70, July 2011, pp. 544-553
*Author for correspondence
E-mail: sskachhwaha@rediffmail.com
Performance improvement of a simple gas turbine cycle through
integration of inlet air evaporative cooling and steam injection
Shyam Agarwal
1
, S S Kachhwaha
2
* and R S Mishra
1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042, India
2
School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382 007, India
Received 18 February 2011; revised 18 May 2011; accepted 26 May 2011
Among many available retrofitting technologies to improve power generation capacity and efficiency of simple cycle gas
turbine, inlet air cooling (IAC) and steam injection gas turbine (STIG) are considered most effective ways to modify an existing
simple cycle unit. In this study, a simple cycle generation unit is considered as base unit and STIG and IAC features are
sequentially retrofitted to the system. To evaluate individual effects after system modifications, a computer program has been
developed in EES (Engineering Equation Solver) software to stimulate performance parameters. Retrofitting of simple cycle
combined with IAC and STIG has been found to boost power output from 30 MW to 48.25 MW, while generation efficiency can
be increased from 29.9% to 33.4%. Exergy destruction rate per MW of power output reduces for combustion chamber, compres-
sor and HRSG, while increases for gas turbine for retrofitted cycles.
Keywords: Exergy destruction, Gas turbine, Inlet air cooling (IAC), Retrofitting, Steam injection gas turbine (STIG)
Introduction
Simple gas turbine power generation systems are
widely used in Indian industries due to quick startup and
shutdown capabilities. Steam injection gas turbine (STIG)
and inlet air cooling (IAC) by evaporation are the most
common practices to enhance performance of power
generation. Kumar et al
1
developed design methodology
for parametric study and thermodynamic performance
evaluation of a gas turbine cogeneration system (CGTS).
Wang & Chiou
2
concluded that implementing both STIG
and IAC features cause more than a 70% boost in power
and 20.4% improvement in heat rate. Bouam et al
3
studied combustion chamber steam injection for gas
turbine performance improvement during high ambient
temperature operations. Srinivas et al
4
concluded that
steam injection decreases combustion chamber and gas
reheater exergetic loss from 38.5 to 37.4% compared to
the case without steam injection in combustion chamber.
Minciuc et al
5
focused on solutions of tri-generation plants
based on gas turbine or internal combustion engine with
absorption chilling machine. Moran et al
6
developed
design and economic methodology for gas turbine
cogeneration system. Nishida et al
7
analyzed
performance characteristics of two configuration of
regenerative steam-injection gas turbine (RSTIG)
systems and concluded that thermal efficiencies of
RSTIG systems are higher than those of regenerative,
water injected and STIG systems.
IAC technology is simply to cool down inlet air
entering compressor with a cooler. Sinha & Bansode
8
studied effect of fog cooling system (FCS) for IAC and
showed improvement in turbine power and heat rate.
Chaker et al
9
have developed formulation for fog droplet
sizing analysis. Salvi & Pierpaloli
10
have studied
optimization of IAC systems for steam injected gas
turbines and proposed technique of compression IAC
through an ejection system supplied by exhaust heat of
gas turbine. Bassily
11
studied performance improvements
of intercooled, reheat and recuperated gas turbine cycle
using absorption inlet-cooling and evaporative after-
cooling. A parametric study on effect of pressure ratio,
ambient temperature and relative-humidity, turbine inlet-
temperature (TIT), and effectiveness of recuperated
heat-exchanger on performance of varieties of cycles is
carried out. Bhargava & Homji
12
showed effects of inlet
545 AGARWAL et al : PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF A SIMPLE GAS TURBINE CYCLE
fogging on a large number of commercially available gas
turbines.
This study presents performance improvement of a
simple cycle generation unit taken as a base unit and
STIG and IAC features are sequentially retrofitted to
the system.
Experimental Section
System Description
Simple cycle gas turbine system integrated with IAC
and STIG features (Fig. 1) comprises a base unit that
includes compressor, combustor, gas turbine and a
generator. An HRSG was installed at downstream exit
of turbine (state point 5) to recover heat from exhaust
gases. Fraction of superheated steam generated from
HRSG is used for STIG (state point 9) and remaining
super heated steam is used for process application. An
FCS is installed to cool ambient air (state point 1). FCS
uses very fine fog droplets of high pressure water injected
through special atomizing nozzles located at discrete
points across inlet duct at high pressure to create cooling
effect. Amount of fog is to be monitored based on dry
and wet bulb ambient conditions to achieve required
cooling. A typical FCS consists of a high pressure pump
skid connected for feeding to an array of manifolds
located at a suitable place across compressor inlet duct.
Manifolds have a requisite number of fog nozzles
6
, which
inject very fine droplets of water into inlet air. Discharge
through each nozzle is around 3 ml/s and produces 3
billion droplets per second. Fine fog evaporates very fast,
thus dropping inlet air temperature
.
Modeling and Computer Simulation
Formulations
Assumptions considered for present study are as
follows: i) Molar fraction (N
2
= 0.78981, O
2
= 0.20989,
CO
2
= 0.00031 and H
2
O = 0) is assumed of 1 mole of
dry air; ii) Heat loss from combustion t:chamber is 2%
of lower heating value of fuel (All other components
operate without heat loss); iii) Fog cooling system has
been maintained for 100% saturation of ambient air at
wet bulb temperature of air; iv) pressure of water injected
from nozzle into evaporative cooling chamber has been
assumed 138 bar and converts into fog (fine droplets),
absorbs latent heat of air through adiabatic mixing; and
v) Combustion chamber has been maintained at constant
temperature.
A computer program has been developed in
Engineering equations solver (EES) to formulate and
simulate retrofitting techniques over simple gas turbine
with a set of steady-state governing equations including
mass, energy, entropy and exergy balances using control
volume analysis sequentially for compressor, combustor,
gas turbine and HRSG. Results of program were validated
with available data
6
. After successful validation, EES
program has been developed for analysis of IAC, STIG
and integrated technologies retrofitted with simple gas
turbine. For complete combustion of natural gas (methane)
with steam injection in combustion chamber, chemical
equation takes following form:
[
1 , N2 1 , O2 1, CO2 1, H2O 2
4 2 2 2 2
? CH X N X O X CO X H O H O + + + + +
] 2 ' , N2 2' , O2 2' , CO2 2' , H2O
2 2 2 2
1 X N X O X CO X H O + + + + +
(1)
Mole fraction of N
2
,
1, N2
2, N2
X
X
1
=
++
(2)
Mole fraction of O
2
,

1, O2
2, O2
X 2
X
1

=
++
(3)
Mole fraction of CO
2
,

1, CO2
2,CO2
X
X
1
+
=
+ +
(4)
Mole fraction of H
2
O,
1,H2O
2, H2O
X 2
X
1
+ +
=
++
(5)
where is steam injection ratio defined as ratio of mass
of steam injected to mass of air supplied.
a s
m m & & = ,
g s
m m & & = , ( ) + = 1 ,
f
s
m
m
&
&
=
,

=
(6)
where is ratio of mass of steam injected to mass of
combustion gases formed and is ratio of mass of
steam injected to mass of fuel supplied
2
. Maximum
amount of permitted STIG is 20% of mass flow rate of
inlet air
2
.
Heat transfer between exhaust gases and condensate
water has been taken place in water heat recovery boiler
]
1 , N2 1 , O2 1, CO2 1, H2O 2
4 2 2 2 2
? CH X N X O X CO X H O H O + + + + + [ ] [ 2' , N2 2' , O2 2' , CO2 2' , H2O
2 2 2 2
1 X N X O X CO X H O + + + + +

546 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 JULY 2011

where superheated steam is generated as
( ) ( )
cond w
h h m h h =
sup 7 6 exh
m , where m
exh
and m
w
are mass flow rate of exhaust gases of turbine and
condensate water; h
6
, h
7
, h
sup
and h
cond
are enthalpies of
exhaust gases at state 6 and 7, super-heated steam and
condensate water. Also,
PP sat PP
T T T = + and
AP sat AP
T T T = , where T
pp
, T
sat
and T
AP
are pinch
point temperature, saturation temperature of water and
approach point temperature, respectively.
PP
T is pinch-
point difference and
AP
T is approach point difference
at saturation temperature.
Temperature of air after fog cooling can be obtained
from an energy balance on dry air, water spray and
air-born water vapour before and after the system.
Assuming adiabatic mixing, energy gained by sprayed
water is balanced by energy lost by dry air, and original
air-born mixture, after cooling such that
) h h ( m ) h h ( m ) h h ( m
1 v 1 v a 1 1 a 1 a a 1 w 1 v w
+ =

, where
m
w
and

1 w
h
are mass flow rate and enthalpy of cooling
water, m
a
is mass flow rate of dry air, (
1 1 a a
h h

) is
enthalpy change of dry air, (
1 1 v v
h h

) is enthalpy change
of water vapour during cooling. Humidity ratio (
1
) can
be specified as
1 1
1
1
622 . 0

=
v
v
P P
P

, where
1 v
P is partial
pressure of water vapour and
1
P is total atmospheric
pressure. From conservation of mass, amount of water
evaporated is equal to the mass of water vapour at point
1 minus water vapour originally in air at point
1
as
a w
m m ) (
1 1
= , where
1
is humidity ratio of
air after cooling. Partial pressure of water vapour (P
v
)
can be found from respective relative humidity (RH) ( )
as
sat v
P P = , where
sat
P is saturation pressure of water
vapour for corresponding temperature. Pressure loss in
adiabatic mixing is neglected. Enthalpy, entropy, and
exergy can be determined at each state point using mass
and energy balances.
Performance Parameters
Performance parameters required for
thermodynamic analysis of simple cycle and retrofitted
systems include thermal efficiency, which is ratio of net
work output (
net
W
&
) to total heat input (
f
Q
&
) of a fuel
given as
f
net
Th
Q
W
&
&
=
. Relation for
f
Q
&
(kW) is given
by
fuel f f
CV m Q = &
&
, where m
f
is mass flow rate of
fuel (kg/s) and CV
fuel
is calorific value of fuel (kJ/kg).
Generation efficiency of a thermal system is the ratio of
electrical power output (W
&
el
) to the total heat input of
fuel (
f
Q
&
) given as
el
Ge n
f
W
Q
=
&
&
. Relation between
el
W
&
and
net
W
&
is given by
net el el
W W
& &
= , where
el
is
effectiveness of electrical generation system. Heat rate
is the ratio of heat produced by fuel (
f
Q
&
) to electrical
power output (
el
W
&
) of thermal system and given as
el
f
W
Q
HR
&
&
=
. Heat rate is reciprocal of generation
efficiency. Specific fuelconsumption of a thermal
system is the ratio of mass of fuel to net work output. It
is reciprocal of specific net work (W
spec
) and given as
net
f
W
m
SFC
&
&
=
.
FirstLaw efficiency ( ) is the ratio of all useful
energy extracted from system to the energy of fuel input,
and given as
( )
f
o Pr el
I
Q
Q W
&
& &
+
=
, where (process
heat rate) is given as ( ) ( )
7 6 P pro
h h 1 m Q = &
&
,
where
P
m& is mass flow rate (kg/s) of combustion products
and
6
h and
7
h are enthalpies (kJ/kg) at states 6 and 7
respectively. SecondLaw efficiency ( ) is the amount
of exergy associated with fuel and given as
( )
f
pro el
II
E
E W
&
& &
+
=
, where is exergy of process heat
and is exergy of fuel input.
Pro CH, Pro PH,
pro
.
E E E + = ,
where
Pro PH,
E
and
Pro CH,
E are physical and chemical
exergy of process heat, respectively. Similarly,
f CH, f PH,
f
.
E E E + = , where
f PH,
E and
f CH,
E are physical
and chemical exergy of fuel, respectively.
Exergetic efficiency of component ( ) is the ratio
of exergy rate recovered from component (
R
E
&
) to
exergy rate supplied to component (
S
E
&
) and given as
.
E
.
E
.
E
.
E
.
E
.
E
.
E
.
E
547 AGARWAL et al : PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF A SIMPLE GAS TURBINE CYCLE
D R
D
D R
R
S
R
E E
E
E E
E
E
E
& &
&
& &
&
&
&
+
=
+
= = 1
. Exergy
destruction rate (
DR
E
&
) is given as
t ot , D
D
DR
E
E
E
&
&
&
=
.
Results and Discussion
In present study, following three configurations with
retrofitting have been studied in comparison to simple
gas turbine cycle: i) Simple gas turbine cycle with IAC;
ii) Simple gas turbine cycle with STIG; and iii) Simple
gas turbine cycle with both IAC and STIG.
Initial conditions for system analysis were as follows:
Ambient air temperature at state 1, 298.15 K; Ambient
air pressure at state1, 101.3 kPa; Ambient air RH at
state1, 60%; Spray water temperature at state1 , 298.15
K; Spray water pressure at state1 , 13800 kPa; Air inlet
pressure to compressor (P
1
), 101.3 kPa; Air inlet
temperature to compressor (T
1
), 298.15 K; RH of inlet
air to compressor at 1, 100%; Pressure ratio of
compressor (r
p
), 10:1; Isentropic efficiency of compressor
(
SC
), 0.86%; Isentropic efficiency of Turbine (
ST
),
0.86%; Lower heating value of fuel (LHV), 802361 kJ/
kmol; Mass flow rate of air (
a
m& ),81.4 kg/s; Turbine
inlet temperature (TIT), (T
4
), 1520 K; Injection pressure
of fuel (methane) (P
f
), 1200 kPa; Injection temperature
of fuel (methane) (T
f
), 298.15 K; Pressure drop in
combustion chamber, ( )
combustion chamber
p , 5%; Exhaust
pressure of combustion products after HRSG (P
7
), 1.013
bar; Exhaust temperature of combustion products after
HRSG (T
7
), 403.15 K; Pressure of steam generation
(P
9
), 2000 kPa; Pressure of condensate water at inlet of
Table 1Comparison of various performance parameters of simple gas turbine cycle and retrofitted cycles
Performance parameters Simple gas Simple gas Simple gas Simple gas
turbine cycle turbine cycle turbine cycle turbine cycle
with fog with STIG with fog
cooling cooling &
STIG
First law efficiency (
I
), % 30.54 30.72 72.57 72.69
Second law efficiency (
II
), % 29.51 29.70 55.3 55.2
Power generation efficiency (
Gen
), 29.93 30.11 33.33 33.4
%
Thermal efficiency (
Th
), % 30.54 30.72 34.01 34.08
Fuel-air ratio () 0.0431 0.04355 0.0493 0.04967
Steam injection ratio (), per kg of 0.1 0.1
mass of air
Heat rate (HR), kW/kWh 12029 11958 10800 10780
Specific net work ( et SpecidficN
.
W ), 15274 15364 17012 17043
kJ/kg of fuel
Specific fuel consumption (SFC), 0.2357 0.2343 0.2116 0.2112
kg/kWh
Work-heat ratio (WH
ratio
), kJ/kJ 0.8823 0.8826
Power-to-heat ratio (PH
ratio
), kW/kJ/s 0.8647 0.8649
Specific work ISO ( SO SpecidficI
.
W ), 361.2 367.2 460.2 464.8
kW-s/kg of air
Turbine work (
Tur
.
W
), MW 56.48 57.31 64.71 65.54
Compressor work ( Comp
.
W
), MW 26.48 26.38 26.48 26.39
Net power output ( net
.
W ), MW 30 30.93 38.23 39.15
Electric work done (
el
.
W ), MW 29.4 30.31 37.46 38.36
Process heat(
pro
.
Q ), MW 43.32 44.35
548 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 JULY 2011
HRSG (P
8
), 2000 kPa; Temperature of condensate water
at inlet to HRSG (T
8
), 298.15 K; Pressure drop in HRSG
on the gas side, ( )
HRSG
p , 5%; Amount of steam
injected ( ), 10% of mass flow rate of air; Temperature
of superheated steam STIG (T
9
), 753.15 K; Approach
point (T
AP
), 2 K; and Pinch point (T
pp
),20 K. In the
calculation, steady state operation is assumed without
considering turbine blade cooling. Performance analysis
of these retrofitted gas turbine system is done by
preparing a computer program in EES validated with
available data
6
. Temperature, pressure and gas
concentration in each component are calculated by taking
into consideration of compositions and proportions of
gases and consequently, various performance parameters
and exergy loss in these systems are estimated. Net
power output and power generation efficiency for simple
cycle are 30 MW and 29.93% respectively (Table 1).
Attachment of evaporative cooler with simple cycle
improves performance parameters (system efficiencies,
heat rate and specific power output etc.). Gas turbine
inlet air fogging is a commonly used method of cooling
intake air, where demineralized water is converted into
fog droplets by means of special atomizing nozzles
operating at 138 bar. Evaporation of small size (5 - 20 )
droplets in - intake duct cools - air and consequently
increases - moist air mass flow rate to improve power
performance. This technique allows close to 100%
evaporation effectiveness in terms of attaining saturation
conditions and wet bulb temperature at compressor inlet.
Thus variation in ambient temperature influences exit
air temperature of compressor, entry and exit temperature
of turbine, mass flow rate, specific work, specific fuel
consumption and power. When the ambient temperature
drops, net power supplied by the machine increases.
Therefore, it is useful in many cases to cool compressor
inlet air to obtain a greater production of electric power
associated with reduction in compressor work. Using
evaporative cooling, available air (25C and 60% RH)
can be cooled up to 19.5C. Impact of evaporative cooling
will be higher in dry summer season when dry bulb
temperature is higher and RH is lower.
Comparison of simple cycle gas turbine with and
without fog cooling shows (Table 1) that net power output
increases by 3.1% and various efficiencies increase by
0.18% while heat rate decreases by 0.6%. Comparison
of simple cycle gas turbine with and without STIG shows
(Table 1) that net power output and thermal efficiency
increase by 27.4% and 3.5% respectively, while heat
rate decreases by 10.2%. In the process of recovering
energy from exhaust gases via HRSG, temperature at
outlet of stack (state point 7 in Fig. 1) is usually kept
above 127C (dew point temperature of acid) in order to
prevent condensation of SO
2
and NO
2
, which ultimately
hydrolyzed into sulphuric acid (H
2
SO
4
) and nitric acid
(HNO
3
) and finally cause scale and corrosion to air
preheater of HRSG. Pinch point difference and approach
point difference for present analysis are taken as 20 K
and 2K respectively. Under these conditions, maximum
flow rate of generated superheated steam at 753.2 K
and 20 bar is 21.51 kg/s. If all generated steam is injected
into combustor (STIG only), maximum injection ratio
(m
steam
/m
air
) is 0.26. Therefore, there is a wide range of
STIG available to optimize power cycle. Calculated
power output for injection ratio (0.1) shows that effect
of STIG is quite substantial. Net power output is increased
Fig. 1Simple cycle gas turbine with fog cooling and STIG

5


Fog cooling
system

Water
Compressor

Fuel f
Combustion chamber
4 Turbine
Steam-injection
9
Condensate water
water
7 Exhaust gases
Remaining superheatedsteam
P
3
Air
Fogged & cooled
air
1
Combustion products
Heat recovery
steam generator
?
(1-? )
G
Ambient air
8

1
6
2
1
549 AGARWAL et al : PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF A SIMPLE GAS TURBINE CYCLE
Fig. 2Net work output for retrofitting cycles in comparison to simple cycle
Fig. 3Comparison of generation efficiency for different retrofitted cycles
Cycles
N
e
t

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

w
o
r
k
40
30
20
10
0
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

%
550 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 JULY 2011

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551 AGARWAL et al : PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF A SIMPLE GAS TURBINE CYCLE
to 38.23 MW. Profound effect from STIG alone is
because the required pressure of injected steam is
obtained from pump. Since pumping work is 2 to 3 orders
of magnitude smaller than that of compressor, net power
output produced by steam is, thus, higher than that of air
per unit mass flow rate. Besides, this specific heat of
superheated steam is almost double the value of air and
therefore, enthalpy of steam is higher than that of air at
a certain temperature. Therefore, STIG method is a very
effective way to boost net power output and to increase
overall efficiency of gas turbine. Simple gas turbine cycle
with STIG (steam injection ratio 0.1) significantly
improves system efficiencies. Comparison of simple cycle
gas turbine integrated with FC (fog cooling) and STIG
shows that net power output increases by 30.5% and
thermal efficiency increases by 3.54%, while heat rate
decreases by 10.4%. Comparison of simple cycle gas
turbine with and without FC (Table 1) shows that
exergetic efficiency gets also improved by 0.2%.
However fuel-air ratio increased by 1%. As compared
to this, simple cycle gas turbine with and without STIG
shows that exergetic efficiency gets improved by 25.8%,
however fuel-air ratio increased by 14.4%. Integration
of simple cycle with STIG and evaporative (fog) cooling
further improves system performance in terms of
exergetic efficiency, which improved by 25.69% and fuel-
air ratio increased by 15.24%.
There is net increase in work output for different
retrofitted cycles in comparison to simple cycle (Fig. 2).
Maximum increase in work output obtained is 18.25 MW
for simple cycle combined with STIG (injection ratio 0.2)
and fog cooling. Maximum generation efficiency achieved
is 37.66% for integrated fog cooling and STIG retrofitted
cycle with injection ratio 0.2 (Fig. 3). Thus combination
of fogging and STIG with simple cycle gas turbine cycle
is a good approach to enhance performance of system
on the basis of first and second laws. Benefit of adding
STIG feature can be estimated from Fig. 4, which shows
effect of STIG on generation efficiency, first law
efficiency and process heat for fixed inlet air conditions
as air gets saturated up to 100% RH due to fog cooling.
First law efficiency falls with increasing amount of steam
injection ratio, may be because slope of decreasing
process heat is steeper than slope of increasing generation
efficiency or reduction in process heat takes place with
faster rate. In present case, maximum amount of injection
steam is limited by available energy recovered from
HRSG. Maximum injection ratio taken as 0.2 is still below
the allowable injection limit (prescribed by manufacturer)
for available industrial turbines.
Exergy destruction rate (MW) represents waste of
available energy. While examining relative exergy
destruction for all components, combustor has largest
exergy destruction and shows major location of
thermodynamic inefficiency because of large
irreversibility arising from combustion reaction and heat
transfer (Table 2). Steam injection will increase exergy
destruction due to mixing of high temperature superheated
steam (753.2C) and compressed air (at 594.8C) in
combustor. Exergy-losses at position 7 (Fig. 1) are
considered as exergy loss through stack. Since part of
exhaust heat is recovered in HRSG, exhaust exergy out
of stack can be reduced substantially after retrofitting.
Exergy losses through stack will not only waste available
exergy but also dump thermal pollution to living
environment. For a retrofitted cycle with fog cooling and
STIG, exergetic efficiencies are as follows: compressor,
91; turbine, 93; combustor, 68; and HRSG, 75%. Although
exergy destruction rate of combustor is highest, exergy
efficiency of combustor is higher than that of HRSG.
Therefore, a greater improvement margin exists for
HRSG as compared to combustor. Exergy destruction
rate of each system component except compressor
increases due to increasing mass flow rate of air and
steam mixture. Exergy destruction rate increases with
increasing STIG quantity in combustion chamber, turbine
and HRSG (Fig. 5). Exergy destruction in combustion
chamber is highest among all system components.
Increasing steam injection amount reduces stack-losses
Fig. 4Effect of steam injection ratio on first-law efficiency,
generation efficiency and process-heat for simple cycle integrated
with fog cooling and STIG
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

%
P
r
o
c
e
s
s

h
e
a
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,

M
W
Steam injection ratio (% of mass flow rate of air)
552 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 JULY 2011
as large amount of heat of exhaust gas has been utilized
to convert into superheated steam (at state point 7 in
Fig. 1). Exergy destruction in combustion chamber
increases with increasing amount of STIG due to
increased amount of mass flow rate of air and steam
mixture. Due to significant increase in power output, rate
of exergy destruction per MW of power output reduces
(Fig. 6) for combustion chamber, compressor, HRSG and
stack gases, while increases for gas turbine due to
increase in mass flow rate (mass flow rate of air from
compressor plus mass flow rate of injected-steam with
lower exergy).
Conclusions
In this study, an existing simple cycle gas turbine
was considered as basic system and has been converted
into modified retrofitted system with either IAC or /and
STIG features. Steam needed in STIG feature is
generated from energy recovered from systems own
exhaust gases. Under average local weather conditions
Fig. 5Comparison of exergy destruction rate of system components for simple and retrofitted cycle integrated with fog cooling and
STIG
Fig. 6Comparison of exergy destruction rate (MW) per MW of output for system components
E
x
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y

d
e
s
t
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c
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r
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(
M
W
)
Components
60
40
20
0
E
x
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g
y

d
e
s
t
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u
c
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n

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(
M
W
)
M
W

o
f


p
o
w
e
r

o
u
t
p
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1.5
0.5
0
1
Components
553 AGARWAL et al : PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF A SIMPLE GAS TURBINE CYCLE
(25C and 60% RH), benefit of adding STIG feature
can substantially improve power output from 30 MW to
39.15 MW and power generation efficiency from 29.93%
to 33.4%. Maximum power that can be reached by the
system with both IAC and STIG features is 48.25 MW
for steam injection pressure ratio at 0.2. Although steam
injection will increase total exergy losses, exergy loss
per MW output is smaller than that of simple cycle. It
also reveals that degree of energy wasting and thermal
pollution can be reduced through retrofitting.
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