1 Physics 316 Cornell University Solution for homework 12 Spring 2005

IV. EXERCISE 4 A. I. EXERCISE 1 A.

Consider a hydrogen atom described by a time-dependent wave function (ignoring spin) that has the following structure at t = 0:
3

The atomic weight of iron is m = 55.85 g/mol, and the density of solid iron is = 7.8 g/cm . When a strong magnetic eld is applied to a sample of iron, the magnetization (or magnetic moment density) reaches a maximum 3 value of M = 1.83 J/T/cm . Assuming that the magnetic moments of all the atoms are parallel, nd the magnetic moment of an iron atom. 3 3 The magnetization of an iron crystal is M = 1.83 J/T/cm . The density of crystalline iron is = 7.8 g/cm , and 3 = 0.14 mol/cm = its atomic weight m = 55.85 g/mol, which leads to the number of atoms per unit volume n = m 8.4 1022 cm3 . We rst assume that the magnetic moment of all atoms are parallel. Then, the magnetic moment of one atom is 23 equal to the total magnetic moment divided by the number of atoms: = M J/T. n = 2.16 10
B.

| =

2 |n = 1, l = 0, m = 0 + 3

1 |n = 2, l = 1, m = 1 . 3

(4.1)

h2 and Lz = h ? What is the probability that measurements on this state will yield the results E = E 2 , L2 = 2 We can read directly from this state that the probability of measuring E = E2 , L2 = 2 h2 and Lz = h is the same: 1 3.
B.

What is the expectation value of E, L2 , and Lz ? 1 3 1 1 2 =2 h2 = 2 2 and Lz = 2 =1 . The expectation values are E = 2 3 E1 + 3 E2 = 4 E1 , L 3 0 + 3 2 3h 30 + 3h 3h
C.

If the alignment is not complete, is your answer to (a) an underestimate or an overestimate of the true value? If the alignment is not complete, the value of we just computed underestimates the real value since the total magnetization is less than the sum of all magnetic moments.
II. EXERCISE 2 A.

Does |(x, t)|2 depend on r, on , or t? If it depends on t, is it periodic, and if so, what is the period (or repetition time) T ? We know that the time-depedendent state is (x, t) = x|(t) = Hence, |(x, t)|2 = (t)(t)
E1 2 t + x|1, 0, 0 ei h 3 E2 1 t. x|2, 1, 1 ei h 3

(4.2)

Consider a particle moving in a circle with tangential momentum p t and angular momentum L = rpt . Let s be the statistical spread of its position along the circle and be the angular position of the particle. Show that the h relation spt h 2 can be written as L 2 . The uncertainty in angular momentum is L = rpt . Since the position on the circle is s = r , we get spt = L h 2.
B.

= | x|1, 0, 0 |2 + | x|2, 1, 1 |2 + x|1, 0, 0 = | x|1, 0, 0 |2 + | x|2, 1, 1 |2 + 2Re

x|2, 1, 1 ei

E1 E2 h

x|1, 0, 0

x|2, 1, 1 e

E E2 i 1h

+ x|1, 0, 0 x|2, 1, 1
t

E1 i E2 t h

(4.3)

We can now use our knowledge of the exact form of the eigenstates of the hydrogen atom: x|1, 0, 0 = R10 (r)Y00 (, ) = 2 a0
3/2
r r 1 1 = 3/2 e a0 e a0 4 a0 r r 3 sin ei = 5/2 e 2a0 sin ei . 8 8 a0

(4.4) (4.5)

In terms of wave mechanics, estimate the range of angular momentum of wavefunctions that must be superposed in order that the angular position of the electron be known statistically to one-sixth of a radian. h. Hence, We need the contribution of the Ylm up to at least Assuming that = 1 6 radians, we nd that L 3 l = 3.
III. EXERCISE 3

r 1 r x|2, 1, 1 = R21 (r)Y11 (, ) = 3/2 e 2a0 2 6a0 a0

It is clear, then, that |(x, t)|2 depends on all variables t, r, and . The depedence on time is Re{exp(i 12 t)} = E2 t. cos(12 t), with 12 = E1 h

Show that relativistic eects would become important if one were to try to describe the electron spin by a rotating 2 ball with classical electron radius r0 = 4 e 2 , assuming a uniform mass density. How would the peripheral speed at 0 mc the equator compare to the speed of light? 2 The angular momentum of a uniform sphere is L = 2 5 mr0 . Since the electron has a spin, its angular momentum 3 h 5L ). Then its velocity at the equator, v = r0 , is v = 2mr = 5 is of the order h (more precisely, S 2 = 23 h 4mr0 = 0 297c! When a calculation gives such a high velocity, we know that the non-relativistic approximation is no longer valid.
5 3 0 h c2 e2