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JOURNAL 1 Pollution prevention and cleaner production in the mining industry: an analysis of current issues Implementation of Cleaner Production

n (CP) is preferable than traditional end-of-pipe technologies. Reasons: o CP aims at reducing levels of pollutants in waste streams prior to their release (series of waste reduction measures: minimization, reuse, recovery and disposal) and hence, over the long term it is cheaper than the conventional end-of-pipe technology. o Conventional end-of-pipe lack of ability to minimize ecological costs, since the treatment of pollution problems commences after they have occurred. The resulting ecological problems are often unrepairable, therefore creating huge burdens for the firm. Obstacles of CP implementation: o economic barrier for a firm with a strict budget and limited funds; only aiming to meet legislative compliance o technologic barriers frequent shortage of manpower, lack of available systems o legislative barriers widely distributed over the globe Methods to promote CP implementation o government intervention developing basic awareness concerning the environment, pollution prevention, and CP; providing financial assistance o education and training increasing employee knowledge, ensuring that CP is the better way to deal with pollution prevention o improved planning installation of EMS, baseline environmental audits

JOURNAL 2 End-of-Pipe or Cleaner Production? An Empirical Comparison of Environmental Innovation Decisions Across OECD Countries CP technologies are more advantageous than end-of-pipe technologies for environmental and economic reasons Total replacement of end-of-pipe technologies by cleaner production measures however would be impossible since not all regulations favoring end-of-pipe technologies can be cut down CP: o positively correlated to cost saving general management systems, and specific environmental management tools o may be motivated by market forces End-of-pipe: o positively correlated to regulatory measures and the stringency of environmental policy o depends on regulatory pressure Improvement: o continuous development and wider diffusion of management tools o widening the cost gap between the two types of technologies CONCLUSION: Kedua jurnal mendukung teknologi pengolahan limbah dengan teknologi Cleaner Production (CP) dengan argumen yang hampir sama: - implementasi CP membutuhkan biaya yang besar, namun untuk jangka panjang, biaya pengolahan limbah dapat ditekan (dibandingkan dengan end-of-pipe) - end-of-pipe merupakan metode tradsional pengolahan limbah yang masih banyak diterapkan oleh industri-industri, mengingat biaya yang lebih rendah dan kecenderungan perusahaan untuk memenuhi standar dan regulasi (yang hanya dapat dipenuhi melalui end-of-pipe) instead of memilih metode yang lebih efisien

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