Seminar Report Titled

Virtualization and Hypervisors

Submitted BY Mr. Mukesh Buradkar (135) Under the guidance of Mr. Sagar Badhiye

October, 2013-2014

Department of Computer Technology YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Nagpur (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University)

YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NAGPUR (An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University) Department of Computer Technology (2012-13) Certificate This is to certify that the Seminar Report titled User Activity Monitoring is submitted towards the partial fulfillment of requirement of seminar course in V Semester, B.E.(Computer Technology), degree awarded by Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur. Submitted by: Mr.MukeshBuradkar(135) is approved.
Project Guide Mr. Sagar Badhiye

Project Coordinator(s) Mrs. Prarthana Deshkar

Head, Department of Computer Technology Mr. A. R. Bhagat Patil

Date: Place: Nagpur.

Abstract
Virtualization as a concept is not new; computational environment virtualization has been around since the first mainframe system. But recently , the term virtualization has become ubiquitous, representing any type of process obfuscation where a process is somehow removed from its physical operating environment. Because of this ambiguity, virtualization can almost be applied to any and all parts of an IT infrastructure. For example, mobile device emulators are a form of virtualization because the hardware platform normally required to run the mobile operating system has been emulated, removing the OS binding from the hardware it was written for. But this is just one example of one type of virtualization; there are many definitions of the term virtualization floating around in the current lexicon, and all (or at least most) of them are correct ,which can be quite confusing. This seminar focuses on virtualization as it pertains to the data center before considering any type of data center virtualization, its important to define what the technology or category of service youre trying to virtualize.

Generally speaking, virtualization falls into three categories: Operating System, Storage, and Applications. But these categories are very broad and dont adequately delineate the key aspects of data center virtualization.

Table of Contents

Title

Page No.

1.0 Introduction.. 4 2.0 Background Knowledge.. 5 2.0.1 challenges 2.0.2 Present Day Scenario 3.0 Everything To Know About Virtualization 3.1 What is virtualization 3.2 How Does Virtualization Work? 3.3 Virtual Infrastructure 3.3.1 Virtual Infrastructure Benefits 3.4 Why Virtualization: A List of Reasons 4.0 Classification of Virtualization 4.1 Virtual machine 4.1.1 Virtual Machine Concept 4.1.1.1 System virtual machines 4.1.1.2 Process virtual machines 4.1.2 Techniques 4.1.2.1 Emulation of the underlying raw hardware 4.1.2.2 Emulation of a non-native system 4.2 Hypervisor 4.2.1 Type 1 Hypervisor 4.2.2 Type 2 Hypervisors 4.2.3 Are Type-1 Hypervisors better in performance than Type-2 5.0 Advantages and Limitations 5.0.1 Advantages 5.0.2 Limitations 6.0 Applications of Virtualization 7.0 Future Scope 8.0 Conclusion References

List of Figures

Figure No. 1. 2. 3.

Figure Name Virtual Machine Virtual Infrastructure Connectix Virtual PC version 3 in Mac OS 9, Running a windows 95

Page No.

4. 5. 6.

VMware Workstation running Ubuntu, on Windows Vista

Type 1 Hypervisor
Type 2 Hypervisor

1.0 Introduction
Virtualization is a proven software technology that is rapidly transforming the IT landscape and fundamentally changing the way that people compute. Todays powerful x86 computer hardware was designed to run a single operating system and a single application. This leaves most machines vastly underutilized. Virtualization lets you run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine, sharing the resources of that single computer across multiple environments. Different virtual machines can run different operating systems and multiple applications on the same physical computer. Virtualization is a framework or methodology of dividing the resources of a computer into multiple execution environments, by applying one or more concepts or technologies such as hardware and software partitioning, time-sharing, partial or complete machine simulation, emulation, quality of service, and many others. Virtualization is technology for supporting execution of computer program code, from applications to entire operating systems, in a software-controlled environment. Such a Virtual Machine (VM) environment abstracts available system resources (memory, storage, CPU core(s), I/O, etc.) and presents them in a regular fashion, such that guest software cannot distinguish VM-based execution from running on bare physical hardware.

Fig (1): Virtual Machine

2.0 Background Knowledge

Virtualization is a proven concept that was first developed in the 1960s by IBM as a way to logically partition large, mainframe hardware into separate virtual machines. These partitions allowed mainframes to "multitask"; run multiple applications and processes at the same time. Virtualization was effectively abandoned during the 1980s and 1990s when clientserver applications and inexpensive x86 servers and desktops established the model of distributed computing. The growth in x86 server and desktop deployments has introduced new IT infrastructure and operational challenges

2.0.1 Challenges

Low Infrastructure Utilization - Typical x86 server deployments achieve an average utilization of only 10% to 15% of total capacity. Organizations typically run one application per server to avoid the risk of vulnerabilities in one application affecting the availability of another application on the same server.

Increasing Physical Infrastructure Costs - The operational costs to support growing physical infrastructure have steadily increased. Most computing infrastructure must remain operational at all times, resulting in power consumption, cooling and facilities costs that do not vary with utilization levels.

Increasing IT Management Costs - As computing environments become more complex, the level of specialized education and experience required for infrastructure management personnel and the associated costs of such personnel have increased. Organizations spend disproportionate time and resources on manual tasks associated with server maintenance, and thus require more personnel to complete these tasks.

Insufficient Failover and Disaster Protection - Organizations are increasingly affected by the downtime of critical server applications and inaccessibility of critical end user
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desktops. The threat of security attacks, natural disasters, health pandemics and terrorism has elevated the importance of business continuity planning for both desktops and servers.

High Maintenance end-user desktops - Managing and securing enterprise desktops present numerous challenges. Controlling a distributed desktop environment and enforcing management, access and security policies without impairing users' ability to work effectively is complex and expensive.

2.0.2 Present Day Scenario

Today, computers based on x86 architecture are faced with the same problems of rigidity and underutilization that mainframes faced in the 1960s. Today's powerful x86 computer hardware was originally designed to run only a single operating system and a single application, but virtualization breaks that bond, making it possible to run multiple operating systems and multiple applications on the same computer at the same time, increasing the utilization and flexibility of hardware.

3.0 Everything To Know About Virtualization

3.1 What is Virtualization?

Virtualization is the process of mapping the resources and interfaces of a virtual resource into the resources and interfaces of a host machine. Issues in virtualization Complexity Correctnessincludes reliability, security

Performance (overhead of the mapping) Virtualization commonly refers to native virtualization, where the VM platform and the guest software target the same microprocessor instruction set and comparable system architectures. Virtualization can also involve execution of guest software cross-compiled for a different instruction set or CPU architecture; such emulation or simulation environments help developers bring up new processors and cross-debug embedded hardware.

A virtual machine provides a software environment that allows software to run on bare hardware. This environment is created by a virtual-machine monitor, also known as a hypervisor. A virtual machine is an efficient, isolated duplicate of the real machine. The hypervisor presents an interface that looks like hardware to the guest operating system. It allows multiple operating system instances to run concurrently on a single computer; it is a means of separating hardware from a single operating system. it can control the guests use of CPU, memory, and storage, even allowing a guest OS to migrate from one machine to another. It is also a method of partitioning one physical server computer into multiple virtual servers, giving each the appearance and capabilities of running on its own

dedicated machine. Each virtual server functions as a full-fledged server and can be independently rebooted.

3.2 How Does Virtualization Work?

Virtualization platform transform or virtualize the hardware resources of an x86-based computerincluding the CPU, RAM, hard disk and network controllerto create a fully functional virtual machine that can run its own operating system and applications just like a real computer. Each virtual machine contains a complete system, eliminating potential conflicts. Virtualization works by inserting a thin layer of software directly on the computer hardware or on a host operating system. This contains a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor that allocates hardware resources dynamically and transparently. Multiple operating systems run concurrently on a single physical computer and share hardware resources with each other. By encapsulating an entire machine, including CPU, memory, operating system, and network devices, a virtual machine is completely compatible with all standard x86 operating systems, applications, and device drivers. You can safely run several operating systems and applications at the same time on a single computer, with each having access to the resources it needs when it needs them.

3.3 Virtual Infrastructure

A virtual infrastructure lets you share your physical resources of multiple machines across your entire infrastructure. A virtual machine lets you share the resources of a single physical computer across multiple virtual machines for maximum efficiency. Resources are shared across multiple virtual machines and applications. This resource optimization drives greater flexibility in the organization and results in lower capital and operational costs.

Fig(2): Virtual Infrastructure

A virtual infrastructure consists of the following components:

Bare-metal hypervisors to enable full virtualization of each x86 computer. Virtual infrastructure services such as resource management and consolidated backup to optimize available resources among virtual machines

3.3.1 Virtual Infrastructure Benefits Delivering builtin availability, security and scalability to applications. It supports a wide range of operating system and application environments, as well as networking and storage infrastructure.

3.4 Why Virtualization: A List of Reasons

Following are some reasons for and benefits of virtualization:

Virtual machines can be used to consolidate the workloads of several underutilized servers to fewer machines, perhaps a single machine (server

consolidation). Related benefits are savings on hardware, environmental costs, management, and administration of the server infrastructure.

The need to run legacy applications is served well by virtual machines. A legacy application might simply not run on newer hardware and/or operating systems. Even if it does, if may under-utilize the server,

Virtual machines can be used to provide secure, isolated sandboxes for running untrusted applications. You could even create such an execution environment dynamically - on the fly - as you download something from the Internet and run it.

Virtual machines can be used to create operating systems, or execution environments with resource limits, and given the right schedulers, resource guarantees.

Virtual machines can provide the illusion of hardware, or hardware configuration that you do not have (such as SCSI devices, multiple processors,) Virtualization can also be used to simulate networks of independent computers.

Virtual machines can be used to run multiple operating systems simultaneously: different versions, or even entirely different systems, which can be on hot standby. Some such systems may be hard or impossible to run on newer real hardware.

Virtual machines allow for powerful debugging and performance monitoring. Virtual machines can isolate what they run, so they provide fault and error containment. You can inject faults proactively into software to study its subsequent behavior.

Virtual machines are great tools for research and academic experiments. Since they provide isolation, they are safer to work with. They encapsulate the entire state of a running system: you can save the state, examine it, modify it, reload it, and so on. The state also provides an abstraction of the workload being run.

Virtualization can enable existing operating systems to run on shared memory multiprocessors.

Driving out the cost of IT infrastructure through more efficient use of available

resources

Simplifying the infrastructure.

Increasing system availability

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4.0 Classification of Virtualization

Here we discuss about different types of virtualization

1.

Platform virtualization, which separates an operating system from the underlying platform resources
o o o o o o

Full virtualization Hardware-assisted virtualization Partial virtualization Para virtualization Operating system-level virtualization Hosted environment

2.

Resource virtualization, the virtualization of specific system resources, such as storage volumes, name spaces, and network resources 2.1 Storage virtualization, the process of completely abstracting logical storage from physical storage 2.1.1 2.1.2 RAID - redundant array of independent disks Disk partitioning

2.2 Network virtualization, creation of a virtualized network addressing space within or across network subnets
3.

Computer clusters and grid computing, the combination of multiple discrete computers into larger meta computers

4.

Application virtualization, the hosting of individual applications on alien hardware/software 4.1 Portable application 4.2 Cross-platform virtualization 4.3 Emulation or simulation

5.

Desktop virtualization, the remote manipulation of a computer desktop Centralizing systems, data, and infrastructure

4.1 Virtual machine

4.1.1 Virtual Machine Concept Virtual machine (VM) is a software implementation of a machine (computer) that executes programs like a real machine.

Fig(3) Connectix Virtual PC version 3 in Mac OS 9, running a Windows 95

A virtual machine was originally defined by Popek and Goldberg as "an efficient, isolated duplicate of a real machine". Virtual machines are separated into two major categories, based on their use and degree of correspondence to any real machine. A system virtual machine provides a complete system platform which supports the execution of a complete operating system (OS). Process virtual machine is designed to run a single program, which means that it supports a single process. An essential characteristic of a virtual machine is that the software running inside is limited to the resources and abstractions provided by the virtual machine -- it cannot break out of its virtual world.

4.1.1.1 System virtual machines System virtual machines (sometimes called hardware virtual machines) allow the sharing of the underlying physical machine resources between different virtual machines, each running its own operating system. The software layer providing the virtualization is called a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor. A hypervisor can run on bare hardware (Type 1 or native VM) or on top of an operating system (Type 2 or hosted VM). The main advantages of system VMs are:

multiple OS environments can co-exist on the same computer, in strong isolation from each other

the virtual machine can provide an instruction set architecture (ISA) that is somewhat different from that of the real machine

The guest OSs do not have to be all the same, making it possible to run different OSs on the same computer (e.g., Microsoft Windows and Linux, or older versions of an OS in order to support software that has not yet been ported to the latest version). 4.1.1.2 Process virtual machines A process VM, sometimes called an application virtual machine, runs as a normal application inside an OS and supports a single process. It is created when that process is started and destroyed when it exits. Its purpose is to provide a platformindependent programming environment that abstracts away details of the underlying hardware or operating system, and allows a program to execute in the same way on any platform. A process VM provides a high-level abstraction that of a high-level programming language (compared to the low-level ISA abstraction of the system VM). Process VMs are implemented using an interpreter; performance comparable to compiled programming languages is achieved by the use of just-in-time compilation. This type of VM has become popular with the Java (JVM). And .NET Framework, which runs on a VM called the Common Language Runtime.

4.1.2 Techniques

4.1.2.1 Emulation of the underlying raw hardware (native execution)

Fig (4): VMware Workstation running Ubuntu, on Windows Vista

This approach is described as full virtualization of the hardware, and can be implemented using a Type 1 or Type 2 hypervisor. Each virtual machine can run any operating system supported by the underlying hardware. Users can thus run two or more different "guest" operating systems simultaneously, in separate "private" virtual computers. Full virtualization is particularly helpful in operating system development, when experimental new code can be run at the same time as older, more stable, versions, each in a separate virtual machine. 4.1.2.2 Emulation of a non-native system Virtual machines can also perform the role of an emulator, allowing software applications and operating systems written for another computer processor architecture to be run. Some virtual machines emulate hardware that only exists as a detailed specification. For example:

The specification of the Java virtual machine. The Common Language Infrastructure virtual machine at the heart of the Microsoft .NET initiative.

Open Firmware allows plug-in hardware to include boot-time diagnostics, configuration code, and device drivers that will run on any kind of CPU.

This technique allows diverse computers to run any software written to that specification; only the virtual machine software itself must be written separately for each type of computer on which it runs.

4.2

Hypervisor

A hypervisor, also called virtual machine monitor (VMM), is computer hardware platform virtualization software that allows multiple operating systems to run on a host computer concurrently. Classifications Hypervisors are classified in two types:

Type 1 (or native, bare-metal) hypervisors are software systems that run directly on the host's hardware as a hardware control and guest operating system monitor. A guest operating system thus runs on another level above the hypervisor.

Type 2 (or hosted) hypervisors are software applications running within a conventional operating system environment. Considering the hypervisor layer being a distinct software layer, guest operating systems thus run at the third level above the hardware.

4.2.1 Type 1 Hypervisor

Runs on bare metal Virtual machines run in user mode VM runs the guest OS (which thinks it is running in kernel mode) Virtual kernel Mode If guest OS calls sensitive instructions, hypervisor will trap and executed the instructions. If application on guest OS calls sensitive instructions (system calls), hypervisor traps to guest OS.

fig (5) Type 1 Hypervisor

4.2.2 Type 2 Hypervisors

Runs from within a OS. Supports guest OSs above it. Boot from CD to load new OS Read in code, looking for basic blocks Then inspect basic block to find sensitive instructions. If found, replace with VM call (process called binary translation) Then, cache block and execute. Eventually all basic blocks will be modified and cached, and will run at near native speed.

fig(6) Type 2 Hypervisor

4.2.3

Are Type-1 Hypervisors better in performance than Type-2

Hypervisors and Why?

Yes, the Type-1 Hypervisors are better in performance as compared to Type-2 hypervisors because Type-1 hypervisors does n through a host OS, they utilize all resources directly from Host hardware .In cloud implementation Type-1 hypervisors are use than Type-2 because Cloud servers need to run multiple OS images and it should be noted that if OS images are run on host case of Type-2, the resources will get wasted

5.0 Advantages and Limitations

5.0.1 Advantages
Server Consolidation It is not unusual to achieve 10:1 virtual to physical machine consolidation. This means that ten server applications can be run on a single machine that had required as many physical computers to provide the unique operating system and technical specification environments in order to operate. Server utilization is optimized and legacy software can maintain old OS configurations while new applications are running in VMs with updated platforms. Although a server supporting many VMs will probably have more memory, CPUs, and other hardware it will use little or no more power and occupy the same physical space reducing utilities costs and real estate expenditures.

Testing and development Use of a VM enables rapid deployment by isolating the application in a known and controlled environment. Unknown factors such as mixed libraries caused by numerous installs can be eliminated. Severe crashes that required hours of reinstallation now take moments by simply copying a virtual image. Dynamic Load Balancing and Disaster Recovery As server workloads vary, virtualization provides the ability for virtual machines that are over utilizing the resources of a server to be moved to underutilized servers. This dynamic load balancing creates efficient utilization of server resources. Disaster recovery is a critical component for IT, as system crashes can create huge economic losses. Virtualization technology enables a virtual image on a machine to be instantly re-imaged on another server if a machine failure occurs.

Virtual Desktops Multinational flexibility provides seamless transitions between different operating systems on a single machine reducing desktop footprint and hardware expenditure. Improved System Reliability and Security Virtualization of systems helps prevent system crashes due to memory corruption caused by software like device drivers. VT-d for Directed I/O Architecture provides methods to better control system devices by defining the architecture for DMA and interrupt remapping to ensure improved isolation of I/O resources for greater reliability, security, and availability.

6.0 Applications of Virtualization

Server consolidation Legacy Applications within legacy OSes Secure isolated sandboxes for running untrusted applications Application mobility Testing and debugging environments Clean (single) service design Freedom of choice in using multiple os at once Soft user migration path

7.0 Future Scope

Virtualization Monitor will become part of a standard "boot loader" in scope: Linux/*BSD & Reactors will be the "Any OS" with best possible hardware support Whenever needed: Virtualization will become a key technologies in privacy enforcement No more hassels with Copyright Enforcement Technologies

8.0 Conclusion
Virtualization dramatically improves the efficiency and availability of resources and applications. Earlier Internal resources are underutilized under the old one server, one application model and users spend too much time managing servers rather innovating. By virtualization platform, users can respond faster and more efficiently than ever before. Users can save 50-70% on overall IT costs by consolidating their resource pools and delivering highly available machines. Other major improvements by using virtualization are that they can:

Reduce capital costs by requiring less hardware and lowering operational costs while increasing your server to admin ratio

Ensure enterprise applications perform with the highest availability and performance

Build up business continuity through improved disaster recovery solutions and deliver high availability throughout the datacenter

Improve desktop management with faster deployment of desktops and fewer support calls due to application conflicts.

Even after the implementations of distributed computing and other technologies, virtualization proved to be an effective in using the available resources of a system fully in an efficient way.

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