Chapter 17: Properties of Solutions

17.1 Solution Composition 17.2 The Thermodynamics of Solution Formation 17.3 Factors Affecting Solubility 17.4 The Vapor Pressure of Solutions 17.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression 17.6 Osmotic Pressure 17.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolytic Solutions 17.8 Colloids

Figure 17.4: (a) a gaseous solute in equilibrium with a solution. (b) the piston is pushed in, which increases the pressure of the gas and the number of gas molecules per unit volume. (c) greater gas

Henrys Law of Gas solubilities in Liquids P = kHX

P = Partial pressure of dissolved gas X = mole fraction of dissolved gas kH = Henrys Law Constant

Henrys Law of Gas Solubility

Problem: The lowest level of oxygen gas dissolved in water that will support life is ~ 1.3 x 10 - 4 mol/L. At the normal atmospheric pressure of oxygen is there adaquate oxygen to support life? Plan: We will use Henrys law and the Henrys law constant for oxygen in water with the partial pressure of O2 in the air to calculate the amount. Solution: The Henrys law constant for oxygen in water is 1.3 x 10 -3 mol liter atm and the partial pressure of oxygen gas in the atmosphere is 21%, or 0.21 atm.

Soxygen = kH x PO2 = 1.3 x 10 -3 mol x ( 0.21 atm) liter atm

SOxygen = 2.7 x 10 - 4 mol O2 / liter This is adaquate to sustain life in water!

Figure 17.5: The solubilities of several solids as a function of temperature.

Predicting the Effect of Temperature on Solubility - I

Problem: From the following information, predict whether the solubility of each compound increases or decreases with an increase in temperature. (a) CsOH Hsoln = -72 kJ/mol (b) When CsI dissolves in water the water becomes cold (c) KF(s) H2O K+(aq) + F -(aq) + 17.7 kJ Plan: We use the information to write a chemical reaction that includes heat being absorbed (left) or released (right). If heat is on the left, a temperature shifts to the right, so more solute dissolves. If heat is on the right, a temperature increase shifts the system to the left, so less solute dissolves. Solution: (a) The negative H indicates that the reaction is exothermic, so when one mole of Cesium Hydroxide dissolves 72 kJ of heat is released.

Predicting the Effect of Temperature on Solubility - II

(a) continued CsOH(s) H2O Cs+(aq) + OH -(aq) + Heat

A higher temperature (more heat) decreases the solubility of CsOH. (b) When CsI dissolves, the solution becomes cold, so heat is absorbed. H2O CsI(s) + Heat Cs+(aq) + I -(aq) A higher temperature increases the solubility of CsI. (c) When KF dissolves, heat is on the product side, and is given off so the reaction is exothermic. H2O K+(aq) + F -(aq) + 17.7 kJ KF(s) A higher temperature decreases the solubility of KF

Figure 17.6: The solubilities of several gases in water as a function of temperature at a constant pressure of 1 atm of gas above the solution.

Figure 17.9: The presence of a nonvolatile solute inhibits the escape of solvent molecules from the liquid

Figure 17.10: For a solution that obeys Raoults law, a plot of Psoln versus xsolvent yields a straight line.

Fig. 13.15

Vapor Pressure Lowering -I

Problem: Calculate the vapor pressure lowering when 175g of sucrose is dissolved into 350.00 ml of water at 750C. The vapor pressure of pure water at 750C is 289.1 mm Hg, and its density is 0.97489 g/ml. Plan: Calculate the change in pressure from Raoults law using the vapor pressure of pure water at 750C. We calculate the mole fraction of sugar in solution using the molecular formula of sucrose and density of water at 750C. Solution: molar mass of sucrose ( C H O ) = 342.30 g/mol
12 22 11

175g sucrose = 0.51125 mol sucrose 342.30g sucrose/mol 350.00 ml H2O x 0.97489g H2O = 341.21g H2O ml H2O 341.21 g H2O = 18.935 molH2O 18.02g H2O/mol

Vapor Pressure Lowering - II

Xsucrose = Xsurose = mole sucrose moles of water + moles of sucrose 0.51125 mole sucrose = 0.2629 18.935 mol H2O + 0.51125 mol sucrose

P = Xsucrose x P 0H2O = 0.2629 x 289.1 mm Hg = 7.600 mm Hg

Like Example 17.1 (P 841-2)

A solution was prepared by adding 40.0g of glycerol to 125.0g of water at 25.0oC, a temperature at which pure water has a vapor pressure of 23.76 torr. The observed vapor pressure of the solution was found to be 22.36 torr. Calculate the molar mass of glycerol! Solution: Roults Law can be rearranged to give: Psoln 22.36 torr = = 0.9411 = o P H2O 23.76 torr 125.0 g mol H2O = = 6.94 mol H2O 18.0 g/mol XH2O = 0.9411 = mol gly = mol H2O mol gly + mol H2O 6.94 mol mol gly + 6.96 mol

6.94 mol (6.94 mol)(0.9411) = 0.4357 mol 0.9411 40.0 g = 91.81 g/mol (MMglycerol = 92.09 g/mol) 0.4357 mol