1. Science is systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment. 2.

Knowledge accumulated by systematic study of natural phenomena is called scientific knowledge. 3. Life Science is the study of living systems and the ways in which they interact. Examples : biology (the study of living things) and entomology (the study of insects). 4. Earth science is study of Earth systems and the system in space. Examples : geology (the study rock of rocks, soils and minerals), meteorology (the study of weather and climates) and astronomy (the study of planets, stars, and other bodies in the Universe). 5. Physical science is the study of matter and energy. Examples : physics (the study of energy and its ability to change matter) and chemistry (the study of matter and their interactions). 6. Science offers us many choices of careers. 7. Science is important to us because it 1. Contributes to new discoveries, inventions and knowledge gained. 1. Improves our standard of living and quality of our environment. The importance of science specific area : 1. A science laboratory is a room or a workplace for the conduct of scientific investigations. 2. Dos in the laboratory : 1. Open all doors and windows unless otherwise instructed by your teacher. 2. Label all containers clearly and the label should draw attention to any particular hazard. 3. Read the instructions first and understand them before starting your experiment.

4. Work tidily. Wash up all used apparatus and dispose waste correctly. 5. Return the apparatus to their proper places after cleaning. 6. Wash your hand after all laboratory work. 7. Report all accidents, breakages and spillages immediately to your teacher. 3. Donts in the laboratory : 1. Do not enter the laboratory without the teachers permission. 2. Do not perform any test or experiment without the teacher permission. 3. Do not eat, drink or play in the laboratory. 4. Do not taste any chemical unless otherwise instructed by the teacher. 5. Do not tamper with the electrical mains and other fittings in the laboratory. 6. Do not remove any apparatus or chemical from the laboratory. 7. Do not obstruct passage or access to emergency exits or fire extinguisher. 4. Safety rules when heating or mixing chemicals : 5. Apparatus is the equipment designed to enable us to conduct experiments and make accurate measurement or observations. 6. The Bunsen Burner 7. Barrel: a tube through which gas is mixed with the air. 8. Collar: regulates the mixture of gas and air 9. Air - hole: an opening that allows the passage of air into the barrel.

10. Gas inlet: allows gas to enter into the burner 11. Gas jet: Releases gas to form a steady flame 12. Base: supports and stabilises the burner. Some example of common hazard warning symbols : Steps in Scientific Investigation .The scientific method involved in the experiment above is as following : a. Identifying the problem, that is determining the time of swing for the short pendulum. b. Making hypothesis, that is the time of swing depends on the length of the pendulum. c. Planning the experiment, that is to determine the essential method in the investigation. d. Establishing variables, that is fixed variable (mass of the metal bob), manipulated variable (length of the string), and responding variable (time of swing). e. Collecting data, that is numerical data is recorded in a systematic table. f. Analysing and interpreting data, that is to determine the pattern and relation between the length of the pendulum and the time of swing. Reporting, that is it present to result of the experiment in the form of tables and drawings 1. There are five physical quantities which can be measured, that is length, mass, time, temperature and electric current. 2. Prefixes : 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. tera T 1 000 000 000 000 x 1012 giga G 1 000 000 000 x 109 mega M 1 000 000 x 106 kilo k 1 000 x 103 hector h 100 x 102 deca da 10 x 101 deci d 0.1 x 10-1

10. centi c 0.01 x 10-2 11. milli m 0.001 x 10-3 12. micro 0.000 001 x 10-6 13. nano n 0.000 000 001 x 10-9 14. pico p 0.000 000 000 001 x 10-12 15. femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 x 10-15 *organize abv standard units Mass is the amount of matter in an object. 1. Mass of an object can be measured by using a beam balance or lever balance. Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object Spring balance is used to measure weight 1. Measuring the length of straight lines : a. When taking a reading, ensure that the eye is placed vertically above the mark being read on the ruler at positions Q. b. Positions of eye at P and R will give wrong readings. c. The mistake caused by incorrect positioning of the eye is called parallax error. Measuring the length of curves : The length of a curve is measured using a ruler and a thread, or opisometer (measuring tool for maps). Measuring the diameter of an object : The external diameter of an object is measured using a pair of external calipers and ruler. Measuring the diameter of an object : The internal diameter of an object such as test tube is measured by using a pair of internal calipers and ruler.

Measuring the diameter of an object : The diameter of a round object or a solid sphere can be measured by using two wooden blocks or set - square or a ruler Measuring the diameter of an object : Measuring is repeated to obtain more accurate average reading. When measuring many times, ensure that readings at different parts of the object are taken to ensure accurate average reading. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness. The volume of regular shape or irregular shape solids can be measured using water displacement method. The volume of water displaced is equal to the volume of the object. *organize kelvin & celcius