Strain-Based Fatigue Analysis

Dr. Nuri Ersoy

Material Models
Material Models
Material Models
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ . All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s),
write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle river, NJ 07458.
c
c
o
A
B
C
c
y
<c<2c
o
c
o
c
c
o
A
B
C
c>2c
o
c
o
c
o
Ac
p
Ac
e
c
a
Ac =
2c
a
c
a
A
o

=

2
o
a
o
a
o
a
Stress-Strain Hystheresis Loop
Testing the Materials for Strain Life Approach
o
c
c
a
N
f
c
a
c

f
o

f
/E
plastic
elastic
N
f3
N
f2
N
f1
Ac
Ac
p
Ao
Ao/
E
E
1
c
1
b
1
o
c
c
a
=Ac/2, o
a
=Ao/2
(d)
cyclic
monotonic
Ramberg-Osgood equation
The cyclic stress strain curve is
represented by Ramberg-Osgood
equation:
n n
a a
a
H E H E
' '
|
.
|

\
|
'
A
+
A
=
A

|
.
|

\
|
'
+ =
/ 1 / 1
2 2 2
o o c o o
c
where
c
a
is the strain amplitude
o
a
is the stress amplitude
H
'
is the Cyclic Strength Coefficient
n
'
is the Strain Hardening Exponent.
o
c
(c)
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ . All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s),
write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle river, NJ 07458.
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ . All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s),
write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle river, NJ 07458.
Cycle Dependent Material Response
Cycle Dependent Material Response
Strain Control Stress Control
Cyclic
Hardening
Cyclic
Softening
D
r
i
v
e
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
0 100 200 300 400
-5E-3
0
5E-3
strain(mm/mm)
Secs.
0 100 200 300 400
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
stress(MPa)
Secs.
-0.01 -5E-3 0 5E-3 0.01
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
strain (mm/mm)
Time range : 0 secs to 435 secs
1
3
5
7
9
2
4
6
8
Cyclic Softenening
Stable Hysteresis Loops
Stable Hysteresis Loops
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ . All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s),
write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle river, NJ 07458.
Stable Hysteresis Loops
Effect of Notches
Effect of Notches-Neubers rule
Notched Components: Neubers Rule
Ao,Ac
As,Ae
o
c
Ac
Ao
As
Ae
o c
o
c
o
c
k k
s
k
e
k
>
A
A
=
A
A
=
constant
2
2
=
A
= A A
A
A A
=
A
A
A
A
=
A
A
A
A
=
=
E
s k
E
s
k
E
E
e s e s
k
k k k
t
t
t
t
c o
c o
c o c o
o c
Stress and Strain Concentration Factors: Neubers
Rule
1
2
3
K
f
Ao
Ae
As
Ac
Cyclic oc Curve
Neuber Equation
Solution point
Graphical Solution for Local o and c
constant = A A c o
n
H E
'
|
.
|

\
|
'
A
+
A
=
A
/ 1
2 2 2
o o c
o
c
constant = a ac o
Construction of the Local Hysteresis Loop
Using Neubers Rule
n
a a a
H E
'
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ =
/ 1
2
o o c
constant = A A c o
n
H E
'
|
.
|

\
|
'
A
+
A
=
A
/ 1
2 2 2
o o c
Ao
Ac
Ao
Ac
Strain Life Results from a Series of LCF Tests
1E0 1E1 1E2 1E3 1E4 1E5 1E6 1E7 1E8
1E-4
1E-3
1E-2
1E-1
1E0
Life Curve Display
L
o
g

S
t
r
a
i
n
Log Life (Reversals)
Total strain curve fit
Elastic strain curve fit
Plastic strain curve fit
Total strain data
Elastic strain data
Plastic strain data
Sf': 670 MPa
b : -0.0582
(X/Y)
Ef': 0.374
c : -0.54
E : 2.05E5 MPa
(X/Y)
: Run-out pts
c

f
o

f
/E
plastic
elastic
N
f3
N
f2
N
f1
c
1
b
1
( ) ( )
c
N
b
N
E
f f f
f
a
2 2 c
o
c
'
+
'
=
L
o
g

S
t
r
a
i
n
Log Life
Strain Life Results from a Series of LCF Tests
( ) ( )
exponent ductility fatigue
t coefficien ductility fatigue
cycle 1 reversals 2
failure to reversals of number 2
exponent strength fatigue
t coefficien strength fatigue
amplitude strain
2 2
c
N
b
c
N
b
N
E
f
f
f
a
f f f
f
a
c
o
c
c
o
c
'
=
'
'
+
'
=
Coffin-Manson Strain-Life Equation
( ) ( )
exponent ductility fatigue
t coefficien ductility fatigue
cycle 1 reversals 2
failure to reversals of number 2
exponent strength fatigue
stress mean
t coefficien strength fatigue
amplitude strain
2 2
) (
c
N
b
c
N
b
N
E
f
f
m
f
a
f f f
m f
a
c
o
o
c
c
o o
c
'
=
'
'
+

'
=
Coffin-Manson Strain-Life Equation
Modified for Mean Stress Effect
Effect of Mean Stress
( ) ( )
strength ultimate
failure strain to ultimate
cycle 1 reversals 2
failure to reversals of number 2
amplitude strain
2 2 5 . 3
u
6 . 0 6 . 0 12 . 0
S
N
N N
E
S
f
f
a
f f f
u
a
c
c
c c
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

Generalized Strain-Life Equation:
Method of Universal Slopes
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, Third Edition,
by Norman E. Dowling. ISBN 0-13-186312-6.
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ . All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s),
write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle river, NJ 07458.
General Procedure
for calculating life for
constant amplitude
strain histories
Rainflow Counting and Stress/Strain Space
Fatigue is
the process where repeated variations in
loading cause failure even when the nominal
stresses are below the material yield strength;
Damage is
The inverse of life for a given strain amplitude
and is cumulative until failure
Damage and Life
N
f3
N
f1
L
o
g

S
t
r
a
i
n
Log Life Ac
1
Ac
2
Ac
1
Ac
2

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
i
i
N
n
Miners Rule