12.

EXPERIMENT E12: INDUCTORS CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL OBJECTIVES In this experiment, you can learn about the capacitance of a capacitor, inductance of an inductor (coil), the equivalent capacitor and inductor in series parallel connection AC circuits. THEORY AC RC Circuits An AC RC circuit in series is shown in Fig. 12.1.

Figure 12.1 AC RC circuit.

We define the capacitive reactance associated with the capacitor as (12.1) where is the angular frequency that is given in term of frequency or period as

(12.2)

When a resistor and a capacitor carry an alternating current, the potential drop across the resistor and the capacitor (because of the voltage drop on capacitor has a phase angle of ) is given

90

(12.3)

The capacitance of a capacitor in the circuit can be calculated as (12.4.a)

.
AC RL Circuits An AC RL circuit in series is shown in Fig. 12.2.

(12.4.b)

Figure 12.2 AC RL circuit.

We define the inductive reactance associated with the inductor as

(12.5)

When a resistor and a inductor carry an alternating current, the potential drop across the resistor and the inductor (because of the voltage drop on inductor has a phase angle of ) is given

(12.6)

The inductance of an inductor in the circuit can be calculated as (12.7.a)

91

.
Capacitors in Series For series-connected capacitors (Fig. 12.3), the equivalent capacitance calculated using the following equation:

(12.7.b)

is

(12.8)

Figure 12.3 Capacitors in series.

The charge ( capacitor is equal to

) on all capacitors is equal. The sum of the voltage drop on each

(12.9) Using in Eq. (12.9), one can get the equivalent capacitor of the circuit:

.
Capacitors in Parallel For parallel-connected capacitors (Fig. 12.4), the equivalent capacitance calculated using the following equation: , is

(12.10)

92

Figure 12.4 Capacitors in parallel.

The voltage drop on the all capacitors is

passes through the all capacitors is equal. The sum of the charge

.
Using

(12.11)

in Eq. (12.11), one can get the equivalent capacitor of the circuit:

.
Inductors in Series For series-connected inductors (Fig. 12.5), the total inductance ( using the following equation:

) is calculated

(12.12)

Figure 12.5 Inductors in series.

However, in some situations it is difficult to prevent adjacent inductors from influencing each other, as the magnetic field of one device couples with the windings of its neighbours. This influence is defined by the mutual inductance .

93

Inductors in Parallel For parallel-connected inductors (Fig. 12.6), the total inductance ( calculated using the following equation:

), is

(12.13)

Figure 12.6 Inductors in parallel.

If the inductors are situated in each other's magnetic fields, this approach is invalid due to mutual inductance.

94

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Part I 1. Set up the circuit with a capacitor, as shown in Fig. 12.1. 2. Measure table 12.1. 3. Calculate the capacitance using Eq. (12.4.b) and record it on the table 12.1. 4. Calculate the percentage error (see appendix) and record it on the table 12.1. 5. Repeat all procedure for one more capacitor. and for a fix value of AC electromotive force and record them on the

Part II 6. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 12.7. 7. Measure table 12.1. 8. Calculate the capacitance using Eq. (12.4.b) and record it on the table 12.1. 9. Calculate the percentage error (see appendix) and record it on the table 12.1. 10. Repeat all procedure for the circuit shown in Fig. 12.8. and for a fix value of AC electromotive force and record them on the

Figure 12.7 AC RC in series circuit.

95

Figure 12.8 AC RC in parallel circuit.

Part III 11. Set up the circuit with a inductor, as shown in Fig. 12.2. 12. Measure table 12.2. 13. Calculate the inductance using Eq. (12.7.b) and record it on the table 12.2. 14. Calculate the percentage error (see appendix) and record it on the table 12.2. 15. Repeat all procedure for one more inductor. and for a fix value of AC electromotive force and record them on the

Part IV 16. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 12.9. 17. Measure table 12.2. 18. Calculate the inductance using Eq. (12.7.b) and record it on the table 12.2. 19. Calculate the percentage error (see appendix) and record it on the table 12.2. 20. Repeat all procedure for the circuit shown in Fig. 12.10. and for a fix value of AC electromotive force and record them on the

96

Figure 12.9 AC RL in series circuit.

Figure 12.10 AC RL in parallel circuit.

97

LABORATORY REPORT: CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHS

Name Faculty number Date Instructor name

: _______________________ : _______________________ : _______________________ : _______________________ Instructors signature: ____________

These blanks must be written in pen (not pencil).

Table 12.1 Calculation of the capacitance.

( )

( )

( )

( )

Show your work here:

98

Table 12.2 Calculation of the inductance.

( )

( )

( )

( )

Show your work here:

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] University Physics with Modern Physics with MasteringPhysics, 12/E, Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman, 2008. [2] HyperPhysics, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/accap.html. [3] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Series_and_parallel_circuits.

99