ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

ARCHITECTURE
INDEX"

I li"i-1
v

VOLUMES

XLI

AND

XLII

*\

JANUARY"

DECEMBER,

1920

'-'^
"
*'

"^

,"

'

...

ILLUSTRATIONS
CHURCH BUILDINGS.

t"MMM ""

CHURCHES Lawrence Model

AND

Memorial

Lawrence Chapel,

Wis., Childs College, Appleton,

"

Plates
for the Bahai Fourth

Smith, Architects cxlix cxlv, cxlvi, cxlvii, cxlviii,

.

Louis Bourgeois, Architect and Sculptor Temple of Peace, Chicago, Page 183 Congregational Church,Hartford, Conn., Davis " Brooks,Architects, August Frontispiece, Plates cxxvii, cxxviii, Pages237,238 Parish House, and St. George's Designfor Rectory, Church, Maplewood,N. J.,Charles W. Short Tr Architect Page 42 St. Mark's Church, Mt. Kisco,N. Y., Cram, Goodhue " Ferguson, Architects for Church; Bertram G. Goodhue, Architect for Tower, Screens for Chapel and Vestibule Plates clxxvii, clxxviii, clxxix, clxxx, clxxxi, Pages356,357,358 Some Old New England Churches. Photographed by Albert G. Robinson Page 49 Temple B'nai Jeshurun,N. Y., Walter S. Schneider, Architect, Henry B. Herts,Associate Plates i, ii, iii, iv, v, Pages18,19
. .

....

Reredos The

and

Chancel,St. Thomas's
.

Church, New

York, Bertram
....

Grosvenor

Goodhue, Architect

Certosa

Plates xcvii, cxii JulyFrontispiece, xcviii, xcix, cii, civ, ciii, cviii, cvii, cix, C, ci, cv, cvi, ex, cxi, of Pavia 212-215 Pages161-164,

CLUB-HOUSES, Sigma
Phi

CHAPTER

AND

FRATERNITY

HOUSES.
R.

Place,Hamilton

N. Y., Clement Clinton, College,

The

for Tau ChapterHouse, Hamilton Designs English ChapterHouses April Frontispiece, Pages 97-102 A. Raymond Ellis, House for Small College, Architect ProposedFraternity Page 242
. . .... . . .

Newkirk, Architect Plates xxix, xxxii, Page 45 xxx, xxxi, N. Y., R. E. Sluyter, Clinton, Architect, College, Pages306,307

FACTORIES,

WAREHOUSES,

AND

POWER-HOUSES.

" Perrot, Architects and Engineers Pa., Ballinger Page 59 Hugo BilgramGear Works, Philadelphia, Frederick A. Waldron, Edison Electric Illuminating Company, Boston, Mass., Service Buildings, Page 58 Engineer Mich. Detroit Edison Company Power-Plant, Detroit, Page 189 N. Y., Gorden " Madden, Architects for Office Building; The Gleason Works, Rochester, John W. Architect for Principal Pages 222,223 Shop Buildings Vickery, Winnsboro Page 189 Winnsboro, N. C.,Lockwood, Green " Co.,Engineers Mills,
.
.

.....

GALLERIES. The
Freer D. C., Charles Washington, Gallery, " A. A. Platt, Architect Architects Goldstone, Architect Platt,
.... . . .

Pages332-333
liii li, Iii, 1, xlix,

N. Y., Rouse John Levy Galleries, Art Gallery, Lyme, Conn., Charles

Plates

Page 335

"Vs
ARCHITECTURE"
^

INDEX

T;L^r I *v~
HOTELS

\\'

AND

APARTMENTS.

Page 216 Ind.,Bass, Knowlton " Graham, Architects Apartment House, Indianapolis, Plates cxlii, cxliii, cxliv, Page 269 ApartmCnt House, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., Fred. F. French Company, Architects, New Calvm- Apartments (Remodelled), York, B. H. " C. N. Whinston, Architects Pages 368-370 Plate Ixxi Entrance Hall,Apartment, N. Y., Welles Bosworth,Architect Garden' Apartments for the QueensboroCorporation, Queens, N. Y., Andrew J.Thomas, JacksonHeights,
.... . . . . ....

Architect
.

Plates
. . .

...

cxxix,cxxx, cxxxi
B.

and UnionCapitol Architect

"
................

Station

Groups,Residence

Halls for

Women, Washington,D. C.,Waddy

. . . .

Designs for

Model

Tenement, Andrew

J. Thomas, Architect

."

Wood, Pages 64-67 Page 117

.

/v/v

HOUSES" H. P.

CITY

AND

COUNTRY.

James
House

Benson, Marblehead Neck, Mass., John P. Benson, Architect L. I., Delano " Aldrich, A. Burden, Syosset, Architects
and

....

Pages 180, 181

Plates xxxix, xlvii xl, xli, xlii, xlv,xlvi, xliii, xliv, Architect Plans,W. L. Clayton,Houston, Texas, B. P. Briscoe, Page 365 West A Colonial House, A. Raymond Ellis, Hartford,Conn., A. Raymond Ellis, Architect, Pages 210, 211 I. Cozzens, Locust Valley, Architects Long Island,N. Y., W. L. Rouse and L. A. Goldstone, Plates clxxxii, clxxxv clxxxiii, clxxxiv, An Economical House, Samuel A. Hertz, Architect Pages 168, 169 Plates Ixxxv, Ixxxvi ReginaldFoster,Ridgewood, N. J.,Tracy " Swartwout, Architects E. W. Fowler,Hartsdale, N. Y., Eugene J. Lang, Architect xcii Plates xci, Alvin T. Fuller, Little Boars Head, N. H., Robert C. Coit,Architect Pages 261-264 B. Gilchrist, Design for House at Germantown, Pa., Edmund Architect Pages 104-105 Mrs. James Harden, Hartsdale, N. Y., Eugene J. Lang, Architect Plates xciii, xciv Mrs. Thomas T. Hopper, Pelham,N. Y., BloodgoodTuttle,Architect Pages 184,185 Louis C. Humphrey, Louisville, Ky.,George Herbert Gray, Herman Wischmeyer,Architects Plates Iviii, Ixii lix, Ix,Ixi, Charles Ingram,Greenwich, Architects Conn.,Warren " Clark, Pages 277-279 P. R. Jameson,Rochester, N. Y., Clement R. Newkirk,Architect Plates Ixxii, Ixxv Ixxiii, Ixxiv, Jonathan Jenks, and Charles P. Rabenold,Architects Merion,Pa., Frank Seeburger Pages 174, 175 B. B. Jones, Washington,D. C., Waddy B. Wood, Architect Plates civ, clviii clvi, clvii, Walter F. Klemm, House and Plans, Architect Malvern,Pa.,C. E. Schermerhorn, Page 37 Mrs. Frederick Lewisohn, N. Y., Harry Allan Jacobs, Architect Plates x, xi, xii, Page 9 N. Y., W. L. Rouse and L. A. Goldstone, AugustaHays Lyon, Huntington, Long Isfand, Architects
....
'

"

......

....

....

..

....

Plates Isaac T.
.

clxxxviii clxxxvii,

Mann, Washington,D. C.,GeorgeOakley Totten, Architect Plates xxvi,xxvii, xxviii Jr., :. C. Merritt, Larchmont,N. Y., Sterner " Wolfe,Architects Plates cxxxii, cxxxiv,cxxxv cxxxiii, Morton Morris, Louisville, Ky.,George Herbert Gray, Architect Pages 156, 157 N. Y., Morrell Smith,Architect Cottageat Mount Kisco, Page 170 Model for a House at Pasadena,Cal., Reginald Architect Johnson, Page 135 Prince George County, Md PoplarHill, September Frontispiece Alterations to House of Hiland Porter, N. J., Lucian E. Smith,Architect Montclair, Page 341 J. B. Quinn,Fieldston, N. Y.,Dwight James Baum, Architect Riverdale-on-Hudson, Pages 118,119 Mrs. John Ridgely, "Hampton," Towson, Md. (Historic Colonial Mansion) Plates xiii, xv xiv, George C. St. John,Bungalow,Wallingford, Conn. Page 125 Houses Being Built at Scarsdale, N. Y., Eugene J. Lang, Architect Pages 20-22 Designfor Small House,Wm. F. Thompson,Architect page 355 Mr. " Mrs. Vivian Spencer, House and Garden (Alterations), Marian C. Coffin LandAvondale,R. I., scape-Architect
. .

....

...

...

'.

'

p1

144
'

145 51

Stonewell Cottage, From "Small Country Houses of To-day" i. Willard Straight, 1130 Fifth Avenue, N. Y., Delano " Aldrich', Architects
T-. ,
"

-,

Plates xxxiii, xxxviii xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, Thanhauser, L. L, Tooker " Marsh, Architects Lodge,Bayville, Pages 5-7 Thomas N. Y., Andrew Scarsdale, J.Thomas, Architect Plates cxxxvii, cxxxviii, cxxxix,cxl,cxli N. J., smame, Allendale, Lucian E. Smith,Architect Plate clx, Page 299
. . . .

ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

HOUSES"
Turtle

CITY

AND New

COUNTRY"
York

Continued.
C.

Dean, William Lawrence Bottomley, Associated Pages 287) 288,290,Plates cl, cli L. I., Delano " Aldrich, Egerton E. Wmthrop, Syosset, Architects Plates liv, Ivii Iv,Ivi, Lodge on the Estate of Emory Winship, .'Page 339 Macon, Ga., Nisbey " Dunwody, Architects WinthropWithington, Jackson, Mich.,Leonard H. Field, Architect .'page 266 Jr., House at Yardley,Pa., C. E. Schermerhorn, Architect ";.,,' Page 136 Frank Young, Hackensack,N. J., Architect Wesley Sherwood Bessell, Plates cxxiii, cxxv cxxiv,
Architects
.
. .

Bay,

Edward City (Alterations),

'

...

"

INSTITUTIONS. HOSPITALS:

King'sDaughters' Hospital, Madison, Ind.,Herbert L. Bass " Co.,Architects ". Designsfor Milwaukee Van Ryn " De.Gelleke County General Hospital, Milwaukee,Wis., " De Gelleke, Associated Architects ......
.
.

and

Pages 250, 251 Armstrong

'

Pages 300

301

SCHOOLS:

College, Appleton, Wis.,Childs " Smith,Architects Plates clii, cliv cliii, " White,Architects Plate clxxiv ', ; Design for School, Cohoes,N. Y., Tooker " Marsh, Architects ; Page 316 School Building, " Bragdon,Architects Cranford, N. J., Hollingsworth Plate clxxv Combination Grade and High School, N. Y.,Tooker " Marsh, Architects, Greensburgh, Arthur W. Coote,
School No.

Russell Sage Dormitory,Lawrence

64, Baltimore, Md., Mottu

....

Associate
"

Plate clxxi " Arthur Marsh, Architects,

Grade

Hartsdale,N. Y., Tooker School,

High School, Hempstead, N. Y. West Intermediate Mich., Leonard H. School, Jackson, Public School, N. J., Ernest Sibley, Little Ferry, Architect Plate clxx Evander Childs High School, New York City,C. B. J.Snyder,Architect Plate clxi, Page 338 School for Social Research, N. Y., Edward New C. Dean, Architect Pages 288, 289 Arthur W. Coote, Associate High School,Norwich, N. Y. Tooker " Marsh, Architects, Page 315 Arthur W. Coote, Associate High School,Pelham, N. Y., Tooker " Marsh, Architects, Plate clxvi Combination Grade and High School,Port Henry, N. Y., Tooker " Marsh, Architects, Arthur W. Coote, Associate Page 318 Watson Henry K. Boyer School,Lower Providence Township,Montgomery Co.,Pa.,C. E. Schermerhorn, Associate Architects .;;..... K. Phillips, Plate clxxii Watson K. Phillips, Plymouth Township Consolidated School,Montgomery Co.,Pa.,C. E. Schermerhorn, Associate Architects Page 324 Plates clxiii, High School,Ridgewood, N. J., Tracy " Swartwout, Architects clxiv, Page 328 Grammar School Building, Rosemont, Radnor Township, Pa., D. Knickerbacker Boyd, John L. Coneys, Victor D. Abel,Architects Plate clxviii, Page 330 Plate clxii High School,Sheboygan,Wis., Childs " Smith,Architects Architects Banks Plate clxvi i School,Waltham, Mass., Kilham " Hopkins, Architect Plate clxxvi, Central High School, Washington,D. C., Wm. B. Ittner, Page 327 Architect Plate clxv,Page 327 Dunbar Ashford, High School,Washington,D. C.,Snowden Municipal Architect Vernon Mount Seminary,Washington,D. C., Wesley Sherwood Bessell, Plates xvii, xix,xx, xxi, xxii, xviii, xxiii, xxiv, FebruaryFrontispiece, xxv, Pages 33-36 Arthur W. Coote, Grade Ferris Avenue School,White Plains, N. Y., Tooker " Marsh, Architects,
.,
. . .

Coote,Associate Page 317, Plate clxxiii. ; Pages 319-323 Architect Plates vi,vii, Field, ix Jr., viii,
, .
.
.

W.

..

.:

....

'.

.............

"

Associate
.

Plate clxxi

OFFICE,

BANK,

AND

STORE

BUILDINGS. Plates
. .

Offices of Alfred C. Office of Welles Central Union

Bossom, N. Y., Alfred C. Bossom, Architect Bosworth, Welles Bosworth, Architect Arthur Loomis Trust Company, N. Y., Private Offices,
.....

Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii, xc Ixxxix,

Plates Ixx Ixvii, Ixviii, Ixix,

Harmon, Architect Plates Ixxxi, Ixxxiv Ixxxii, Ixxxiii,

Plate
. .

Exchange Bank, Sheridan Square Branch, N. Y., S. Edson Gage, Architect " Tucker, Architects N. Y., Renwick, Aspinwall Savings-Bank, Architect Egyptian Lacquer Company, N. Y., George Mort Pollard,
Corn Dollar
.

xcv

Page 53 Page 296

ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

OFFICE,
The

BANK,

AND

STORE

BUILDINGS"

Continued.

Pages 272, 273 Pages 291-293 Plates Ixiii, Ixiv, W. L. Grace " Co., New O'Connor, Architect, Lima, Peru, James Wm. Pages 109-111 Offices, New Central Office Buildings, Pages 217, 219 England Telephone" TelegraphCo. Architect N. Y. (Alteration). George Mort Pollard, The New York Galleries, Pages 294-296 Plates Ixxvi, Ixxix N. Y.,Ludlow " Peabody,Architects Trust Company, Brooklyn, Ixxvii, Ixxviii, Peoples N. Y., Shampan " Shampan, Architects. The Thrift Bank, Brooklyn, Pages 56-57 Plate xvi SavingsBank, Detroit,Mich.,Albert Kahn, Architect Wayne County and Home
York City,Cross " Cross,Architects New Elliman Building, Architects " Corbett, N. Y., Helmle Fletcher Building,
..... . .
. .

MEASURED
EARLY

DETAILS. ARCHITECTURE Drawn

OF CONNECTICUT, Measured by J. Frederick Kelly. Conn. House, Huntington, Cupboard in the Older Beardsley Doorway of a House, New Haven, Conn. Conn. Doorway of Welles Shipman House, South Glastonbury, from an Old House, Lyme, Conn. Panelling in Taproom of Ye Olde PhelpsTavern, Simsbury, Conn. Panelling Webb- Welles House, Wethersfield, in Parlor, Conn. Panelling Cornwell House, Cheshire, Measured Conn. Detail,

by
.

Lorenzo

Hamilton Plate clxxxvi

Corner

.....

Page

205

Plate xcvi Plate cxxxvi

. . .

.......

..

Plate clix Plate clxix

. . . . .

......

.:

Plate cxxvi
. . . . .

EARLY

COLONIAL
an

ARCHITECTURE Old

Stairwayin

OF THE VALLEY, Ohio Circleville, Residence,

.

OHIO

Measured
.

and
"

Drawn
. .

by

Daniel
. .

W.

Wemy
Plate Ixxx
. .

MEMORIALS. The N. Y., Designed Conqueror A VictoryWindow, TrinityProtestant Episcopal Church, Syracuse, March by William Willet and Annie Lee Willet Frontispiece A Design for a National Memorial, Submitted to Mayor's Committee,N. Y., Armstrong and De Gelleke, From T. L. Armstrong Architects, a Renderingby W. Page 234 Memorial N. C., C. Adrian Casner, Architect Community Building, Goldsboro, Page 25 Plan for an International Historical and Memorial Museum at Washington, D. C., Rossel Edward Mitchell " Co., Ltd., Architects Pages 2-4 January Frontispiece, tects ArchiRoslyn Memorial Building, Roslyn,N. Y., Hoppin " Koen, F. M. Godwin, A. D. R. Sullivant, Pages 122, 123 Soldiers' and Sailors'Monument for Amersfort Park,Flatlands, N. Y., Joseph M. Berlinger, Brooklyn, Architect ."."'. Page 248
"

........

"

'

PUBLIC

BUILDINGS.

Arras,Hotel de Ville
The Butter

s June Frontispiece Tower, Rouen, From the lithograph November by Howard Leigh Frontispiece Capitol Park,Harrisburg, Pa., Arnold W. Brunner, Architect Plates Ixv, Ixvi, May Frontispiece, Page 126 Dallas Interurban Terminal,Dallas, Texas,Bigelow" Wadsworth, Architects, Stone " Webster,Engineers Page 28 ;,. Minnesota Historical Society St. Paul,Minn., Clarence H. Johnston, Building, Architect Pages,68, 69, 71, 72, Plate xlviii Municipal Building, Dormont, Pa.,Harry S. Bair, Architect Page 303 The Palais de Justice in Anderson and Hebard's Scheme for an International World Centre Page 27 Springfield Municipal Group, Etchings by Louis Orr December Frontispiece, Pages 349-353 .own House, Hempstead,Long Island, N. Y., Steward Wagner, Architect Plates clxxxix, cxcii, Pages 361-364 cxc, cxci, .ings for Water Department,City of St. Louis, Architects Mo., Study " Farrar, Pages 282, 283
, .
. . . . . .
.

...

...

THEATRES.

Dayton Theatre, Dayton,Ohio,Schenck " Williams, Architects Frederick Theatre, Pa., Harry S. Bair, Pittsburgh, Architect re, Pittsburgh, Pa., C. Howard Crane,Architect, Elmer George Kiehler, Associate
,

Plates

cxx cxix,

Plate cxxii

T v"i

Plates
i TL

Corcoran heatre,

cxvi,cxvii, cxvm
.

Art

D. C.,Waddy Gallery, Washington,

B.

Wood,

Architect

Page

182

ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

THEATRES"

Continued. Elmer George Kiehler, Crane,Architect; Associate; CyrilE. Plates cxiii, cxiv, cxv, Pages 240, 241 Theatre,Pittsburgh, Pa., Harry S. Bair, Architect Plate cxxi W
....

Orchestra Hall,Detroit, Mich.,C. Howard

TU

The

" Plaza

MISCELLANEOUS.

ArgentinaArchitecture

.....

"Old New Amsterdam" (Between South Ferry and the Bridge). By G. A. Shipley Prize Designsfor Architect's Certificate, State of Pennsylvania

October

Romanesque Portals Swimming Pool for Robert

Pages 371-374 Frontispiece page 187

.

.......

Pages 75-85
E. Mt. Kisco, N. Y., Delano Brewster, "

Architects Aldrich,

!
.

Page

106

TEXT
An

AccountingSystem for an
in
'

Architect's Office

(Illustrated). By

H. P. Van

Arsdall

Materials Costs, The Building As to i Advertising,

Advance

Advertising, A.I.A. Reaching the Architect by. By Stowe Phelps, Alterations of Buildings for Commercial Uses (Illustrated) Alterations to City Buildings, Shops,Studios,and Apartments The American Academy in Rome (Illustrated) The American Academy in Rome, Twenty-fifth Anniversary
.

.....

American Architect's

Federation

of

Arts, The

Pages 112-116 Page 126 Page 236 Pages 152-154 Pages 294-296 Pages 139-142 Pages 10, 73 Page 85 Page 44
.

Pages 8, 55, 62, 95, 116, 126, 158, 159, 192,204, 215, 224, 256, 284,343, 370 of Competitionfor Design of Page 60 The Architects of St. Thomas's A Correction Page 235 An Architect's Office. By Alfred C. Bossom Page 186 Architectural History and the Designer. By Rexford Newcomb Pages 22-24 Architecture of the Springfield MunicipalGroup as a Business Asset (Illustrated) Pages 349-353 Artificial Light Means What. to the Modern Structure, By H. Vandervoort Walsh Pages 46-48 The Building Situation in (Illustrated) Argentina, Pages 371-374 As to Advertising Page 236 The Bahai Temple of Peace (Illustrated) Page 183 Beaux-Arts Institute of Design Page 108 Has Right of Way. Big Building By PerleyF. Ayer Page 102 Book Reviews Pages 12,48, 74, 108, 138, 172,215, 233, 265, 314, 347, 360 Brand from the Burning, A Page 43 Brass Tacks Plus Page 137 For a Standard Size for Brick, Page xxviii Costs Building Page 268 BuildingExpense,Possible and Actual Savingsin. By Rossel Edward Mitchell Page 50 Materials Costs,The Advance in Building Page 126 in Chicago Federal Loan Banks Builders Building to Aid Home Prospects Page 143 The Building Situation in Argentina(Illustrated) Pages 371-374 the Thing. By Colonel W. A. Starrett Building's Pages 61-62 in Dr. Architect Calling Page 11 Pages 127-129 CapitolPark,Harrisburg, Pa., Arnold W. Brunner, Architect The International Jury of Award CarnegieInstitute Exhibition, Page 126 212-215 The Certosa of Pavia (Illustrated). Pages 161-164, By Frank Jewett Mather, Jr. Landscape Architect, Pages 86-92 City Lot, The Problem of the Small (Illustrated). By William Pitkin,Jr., A Colonial House. Architect Page 211 By A. Raymond Ellis, Colors Employed in Egyptian, Page 103 Greek, and Gothic Architecture. By Albert M. Kreider " White, Architects Columbia Mead Trust Company Building, Talbot F. Hamlin, McKim, Page 17 Columbia Session Courses in Architecture, Summer Page 199 University, for the Development of a Small Country Property Page 60 Competition Van Ryn " De Gelleke, Armstrong " De Gelleke, Competitionfor Milwaukee County General Hospital, Associated Architects Pages 300, 301 The Competitionfor New York's Memorial Page 313 Army and Navy Club Block Pages 149-152 Competitionfor the Remodellingof a New York Tenement Pages 280, 281, 284, 344-346 Concrete Construction. By DeWitt Clinton Pond, M.A. Page 107 Concrete Housing ........'" Certificate, Programme
"

Announcements

............

"

"

.....

....

...

....

"

...

...

"

ARCHITECTURE"

IN DEX

TEXT" The The

Continued.

Conqueror
"

Window Victory

(Illustrated). Designed by William Willet and Annie Lee Willet, Page 63

Construction of the Small House.

By

H. Vandervoort

Walsh.

In Four

Parts

Pages270,271,308-311,340-343,364,366, 367 Co-operation Page 204 Apartments Co-operative Page 44 Courses in Architecture at Columbia UniversitySummer Session Page 199 A Design for a National Memorial,Submitted to the Mayor's Committee,New York, Armstrong " Architects De Gelleke, Page 233 Good for ..'"". Detroit, Page 203 Ecclesiastical Monument, A Great Page 204 House (Illustrated). An Economical By Samuel A. Hertz, R.A. Pages 167-169 Editorialand Other Comment Pages 11,12,43,44, 73-74,107-108,137-138, 171,172,203-204,235, 236,
................ .............
" .

...

.........

....

............

.....

267,268,297,298,325,359, 360

Page xxviii Pages97-102 Page 173 Fine Achievement,A .....;....... Page 43 A Fine Memorial ; ; ; Page 179 Fire Prevention, For ...... Page 126 The Fletcher Building (Illustrated). By Frank J.Helmle Pages291-293 For Better Housing Page 360 For Fire Prevention Page 126 of Civic Art For a Library Page 44 Size For a Standard for Brick Page xxviii For the Student of Architecture. By David Varon -. Pages 165, 166 Forest Policy, The Lumberman's Attitude toward a Page 268 The Fourth Congregational Church of Hartford (Illustrated). By W. F. Brooks Page 238 House for a Small College, Fraternity Proposed. By A. Raymond Ellis Page 242 The Freer Gallery and What It Will Contain (Illustrated). Architect Charles A. Platt, Pages332-334 The Alvin T. Fuller House at Little Boars Head, N. H. Robert C. Coit, Architect (Illustrated). Page 261 The Functions of Lighting Fixtures. By M. Luckiesh Pages274-276 General Principles of School Planningand Construction Tooker " Marsh, Architects (Illustrated). Pages315-318
............

ElectricHazards, Reducing

A.I.A. ChapterHouses (Illustrated). English By Albert C. Phelps, of the Metropolitan The Fiftieth Museum of Art Anniversary
.......
"

...

"

......

...

...

"

.......

Give the Architect His Due ...... Glass in Modern The Uses of. By H. Vandervoort Walsh Buildings, The Gleason Works; A Plant Planned for the Future. By John W.. Vickery Good for Detroit .....,' W. A. Grace " Co., New Offices, Lima, Peru
.
.

Page 171

Pages247,249, 252 Pages221-224

.

'

'

Page 203

Graft
.

page
'

109

.......

Grand Theatre, Orchestra Hall and the A Grave Question A Great Ecclesiastical Monument
.....
.

Page 235

(Illustrated)
.

Pages239-242
page 297 Page 204

and Labor Home-Building

....

Home

Industrial
*-pi 1 he
T

on a Pay Envelope Ownership (Illustrated). Architect '. Thompson^ By Wm. F.' and Health Housing Shortage The Importance of Good Designin School Ernest Sibley, Architect Building (Illustrated). Educational Opportunities Incomparable Offered by the Metropolitan Museum of Art
' .....

page 298 Pages 354-355

'. Pages319-323
.

Page 260 Page

"

12

Housing
.

International

."T

*
.

nn
"""...... .r

Jury of Award
.

for the
.

o.gC

^UO

-"A2

InstituteExhibition Carnegie
.

An

Harry' (Illustrated). Allan Jacobs, Architect of Civic Art, For a Library The Lighting Fixtures, Functions of. By M. Luckiesh
....

International Memorial Mrs. Frederick Lewisohn

Page 126

pjj

Page 9 Page 44 paees

'

27^-276
B

Lumberman's Attitude Toward Luxuries vs. Homes

. .

The

Forest Policy Modern

pap.P

268

Making

Over

Old

New

York-A

in' Development Turtle

'.

Bay

"jt (Illustrated). By ErnesT

p
'

"

987

9QO

Making Over

the Old Theatre for the Movies n' "' "' (Alterati"n)' Ge"rge of

'^Paselll
'.

Oakle"' T""", Jr" Architect

'

Page 36

Museum Metropolitan

Art, Incomparable Educational Opportunities Offered by the

^e 12

ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

TEXT" The

Continued.
'

Modern

Historical Society Homer Building (Illustrated). '-. By Stirling Pages 68-72 Building Superintendence.By David B. Emerson: Marble and Tile Work Chapter V." Plastering, Pages 26-27 Iron and Carpenter Work Chapter VI. Sheet-Metal Work, Ornamental Pages 52, 54, 55 Chapter VII. Plumbing and Drainage Pages 92-94 "; ....'. Chapter VIII." Electric Wiring and Elevators Pages 120, 121, 124 Chapter IX." Bank Vaults and Fixtures Pages 154, 155, 158 ..,.-. Cleaners Chapter X. Heating and Vacuum Pages 188, 190,191 of Fire Protection and Fitting XI. Installing Pages 218, 220 Up Turkish Bath Chapter Theatre The Modern (Illustrated). Pages 225-232 By E. M. Mlinar The Module ". Pages 206-209 System in Architectural Design (Illustrated). By Ernest Flagg The Money Value of France's Loss in Art Treasures and Historic Monuments Page 298 Page 313 Mortgage Tax Exemption Pages 33-36 Mount Vernon Seminary,Washington,D. C. (Illustrated). By Wesley Sherwood Bessell Museum (Illustrated). By at Washington, D. C., Plan for an International Historical and Memorial Minnesota
"

'

"

"

"

"

"

"

.......

"

...

....

.............

Rossel The

Edward

Mitchell
of Architectural
.

"

Pages1-4

Page 2 Page 235 -', Pages 361-364 Pages 368-370 School of Architecture at Princeton Page 137 The New for 1920 Committee York State Association of Architects Legislative The New Page 138 York's Housing Problem Page 267 New Page 11 Nineteen-T wen ty Will be a Great Year for the Architects Page 7 "Not Enough Copiesto Go Around" Page 329 A Notable By David Knickerbacker Boyd One-StorySchoolhouse. Moments. Pages 176-179 Notes for Architects on Engineering By DeWitt Clinton Pond, M.A. Units for Architects. Pages 146-148 Notes on Engineering By DeWitt C. Pond, M.A Pages 253-256 Notes on Steel Construction. By DeWitt Clinton Pond, M.A Page 236 Of Especially Timely Interest Page 329 Boyd One-StorySchoolhouse,A Notable. By David Knickerbacker Pages 239-242 Orchestra Hall and the Grand Theatre (Illustrated) Page 107 Our Architecture as History Page 29: Architecture ,.? Our New Page 235 .'.'.. Our School Architecture 244-246 Romulo P. Carlos Pages Architecture (Illustrated). By Philippine Page 182 The Place of the Institute (Illustrated) By Museum at Washington,D. C. (Illustrated). International Historical and Memorial Plan for an Pages ^ Mitchell Rossel Edward Page 5 Possible and Actual Savingsin Building Expense. By Rossel Edward Mitchell Pages 257-260 of the Cathedral at Reims (Illustrated). By Kenneth John Conant A Post-War Impression Page 137 Princeton,A New School of Architecture at Pages 8 Landscape Architect, Jr., The Problem of the Small City Lot (Illustrated). By William Pitkin, Programme of Competitionfor Design of Architect's Certificate Page 242 for Small College. By A. Raymond Ellis House ProposedFraternity ftP PuttingIt Up to the Public Pages 152A.I.A. Reaching the Architect by Advertising.By Stowe Phelps, Reducing Electric Hazards fo Pages ;" The Ridgewood High School (Illustrated). By Edgerton Swartwout Worker the Single The Right Way to House
Boards Registration the Competition for the Comment Some Nebraska State Capitol, on Steward The New Wagner, Architect Hempstead Town House (Illustrated). for Old (Illustrated). New Houses By B. H. " C. N. Whinston,Architects National
.

Council

./

"

......

....

."

.-

......

....

.....

.........

"

"

"

"

....

"

......

"

".

The

Road

Back

to

Human

Ideals and

"

Romanesque Portals" Lombard The Building, Roslyn Memorial

St. Mark's St. Thomas's School in Sculpture

French

By (Illustrated).

C. R.

Morey
_

Pages
"

f*jBL*S{ 75-8.
"g:
""

Church,
and

Mt.

By Ernest Peixotto Kisco, N. Y. (Illustrated). By (Illustrated).

....

Pages 356-357
Ea
"

Its Reredos

Ernest

Peixotto

Our Architecture,

"

Landscape Architecture. By Fletcher Steele Childs " Smith,Architects The Sheboygan High School (Illustrated). Worker, The Right Way to House the Single State Capitol for the Nebraska the Competition Comment Some on for the Draughtsmen. By David B. Emerson Some Practical Suggestions
. .

Pa8es
^
"

"age
"age

"

ARCHITECTURE"

INDEX

TEXT

"

Continued.

Springfield Municipal
Steel

Group,
on.

Its

Architecture

as

Business Pond
....

Asset

(Illustrated)

Pages Pages
.

349-353 253-256

Construction,

Notes

By

DeWitt
Weaver

Clinton

Stonewell

Cottage. It'Seriously
House,

By

Lawrence

Page
......

51

Taking
Tau

Page
. ..........

297
306 236

Chapter
B'nai

Hamilton

College, Clinton,
Methods
Walter S.

N.

Y., R.

E.

Sluyter,

Architect
.

Page Page
B.

Teaching Temple
Tenement Theatres
Town

Architecture

by

Practical

Jeshurun

(Illustrated).
for the

Schneider,
of
a

Architect, Henry
York
.....

Herts,

Associate

Pages Pages Page

18-19

Block, Competition Planning

for

Remodelling
Health

New

149-152 235

Convenience

and

(Illustrated).
H.
-

By

Louis

Lott

Pages
The Uses of Glass in Modern

302, 304,
in

305, 334-338,
Columbia

375-378

Buildings.

By

Vandervoort
;
"

Walsh,

Instructor

Architecture,

University
A War War Memorial

Pages

247,

249, Page

252 268

for California
............

Memorials.
School

By

Charles

Moore
.

Pages
.....
...

38-41 327 12

Washington's J.
Alder Weir What What W. Artificial the Huns

Shortage
.........

(Illustrated)
. ....

Page Page
Structure.

Light
Have

Means Done
t

to

the

Modern Art

By

H.

Vandervoort A.

Walsh
. .

Pages

46-48

for

French

{Illustrated).

By

Kingsley

Porter.

Photographs
.

by

L.

Porter
.

pages
.
. . .

13_16 107
314 267

Without Wooden

Home
.............

Page Dating
for Back Better
to

Doors

Middle

Ages

Page Page

Working

Together

Conditions

y-

Rossel

Edward

Architect. Mitchell,
THE

From

drawing by J. Floyd

Yewell.

MONUMENTAL

FEATURE

OF

THE

GROUP

IS

THE

CENTRAL

MEMORIAL

HALL.

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XLI

JANUARY,

1920

No.

Plan

for

an

International
at

Historical
D.

and C.

Memorial

Museum

Washington,
By
Rossel Edward

Mitchell
and

THE
other

progress

of any in the

civilization is measured
arts.

by

its advancement
no

which, by
Such
a

their

There

revelation of the of
a

mental

index; vigor,refinement, and

no surer so

is

civilization

is

clear and

readable

of men material force as an as they wrought for use, overcoming influence when counteracted of the deeper strivings of the and moral resources; expression and the easy hypocby spiritual risy instinct and desire for iminfluenced mortality. mind that any one as by religious people possess to a surpassing degree the t hat make for world qualities leadership. delves into a heap of dust, and shortly The archaeologist But the record must be written. And where better of of from from the misty fogs and by means could it be written than at the capital of America; at the centuries, clay of a potter dead five thousand the hands of the free nation that reluctantly forsook the paths capital years, he rebuilds, of peace, but once awakened to speak, the civilization of a Nineveh or a Babylon. to the vital issues of life and so of the Periclean age is revealed refinement The extreme involved in the struggle, liberty put aside the freedom of the that has not yet ceased to wonder, by the marbles individual so to a world the donned dearly prized and deliberately of Phidias, the architecture of the Parthenon and the Propyservitude and endured the privations of the common soldier; succeed in his great ambition laea. Pericles did not to form in time bringingher overwhelming strengthto the struggle "A the weary legions of the Allies into new to galvanize life and grand Hellenic Confederation in order to put an end to of kindred peoples,"but he with them in a swift and sweepingvictcry. the mutually destructive wars and to join vigor, ment in putting through his- plans for the embellishIndeed it is not possible did succeed that a great Historic and Commemorative of Athens. And Monument which and Museum should fittingly although the philosophy of his day forth the purposes, has been succeeded the struggles, others, the arts of his age are set and the achievements by many of millions. of the Allied nations can stillthe delight and despair be erected in any other country. life of the citizen of PomThe peii On France and Belgium the ravages of war have fallen too sensual, pleasure-loving who The is known and read of all men to look. care directly.The shadow of the fearful tragedy will not depart Roman for a century from those countries. world-ambitious Britain, projected across twenty centuries engrossedin the of conquest, triumph, the grandeur of his conceptions luxury, perplexing problems of a world-scattered empire,could not undertake it. America of the major arts of architecture alone has the resources, the and religious possibly impulseby means the idealism,and, by no means the perfect and sculpture. ting setleast, spirit, for such an undertaking. On the shores of the beautiit is Nor is the record ful limited to dead civilizations; written largeon every page of current and in every events Potomac, in harmony with the grand design which is Is it mere chance, that Germany possesses graduallymaking Washington the finest city in the world, country on earth. in be admired sufficient distance from the turmoil of a devastated architecture ? Is there no significance to at a no Museum the fact that this people have slavishly copied and appropriated Europe, an International Historical and Memorial Ictinus found for the Parthenon conceivable form of architecture without find as fitting as once a setting every may of Athens. of any ? the spirit the Acropolis on showing evidence of having imbibed could have conceived To give every civilized nation a portion in this great the SiegesAllee ? Who but a German of vast of edifices, will requirea structure with but a Prussian could adorn every street Or who edifice, corner or group of several hundred It is,therefore, which in every instance but two dimensions. out statues proposed to build three great thousand feet long from centre each one ? to centre a fellow creature are galleries, engaged in the noble act of killing be forty feet of the terminal pavilions.These the record of the World War is written it will to When galleries in terms of triumph be written, it cannot be written, wide, between walls,and in addition to the terminal pavilions not feet by centre will it be indited in periodsof fulsome divided into equallengthsof five hundred fallen foes; nor are over be subdivided The rotundas. it will not dwell unduly on galleries or pavilions, praiseof conquering chieftains may with the wishes of the participatin accordance the glory of combat the machinery and panoply of the ing at will and nor of nations. America, France, and Great Britain,and, perunparalleled struggle;it will trace the divergentcurrents haps, national life, the processes of thought and consequent action Italy,with its unlimited artistic wealth, would each allotted to them, no wish to have which animated the minds doubt, both a terminal of naand absorbed the energies the record

left by the hands

for the

comfort,or

tions,
inevitable. few
record
complishments acas

conflict made very divergence will show, most the breakdown clearly,

of

of the supreme falsehood of history:the divine right to decide the destinies of the millions; the belief in

"

"

ARCHITECTURE

DETAIL

OF

CENTRAL

MEMORIAL

HALL. HISTORICAL AND MEMORIAL

Drawn

by J. Floyd Yewell. MUSEUM,

Rossel

Edward D. C.

Architect. Mitchell,

INTERNATIONAL

WASHINGTON,

ARCHITECTURE

grand dome above the rotunda would be its subject international painting; an The nations would send their own of unparalleled participating artists, event importance.The surrounding leries galmural painters; their own and halls will be sumptuously furnished and decorated relics, phies, trosculptors, mementos, and memorials. Under the supervision of a of an international character. records, to accommodate meetings board of design these artists, mural painters, This central building tors, decoracould be reached not onlyfrom the general and directors would embellish the interior of the galof the open walks leading leries longmuseum galleries, by means allotted to them or selectedby them, in accordance with from centre of the enclosed square, but also by to centre the national history, the aspirations, the historic events, and undergroundpassages for use in inclement weather and for the artistic tastes of the peoples whom theyrepresent. privacy. The monumental the crux of the group, is the The four corner are feature, pavilions designed as entrances primarily central memorial hall which occupies of the such they require the exact centre the emphasis to the galleries; as of height. The classic character of the design, This lofty rises from a high however, is building great enclosed square. marble terrace threehundred naissance preserved in them, Refeet and detail being twenty
at

with pavilion, and

its great rotunda, and feet of gallery Other fifty space.

least two

hundred

The

of ceiling with

the

nations in

proportion.

covered

one

great

square. reached

The

terrace

is broad

avoided.

by

four

of steps, flanked flights by entrance pylons.The memorial hall is alike on building By the technical
a square all sides.

pyramidalroofs pavilions are supported by circular

of these outside of which walls,
are

The

the lower

story would
as

be described

octadecasa dipteral of the Corinthian tyle peristyle order. To it is

row

the
a

technical non-

"IH
*y

sculptured Canephora. The Canephora are chosen, rather than Caryatids, the latter being
derived
women were cause

from of in the The

the Caria

slave who with

double umns, colThis

traitors to the Greek

war

of

Corinthian

eighteen
each front
row.

across

Canephora, however, beingbearers of

baskets of flowers and

Persia.

issurmounted peristyle
a

by

Corinthian

entablature The parapet is divided by each umn, col-

and

parapet.
in
turn

over pedestals

voluntarygifts to the Temple, are, therefore, proper symbols of the vital part taken by the
womanhood in the Great of the world War.

and

each
a

pedestal
statue
or

supports
of of of
a an

heroic

soldier plain

sailor Back

Allied nation.

this great colonnade rises the square mass of the

Many years would be required for the construction of the buildings of the and the completion
Plot Plan.

building proper, the of which is upper portion

finished with cornice is around all walks War
was a

interiors. should while the the of inspiration

cost

The

task

be War

undertaken still lingers.

Beneath this further Corinthian cornice. a of heroic proportions, ing extendband of sculpture all four sides. This sculptured band, a "Gigan-

the

vast

the high ideals, efforts, World

unstinted

sacrifices of the much

cost.

It would without the Old

in the efforts of peoples to exemplify tomachia," is designed of lifeto support the purposes for which the World waged to a successful conclusion. The toiler on

great

for no great good is obtained money, It would bring to America the talent, the
see

genius of
to

entire the

world. and and

Americans architecture Memorial

spend
of the um Muse-

countless millions World. This

art

and farm, factory,

sea, would

mine, in home, in school, on

land

and

great Historical

would exceed in the scope of its purpose, its historic this having been a war, not portrayed; of its embellishin the wealth ments interest and of soldiers and armies alone,but of peoples. eventually rival the greatest It would rises an of the majn building structure. Above the imposingmass any known for travellers from all of Coof Europe and be a Mecca rinthian galleries this supports a lesser peristyle octagonal pedestal; the glistening quarters of the globe. design. Surmounting the peristyle, will find history here portrayed The student of history white marble of the dome, unbroken and by line or detail, to the sense most the whole crowned with its reached, readily by master hands to appeal by a bronze altar of liberty, for study the sight. The scholar will find authentic matter finely wrought candlesticks' designedto typifythe cardinal will observe the sculpThe student of men virtues of Truth, Justice, without and research. tured Patience, and Charity, minds of all nations. The features of the leading which liberty exist. cannot will mark The interior of this central building consists of a great importantepochsin the development sociologist the sightfind endless inspiration, of mankind, the patriot and lofty and seer rotunda, around which are elaborate galleries order. halls. In this rotunda of the entertainment of the highest would be placedthe statues lars. million dolwill cost fifty leaders of the Allied nations, It is estimated the buildings both in peace and in supreme and other interior fittings, The Here would be found mural paintings, sculpture, paintings, war. statuary, and nations, of the highest embellishments those designed supplied by the Allied participating excellence, portraits especially additional. of international history to and significance.half that amount portray events be here

ARCHITECTURE
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ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

LIVING-ROOM.

Tookcr

"

Miirsh, Architects.

LODGE

FOR

EDWIN

THANHAUSER,

BAYVILLE,

LONG

ISLAND.

Announcements
BIND YOUR Index COPIES for Volumes
are OF

ARCHITECTURE.

"

The

Titlea

The
number of them

Arden

599 Fifth Avenue, Studios, Inc., Arden original

are

showing
many

Page

and

39 and
now

40, January to December,

suitable for decorative purposes, of objects from

1919, of ARCHITECTURE
without Circulation New

ready, and
597

will be mailed Address

charge to any subscriber upon Department, ARCHITECTURE, York City.

H. and Elder

request.
Fifth

exhibit of Durant
follow
announce

Avenue,

the development
also

and a very compredesigns, hensive faience of great interest to all who of American They appliedart.

bas-reliefs

Wigham J. opening of their offices in the Indiana Manufacturers' Indiana. Pythian Building,Indianapolis, and samples are requested. catalogues
announce

Edward

tects, Blackledge,archi-

busts of portrait and a specialexhibition by James Earle Fraser, January 6th to January

24th, 1920.

the

Edgar
from

M.

Wood

announces

that he has moved

his offices

Alma, Michigan, to suite 519 Oakland

sing, LanBuilding,

Michigan. Montgomery, for the past six years National Metal Molding Company, manager, and prior to that,for several years districtmanager
F. S. of the his Atlanta office of the
to resignation

advertising Pittsburgh, in charge

Westinghouse, Church, Kerr " Company, Inc., take pleasure in announcing the appointment of Russell W. Stovel [recently U. S. Army] lieutenant-colonel, Engineers, as a consulting engineer. Mr. Stovel has had an unusually comprehensive experiencein the mechanical and electrical problems connected with central power station and steam railroad electrification work, as well as a valuable experience in the mechanical terminals. water at handling of freight With the American tenant-Colonel ExpeditionaryForces in France, LieuStovel Division of the of served
as

has tendered same company, take effect December 31, after which date with the Ivan 40th has B. Nordhem York door Co., Out-

chief of the Terminal

ties Facili-

he will be associated

8 West Advertising, Montgomery's successor W. V.

Street,New
been

City.

Mr.

big divisions Atterbury was

Mr.

Army Transport Service,one of the two of which transportation Brigadier-General

the chief. Hamilton Brown and for the under Mr. Samuel R. T.

not

announced. Bache their association Very announce general practiceof architecture with Very " Brown, Architects, York Street, New City (Grand Building). Benedict Norris 35 West in their Stone

hagen " the opening of

at
room

Marshall, formerlyof the firm of Mclver, CoMarshall, architects, Montana, announces Billings,
an

resumption of the
the firm
at
name

of 45th Office

office for the 204 First

of architecture, generalpractice National Bank MisBuilding, Association of Architects.

offices Central

70

East

Terminal

Montana. soula,

Member

Montana

The has recently Magnesia Association of America placed a largedisplaycase, containingsamples of 85 per cent tion exhibimagnesia,steam-pipeand boiler-coverings, on with the Architects Samples Corporation,191 Park

Corporation, successor
York, cut York, announce
above. This of the
as

to

Emerson-

Company
42d

of New

cast

St.,New
as

stone, Aeolian Hall, the corporate change

not

business
in the

does

involve the

any

Avenue, New
This

York. done in order

to

has been

architects give visiting

kinds of 85 better per
quainted ac-

management officers remainingthe same

change

company, since the start architect

principal

of the business. and

the opportunityof inspecting the various

cent

and magnesia coverings, with

thereby becoming

Alfred C. Bossom,

the bank

is engineer,

680 just removing his offices from 366 Fifth Avenue to their great value as savers of heat and coal. Fifth Avenue, where he has taken the entire top story of that In addition to the exhibit the Architects Samples Corporation handsome built by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, structure, recently has a stock of the Magnesia Association Specification and has arranged it to accommodate Jr., a most plete comand other literature for distribution. architectural and In organization. engineering
a

the

new

completed wherebyJenkins Brothers will,in the near future, increase their manufacturing facilities by owning and operating a in plant Connecticut. This plant will be deBridgeport, voted to the manufacture entirely of the Jenkins valve" an engineering product which dates back to 1865, when Nathaniel Jenkins invented and first introduced the newable redisc type of valve.

It is announced

that

have negotiations

been

quarters, he has introduced

for special provision visit New York. any

very novel feature by making of his banking clients when they

A
"Le
a

1'Ecole

des
a

Beaux-Arts

decret

qui a

fixe
a

1'Ecole des beaux-arts

etc

re?u

cinq ans la duree du professorat les vides son tous application:

Beginning January1, 1920, the Contractingand

Business carried
on

Sales

ont

since 1892
will be

by
at

the
over

General

Company
with Inc., The and business. The
have
new

taken

executive

offices

company

will retain

by Providence,R. I. the executive,engineering

of the

M. tinguisher ExLaurent. pany, Grinnell ComFire

combles, pour cinq ans. Raphael Collin,decede, est remplace par M. Ernest M. Peter et M. Antonin Mercie, decedes, sont

construction

staffs of all the five sections

Bishopric Co. Manufacturing

ten
acres

advises

purchased about
have

of land in

and

that they us Ottawa, Canada,

Carli. remplacesa la sculpture et M. par M. Jean Boucher M. Jausselyest nomme la chaire d'histoire generalede a 1'architecture. MM. Pierre Andre et Pontremoli remplacent, ateliersd^architecture, MM. Bernier et Pantin. aux la chaire d'histoire generale de 1'art, Enfin, ou professait, de savoir et de distinction, tant avec notre regrette colla-

borateur
confiee Un
a

et

ami

de Louis

de

for the

market.

started to build factories at that already point manufacture of Bishopric Board to supply the Canadian

Fourcaud, decede
cree:

en

1914, est
a

M.

Louis Hourticq.
est fresque

atelier de

il

est

confie

M.

Paul

Baudouin."

Entrance

Mrs. Frederick Lewisohn, New doors, residence,

York.

The

Residence
Harry

of Mrs.
Allan

Frederick

Lewisohn

Jacobs, Architect
and and dressing-rooms The servants' The The second The very fifth floor has
rooms

AHE

inside lot is

foot problem of designing a house ovn a twenty-five an extremely difficult one, as so many

baths in the

rear.

The

same

scheme

is repeated on

the fourth floor.

two
rear.

have to be crowded in a small space. It then becomes things and concentrating one's space to questionof eliminating the best advantage.
a

guest bedrooms
servants'
rooms.

in the front and

in the

sixth floor contains

entrance

On

the second

floor of'the Lewisohn

residence thrown

the usual into the

floor is
"

quite Italian throughout,the

part of the house French.

hall foyer

has been eliminated and

the space

floor

and English, It is is

living-room, therebygettinga room feet wide twenty-three and forty-six feet deep and seventeen feet high. The house is of the English basement type, with reception-room and diningthe entrance room the kitchen, on servants' dining-room, floor, and laundry being in the basement. The second floor contains the large the drawing-roomin the rear, and living-room, the private card-room in the extension. dining-room or The third floor has the library in the front, the bedrooms

facade is of South

the upper Dover

marble, and has been kept

of two two consisting part composition, dows probablyin better scale than three winfoot front. The more for a twenty-five one masonry the better effect one in these narrow can secure facades, gets surface surrounding and also better contrast plain by having a large and the rich carved places, givingplentyof light shade and color to the composition.

simple.

windows, which

"History

of Art

"

pediment

for Mr.

Henry

C.

Frick's

residence,

New

York.

Charles

Keck,

Sculptor.

Carrerc

"

Hastings,

Architects.

The

American
recently
New closed of the
an

Academy
hibition ex-

in

Rome
sense. not

THE
of
are

American
at

Academy
the
"

in Rome

schools
not

Century

Club,

York,

work
men

for
even

in any commonly accepted teaching rudiments, it does

The have

Academy
nor

is does

classes,

its

graduates

architects, painters, sculptors. These

it

impose
are

very who

rigid prescribed
have various
"

course.

Its the

ficiaries beneliminary pre-

leaders

in American American

practice Academy
them and the technical

and

talent has with in

in

their

respective
its stamp
are

those

advanced

far What
to

beyond
the be

fields; the
upon

in Rome weapons

placed
which
constant

stages
offers
"

in their of Rome

callings.
not

Academy
benevolent
the powers best for

them,

giving
the

careers

its Prize
to

is but be
art

meant

carved,

knowledge
well able

training
and prowess of the the
an

tion associaRenaissance

assistance material the sends

worthy
of

youth,
may

the

means to

whereby
its

with Rome thus that which The

as

workmanship
as to

of

discoverable

raised and

highest
The addition
sent

the make

ancient
contact

city

Caesars. channels
age

They
of emulation

have

elevation
out

American

letters." in

Academy
the
out

been

with of
our

thought
of

Fellows its facilities

annually,
to

and

offers

lege privifrom

guided
is
at

the
once

artistic
our

output
and

the

of fifteen

the

fellowship-holders
and in other

joy

despair.
of the work H. of Van the
chitects: ar-

American Fellows

Universities
are

educational held

tions. institu-

exhibition

contains

examples
Lucian

chosen

competitions

throughout
tion, instituof the

John Magonigle,
Githens. The

Russell I.

Pope,
H. A.

Smith,
S.

Buren

America. The and value Its American it is erected need

come

Edgar John
Winter,
a

Williams,

William

Koyle,
Keck,

Alfred
Paul The

Academy
upon

in the

Rome

is

national

sculptors: Gregory,
F. of P.

MacNeil, Polasek,

Charles

underlying
work the of

conception
among

Manship, painters:
Ezra whom
owe

Albin

Sherry

Fry.

of, and
students
are

for, collaborative
from all parts in

artists. and

F. Tolles

Chamberlin,

Eugene
for

Savage, Barry
Stickroth,

ner, Faulkall of
to

United
out

States,

Fairbanks,
a

Charles

they
"Not

thrown

together
but that the

working

their

problems:
most lightening en-

debt the

gratitude
of of

golden opportunity
and
to

the

Fellowships only,
to note

fellowship truly."
Board of of Trustees the

It is

foresight of
and The

founders

the

Academy
is 1894

the

energy is stitution in-

of the of

Academy
ture, architecand of in fine tory; histhe their
arts

educational American with

a

policy

its present

administrators.
an

composed
it is
must

of

representatives

provinces

in Rome Academy history beginning in work

most

established
over a

sculpture, painting, archaeology, literature,

furthermore
at

"

quarter
in the
trustees

stipulated
be and

that

three-fifths

of century yeoman fertile brain of that

and

unbroken

faith.
ornament

It

was

all times of work

distinguished
F.

of American idea of such

an gether to-

architecture,

Charles

McKim,
his

that

the and

respective types always be must

the thus

professionally engaged that the three major by

the
no

represented
members of of the

less board.

than

two-thirds

of

Academy
with

was

born;
that of

under Daniel
to

fervor

enthusiasm,

professional
control The the exhibition and

Devoted

experts
in Rome.

Burnham,
this

it took their
to

shape;
to

to

their

destiny just
The

American
was an

Academy
index
test

unswerving
and

devotion
to

idea,
and

gifts
the

it of of

money Frank such

success

closed and
a

of

the of

Academy's policy
of

time;

their

inspiring example;
service;
and
to

years

usefulness work.

sustained collection

its

Millet's
others
as

unselfish La and
came

the
now

adherence
gone,

of

educational

entire

of
are its

ings, drawings, paintto

Farge

Saint-Gaudens,

Mowbray,
us,

photographs,
tour

reliefs, figures, etc.,

country,
American American
as one

be

sent

on

French,
the seed In site Mount Mr. is devoted in

Blashfield, happily
to

still active fruition.

among

that

throughout by
of Officers

the the the

of

regular travelling
of Arts. William

its present American Its the La

fine

exhibitions,

Federation

Rome the

the

city. Janiculum,
C. Grant
to

Academy buildings stand highest point

occupies
the the

the summit

finest of

upon within

Rutherford
C.

Mead,
Grant La

President;

in Rome: Academy Breck Trowbridge,

walls. who for

treasurer.

Farge,
Edwin

secretary;
H.

William

vice-president; A. Boring,
J. C. Gilbert, C.
P.

the

Farge, Secretary of have principles which

writes

the been of

Academy,
its

Trustees: Daniel C.

Blashfield,
C.

Professor

guide

Egbert,
Grant La

French,

Henry

Frick, Cass
Edward Frank Charles

twenty-five
The American

years,

enthusiastically
in Rome offers

its great

work. for Fine of

was

Farge,

Wm.

Rutherford

Mead,

Mellon, Abbott,

Academy painters,
for

opportunities

Jas. Sturgis Pray, Anson

Geo. Robert Allison W.

Phelps Stokes,
A.

Frost A.

architects, Arts,
founded
was two

and

and of sculptors in its School archaeologists, historians, and students of

a

Armour, DeForest,

William Wm.

Boring,
Edward Herbert

Coolidge,
A.

Mitchell

Kendall,
K.

Hermon

literature

in its School in

Classical

Studies. the

The
two

latter

MacNeil,

George
Edward D.

B.

McClellan,
D.

Rand,

Breck C.

1895, and
in 1912.

union

between
Mr. La

institutions

Trowbridge,
its

Adams,
H.

Adams,

Francis

effected co-ordinate

Says
are

Farge:

"Although
are

Jones, Charles

Norton,

Siddons Andrew

Mowbray,
F. West.

John

B.

Pine,

branches

called

'schools,' they

not

J.
10

C.

Rolfe, Henry

Walters,

Editorial and

Other

Comment

icj20

Will
is

Be

Great

Year

for

Architects
and side

The the

old

and
two

hopelesslyugly city brownstone

or

house 'on
a

little

three

story brick house

into artistic

or

stable

lack of optimism apparently in the exno pressed authorities as opinions of various competent the immense for the coming year. to buildingprogrammes in every kind of building, Supply is far behind demand industrial,office buildings, homes, and if we apartments, settled state with regard to can only arrive at some fairly the adequate production of materials, we labor and shall see a development unprecedented in our history. Let us be built get together in encouraging an optimism that can

THERE

street

have
or

been

made

and

attractive

apartments
It is
we

studio

buildings.
that
we owe

to

the architect

this renaissance

and

upon

the solid foundations of individual

of

facts,not
or

upon

the

the development a beginning toward only made of the city beautiful from old and unsightly and out-ofshould say that we Lest some date structures. are dealing with desire for with our own merely idealistic matters, that in every instance remark better things artistically, we these "artistic" improvements have proved the very best have of business If the in increased
cost rents

here

and

and

more

desirable

tenants.

there evidences
a

local

but prosperity,

general prosperitythat' only unified, consistent make co-operation can possible. We

offices that in find it difficult
to

upon telligent inand of

hear
to never

many

find the

time
were

keep
in

up with work such demand. The marked There who

hand, and
of in

good
with

draftsmen

period
reduction
no

waiting
cost

of materials

any has

expectation of a long since passed.

Clients going back to pre-war conditions. waiting with any such idea in mind can be that if anything priceswill be higher. The assured vastly rentals that are increased being paid, due to both congestion of population and increased incomes, will make up for differences in cost. It is only a short-sighted and unimaginative of business who will fail to see the handwriting man of walls the wall. It is written on plainlyon thousands that inclose spaces utterly inadequate for present needs. There tenants are ready to enter great lines of would-be portalopened, ready to pay the pricefor places every new to work, places to live. 1919 the largest of figures, Looked in terms at was industries. in the known ever history of construction There is not mand a community in the country where the defor building is not far behind the supply, and with the adjustment of labor troubles on some promise of a fixed basis, 1920 will go as far beyond 1919 as that year ahead of its predecessors. was will be have been

from buildingshas deterred many of owning their carrying out their long cherished dream own home, there is abundant opportunity almost everywhere of old places at very for the alteration moderate old houses And cost. nearly always offer the nucleus of a substantial than many ern structure more hurriedlybuilt modfor speculative houses put up in quantities purposes. house the architect In consideringa new can very often effect a largesaving by taking full advantage of local of Pennsylvania are The familiar stone houses materials. England States greatlyadmired, and throughout the New for using the local stone. there are abundant It is reasons is a minimum cost one. rightat hand and the transportation of
new

An
some

instance time

of the effective

use

of local

stone
an

came

to

mind

farm had

ago in the of the moss-covered testified

to

purchase from
stone

old for

Connecticut

fences of
a

that

generations
of the pensive inex-

the

hard

labor

the

first

owners

fields

They added they enclosed. and to note a big fireplace

An

picturesqueand outside chimney.

International

Memorial

SINCE of
and has been

we

arranged some
Mr. Mitchell's Memorial

months "Plan for

a

an

tion ago for the publicaInternational torical Hissimilar idea ber" NumIn the
companying ac-

Museum,"
the "Peace

somewhat

presented in
text

Commemoration
of London.
say:

of the

Architectural the
as

Review,

English
to

architects

Calling
was a

in

Doctor

Architect
taste,

frankly put forward leavingto the

and
more

to proposals

future

consider

"They are tion, quicken the imaginahow need they may

in mind that
TECTURE ARCHI-

there time when the services, NEVER special knowledge of the trained architect needed have
or more

modification."
and

It is with

this idea Mr.

were

presents in this number

Mitchell's

in

demand. the

The

carpenter
and

and

builder

for years

been

consultingexperts
homes

in the

building
let

drawings and plan. interesting certainlybe the logicalplace for a great

Memorial, and
we

dignified Washington would

International

of thousands
us

of suburban

farmhouses, and

shall be interested

in the discussion that

the of this proposal. From follow the presentation for many era give them credit,at least,before the jig-saw may also quote the following article in the Englishmagazine we and charming old houses. significant passage: Following the buildingshortage in these latter years has played the principal "America part in establishing has come an appreciationof the fact that any old house, It is to be hoped that American of Nations. the has it it or be League be, ties. possibilias as ugly new, hopelessly may beautiful Architecture and into
over

has

shown

many

instances

of

"before altered

architects States
came

will remind into

themselves
an

that, when

the

United

after," of old ramshackle, barn-like

most

structures,

been made Old barns have homes. delightful charming studios and livingquarters, woodsheds incorporated into the redesigning of an old farmhouse. wider Everywhere is shown a appreciationthat nothing is impossibleto the architect of taste and skill. into

independent State, the great that being seized the opit owed and genius to whom portunity man to lay out a capitalworthy of the occasion. Along the shores of the Potomac, to the plan of the great the city of Washington, architect L'Enfant, arose French of the United and the executive of the legislature the home being as

12

ARCHITECTURE

States. States
more

Unique
over

in

which

of the of any one capital beingnot of them all; but the capital it was to rule, the

Book
"THE

Reviews
INTERIOR

in which the functions uniquein beingthe firstcapital most and the executive were of the legislature separated; the legislature in which was unique in being the capital the executive made over Washington, the predominant the United of the leagueof States which has made home of the model for the home States of America, is the fitting League of Nations which- is to make the United States of
"

and EDWARD STRATTON ABBOT McCujRE of interiors and furniture, HOLLOWAY. 460 pages of text, 300 illustrations including 7 pages in color. J. B. LippincottCo.,Philadelphia.

PRACTICAL DONALDSON

BOOK

OF

DECORATION,"

OLD by HAR-

EBERLEIN,

the world."

The

Offered

Opportunities Incomparable Educational of Art by the MetropolitanMuseum

doubt there
are

of that has the authority is a book that has been needed and one the and special fully study. It covers very by experience qualified the the the interest of decorator, to architect, are particular information and all who are manufacturer, the dealer, lookingfor practical of full account for its exceptionally and suggestion. It is especially helpful decoration perioddecoration. Part II discusses the essentials of harmonious and their floors t extiles, and furnishing, of color, coverings, walls, questions will do much to save Part III, the Assembling of Various Styles, etc. on work is so often made of the architect whose the feelings negativeby the conglomerate and tasteless furniture that clutters up so many charmingly designedinteriors. There is too much interior decoration based upon what is called "a taste for effects" without any basis of knowledge or authority. Here writers

things that

NO

few readers

of ARCHITECTURE

who

"THE

have

not

at

some

time availed themselves

for special study offered by opportunities service offered of the special not aware are perhapssome The in the way of lantern-slides, casts, etc. photographs, series of lectures that
on

of the great the Museum, but

COLONIAL and PHIL M.

Salem

ARCHITECTURE
RILEY. Brown Little,

OF "

SALEM," by Co.,Boston.

FRANK

COUSINS

stand,a
covers

the

are givenduringthe should attract subjects special

winter

ties by authoriof the

sociated as-

members

has been and will be, as long as the old houses there continue to This book rich mine for every student of Colonial architecture. the periodfrom 1628 to 1818 and presents the architecture of Salem of the best and fullest the in measure with a view to giving a presentation of development. examples of four distinct periods most typical tect's for reference and It should prove an invaluable necessary every archiexamples of complete houses is a library. Together with the many

and profession
arts

all concerned and

in the betterment

of the

crafts. The

given at Saturday lectures,

include:

four

offered for 1919-20 o'clock,

of details, porches, halls,stairways,doorways, mantelpieces, and wood trim. cornices, The illustrations from Mr. Cousins's incomparablecollectionof photographs profuseand are handsomely printed. The edition is a limited are and will be probably eagerlysought by collectors. one
treasury

Jan.17. "The Art of Louis XIV and Modern America." Raymond Bossange,CarnegieInstitute of Technology, Pittsburgh.Jan. 24. "The Art of Louis XV and Louis America." E. Raymond Bossange. Jan. XVI and Modern 31. to be announced later.) A. D. F. Hamlin, (Subject Feb. 7. "Italian Baroque Professor Columbia University. versity. UniSculpture." Chandler R. Post, Professor Harvard Feb. 14. "The Development of Italian Gardens in the Renaissance, with a Study of Certain Examples." University.Feb. 21. James S. Pray, Professor Harvard "Further Examples of Italian Renaissance Gardens; Their Work." James S. Pray. Feb. 28. Bearingon American "Early French Book Illustration: The Hours of the Blessed VirginMary." William M. Ivins, Jr.,the Metropolitan of Art. Rise and EarlyDevelopMuseum Mar. 6. "The ment of Spanish Painting."Charles Upson Clark,Lecturer. Great SpanishMasters." Charles Upson Mar. 13. "The Clark. Mar. 20. "The Morris Ideal in Craftsmanship." trators Elizabeth Luther Gary,Author. Mar. 27. EnglishIllusof the Sixties." Elizabeth Luther Cary. SUNDAY LECTURES. Jan.25. "The Mediaeval House." Country Henry A. Frost. 4.00 P. M. Feb. 1. "French Feb. 29. Houses." Mrs. John W. Alexander. 4.00 P. M.
E.
"
"

"COLOR

W. MODEL INTERIORS," by HENRY AND SCHEMES FROHNE, editor of Good Furniture Magazine, and ALICE and BETTINA J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. JACKSON, Interior Decorators. for rooms color platesshowing actual color schemes With 20 full-page structions in20 suggestive full-page wall-paper, rugs, upholsteryand detail of illustrations of these schemes; 2O full-page for the use designed as a guide to furnishing. specially fullyfurnished rooms,
" "

excellent color plates and the many This is a book of practical service, will be valued. matter, They are worth many pages of the usual descriptive and though the schemes adapted mostly to large spaces, they can be, are modified for use in smaller houses.

THE

York New SERIES. MONOGRAPH Rogers " Manson, Publishers, of New Houses Brick "Old Colonial Boston. Paper covers. Old Houses details. "Twelve England." Photographs and measured and measured text of Chesapeake Bay." With drawings by AdWest and Vicinity." in Salem dison F. Worthington. "Interiors of Old Houses of Churches "Parish doorways. fireplaces, Mantels, stairways, Walker. Every one of this admirable England." By C. Howard and series is of interest and value.

"USEFUL THE
of the

ON DATA DESIGNER

REINFORCED
AND Bar

CONCRETE

BUILDINGS

FOR

Corrugated N. Y. Buffalo, Co., Inc.,

ESTIMATOR," by the Engineering Staff Co., Inc. Published by the CorrugatedBar

"The Bach.

Architectural 4.00
P. M.

Growth

of New

York."

Richard

F.

the on different from any other heretofore published A book radically rather than to // aims to givethe answer subjectof Reinforced Concrete. in the true and theory of design. It is a handbook deal with methods and estimator for the designer of the word a reference or guide-book sense essential to the reinforced concrete engineer as the structural steel "as handbook is to the engineerof steel structures. for the practical The text, tables and diagrams have all been prepared has been exercised the engineer. The greatest care problems confronting theoretical requirements with results tabular make the rigidly comply to
"

J. Alden

Weir
from
us

THE

only one of admired our greatest and most painters and when mired adwe a universally say this we painter say that he was loved by who was by his own professionbut a man all who the knew him. His influence for good among for he was was a generous incalculable, younger generation critic and a helpful and kindlyadvisor. Mr. Weir's pictures in America, are hung in nearlyevery publicgallery and his career illustratedwith rare emphasis that a man
death of Mr. Weir took
not
" "

limitations. time to be in accord with commercial at the same and in such form as of everyday use The data included is practical, service to the concrete be of constant engineerand of inestimable value the architect or engineerin generalpractice.
but ITS AND USES," by R. S. KELLOGG. "LUMBER Radford Architectural Company, Chicago.

to

to

Illustrated. The

kinds, lumber, its uses, its various qualities, A valuable treatiseupon interested in and handling. It is a book for architects and for anyone value of trees. and and the particular uses and qualities special forestry
"CHECKING SCHEDULE
FOR BETELLE.

PROJECTED
Bruce

SCHOOL

INGS," BUILD-

by JAMES O. Paper
Of
use cover.
"

PublishingCo., Milwaukee.
of school specifications

may He

be
was

to

at
ever

the the

same

time

conservative
new

and

progressive.buildings.
In
mere rest

every

architect in the planning and

lookingin

ways,

ever

old expressing
the

ideals with

'of and truth, regardless inspiration all art

November
of us of "A

number the

variations in

by
Half

that belongto technique,

that endures.

delayed like the of The Western ElectricNtws,_ historical record interesting an strike, printers' appears Century of Western Electric Achievement."

JANUARY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

I.

Walter S. Schneider, Architect; Henry B. Herts,Associate.

TEMPLE

B'NAI

JESHURUN,

WEST

88iH

STREET

(NEAR

BROADWAY),

NEW

YORK.

H
O W

H
i" i

W
u

H
U w

JANUARY,

1920

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

V.

Walter DETAIL OF

S.

Schneider, Henry Architect;

NEW YORK.

B.

Herts,Associate.

SANCTUARY,

TEMPLE

B'NAI

JESHURUN,

WEST

88ra

STREET

(NEAR

BROADWAY),

JANUARY, 1920

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

VII.

MAIN

FACADE.

uauuuuuu n n fftffl nn n
:HOOLL^NCH fc-OOM

"

"

I.NT"R.ME9IATE
C

"

Leonard WEST INTERMEDIATE

H.

Architect. Field, Jr.,

SCHOOL,

JACKSON,

MICH.

JANUARY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

VIII.

AUDITORIUM

STAGE.

"

FL006,

"

Leonard WEST INTERMEDIATE

H.

Architect. Field,Jr..

SCHOOL,

JACKSON,

MICH.

JANTJAKY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

IX.

CORTLAND

STREET

ELEVATION.

ACIKUITUII PuNT1* bO
T A N Y

Q Q-J

ceo
rtr CBC on

II HICITATION

nfll

II

roow

tta

Leonard WEST INTERMEDIATE

Archito" 1. H. Field,Jr.,

SCHOOL,

JACKSON,

MICH.

u
w

H
i" i

W
U

rt

e
u

w
u

H U w

H
HH
~

HH

Pi

JANUARY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XV.

GARDEN.

LIBRARY.

"HAMPTON,"

TOWSON,

MD.

(HISTORIC

COLONIAL

MANSION),

RESIDENCE

OF

MRS.

JOHN

RIDGELY.

JANUARY,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XVI.

EXTERIOR.

BANKING-ROOM.
WAYNE COUNTY AND HOME

PLAN.

Albert

Kahn, Architect.

SAVINGS-BANK,

DETROIT,

MICH.

What

the Huns

Have

Done

for French

Art

By A. Kingsley Porter
ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM

PHOTOGRAPHS

BY

L.

W.

PORTER

bad judgment marked and some inconsistency the Germans of objectswhich selected for At Marchais, for example, a chateau belonging evacuation.

MUCH the

in France
as

choice

to
or

had ancient bells, which in some dated from cases the twelfth century. It was, of course, rare as find examples of such antiquity, but bellsof the sixteenth
far back seventeenth

to

the Prince

of

have tapestries

Monaco, a number arrived,sent back

of

cases

of furniture and the German But

a

from
at

depot
Louis

Brussels.

XV of

bed, a superb piece carving,finer indeed

many

These bells gencommon. century were erally bore inscriptions of interest. I suppose I had always realized in a vague way that ancient Bells were remarkable. knows the description the Every one by Fra Salimbene
"

mediaeval Parma in

Benvenuto the

"

of the

of founding
A

the great bells has

at

than been

removed, had
to

thirteenth .century.

German,
Glocke has
"

strangely
stood under-

left
in

take

its

chance The

the

chateau.

soldiers had
to

carried

trenches, where they had evidently uses. put it to practical When the family returned,
after the district
had -been had the

it off

the

it with expressed the vision of a poet. Yet I confess I never bells appreciated until I heard the sad silence of French churches deprivedof

enough, Hauptmann in his Versunkene the beauty that liesin bells, and

them.
No other Germans
was

class of
as

objectswas
to

so

by the
made At any

the bells. The

bronze of which

stolen systematically they were

liberated, they good fortune to

bed, waterstained, but
damaged, un-

find
soaked still

the
and

supply metal for munitions. for occupiedterritory an length of time, the bells disappeared. The appreciable their good fortune to very few which escapedprobably owe difficulties of transportation. A large bell is not easy to
event,

probably needed
wherever

the Germans

essentially

move.

Thus

at

Montcornet carried

in the trenches

dismounted

and

outside just

where it had been left by

the Germans
means

held the

town

with great labor was the church; but although four years, they never found the it stillremains. in the other An-

the bell

Pronleroy
Germans

(Oise).
come

the which Lecturn saw and go and is still intact.

Polychrome

wood, period of Louis XIV.

retreating Boches. Much other furniture, doubtless of an equal beauty, had disappeared It will, Marchais. at
the
never perhaps,

it farther, and there carrying from some church bell, evidently

of

neighborhood,

be known

whether
burn the

such

objectswere
came

stolen

or

During the

winters

the soldiers had

the

simply destroyed. habit of taking to

This was handy in the line of wood. wood-carvingin the churches. lot which fellto much not an exceptional was The mining of St.-Quentin procedure. whatever In other the fortunate chance churches, unhappily, saved

which

that
those

basilica did of the

have
come

not

intervene.
were

The

great
most

majorityof

blown deliberately
retreat

before the final brutal instances

up Germans.
to

just destroyed
One

of the

that

Puisieux (Aisne). In this the debris of the church

that the locally and took Germans
to

at knowledge was even otherwise undamaged town has disappeared. It is believed

my

needed

stone

to

the roads, repair

The houses were spared procure it. because pear aptroops. Similar motives quartering the destruction of Ciry, a church determined to have importance, and which also of considerable archaeological this way useful for the the end of the war Toward obviouslybeen mined. fell off. An apparently explosives qualityof the German before made that three attempts were told me eye-witness destroyed. finally the beautiful littlechurch at Cugny was of Chauny, notwithstanding made at St.-Martin Seven attempts were still which, considerable parts of the building generally stand. Unfortunately,however, the explosives worked only too well. Heaps of stone like that at Couralovelymonuments. once all that remain of many mont are keenly felt is the of the losses that will be most One churches all of the village destruction of the bells. Almost has

(Aisne), June Veuilly-la-Poterie

woodwork.

13,

1919-

Photograph

shows

the

LouU

XV

ARCHITECTURE

Scringes(Aisne), May

20,

1919.

The

debris has been partially cleared.

Oulchy-la-Ville (Aisne), June

4, 1919.

Ruins

stilluncleared.

got

as

far

as was

the
a

where at Berzy-le-Sec, railway-station

are,

it

by
The

Doctor title is

Adolph

Feulner

and

Doctor

Hermann

Burg..
Kunst-

stillis, or

short time ago. Such cases old bells exceedingly rare, and the lovely
were occupied territory

however,

characteristic: delightfully "Geborgene

throughoutthe

werke der

lected, colwith unusual thoroughness carried off, and doubtless melted down. The task of removing them was sometimes complicated. In certain portions of France, in the northern notably half of the departmentof the Aisne, it is the tradition to the bells before the tower mount isfinished. To take down the bells, it was therefore necessary to tear out a portion of the belfry. One notices in passingthrough this district church after church with the tower ripped open. When there were vaults beneath the clocher, often these were blown up to allow the passage of the bells. Short work was made of the elaborate and often costly for running machinery the clocks and ringing the chimes. These Germans who melted bells and mined churches
-

dem besetzten Nordfrankreich. Bergungswerk aus deutschen Heeresverwaltung.Kunstwerke dem aus in Museum besetzten Nordfrankreich ausgestellt ciennes. Valenzu

Miinchen,1918." In an amusingpassage of the for the absence of Italianpaintthe editor apologizes preface ings be lenient, of the first order; but visitors must for there to be found in the districts none were so far invaded ! really He perhapshoped for better resultsfrom the Louvre. have resulted in bringing The German into plunderings well not so prominence several works of art previously This was known the case with as theydeserved. apparently La Fere the Boches are said to have at certain pictures for the firsttime. I make the statement, however, published neither the paintings under reserve, for I have seen the nor The famous instance of such an event most publication. stillmade grandiose the collectionof pastels is assuredly It isrumored, by La Tour formerly gestures of love for art. and I doubt not correctly, These portraits of the artistic were at one St.-Quentin. as able although yet I have been unto obtain the publications, It is not true, as has been said, of France. that at Laon certain Boche that treasures scholars excavated the ancient abbey of St. Vincent, La Tour has been long much thus they were unknown. ciated appreand the bibliography of the works a thesisof French in regardto the disproving by connoisseurs, archaeologists architecturalforms of the building. which refer theless, to the St.-Quentin The excavations were would be long. Neverpastels in by the French military filled it is strange that the pilgrimage of St.-Quentin authorities when they retook was the city. Even more of paintings not made as it should have been, amusing is the exposition by art-lovers as frequently the Germans of Valenciennes. A and this is an age which tended rather to overappreciate opened in the museum monumental in commemoration the eighteenth of in catalogue was published century. It is also true that the Germans this exhibition, which was formed exclusively of works of 1917 removed the pastels to Maubeuge, where they were art stolen* from collections in the occupied converted into a The temporarily territory. exposedat the Pauvre Diable, is edited by Doctor Theodore Demmler, assisted catalogue In 1918,while the pastels still at St.-Quentin were museum.
"Stolen" is a hard word. The French authorities placed on the depot of objects of art collected at Metz the following sign;"Garde des objetsd'art voles par les Allemands." Subsequently, the word however,
^

that

the

that in French. side ?

kept on French soil. It is equallycertain depots were generally returned to the were February, 1919, all these objects punctiliously But would they have been, had the victoryfallen on the other
Danaos
et dona

"voles" was erased. It is certain that the Germans of art generally only at the express desire of the owners.

evacuated

objects

It is also certain

Timeo

ferentes.

16

ARCHITECTURE

Maurice

Qucntin de la|Tour

Portrait

of Jean Jacques Rousseau. Maurice Qucntin de la Tour. Portrait of Madame de la Popeliniere.

A roof, destined to protect the building temporary against damage by rain-water,is alreadyin place at Noyon. Similar which The

roofs will be erected

have been for

on

the other great

monuments

so damaged as to be exposed to the weather. St.-Quentinis nearly ready. These roofs are in sections, constructed transported,and then put up. They are a remarkable achievement from the point of view of practical as construction, they are efficientumbrellas very When remembers quicklyconstructed and inexpensive. one what serious task it was in the Middle a long and Ages to this modern construct a roof over a great cathedral, plishment accomseems The temporary roof of doubly remarkable. is from not as distressing Noyon aesthetic standpoint I conan as fess one

and one could look at the cathedral to be practically invisible, of its existence. without being aware long and carefully Thus the last phase of German amid French activity art has been, in a sense, an expiation. The Huns have been forced to help gather up a few fragments of the vase they futile than to There is nothing more wantonly shattered. The that art speak in such a connection of "reparation." be repaired. No has been destroyed in France can never low
as

redress will
not

is

be

whose child has been murdered A man possible. in part the assassin to liquidate by forcing repaid
No

the funeral expenses.

treaty of peace life. The to

can

bring the
which

dead

crime

many Ger-

I had feared. from the

I first saw

it

ridge near
one

Bellefonon

taine,where
the

looks down

art against will endure to the ending of time. It is impossible to repair ever or to forget.Nothing is posever sible

has committed

broad

cathedral miles
one

the plain and sees of Noyon some fifteen

but necessary

In forgiveness.
act

this

This used be to away. of the romantic views of I

was

forgiveness we perhaps, be aided by the may, thought that the fatal germ of
caused

of

France,and
shocked
to
mass

distinctly
the

see, not

esque pictur-

materialism, the poison which the German madness, is,

war,
pant ram-

of

the

cathedral

the notwithstanding
in
our own

loved of old, but

roof of in the

only the new corrugatediron glistening

sun.

blood,and

that
even

it is driving and capitalist,

more

But

from

the
"

socialist
"

for the socialists

of Noyon itself the roof is excity tremelyinconspicuous, a model of discretion and

are

more

materialistic crassly Prussian

than

any
"

military

good

taste

in
Maurice

temporary

Construction.

It is SO

Qucntin de la Tour.

Portrait

of the Abbe

Hubert.'

clique toward an abyssof equal and horror. insanity

The

Columbia

Trust

Co.
Hamlin

Building

By Talbot Faulkner

THE

COLUMBIA

TRUST

CO.

BUILDING,

FIFTH

AVENUE

AND

34ra

STREET,

N.

Y.

McKim,

Mead

"

White,Architects.

there is not a shadow that is out of tone, not a moulding profile a colossalorder as a decoration for a buildingof several stories is no or frieze, leaf which is not studied with regard to its position, its material, and its new device,but seldom has it been used as simply and as consistently distance from the eye. Trust the Columbia the old Knickerbocker Trust Building, as on now with colossal decorative orders,purists Like all buildings criticise signers, can is a monument to the genius of its dethat, Company. This is a building Modern fashion seems thh one to be more sympathetic to the as illogical. who, having once adopted the old idea,suppressed every other of Roman dark patdetail relentlessly, and wall together into one delicacyof the Adam period than to the rich and noble power merging windows tern allow that in consistency the purist in of conception, must work. Yet even of metal and glassbetween the marble columns. This conception, so of scale the solution of the problem of the and in mastery is realized beauty of detail, easy to express in a sketch,and so difficult to handle in reality, is And the order in this colossal modernist building perfect. even well-nigh almost perfectly in the Columbia Trust Company the careful treatment by the realize that this massive and rhythmicallyscrolled acanthus of surfaces and color; frieze, and cream-toned columns, must the contrasting of dark grille the powerfullyprofiled rich beauty of the capitals, base,all cut from marble and is of flat metal detail and the bold reliefon capitaland entableture; like yellow ivory againstthe dark green grilles between, form a decorative further emphasized by the deep recessing of the walls between the columns and powerful dignitythat has been a pleasureand whole of great nobility the so that heavy shadows caused which are are a pleasingchange from to thousands of passers-by. an flatnessof most of our inspiration citybuildings.

THE

It is

of the buildingthroughout is as successful as it is rich. absolute mastery of scale that such richness can to an the detail of the entrance door, with its restrained small scale and the gorgeous in and delicately relief, cut, to the bold capitals
The
ornament

due principally
so

NOTE:

This with

appear

simple. From

has been sold recentlyand is to be rebeautiful structure constructed, addition of a number of stories, into a generaloffice an

building.

Front

elevation.

for the Temple

B'nai

Jeshurun.

The

originaldesign.

The
Walter

Temple

B'nai Jeshurun
B.

S. Schneider,

Architect; Henry
to

Herts, Associate

OTRIKINGLY

unusual, and
in

noteworthy

addition

for the

ecclesiasticmonuments,

is the

of New

York, that expresses

Jeshurun its conception a more nearly

Temple

B'nai

Semitic type of architecture

modern

than

can

be found in any

other

for heatingand artificially and facilities tilating venjanitor, the building. which The now occupies the major Sunday-school, of folding of floor space, is so arranged that by means amount it can either be divided partitions auditorium in its entirety as an off into

of its kind. building the for the building, Upon enteringthe competition the archseologic to seek among fragments of was purpose related to Jewishunity as the periodand time most closely
a

classrooms,or
or

used

for lectures

other
has

assemblages. The auditorium of the synagogue of about eleven hundred. a seating capacity
In

proper the four

two

nation

in Palestine.

Extensive

research in the various

the plan,
out

auditorium
as

is

square,

with

ners cor-

of Art furnished MetropolitanMuseum for a design that reflects a blendingof several inspiration less related. and periodsmore or styles the original For financial reasons, cuted design was not exein all its details, mately but it has been so planned that ultiseveral features of the original scheme be carried may without disturbing the present structure out notably, ing placthe Sunday-school above the auditorium, with an elevator shown the from the ment baseas on plan,insuring ready access

collections in the

worked

each with pendentives,

low

pilasters,
which
mounts surtagon oc-

highlydecorated
brackets the is

with

relief ornament,

orative decsupporting

carryingan
The
a

octagonal dome,
of

whole.

surface perpendicular number

of the

The into

"

the

segmental arches. thrown are octagon and its elaborate stalactite ceiling of concealed lighting. high relief by means brackets the projecting Between framing the octagon, is a geometricdesign of stalactites, auditorium ceiling by perforated
The that above the octagon. sanctuary has been so treated that it immediately and richly attention. Intricately and centres mented, ornathe compartment containing the scrolls of the
to

or

auditorium

to

the roof. effort

was

similar made
to

In

the facade,an treating

soften

the chill and somewhat bleak effect so usual in graniteby using stone that had weathered,so that a rich buff color is the prevailing The seamed-face tone. fa9adeshows granite the influence of Egyptian stonework, relieved of too great of the main portal. severity by the ornate treatment In the lobby,restraint and simplicity of treatment are

arrests

law

has

been

further enhanced
blue marble

in

beauty through
are

the

use

of color. the

Veined

columns

clustered

about

evidenced.
and

Whatever

ornament

is well studied and there is, in the soft buff

surfaces the surrounding ornamented of blue,buff,red, and colored in dull tones been richly above the portalsof the sanctuary is the gold. Pendant and openings, have

in low relief. Cast

a

stone

conceal radiators; perforated grilles and of the

symbolic of eternal everlasting light,

the sanctuary and reached ambulatory, is the choir and organ with arch

faith.

of the

amount slight high marble

of color is introduced base

Above

by

in squares, and a deep blue to At the

set rough buff floor tile, bordered by glazedtile running in color from

the sanctuary, is framed

of In

by

an

from the stairway This, together ornamental perforated

a

loft.

mottled

blue

and

buff.

geometricdesign.
front of the sanctuary is the altar
or

the opposite ends of the lobby,marble stairs ascend balcony,and descend to the basement." Here the here Sunday-school has been temporarilyinstalled, and also are located the board rooms, lavatories, an apartment
to

reader's

desk.

This

is of buff-colored Concealed

mosaic. The
18

blended marble, inlaid with a richly ble. lightreflects its rays upon the altar taon

altar is flanked

either

side,near

the

outer

ends

ARCHITECTURE
of the

19
head.
a

platform, by large
candelabra. in

seven-branched their treatment,

The yellow tone gives cheerfulsunlight trasted coneffect,

with the mysticquality dows imparted by the blue winnear

decorative Distinctly and

what some-

reminiscent

of

the This the

the sanctuary.
iscarried further in of upholstery

Moorish,are
over

four

which four form where points

delabra largecanare pendant

note

dull blue

the auditorium

from

the

the brackets These

to

of the pews and the carpeting the aisles and floor of tjie

the octagon. have been colored with

note

also

sanctuary.
all radiators Practically
are

nize harmo-

the

general color
treatment

concealed

from

view

hind be-

touched in the

of the sanctuary. The ornament the interior is

a

ornamental perforated while at regcast-stone grilles, ular pews in the

room

out throughfree interpretation

of Copticdesign, with suggestions interpolated from

sources.

beneath the intervals, mushauditorium, ventilators, operated the

from the

Moorish

and
to

Persian modern
a

basement,
at

plenum chamber in are insuring placed"even

Adapted

filteredair of an

it gives in conditions, of this character Semitic

no

ing builda

temperature
But
no

all times.
of any

monious har-

auditorium

a result, insuring

character that
classic and added
a

tainly cer-

tic kind,no matter what itsartisbe called attributes, may

treatment

of could

"successful" if acoustic
have been To this end has
Section.
present

siderations con-

columns

cornices effect of obtained

ed. neglect-

approach.
An

the interior all

ty, digniin the

Competition for the Temple B'nai Jcshurun. Above buildingis shown the proposed Sunday-school.
the roof line of the

been

studied, carefully
at

and

certain of the
are

mystical

so

that sound istaken up

quality, is
treatment

dows, winlarger with the together glass.These, in two colors in the main portal, rose-window are, in general, only blue and goldenyellow.Simply treated with a diaper window is at the rounded design pattern, the onlyallegorical which of cathedral
"

The Temple B'nai study of plan,designand ornamentation, and the result of its purposes and of uniqueartistic is a building expressive interest.

there and not reflected, points, echoes. beingno disturbing careful Jeshurun shows a most
"

cuss

lien

;|-5UHJ"Y

JCKSOL-

|d"!S

loon

Plans of completed building.

20

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

No.

HOUSE

No.

HOUSES

BEING

BUILT

AT

SCARSDALE,

N.

". See page

22.

Eugene

J. Lang,

Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

21

HOUSE

No.

HOUSE

No.

HOUSES

UKING

BUILT

AT

SCARSDALE,

N.

Y. See page
22.

Eugene

J. Lang,

Architect.

22

ARCHITECTURE

ft

HOUSE

No.

HOUSES

BEING

BUILT

AT

SCARSDALE,

N.

Y.

Eugene J. Lang,

Architect.

under construction at now Designs and plans shown on this and two precedingpages represent a group of five frame buildings location of porches Colonial Academic designedfor definite sites with regard to outlook, N. Y. architecture, Scarsdale, They are straight feet floorspace at least 1,200 square of aimed within The orientation. to architect determined a plan compact 1,000 square get by being the average cost being$15,000. The houses range in pricefrom $9,000 to $18,000, feet of accommodation.

Architectural

History and the Designer

By Rexford Newcomb

Assistant Professor of Architecture, Universityof Illinois

WITH

that have been wrought in the changes

as a

result of the Great

War, many

have been raised regarding the future of in America. There seems tects archito be abroad among idea that the architect of the future needs,ifhe has an
not

to the ing thinktime immemorial had been given to him turned over wrong. questions engineer for execution. Clearly something was architectural education Some have tried to laythe blame upon the schools that have
our

trained upon time

the

it others have blamed of the profession; portion the current and its attitude toward profession the
out

done
to

so

in the past, to get closer

to

the realitiesof his

of questions
to

day.

All agree,

however, that

now

is the

work,
a

understand

better engineering to have procedures,

seek

better methods and formulate

better policies

better knowledgeof materials, it be the practical whether or man and to think more to guide the profession, logically to act more the educator,in the future. clearly, and surely. And well may such orderly ideas run through the mind of the observing the education time as this, In such a stock-taking clearly practitioner, for of all professional the architect came in for the of the future generation of architects should be carefully men severest criticismduringthe war. The architect's offered. Now and constructive suggestions ance, performconsidered, when compared with that of the engineer, for instance, to reconsider the educational seems a good time for educators left much to be desired. The architect saw work that from which a changed social order trend,discard those practices

24

ARCHITECTURE
far form is concerned,and the that if these

They why

as are as perfect reasons practical-minded,

student,

use them, and so he borrows bath, or a Gothic Byzantinechurch, or a Roman use." His sole reason it to a new and "applies cathedral, and logical, is that it is beautiful. Whether it is appropriate of this race and time, is never ered. considand place expressive of is the fact that behind has been lost sight What all these forms and throughthem there is a "guidingspirit," of all, the student should have and this spirit which, most missed. he has most completely grasped, from What need is the study of architectural history we the that will compel the student to appreciate an approach fact that the great architecture of the world has always that evolved in obedience to certain unfailing principles,

not
a

thingsare perfect bodilythis or that

ply simor nationally They persist racially appropriate. longer because they satisfy man mentally, spiritually.

Moreover, the student

great
the will of periods
come new soon

from

will soon discover that in all there has been behind architectural activity structural principle, and he forms a new evolving
to

feel that in the world's

there history

have

great architectural trends,the first of the post-and-lintel the developmentand perfection system that is the static system; and the second, of construction,

been, after all, only two

the

the

of development and perfection dynamic system of construction. He of and will

a soon

the

arcuated

system,

demand psychological that when

ment discover, also,that ornament, as the fulfilin mankind, follows structure,

at any ornament, becomes decadent.

dictates structure, period,

In other

architecture
must

words, there

of structure, and that structure the result of man's using the materials that he form grows
out

is in turn is able to

be

balance perfect

to appropriate

simple,and structure, logical, .time,place,people,and materials on one

enhanced aesthetic expression, a very definite, practical hand, with form for its perfect accomplish that various result. Above to the out all,it should be pointed by sane ornament, upon the other. Thus it seems that does not writer that any course in architectural history peoples approach the same problemin very different ways,

lay his

hands

upon,

to

correlate architectural expresand adequately satisfactorily sion is a failure. For if architecture and its pre-conditions the is the perfect index to the life and ideals of a people, will reason that in order to make his art environmental conditions. The student should be led to designer young take of a frank, that great architecture is the result, and livingto-day,he needs not vital,appropriate, see always, the forms of the past and paste them upon the posed, parrot-like and straightforward logical, meeting of the conditions imselection of means of the present, with littlethoughtof their meaning the intelligent structures to the accomplishment the but that he needs to fathom the spirit, form is significant or significance, of ends, and that, after all, outward of his time,and by the same the civilization life, onlywhen it expresses in a direct way the inward organprocesses ism. used by the great architectsof other days arrive at as worthy
these differences beingdue to their different mental habits, as a which,in turn, are determined by their history race, their religious ideas, their social order, or their present It has occurred
to

the

writer that in

courses

in the

results in the

of expression

that

new

of architecture there are several opportunities for history the student. of First of all, he can gain an appreciation form throughthe study of the best historicexamples. If he does this he is progressing, but every intelligent layman

words, he should emulate

the

the method of spirit,

civilization. In other work that

-

brought forth
In

should do at least this much. to his future studies and work

may there is a grave responsibility laid upon the instructor, and it seems well to remind the student as the course proceeds that these forms, this subject-matter, if you these buildings, and beautiful in themselves, will, thoughinteresting not are the sole form
a

is more What fundamental a creative artistis this:he order his architecturalphilosophy. In this second case
as

these forms,not copy the forms themselves. it should be noted, however, that this connection forms that have been used throughoutall there are many This that have been common the styles, to many peoples. of ornamental forms, and in this sense is especially true they
are

"world of
to

because they express and persist forms,"

a

filment the fulman

need. definite psychological them

Whenever

is

able

It it goes
ornament

mentallythey will cease to be used. is needless to argue that structure ornament; precedes without saying that here it should be noted that
do without

and object

end

of the

course.

They
us

are

only the
concrete

should grow
sense

out

of structure, should

the visibleremains subject-matter,

that show

in

In this

architectural

procedurewould

seem

enhance it. to follow

the results of all the forces that have been at work in should be taughthow a givenperiod. He these forms do express their civilization and time. At first, it will be necessary to point out to the student what he will, if he is a thinker, discover sooner later for or

givenplaceat

himself; index to the namely,that architecture is a perfect of a people, thought and, in this sense, is the result of many which might be mentioned geoginfluences, among raphy, and historical ships, relationgeology, climate, ethnographic and religious political systems. There are hundreds of classicexamplesto bear home to the student the truth of the above proposition. the student will soon Secondly,
lifeand discover that builds or constructs of for two sets reasons, and that what he rears he builds because it satisfies his physical needs or satisfies his mental, his spiritual needs,
man

that what biological precedent. It is to be noted, moreover, has often persisted has in one age been a structural necessity in a succeeding ornamental reminiscence. age as a pleasant The reason is againto be found in a psychological analysis. These columns, for instance, obsolete, are now structurally vertical element in demanded a aesthetically, or, at least, have made Where mistake the design is demanded. our we

has been which

we

to

supplythe
made

columns
are

which, in the material of

and prepostotally illogical terous, the work that they seem to

have

them,
to

if we

expect them
do.

do

be asked
lessons

to

vital and helpful It appears, then, that there are many the rightstudy of architectural to be gained from here of the things but in order to accomplish some history,

mentioned
of

that in the accomplishment of these things he takes the line of leastresistance. In this connection he will cover disand
soon

to
a

it is necessary to go thoroughlyinto the preconditions, of all the other phases make completeanalyses in other words, to try to master pletely comhistory; of the civilizationof which the understanding after all, the visual expression. is, Approached

nation's
an

is physical, results from a physical mand, dewhile ornament is mental, results from a psychological demand. This observation should teach him why forms,
structure

that

architecture

ornamental particularly and the other

arts

in architecforms,have persisted ture of design, long after they are no

history may, instead of beingthe of realizing and be the means more fully studyof dead forms, times. of our own the architectural expressions appropriately
in this spirit, architectural

Memorial

Goldsboro, Community Building,

C. Adrian

N. C.

Casner, Architect
hall

FEATURES
on

EMBODIED

IN

THE

BUILDING.
names

"

A memorial of all the

swimming pool and

A
room

shower

baths

for both A

men

and

women.

whose

walls shall be inscribed the

boys

who saw service in the war lunch and in addition thereto records, The architect has preparedand submited plans of the war. relicsand trophies PLANS. An auditorium with a seating for fifteenhundred for such a building, embodying all of the above features and capacity the needs of the community. and suitable for largecounty and community gatherings, answering estimated with a modern The is $200,000, COST. of the building cost stage and equipment.
" "

for games and amusements. and kitchenette. room

A bowling alley.

comfort public
rooms

room

with suitable toilet facilities. able Suit-

and

the

estimated

cost

of

the
an

buildingequipment undertaking.

and

social

and welfare agencies city public A readingroom. A A gymnasium. organizations.

for all county and

grounds is $50,000,making
to

estimated total of $250,000

be raised in order

to

finance the

Modern

BuildingSuperintendence
By David
CHAPTER

B. Emerson
V AND

PLASTERING,
were

MARBLE

TILE

WORK

in the first story be furred and ceilings THE lathed with metal lath, and the top story had hung
to
a

can

be traced back
was

to

this error.

coat

but that for the burnt fibred,

for the scratchThe plaster unfibred. coat was

of the lowest roof-beams feet below the bottom two ceiling the roof. To carry the to give an insulating space under of the steel hangers were clamped to the flanges furring, bolted one and one-half-inch beams; to these hangerswere running bars spaced five feet apart. by one-quarter-inch To these running bars were of No. 9 clippedby means steel channels, clips three-quarter-inch gauge galvanized-wire ring spaced twelve inches on centres; this formed the furto

When
to

which

the lath

was

to

be fastened. coffered

attention was the plaster mixed particular given was clean before starting seeingthat all mortar-boxes were in them, and that they were the plaster to mix thoroughly mixers were cleaned out after each gauging. The mortar hoes and shovels in the gaugingwater. warned not to wash than enough plaster hour was allowed Not more to last one of the quickness with time on be mixed at account to a stead unlike lime plaster, which it sets, as patent plaster, sets inwhich had commenced of drying. No plaster to set
was

Where

the beams

in the

of ceiling

the

bank

allowed

to
was

be used.

We
to
see

were

rails of one inch by three-sixteenthoccurred,longitudinal inch flat steel, fastened to the floor-beams, were run, and to which fastened brackets of flat steel bars, with the shape of the beams, and bent to conform were To hold the whole were spaced twelve inches on centres. frame in place rods of three-eighth-inch round stiffening these railswere

scratch-coat

put

on

that

very the

careful when
mesh of the

the

applied plasterers
lath filled in

enough pressure to push it through the and give it a good key. Plaster was
window-frames
All
terra-cotta

between

walls in all cases to make a wind-stop. ordered tile and furring to were partition be well wet before commencing any plastering down on steel were ished The burnt coat screeded up and finat run was properly rightanglesto the brackets and securely them. wired to them. with straight The lath which was used was a galvanized edge and darby,using a float to knock No. 18 gauge wire lath. It was off all lumps and fillcut faces. Once twice during the tied in placeand drawn or of the plasterers with No. 18 gauge galvanized to the furring annealed tight ing pickprogress of the work we noticed some and usingthem of the droppings the staging wire;ties were spacedevery six inches, on givena double turn, up some the and the raw this ends bent back flush with the face of the lath. the ordered at on ceiling; we stopped once, as pings dropAll end joints have frequently commenced do not as a and care taken to set, and were was lapped two inches, all side joints that floor the to make result have and a good adhesion, so along a furring bar, they were any jar on with the of the ceiling, laced together.The ceilings above will cause lappedone inch and securely a fallof a portion all carefully tested to see if they were level were perfectly accompanyingdiscomfort to the occupants of the room. and true before starting the plastering. all walls and ceilings All of the external The finish coat of plaster was posed comon of hydrated finishing anglesthroughoutthe building lime, gauged with twenty-five were protectedwith galvanized-iron corner which each hundred pounds of secured to the terrato cotta one bends, were pounds of calcined plaster block partitions of iron clips The finishwas three inches lime. trowelled smooth, and all brush marks by means which held them firmly in the bankingin place. In some of the rooms The ornamental worked long, out. plaster-work in the bank, and in the tiledrooms in the Turkish bath in done before the finish coat was was rooms put on the walls. the basement,two-inch solid plaster The beams and cornices were called were givena scratch and burnt coat of partitions for. These partitions which the gauged of galvanized the profiles constructed were over rugated corroughlyfollowing plaster, for all new The plaster to be run. expanded sheet metal,secured at floor and ceiling plaster was mouldings with special of Paris of two parts plaster the lath, was mixed in the proportion expanded metal angles. After setting the partitions ordered to be braced with temporary were and one part of well-seasoned lime paste, so that it would until the plaster bracing, All ornamental and set, for although was on these set too not being run. rapidlyas it was partitions are the surface of the has set, the lath is ornaments on very firm after the plaster mouldings and applied until the plaster has been put on. of Paris and set in from pure plaster Before the cast very shaky were ceilings the carpenter closed all exterior plastering was commenced careful to see that all of mixed plaster.We were freshly with well-braced wood openings well mitred and joined, and that all ornaand covered them the work frames, ments was with heavy muslin to keep out the weather. all of which contributes The plastercentred in the panels, were ing done with patent plaster, was which is by far the most When the plasof the work. to the mechanical accuracy tering efficient method of plastering in a city, of the interior marble a large building as was completed the installing it is practically to slake enough lime and keep it impossible All of the vertical surfaces commenced. and tile work was hand for any largeoperation, on whereas patent plaster of the marble which were carved were not highlypolished; and
"

can

be mixed and
on

used

at

once;

in fact has

to

be done
All

that that
on

the floors and the base

course

stair-treadswere
was

hone be
set

finished.

In all in

cases

way

account
was

of the done
on on

nature

of the material.
was

ing plaster-

ordered

to

the finished before laying

was

which

lath

three-coat work, and

walls and
two-coat
an

floors.

All of the marble the marble

we

work

set

which
the white and

was

done

terra-cotta

and partitions work. thick of

Paris,and the plaster was

called for bases had the laid up

to

be the best
out to

of plaster casting

concrete

floor

slabs

was

Bevelled dressed

plaster.Where
from the wall

to set

grounds thirteen-sixteenths of

inch

instructed brick
was

contractor

any distance build brick,

so
as

pinewere
It is
a

set

at

all openings, and

to

plastering was
a

ordered great

be
to

worked

wherever required, up full \o the

backingfor marble;
not to

in lime mortar,

stain the marble.

grounds.
too

mistake

on put patent plaster

and thin,

great many

unsuccessful

Before slabs had the concrete laying the floors we jobs of plastering thoroughly swept broom-clean, and then thoroughlysatu26

ARCHITECTURE
rated with of clean
water
a

27
screens were

and

with sprinkled
an

the thickness of about

coat cement cement mortar

sixteenth of

inch.
one

to dry cement A levelling

No setting. the marble

were

allowed
treads and

to

be used in the face of

composed

of

and

and

the floors

three parts clean-washed laid on this bed. were

sand The

part Portland was put down,

floor of the first-

of the stairs platforms of gray Tennessee marble one and one-half inches thick, with rounded nosings. The treads were secured to the iron risersand strings of brass screws, the marble being by means and the holes filledwith lead drilled, threads of the
screws.

work.

The

inches by eight story vestibule and halls was of marble tile, marble used was The with border strips. twelve inches, of its Tennessee marble, which on account pink-and-gray marble hardness gives excellentwearingfloor. In laying an where two floors, color effects, care of very
or

to

give a gripto

the of

All of the toilet-room floors were

three kinds of marble

are

used

to

get

vitreous tile, three-inch hexagonal and the walls of toiletwainscoted to the heightof seven feet with rooms were three-inch by six-inch enamelled white tile, with a sanitary base and moulded cap. Tile makes impervious,

by reason of its beingabsolutely material known. The sanitary bed for the floor tilewas down the soft marble faster as that for the preparedthe same walking over them will wear mosaic flooring. Tile were surface which is and firmly than the harder ones, givingan uneven placed upon the mortar into place, The and tamped down with block and hammer marble tileswhich to walk pressed upon. very disagreeable with the finished floor. All tile until exactly and even and true mortar composed the floor were bedded in the cement The floors in the corridors in ordered well grouted with cement. were was groutedwith cement mortar, the grouting mosaic. Before comof marble tween stories were done the morning after laying, to insure a proper bond bethe upper mencing All surplus the grout and the cement mortar. to lay the mosaic an open-mesh galvanized-wire grout The walls of before it had commenced to set. removed was levelling was coat; to placedon top of the cement netting stretched the netting the toilet-rooms were of the flooring, was by givingthem a preparedfor tiling prevent cracking mortar, mixed one part Portland tightand fastened at the ends to hold it firmlyin place. scratch-coat of cement cement to two The mosaic was composed of a field of Carrara chipsand a parts sand, and well scratched horizontally. base was the wall tile to givea The cove Borders were set before setting fret border composed of colored marbles. Wall tile were the set by buttering; on set upon good start for the tiling. heavy paper face down and laid in strips tile on the walls about thirty Care this was in the cement. done by spotting set by hand levelling coat; fields were with the fininches apart, and plumbing them accurately ished taken to see that the mosaic was kept to a line. After was face of the wall. The scratch-coat on the walls was well groutedwith cement, and laid it was the mosaic was Neat cement saturated with water. mortar had set the entire floor was was thoroughly when the cement ground down the back of each tile, and theywere of electrically driven caron borundum gently level surface by means tamped spread even to an of a straightcorridor into place and plumbedwith the spot tileby means The walls of the first-story wheels. edge. washed out and After the tilehad set, the joints with marble were wainscoted and the banking-room were up with a thinly mixed white Portland cement. Care was All of the corfilled ridors with pilasters etc. panelling, to the cornice, cleaned off before ithardened. scot taken to see that allcement had a plainmarble wainwas throughoutthe building is crazing. The only defect to watch for in wall tiling with base thick and five feet high, seven-eighths-inch All of the enclosures around the water-closets in the toiletthick by eightinches wide, and a one-and-one-eighth-inch of the compartments were of and the back linings thick by four inches wide. rooms plain cap one-and-one-eighth-inch with white enamelled iron door-stiles. This structuralglass, marble base six inches All offices had seven-eighths-inch of its beingabsolutely and account material, on impervious high. All marble was well anchored as it was set with No. and offering a great resistance to anchored by the all slabs were non-staining, 6 gauge copper-wire practically anchors; for use in public ideal partition and wainscoting abrasion,makes a most of the pilasters were edge,and all corners erected accordingto toilet-rooms. The were well wedged in and partitions anchors were cross-anchored. The issued by the manufacturers. standard details and specifications, backed up of Paris. The marble was covered with plaster the described was the work just When in the marble completed, All joints set. with plaster of Paris as itwas much of which for the metal and wood trim, of the was and none building 'ready should be as neat and close as possible, and was had arrived at the building ready to be installed. slabs should have the edges chipped or spawledin the
should

nearlythe

bles always be exercised to select marsame degreeof hardness,otherwise

the most

The

in A Palais de Justice,

d's scheme

for

an

world international

centre

28

ARCHITECTURE

EXTERIOR.

WAITING-ROOM.
DALLAS

Bigelow " Wadsworth,

INTERURBAN

Architects.

Stone

" Webster,

Engineers.

TERMINAL,

DALLAS,

TEXAS.

ARCHITECTURE
54 Philadelphia, millions

29

Some

and Encouraging Facts RegardSignificant ing Shown in as BuildingProspects

November,

1919
which

BUILDING in the made

referred
there is

for operations United

States

arrangements last November must

were

lions;
and Los Returns the from the Dominion of Canada

against 14^g millions; millions against 8 millions. Angeles, 24^-fj

for November of the reporting cities, notable at Montreal, ronto, Toespecially
most

furnished evidence of activity at

and
was activity

Ottawa, Winnipeg,and Vancouver.

For the eleven

be

months

winter approaches to as simply stupendous. As behind 1913. contraction in construction a tendency toward invariably From the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, New York\ work as compared with periods immediatelypreceding, and 1919 was not an exceptionto the rule,but State Societies of Architects the contraction was tered extremely moderate, and the planseninto summed heavy total of up an extraordinarily formation of State Societies of Architects,as In fact the volume of procontemplatedexpenditures. jected Institute of Archirecommended tects, by the American the heaviest for the month not was only operations will not for the profession only accomplishmuch by a very decided margin of which we have record for of ever-increasbut will also aid in making the profession ing in excess of all earlier months November, but actually benefit to society. more, Furtherin 1919, exceptingonly August and October. The Committee State Societies is now on engaged

of last year the intended outlayexceeded that of of either of the five preceding the like period years but fell

THE

all indicationswould seem to be for the continuation time to come, lines for some in building of marked activity dations the incentive being the urgent need for housingaccommoforded all sections. Some reliefhas been afin virtually in part by the alteration of private dwellings locally, of families, of housinga number into apartments capable is as keen as ever. but otherwise the demand statistics for November of building Our compilation included in many 159
cases

of a simple form of Constitution and preparation By-Laws which, after approvalby the Executive Council, of all State or Major will be submitted the Chairman to aid in the formation of State Committees as an Locality
in the Societies. In the meantime
you

the Committee

on

State Societies

tenders

all but 9 showing gainsover cities,

1918, and

admit Such State Societies should to membership heavy. This licensed architect in those States where or every registered cinnati, CinCleveland, Detroit, B oston, Chicago, Philadelphia, in effect and in other States or license laws are registration Kansas City, Baltimore, San Francisco, Los should admit every honorable practitioner. Angeles, Milwaukee, Minneapolis,Newark, Pittsburgh, of the American Institute an At the next convention of pracin fact, St. Paul, St. Louis Washington, Seattle, tically amendment to the Institute's by-lawswill undoubtedlybe all of the leadingcities of the country and many will giveto all State Societies considered which, if adopted,
"

the percentages of increase was phenomenally of Greater New true York, was especially

aid you or the of the architects of your State,or into State Societies. locality,

its services in any manner in your State in profession

that it may all organizing

the States in your

major

of those of lesser

lay outof beingrepresented the privilege at the Institute conventions. against only $18,347,$140,691,829 of State Societies, ting admitThus, by the organization in 1917,and $75,000,000in 1916, 234 last year, $47,000,000 the representaall practitioners to membership, and tion for November. mark the high-water this latter until now the ent're of State Societies in the Institute itself, from York exhibits a very .decided expansion Greater New national body, not only will be united in one profession tween bethe of total the very low a year ago, comparisonbeing making membership in either State or national Society the most and $1,688,949, gains of more striking $20,428,281 but throughorganization value to the individual, influence in local, will have more being in Brooklyn and Queens boroughs. The aggregate the entire profession for the outside cities (158 in number) is $120,213,548 State,and national affairs. from welcome againstbut $16,658,285.The Middle West group of 29 The chairman would gestions sugany you $4,591,212last citiesreports a total of $43,904,311against have to offer as to how best to proceed you may River of the (24 west the and Mississippi in territory the formation of a State Society year, to secure your State. furnishes an exclusive of the Pacific Coast section, of your locality cities), chairman appoint a special Will you as for total The $2,457,445. If so, will you please against givethe committee aggregate of $15,939,557 to do this work ? the 37 citiesin the Middle Atlantic division (not including name Committee Chairman so and address of your special times that is over seven Greater New York) at $27,736,256 State Societiesmay committee on keep in that the general of 24 of a year ago; New ? England cities to the number close touch with the work of your local committee the against$1,388,827; Yours very truly, give an aggregate of $7,835,538 against discloses a result of "12,348,996 South (31 cities) N. MAX DUNNING, the Pacific on $1,590,174, while a total of $12,448,190 Chairman, Committee on State Societies, with $2,801,691. 111. Coast contrasts 53 W. Jackson Blvd.^Chicago,

prominence.The

total of intended

reaches

no

less than

For

eleven
was

months
course

of the calendar

year

1919

the

pansion ex-

the upon

ceeding extremelyheavy, the aggregate exthe high record for by a considerable amount was periodestablished in 1916, which latter obviously

of

Some

Strike Facts

lower-cost with

basis for labor and

prevails.A

total of

1,175 million approximately

material than now dollars

only425 millions in 1918 and 945 millions in compares 1916. Greater New York's aggregate for the eleven months 215 millions is 161J4 millions above that of 1918, and
at

the twenty years from 1881 to 1900 the buildingtrades had more strikes than any other one industry but they involved a -\91A per cent of the total number for instance, far fewer, smaller number of men per strike; the same period, involved in railroad strikes during than were

D
"

URING

"

these numbered only5.6 although recorded. 1881

to

per

cent

of the total

ber num-

outside of this citythe comparisonis between 960 millions 1918 at a few with contrast and 371"" millions. The 95% millions against33?" milcitiesis:

Out of

from totalof 22,793strikes reported

cent
were

1900, 52.8 per

13.6 per successful,

cent

cent

leading

Chicago,

and successful, partly

33.54 per

failed.

ARCHITECTURE

XXIV

ARCHITECTURE

St. Bernard's

Assuredprotection ceilingornament
V7"OUR
"*"

for
IBOUT

R.

C.

Church,
Ohio

Akron, Wm.

P. Ginther Architect

the Bostwick
in

hours of

study and effort and

are

Truss-Loop used

wasted largely if the surface to which your designsare is not rigid and lasting.
your

artistic labors

St. Bernard's R.C. Church,

Akron,O.,Mr.Wm.P.Ginther,
plied apthe

writes: architect,
Niles,Ohio September 3rd, 1919

BOSTWICK
construction and

"TRUSS-LOOP,"
its double

because

of its truss
square

THE

STEEL BOSTWICK NILES, OHIO

"

LATH

Co.,

yard),is
So

assurance

weight (4^ Ibs. per againstsagging, buckling or

extra
or

cracking.
it

Gentlemen: Having had occasion to redecorate the Catholic Church in which I used St. Bernard Roman "Truss-Loop" Lath about fifteen (15) years ago, your indication the that from every interested to note I was built. originally Metal was as intact as when While
to

distinctive is this

strength that
24 inch
centers"

of studding16, 20 spacing of framingat least 25%.

permits the reducingthe cost

product, yet I thought

also learn Yours

this is the usual experienceI have ested would be interyou this condition. to as
very

had with your

truly,
P. GINTHER

WM.

A letterwill bringyou complete data specification ifthe logic of TRUSS-LOOP

and

an

exact form of appealsto you.

THE

BOSTWICK NILES,

STEEL

LATH

COMPANY U. S. A.

OHIO,

TRUSS-LGOP
(Steel Lath)

From

the

original water-color sketch for an

earlier

feature of the quadrangle. proposed,central VERNON

Architect. Wesley S. Bessell,

D. C.

MOUNT

SEMINARY,

WASHINGTON,

ARCHITECTVRE
THE PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL MONTHLY

VOL.

XLI

FEBRUARY,

1920

No.

The

Mount

Vernon

Seminary,
D. C.
Bessell

Washington,
By Wesley Sherwood

Perspective.

problems presented in the development of a colthis, a complete scheme types, that in order to avoid institution are varied and lege or educational so was developed, both as to present and future building, that it is almost impossible to set down numerous, studied gardens and all other accessories carefully any particular with An outstandingpurpose, however, always to be and of one. the developed, and leading to a culmination considered in our whole. the to present-day institutions devoted is the problem of how highereducation of our future citizens, Believingthat any projectof this sort should hold to when such certain defined lines as to its completed ideas, the prevailing it was to with enters overcome feeling, one of "this is an institution." this thought that the Mount Vernon laid buildings, Seminary was bidding out. The result to be obtained being the blendingof a definite Long, uninteresting tunnel-like corridors, large forcharacterless into a whole, yet with each individual and poorly cold, nondescript, or rooms, type of architecture, of "institution" bit interesting in itself. This feeling furnished parlors to be abundant. seem , Aside from these main the writer, has always left its impression upon there were, as one came befactors, in the problem, unlimited bits of delightful that in approaching the problem of providingthe proper so engrossed and unfolding themselves. opportunities dormitories, together with the administration purely Among them special features became such rooms the uppereducational desirable, facilitiesunder as a post-office, one roof, this was most great all three, and still To combine art other obstacle hall,study halls, studios, and numerous refectory, to overcome. the first and foremost maintain rooms. subsidiary interesting an atmosphere of home, was With all this at hand, one's imagination might easily idea. How well it has been met, is for others to decide,but of beingprivileged Think tensely run to designand create as compelling and ina rampant. problem for solution,it was most twenty separate and distinct outside doorways, each with interesting. of the fun in slipping little idiosyncrasies, its own in little of unity of a whole, Of the other problems, that one here and there, all tending to add interest and surprises the elimination of the institutional atmosphere. seemed next to ! schools are collection of heterogeneous picturesqueness So many a
I
"*-

'

^HE

33

34

ARCHITECTURE

CLOISTER.

THE

CLOISTER

ARCHES.

DOORWAY

TO

REFECTORY. THE MOUNT VERNON

THE

CLOISTER

STAIRS. D. C.

Architect. Wesley Sherwood Bessell,

SEMINARY,

WASHINGTON,

ARCHITECTURE

35

Entrance-hall

and corridor.

School mistress desk-library.

if possible in the designing accomplished Vernon Seminary. is built on the U-shapeplanwith cloisters The building effort was both sides and a quad,opened at one end, one hundred feet tion of our traditionalpast. This was a consideraan atmosphere dom freeand cloisterpermit the girls and within. It was both without hoped that girls wide. This quadrangle view. All of and are secluded from public for exercise, absorb something of this attendingmight unconsciously the bedrooms at one time duringthe day receive sunlight, in their future. something that would count atmosphere, in groups of two double rooms and these rooms are and supplantit by To arranged eliminate the institutional feeling bathroom and also a few double rooms and refined, with a connecting of a home environment, simple, one dignified, Situated of it is on skirts a as commanding ridgeon the outearnest an Washington, and facingold Virginia, Vernon made to Seminary produce in Mount
was

the purpose

to

be

and

execution of Mount

View

in quad.

36
without
are

ARCHITECTURE
baths. There these connecting
a

bedrooms, twenty single

senior

called room a corresponding clubare optima. These rooms for the girls' use. rooms On the third floor are sound-proof and an art studio. practice-rooms hall and the In the lower end

/'/'^

i*

,*.'"$ ^j"-'

Just over the kitchen there is serving equipped large pantry fully with the necessary equipmentthat goes with the making of economical and
a

service. efficient is the main

on

Next

to

the pantry

both

with windows dining-hall sides that means at sunlight

"

of the north
the swimming-pool,

all meals. French and

to
a

Next and

to

this

room

are

the

wing above gradeis located

which
concrete

private dining-rooms,
of these connected what is known

is built of reinforced
cement.

the front

and finished in white

by
as

hall is located Hall."

are

feet, poolis twenty feet by forty and four to eightfeet in depth. It contains also a visitors' gallery and of the swimBack ming-pool dressing-rooms. is a gymnasium of ample
This size. In the south

the "Great front

Across

the

trance en-

and

the necessary administration

tion-rooms recepters, quar-

and in the north north

the wing,facing

The

located the domestic

and is the kitchen with the

wing, lower end, is science department Here also telephone-room.

its necessary
room. Main
entrance

rear

and

allof the class-rooms. are light, islocated at the heating plant and away from the main building, connected onlyby a pipe tunnel.

Such, in
proven
design. to

brief way, is the general

this
to

juncts ad-

layoutof

school,which
be
a

has

such

as

bakery,butcher

date

satisfactory,
unit.

shop,dairyand

ice-cream

and workable complete,

The

Remodelling of the Residence

and reconstruction of scarcity
we seem

of Mr.

Isaac

T. Mann

George Oakley Totten,Jr.,Architect

ALTERATION
in these times On the second floor a
enters
some

-i\ of high prices and

labor have

the order of the

is the final step

day.
most

To

make

more

usable what
what
we

case was removed, so that the stairpartition into a largeand attractive living-hall, directly from floor to ceiling This is panelled feet square. forty of
one

before entering upon

make

construction glorious

be the greatest and of all times. To alter and period

hope is to

attractive the old Victorian brick home which Mr. had purchasedin a very desirable location in Washingtonwas the problem presentedto the architect. The adjoining lot had also been acquired that additional so
I. T. Mann space
was

a rich brown tone, as is also the main stairs. side of this central hallwayis the drawing-room, There had the front of the house. across entirely extending

in walnut To

been them

two
a

rooms

between here,but by removing the partition

fine

largeroom
so

was

This possible.

seemed

rather

high

and

narrow,

the

apparent

heightwas

reduced

by

might be

added

and

and light

air assured.

the introduction

The firstcriticismwhich suggests itself in the old house the excessive fenestration of the main fa9ade. It was to reduce possible this in two ways. On the second floor the two front rooms thrown into one, so it was were possible to eliminate two windows and to add a central one, making
one

lengthreduced
motives.

barrel vault and the apparent of an elliptical the vault into three by cross ribs dividing

largegroup on the axes, and this had the additional advantage of givingrestful plainwall surfaces on either side. The other change was in the thirdtransoms placing their actual but apparent size. story windows,not reducing The gables of the dormers were made steeper and enriched, and the entrance altered to be in keeping with the new design. A cresting trade was placedupon the roof ridgeand a balusaround the parking. The entire building stuccoed. was This was a very successful piece of workmanship. The color of the stucco is a light similar to aged stone, yellow,
and
texture rather fine. addition was built on the adjoining lot and vacant a two-story On garage added in the rear on the side street. the first floor the entrance hall was and the re-designed

The result is thought to be quitesuccessful. Directlyoppositethe main stairs is the sun room. of glass, sides of this are entirely Two leaded,and with just and of color; the other a central fountain in tiles, a touch on the entrance the fourth are on doorways and a fireplace. The floor is The general of color is a grayish tone green. of brownish On This tiles. is the dining-room. living-hall in oak and corresponds and panelled enlarged of in color with the brown walnut of the hall. The ceiling the dining-room is panelled in plaster. The floors of the living-hall, and diningreception-room,
was

the third side of the also

room

are

of teak.

the
An

to the third floor is the library.This is panelled ferent the ceiling in oak and is Elizabethan in style. Several difperiodsof architecture have been employedon the

On

interior. the transitional styleof architecture for the exterior, periodof the French chateau, suggesteditself from the fenestration and main lines of the building.Having taken to carry it out in adopted this style, great care was The the minutest detail.

walls

with plastered and

a

Caen

stone

cement.

ladies' reception-room
was

billiard-roomwere
was

added.
of the old house
to
a narrow

The

one

fine feature really this

the

but staircase,

confined

staircase hall.

War
By
Chairman

Memorials
Charles Moore
of Fine Arts
21,

of the Commission

(An address delivered

does IT memorial
or more

at

the

Metropolitan Museum, New

York, December

1919)
chosen

not
a

make

much
choose

difference shall
erect.

what

kind
are

of
a

war score

community
to

There

array, would varieties and

was

probablyhave
breathed
a

one

of the would
no

forty-six
been would

sigh of relief that

the

their warfare

of forms

suitable.
or a

They
a

may

have
or

from, any one or building

a

of which
a

may

be

Then accomplished.

tablet had

have
one

a park flag-pole,

erected; and

before the bronze

its color

of the families memorial save perhaps members may pay attention to it, it bore. On the other hand, a tablet bridgeor an art gallery; of those whose names for being. Communities often well it may or good in form and material,with a suitable inscription of joy to the beholder and of honor to the excite themselves unduly, and even over wax acrimonious, cut, is a source commemorated. The Romans, retreating the choice of a form,neglecting the weightier ters matentirely persons or events from Britain, of the law. left behind them tablets every letter on which is not the problem of art. was a work If,then, the form is not essential, If a community could only do ? By no means. The objection then is not to the tablet as such,but to simplified communities the futile, and inadequatedesign of the tablet. It ers as most are doing go to a firm of brass foundpuerile but to the way inches long and so many in which the thing and order a tablet so many is not to the thingitself, inches high,to fit a given space then the problemwould is done. This is what is meant by the openingproposition. what be as easy as selecting week It does not much kind of a war rial memomatter presents duringChristmas and quiteas satisfactory ! you shall erect; it is the way you do it that counts. The ordinarymethod of procedureis to hold a meeting
statue,
some

fountain

tablet. The
a

serve

useful purpose, be its own excuse

like

"

"

"

"

to

brave
One

boys
such

express who

the desire of the community

have

to

honor

the

II Of
work
course

given their lives

took
to

for their country.

name

committee

itself the
taste

"Supreme
name

every

community

not

only desires

to

erect

Sacrifice Committee," and the memorial

the bad

in the

rated satu-

they erected. The committee, on being with the firms of correspondence tablet-makers. A certain committee, having less than a thousand dollars to expend, secured designsfrom forty-six different establishments. Five of these designs, each differing appointed,enters
into from the others but all with
made be

After of art, but also confidently expects to do so. that the memorial is in place, they are going to tell people it is the finest thingof its kind in this country and, if in a
"

very

confident

mood, they will add, the finest in the world.

of
are

Now,
are

works of
art

art

are

rare;

and

war

memorials

that

works

stillrarer.

The

rated decoKings of Assyria

the

same

by

firm in single
out

New

York, to
that
one

whom

were inscription, the job would

farmed

in the

event

of the five
sent
more

designs
one

with sculptures the walls of their palaces depicting their successful battles. Few of these works have survived. with of artists concerned the The Egyptian were mysteries life and Karnak

should

find favor.

Several

founders

than
work

death,and
there
are

with

the

arts

of peace.

At

Thebes

and and

design;and the whole designing alone,more

Of
course,

series

for the represented,

of

of fights in Syria representations

that

cost

than money is reduced by

a

the tablet would

cost.

with designmany times, called. so falsely

"

general using the same ornaments or change of lettering

this series of

centuries before Mesopotamia, cut in the rock thirty-three Allenby's campaigns of restoration in 1918; but these, few in number, possess an rather than an art archaeological

value.

Moreover, these works

are

the

memorials

of individual

of the nation. the The Greeks expressed not kings, of of five artists, to a committee had in festivals and processions, wherein each one of whom joy of victory spoils his spurs as an architect or a sculptor.They rejected war, animate won and inanimate, found prominent place. Also, of the designs. Why ? In the first place,because of their triumphs in the every one they made permanent memorials the lettering like the Nereid bad. form of temples and statues Monument was Next, because the positively in Lycia to the British Museum; taken from Xanthos and were proportions not were bad; because the inscriptions has harmoniously the colossal lion from because there was Cnidus in Asia Minor, which disposed on the tablet; such a profusion of ornament this great Picture to yourselves found a like resting-place. to produce an as example of bad taste; because the eaglesand cannons and other war hundred feet in height; out two on a headland lion, standing of the paraphernalia were raised forty feet into the clear air. badly designed;because some and, on its pedestal, treated were in subjects in short, So the Athenians commemorated the victoryof Colon beyond the art of sculpture; because the designs lacked simplicity, and elegance 394 B. C., who the enemy of three hundred met sail,no suitability, because they had in them the seeds of speedy death than eightescaping. more rather than of eternal life. Then, too, Athens had a Street of Tombs, lined with All of the designs in the form of drawings. "monuments all those Athenians who were to came by their presented In order to obtain death in battle by sea or land,except those who fought at any adequateidea of how a tablet would really is absolutely self look, a model Of Marathon, for these have their tombs upon the place itnecessary. these particular course, bad that they could memorial of their bravery." For the brave men designs were so as a be rejected without going to the lengthof a model; but had battle in who laid down memorable their lives in that most of them any one the history of the world given promise,a model would have been the first victory of the West over before making final decision. required that the East honor mark of highest it was esteemed a The usual committee,bewildered by so numerous that like spirit their bodies lie where an a they fell. It was
so

It

happened that

designswas

mitted sub-

"

"

"

"

ARCHITECTURE
Roosevelt to declare that the body of his son should he where he fell, the latest" dare we fighting hope the last?" great battle between civilization and greed of dominion. Is it possible to conceive fitting, any more
any
more

39

impelledTheodore

memorial to one truly commemorative of our headstone, simple bearinghis name, his service, and the date of his death, placedside by side with like memorials of his comrades of trench and battle, shaded by the trees with whose branches the sun paintsever-varying the arch was obstruction an impediment an rather than the white stone, and visited by multion tudes shadow-pictures i an ornament. of his countrymen ? The WashingtonArch in New York with its parksetting It is the of the War is recognized Department to maintain abroad as well as at home as one of the world's purpose at least four American cemeteries in France,and in each worthy memorials. There is no sense of conquest, no exaltation case to create To have a son, a husband, a fieldof honor. of Washington as a conqueror. Rather,the simple relative buried in one of those four cemeteries will be a a dignityand graceful a serenity typifies completed nation high distinction. emergingfrom strife. In opposition to this planof the Department the American In the Arch of Triumph of the'Star, the French have Undertakers' Association has set itsface like a flint, and carried the arch to itsconclusion as to location, architecture, has induced relativesto have the bodies of their soldiers and sculpture, of the organic many making it a portion unity of returned to this country. There is a potential scandal Paris. Napoleon,in order to impressEurope with a just

boys than

the

ValleyForge arch threw suitability to the winds- and even the matter of appropriateness disregarded in the choice of site,dropping their arch casuallyacross the road. In order to produce a work of art every element should be and among these elements considered, is more portant imnone than suitability of location. The relief experienced when the New York temporary arch disappeared from Madison that as located Square was due to the general feeling
"

in every

such

removal. Ill

sense

of his
a

and majesty
to

relentless power,
the

ordered

Paris

to

erect

monument

armies. that has become the battle the the

victories of his Paris gladlyobeyed the command. Two of the

commemorate
were

foremost architects of their day There is

admiration Samothrace. date
near one

selected

to

carry

out

Greek know

war-memorial
"

work, which
was

of the civilizedworld

Winged Victoryof
save

periodone
died and with

We
the

littleof the naval

not

the

occupiedthirty-two During this years. of the original architects withdrew,the other succeeded by his pupil, who in turn was ciated assotwo

(B. C. 306), and

which

much

more

of the ^Egean islet

others, so

that the arch

represents the

combined work of four architects. To the four architects fight took place. With trumpet gone, without arms umph, be added sixteen sculptors, or who set themselves not so must head, far removed from the scene of trithe goddessto-daysubjugates the hearts and minds much to praise fashion Napoleon as to express in majestic of men the world around. The the forward sweep the undying heroism of France. That poise, of arch, by reason of that glorious the concentrated and irresistits focal site and the arrangement and distribution of the ible body,expresses force of a great cause. Not fighting, not avenues leadingto it, as well as because of its intrinsic prowess, not but the invincible power is what of right, this tactics, grandeur,is a constituent portionof the City of Paris. And the winged victory And in like manner, typifies. so, with careful thought, any arch that we shall erect should be medal of the Allies was victory planned at the Peace Table so tied into the city as to become an integral part of that city. in Paris a full-faced, The cost of the entire French work was full-length figureof Victory with $1,875,000. wings. In days to come, the American soldier, catching The Lincoln Memorial, the work of one one architect, of that benignfigure, in honor by Greek or Montenegrin, sculptor, h as about and one sight worn sive exclupainter, cost $2,600,000, Frenchman will his former of the or or The location treatment. Briton, enhancinglandscape say to brother in arms: of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington was "I, too, went over the top in war, and by by suggested this emblem which we both wear, I am that of the Arch of Triumph in Paris. Both are terminals ready now to stand shoulder to shoulder with you to fight the battles of peace of the great central composition of the city. In Paris we the battles of right and order and law and fair-dealing."have on the main axis the Palace of the Tuileries, in Washington W7e Americans akin to the Romans than to the Capitol; there the gardens, here the Mall; there are more the Greeks in our expression of national ideals. The Greek where we have the White with the Madeleine the cross-axis, for individuality the Roman strove and refinement; ment; House; the Obelisk where we have the Washington Monusought of Deputies where we have a still and the Chamber grandeur and dignity.Energy and power are the ideals in their triumphalarches. site of the first order endowed with axial relations Rome, small as was unoccupied expressed in the Central Washington composition.Finally, had no fewer than forty arches of triumph. itscircumference, as Paris has the Arch and Doubtless we would have had even memorial arches, the termination of the composition, more Memorial. The of have the Lincoln and our victors have not we plan Paris and the only that they are very expensive, the resources that Titus and Constantine enjoyed that of plan of Washington both are great plansin civic economy. Both were of war. We did get by Frenchmen, and both have the same designed paying for his arch with the spoils of unity, and grandeur from Mexico, but we into land in end in view" the expression dignity, spoils put the money of the in the making of the city. men Washington for a home to shelter incapacitated the -Arch and the Memorial in have In point of style, Since the boys began to return are we regulararmy. Lincoln had no conquests to celebrate, built innumerable triumphal and contrast. arches in lath and plaster striking Instead of martial sculpture, have battles to record. in their muslin. Not the smallest part of their success we no was of the clear-sighted, Daniel French's statue umph the arch stood for a tripatientman; speedy exits. With the Romans both his Gettysburgspeechof conin arms. have erected an arch at ValleyForge, secration, We and, cut into the walls, and also his Second Inaugural his pleathat the where the only triumph to be celebrated was the triumph be of sin that the averted and of mind over the grim might over peace of consequences matter, of faith and endurance brotherhood note American might be restored. Nor is there a single an hungry soldiery, array of the forces of nature Guerin's two muraljpaintings^but rather the of war in Jules and ill-clad, but still conquering their surroundings by the from slavery, condition as old as idea of emancipation a of the of an indomitable commander. The buildings spirit
" " " " "

ARCHITECTURE
the world members and itself; of
one

of the

to joy that reconciliationbrings

obelisk will well

was

used.
an

There

are

peoplewho
is
not
a

are

so

set

of blessings Henry make

peace Bacon's

family after estrangement; and of in fostering the arts and sciences.

entire work Memorial a
as an

the deed Into

the idea of
see no

obelisk which in the

monolith Monument.

that

against they

architect has been

of the simplicity, true expression of Lincoln. and moral grandeur dignity, When Napoleon said that he would make Paris the he proof the world that is,the ruler of taste capital claimed the Lincoln
" "

his greatest success. from his their inspiration tradition

was

Due

to

the artists who Even

drew

the French victories,

classical

carried

throughoutEurope.

England,

It is beauty Washington peopletake their theories off into a corner, The good Washingtonian lives hapas a dog takes a bone. pily within the sphereof influence exerted by the dominating which takes color and form from the atmosphere, shaft, changing from hour to hour, but always standingstrong, far above it, like the earth yet towering on serene; planted the benignantFather of his Country,to whose prescience the fact that our national capital and taste we owe may, in
to

let such

havingwithstood
to

the dominion
the world

the power of Napoleon's succumbed armies, of his artists. Through the French architects has learned
to

another century,
of the world.

come

to

stand

among

the greatest capitals

to the Brooklynhas used the column for its monument Prisonship Martyrs of the Revolution; and the Lake States be called monumental. have set up, at Put-in-Bay, that may justly of Perry's a memorial To-day our young Victory in the form of a great column,rising almost trained in the great Paris school of architecture; on Lake Erie, are men seek instruction and stimulating from the surface of the water, and bearing and painters a burningtripod our sculptors in the studios of Paris. Then, if they are for the multitude of shipsusingthat waterway. as a signal companionship the immortals,In setting the Battle Monument Point ambitious to place themselves and design at West seriously among leaves nothingto be desired. they win their way to the American Academy in face to face with works that In all three instances the beholder is moved Rome, where they are brought by the have lived throughoutthe centuries and never were more otic happy way in which nature and art combine to stir patriof satisfactionthat our heroes alive than they are to-day. and excite feelings pulses Thomas ruler with the great have been beautifully and nobly honored. a contemporary Jefferson, Napoleon,sought to set up here in America standards of In public architecture he taste in architecture and sculpture.

speak one

and

the

same

guage lan-

in commemorative

monuments

and in those

structures

would have

nor Paris, yet

derive neither from the classicism regnant in with which the uninspired the Palladian style Wren followers of Sir Christopher were decorating
us

from

Ever

since 1853, when

a

Clark

Mills

mounted

Andrew

Jacksonupon

London
to

Rather buildings. of

he would and

send Roman

our

builders back architecture for

the finest examples of Greek

none

steed,and made him doff his hat prancing has been the the White House, the equestrian statue1 to until to-dayWashingfor martial heroes, favorite memorial ton
"

understood

horseback than qan and elegance.He boast of more bronze men on can simplicity, proportion, for better the difference between body and indeed, it is a mattef if, any other cityin the world He did not seek the reproduction of Greek and Roman boastfulness ! Among American statues are some spirit. equestrian but wine into old bottles; that may be classed as works of art, and one which seems buildings, therebyputtingnew should be planned he did insistthat our publicbuildings destined to be accounted so surpassingly good as to take for the uses theywere intended to serve, and also that they equestrian place with the two acknowledgedpre-eminent should be a joy and a delight tion, of locaof the world and the the Gattamelata at Padua to the eye, by reason statues harmonious and worthy of Colleoni at Venice.2 The Sherman statue at the entrance landscape-setting, proportions materials. He sought to produce in the American mind of in this country was first The statue set one equestrian George up those emotions of patriotism, love of country, desire for the way, III,made in England, of lead,gilded. It was erected at the foot of Broadof the spirit, which to his mind were the real satisfactions things New tinental York, in 1770. Six years later it furnished 42,088 balls for Conof life. Often he cast pearls to a heedless generation, In 1803, an equestrianstatue of Charles IV of Spain muskets. and especially but may to the generations not executed in the City of Mexico, and was cast in one piecein that city. was succeeding; executed in the United The first equestrianstatue States is the Andrew in his we art approach our national and commemorative Washington, January Jackson, by Clark Mills,unveiled in Lafayette Square, and with an such as his enriched by spirit, intelligence of the of New Orleans. the battle anniversary on thirty-eighth 8, 1853, travel and meditation, rather and by a disposition to enjoy Henry K. Brown's statue of Washington, in Union Square, New York City,
" " "

their standards

"

than

to

? criticise IV

unveiled July 4, 1856. This is one of the few good equestrian statues was of Washington in the United States. 2 three great equestrian During the periodof the Renaissance in Italy,
over

To

celebrate his victories

up
a

Trajanset

marble

Doric

peror the Dacians, the Emcolumn, up the surface

statues at

of which winds a spiral band of sculpture, scenes depicting from his triumphs; and the amiable Marcus Aurelius followed
upon
statue own placed that ultimately position after standing to those royal provedprecarious pagans; for, their lofty summits for some on fifteencenturies, they were forced at last to giveplace to St. Peter and St. respectively three hundred years to their Paul, who have now some

his example. Each of his

emperor

had his

the summit

column,

credit. of Trajan's Napoleon commanded a copy the sculpture up in the Place Vendome, in Paris, in bronze, his victoriesin Germany and Austria. to depict With us the shaft has taken of forms. In the case many the Bunker Hill and the Washington Monuments, the Column
set

In

1805

de Narni, Erasmo condottiere, who achieved one of the sculptor was Donatello, of and in its the It is world. statues "powerful majestic equestrian great for dramatic effect, cular exaggeratedmusno very repose; there is no striving head, action, but the whole is dominated by the strong, energetic realism." The second great statue is the which is modelled with searching Leonardo da Vinci's statue of Francesco Colleoni in Venice; the third was which never Sforza, got beyond the model stage. in the centre of the Campo The monument to General Colleoni stands modelled by Andrea VerrocSanti Giovanni e Paolo, at Venice. It was and was cast in bronze by Alessandro Leopardi, chio,a pupilof Donatello, and probably had a part in the statue who designed the perfect pedestal, itself. It was unveiled March 12, 1496. Professor Middleton says: "This spects reis,perhaps, the noblest equestrianstatue in the world, being in some and to of Marcus Aurelius in Rome to the antique bronze superior The horse is designed that of the Gatta-Melata at Padua, by Donatello. with wonderful and spirit, and the easy pose of the great General, nobility is a model of combining perfectbalance with absolute ease and security, ability." sculpturesque

fashioned. of militaryheroes were of the famous Padua in 1453, in memory

The

The

firstof these

was

set

up

called Gattamelata.

ARCHITECTURE
Central

Park, New

York, makes

use

of

man

and

animal

to

portray
bent is the and

the steady,determined,resistlessmarch

of armies

of Victory only on the conquest of peace. The figure of cruelty and oppression but of reunion not harbinger the work is excellent, but its good will. As a portrait

real value

lies in the fact that

it

arouses

in the

spectator

fore
painting. Further, he
in such
manner

he can be able to not express himself greatly. He may be able to express put his thought into words, but he must himself in his chosen medium architecture, sculpture,
"

must'be

able
arouse

to

as

shall

tions emoexpress his own like emotions in the

beholder of his work.

to

He

emotions. strong patriotic VI

deliver his message

have What

have the technical ability must He clearly, distinctly, powerfully.

say.

must

something to

war

with

shall the artist say to-day ? We went high ideals. Have we realized them ?

into this
Have
we

perplexingsubject of the memorial building community centre, auditorium,or art gallery. The questionis not whether it is useful, but whether it can in coming generations be made of honor, to arouse feelings for the lives sacrificed on the altar respect, and gratitude of country. Remember, those boys were as great idealists, knows who mingled with them in camp and on every one
as

Now

to

that

even

formulated

them ?

Shall

we

be in haste

to

undertake

"

great works while the world is stillin a chaotic mental state; itself and rides on before the ship of civilization rights an
even

In shipboard. under the of the knees Hun

the

trenches showed
came

ideals

were

often

concealed the stiffening

helmet,and
that

themselves
at

only in
of the

the end

first twenty

yardson the
to

express build it. Memorial in

a

side of the top. Can the building be made their service and sacrifice ? If so, by all means it has been done Once in this country. The that dominates Harvard
not spirit

By Nothing can check the passionfor the expression i n monumental form. We national,patriotic feeling such as they are. shall have But, plenty of monuments, that we have an opportunity to now sideration givethought and conlet us hasten slowly. Let us first to the matter, constitutes an find out for ourselves what really enduring memorial, and then strive to attain for our own community
no means.

Is the last word

keel after the greatest of to be one

storms

of helpless pessimism?

of

an

ideal

creation,a real work

the
not spirit

Hall
a

but military in which

names

Universityis peaceful. Dedicated

the character who died

ceived con-

breathe

of carnage

of art; and let that but of peace.

creation

by

poem is enshrined, bearingthe

to
save

great prayer
the

and

of Lincoln in battle

of those

world's of

with windows Union, adorned depictingthe noblest characters, carryingon its walls the portraits
men

and makes Hall

women

whose

service of

community
Memorial above virtue So
are

them

rises

worthy high above

"

and the to learning enduring remembrance,

uses
"

Americans have regarded art as a luxury smacking of effeminacy. To-day there are people who would not enter art gallery, not an only because they have no desire to see but also because and statues they fear the ridicule pictures of their fellow-men. Art and music and poetry they leave of the family. They want serious things to the women like golf and poker,shootingand shows. to They want
"

its utilitarian

even

talk about

business,and

their

own

automobiles.

its bad of valor the

architecture
and

and

proclaims the

supreme

Pantheon

sacrifice for one's country. in Rome and the Invalides of the emotions
a

noble Unless the artist shall be clear in his conception, the memorial in his thought,and skilful in his expression,

great memorials, because

not

Therefore, it is
but building;

it has

been

impossibleto make done rarely.

VII

Unless the community shall be in Paris will fail lastingly to count. of excellence in the work, the at heart,appreciative they inspire. patriotic That memorial artist will labor in vain. of a true was a saying of John of art do not judge a work of art; a work La Farge: "You judgesyou." of the emotions A work of art is the graphicexpression of the artist in such
manner as

to

call forth similar emotions

or

In rather
on

the discussion

thus

far, emphasishas
than
on

been

placed
The

in the

beholder.
is immune

But
to

suppose

the individual

the

munity com-

the effect of the memorial

its form.

emotions, or is carried away

ideals that
our

by gusts
seas over-

such effects be created,such How can questionthen arises, ? Unfortunately,there is no be inspired high emotions sufficient and certain road to the goal. It is not straight say, Go have but
to to to
an

of emotion. have shall that

Suppose the
been

boys carried
some

put back

in the closet until

artist and back

on

look
to

in his hands. We put yourself works the discarded or dishonored

to

againbringthem into use. can buy, as we would buy memorial worthy of those who for our
we

great crisis Suppose the idea prevails

diamonds sakes
or a pearls,

laid down
amid

their the

of the past
to

be modest

as

present achievements

or

even

lives
snows

on

of France the battle-fields of Russia.

and

Belgium,or
of conscience ?

There possibilities. the artist who the with

is no

beaten

path

which

leads

shall

MacMonnies"

courageous Nathan of

surelyexpress emotions facing of ignominious death, as in Hale; or the graciousdignity and

nation,
as

directly comparable

toward justice rather give time not

to

Now, the dead,

and

as can

a we

matter
so

and Shall

of
we

them slight of

thought and
real works

serious consideration
art
"

make

our

war

memorials

works

that

controlled power
statue

this

in* French's

colossal

of a despised the leadership of the republic; race or Memorial. Shaw for freedom, as in Saint-Gaudens' fighting considerations that will be Yet there are some practical bebe capableof thinkinggreatly helpful. An artist must

of our shall express our convictions, appreciation deep-felt sacrifice made, and our high determination to work for the of that civilizationfor which and advancement

protection
they fought?
money,

Can
our

we war

not

put minds
memorials ?

and

hearts,as well

as

our

into

ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN

FOR

RECTORY,

PARISH

HOUSE,

AND

ST. GEORGE'S

CHURCH,

MAPLEWOOD,

N.

J.

Charles W.

Short,Jr.,Architect.

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Brand
our

from the Burning

sincere suffered

wider

interest in the decorative

Museum and the Museum

arts

and

both

the

politan Metro-

of Natural

WE

extend and

History have

most

sympathy
loss in Fine

to

the architects

done
a

artists who

the

that destroyed the

of the galleries the

to

fire surprising Arts Building on of the Architectural

on

Street, where Fifty-seventh

exhibition be

that

League
The
and
sent

was was

all
to

ready
have

opened
one

January
country

31.

exhibition
distinction. work
to

been

of unusual
over

interest

in helpingextend work this interest in creating splendid better publictaste. of the losses due to the fire the league In spite announces it hopes to have an doubt tects archiand no exhibition, everywhere will respond to the request for new terial mathe placesof what has been -destroyed.No to take
at

Architects from shown.

From

all
an

the

had

one

interested

editorial appreciative in the New York Times it gives we as quote the following, the exhibition had been a very good idea of how attractively planned, and expresses so well our own feeling regarding the zeal and efficiency of t'he men who had so generously their time and services and skill toward given making the exhibition what it was hoped would prove one of the most of the league. notable in the history
BEAUTY BURNED AWAY

be

of various

exhibitions

all in the arts, who has followed the course in the Fine Arts Building, will think

time a hope that perhaps at the same long and cryingneed for an adequate fireproof building enough to house the various art societies may large
at

of the loss without last the

come

from

this disaster. New

an

It has been York's

reflection upon there was nowhere and

attitude

for many years the toward

a

ful shamethat

arts

adequate place for

comprehensive

"The

Architectural the
most

League
and
ever

through
were

beautiful

planned and exhibition logical

had

carried of architecture Men

emy really importantexhibition of American art. The acadshows have been woefullylimited by inadequatewall of the criticism of that dignified and wellspace, and much this lack of to meaning institution has been due entirely space and the younger
not
men.

'to

any

lack

of

generous

attitude

toward

and

the allied arts

held in this country.

the final details on Thursday working at full speed over making ready for the receptionto be held yesterday, but before the exhibition was opened the result of many weeks of labor of hand and brain was in ashes. tively Comparafew people had seen the exhibits in the Fine Arts the before but those who had been Building catastrophe, will not admitted forget the dignityof their appearance
at

the eleventh hour. with

a

The

art

of exhibition had

The high degree of intelligence.

been practised Vanderbilt each of

Gallery was
these
was

divided

into small

alcove

rooms

and

nished designedby an architect and decorated and furfor all purposes, and with its schools and exhibitions under his supervision, and was so placedin the gallery its aspect of spaciousness; be made the sculpture, with to preserve to support itself. as the exceptionof the largecentral The cesses prizesof the Architectural League had been placed in regroups, was before the fire and include the following: and seen a background of decorative against paintings awarded " AlDelano of Honor for architecture Medal to that beauty of color contributed to the general or fabrics, so tecture, effect. The skeleton of the old galleries reconstructed drich; for paintingto Arthur Crisp. For landscapearchiwas " Geiffert;the Helen BarVitale BrinckerhofF in harmony with the architectural to plan of the exhibition. Prize for sculpture, The Mandarelli; the Avery whole of collaborato Laurence of a generous tion nett was spirit eloquent of the immense and industry and single-mindedness Prize to Karl H. Gruppe. of the workers in making the exhibition successful."

We informed that plans have alreadybeen formed are by the Architectural League for the construction of a built! will materialize. ing,and we sincerely hope that the project of our There is a fine opportunityhere for some rich men interested in the arts to establish enduring monuments and service. We had the Vanderbilt to perform a great public Galleryin the Fine Arts Building, why may we not have series of galleries in a great new and a buildingendowed is no reason able after their donors ? There named why a suitthat will house all should not be constructed building the various art societies, provide adequate exhibition galleries

There was of more be made

never

time

when

such

an

exhibition
never

could been
a

A 'T^HERE

Fine

Achievement

for service, public

thsre has

for the time when there is such a crying need for building, and services of the trained architect and for the intelligent

tasteful uses
For
some

of the allied arts. years work the

tendency of
to

the
a

leagueexhibitions
overaccentua-

has been, it has seemed

tion of the of the of materials.
more or

us, toward

rather

in a of admirable thingsdone number a were largeway by our architects during the war, and some not of the housing developments were only great practical well. artisticsuccesses but were as Many of the successes numbers were houses built in large admirably designedand

interior decorator
architectural

and

the

facturer manu-

have

set

standard
was

that will be of the demand

use

all

over

the country.

The

exhibits have

been
or

Nowhere
the

for

buildingmore

urgent

ness less submerged. There were perhaps good busifor making this particular reasons appeal on the house who had it no doubt brought many visitorsto the littleappreciation and, perhaps,less interest
matters.
seems

side,for furnishing
show in the

purely

architectural
arts

The toward

whole the

tendency
of

of
a

present in the

cultivation

difficult than in the city more problems greater_and the direction of Mr. Waddy of Washington, and here under in all the that covered constructed B. Wood buildings were acres. Among the buildings great floor space of fifty-six tration the Fuel AdminisAdministration buildings, the Food were of National War Inthe Council Defense, buildings,
43

44

ARCHITECTURE

building, Aviation building, Medical nance Corps building,two large buildings for the Ordbuildings for the Department, and the numerous Industrial Housing Corporation. This work with done office force averaging six was an and one men stenographer,in about two and one-half years and amounted first building was to over $7,500,000. The for Mr. Hoover, for which he was apparently willingto pay
dustries

Board,

War

Trade

business
numbers.

man

at

the

end

of his
are

day, would
wanted
at

be

Small

apartments
and made

modest

besieged by prices.
and
sured as-

They

can

be built

to

yield a handsome

income.

For

Library
nucleus

of Civic

Art

the

normal

commissions,

but

which the

the

architect

declined
any the

BY
Art

plan recently agreed

a an

step toward
of Commission that

New York has taken a upon, for a libraryof civic art as the

to charge a cent profit. Mr. Wood cents to fifty up

for,executing
also offered the normal
to

contract

without

result

agreement
and

made

do all the other In

for buildings
case

the
some

overhead. the

every

Finding
in the

there

was

recently by the Municipal Municipal Reference Library. duplication and overlapping

government,
overhead
case

which

decided

cent

any gross, and

did

for all and expenses of the work cost in the work

fees,paid under the normal personalcompensation. In no

the

government

over

per

done

for the

Housing Corporation,
not

taking what was designed and built and what was built,the total fee including the architect's profitand
six-tenths of one was expenses per cent. above work that was completed working for that that the
was

all the

In addition

to

brary libeing carried on in the Art Commission's in the Municipal Reference and Library, Mr. Henry Rutgers Marshall, Assistant Secretary of the Commission, ence arranged with Mr. Dorsey W. Hyde, Jr.,Municipal ReferLibrarian, for the latter to assume complete responsibility for the art commission's collection,which was duly of the Municipal Reference constituted branch a Library, work
to

made drawings were Housing Corporation for $5,313,000 worth of work for other not built, besides preliminaries projects
amount
was

be devoted
In

to

civic with

art.

would

to

several

millions

more.

In every

stance in-

this work
the money the

completed inside the time allowed and appropriated,with the exception of the Houscase

and irig,
on

in the

of the Trade

Board

$100,000

was

saved

appropriation.
is
no

There the with

most

doubt

that

all of this work with

was

done

under

difficult conditions

many

conflicting judgments.
of what and
can

from all sides, pressure The result is a worthy under the

manifestation of

be achieved

direction

this plan a civic art division of the Municipal Reference Library has been created, and the of consolidating the two collections is now in work progress. is being prepared, and some A classification scheme progress has been made in the compilation of an index. Index cards will be duplicated in the index of the Municipal Reference with the Library, 512 Municipal Building, in accordance of the library's Public followed for the books plan already Health Division. York architects Suggestions from New of wider usefulness the new to how as librarycan be made will be gladly received. accordance

thoroughly trained architects,and reflects honor the professionin general. They were upon not only ready to give their services but gave them freely and effectively whenever called upon. they were

conscientious

The
1. Sends 2. Circulates

American
out

Federation

of Arts
selected

exhibitions travelling lectures illustrated

by experts.
writers.

illustrated
a

by

authoritative

Co-operative Apartments
HHERE A
are

3. Publishes

monthly
4.
.

Magazine of Art).
thousands
of

families, many

thousand

in-

American War
as a

Art

Manual)
Art

magazine (The American Issues a yearly Art Directory (The 5. Conducts for better a campaign
Annual Conventions. 8. 7. Serves

in New dividuals, livingin makeshift York, apartments in in the country. city and town They are paying every exorbitant rents, getting less and less service in return for their and wondering when the house is going to be money, sold and another landlord pirate come in for his pound of flesh. There is a solution of the problem in well-organized and by well-organized co-operation, not mean we only from a merely business point of view but from a view of filling a house with the right sort of Co-operation on co-operators. dollar basis, a the price, one coming in who can any pay is no better than where the high price present arrangements of an apartment has nothing whatever the character to do with and selection of tenants. There few places for are so the relatively but and respectableprofessional man poor his kind.

Memorials.
National

6. Holds

for

tion, SuppliesArt informa9. Aids in establishing missions. Art Cometc. study courses, 11. Works 10. Strives for better Art legislation. 12. Fights for American dustrial Ineducation. better Art

Clearing House.

Art.

Finally through
"

these

and

other

means

correlates

all

the

art

interests
a

of the United

States.

properly qualified organizer of co-operative apartments started out with the idea of buildingplaces that could be looked as homes, where upon permanent every tenant could be assured of the respectability of his neighbors, and the peace and quiet sought by the decent tired
who

and cessful, sucorganization,hard at work happy until you are a member. bership, Membership. Associate Membership, $3. Active Membership $10. Contributing Membership, $100. Life Memof $500. one Perpetual Membership payment (which may be bequeathed), $1,000. The American Magazine of Art is sent to all members. members vote Life,and Perpetual Active,Contributing, may the Annual Meetings. at Magazine of Separate subscription to The American It is

live-wire

but

not

"

"

membership in the Art, without Arts, is $2.50.

American

Federation

of

J
OH

g
"

U w H
HH

W
u

n H

b.

^
FEBRUARY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XX.

THE

CLOCK

BALCONY,

MOUNT

VERNON

SEMINARY,

WASHINGTON,

D.

C.

Wesley

S.

Architect. Bessell,

H
U w

H
i" (

ffi
U

X X

H u

B
i" i

w
u

FEBRUARY,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXIV.

MAIN

STAIRWAY.

VIEW

IN

CLOISTER. MOUNT VERNON

Wesley SEMINARY, WASHINGTON,

D. C.

S.

Architect. Bessell,

FEBRUARY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXVI.

RESIDF.NCE, ISAAC

T.

MANN,

WASHINGTON,

D.

C.

George Oakley Totten,Jr., Architect.

X X

H U

ffi
U

FEBRUARY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE XXVIII.

SUN-ROOM.

ENTRANCE-HALL.

Architect. George Oakley Totten, Jr.,

RESIDENCE,

ISAAC

T.

MANN,

WASHINGTON,

D.

C.

14

FEBRUARY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXX.

ENTRANCE

DETAIL,

SIGMA

PHI

PLACE,

HAMILTON

COLLEGE,

CLINTON,

N. Y.

Clement R. Newkirk, Architect.

B
5

u w

FEBRUARY,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXXII.

MANTEL

AND

FIREPLACE

IN

"COMMON"

ROOM.

"COMMON"

ROOM.
SIGMA I'HI

Clement

R.

Newkirk,

Architect.

FLACK,

HAMILTON

COLLEGE,

CLINTON,

N.

Y.

What

Artificial

Light
By
H.

Means
Vandervoort
miss

to

the
Walsh

Modern

Structure

of the words of IN the sunshine until the

one

our

popular songs,
sun

"We
never

never

The

employment by the
men

gas

companiesof highly specialized

is

set.
we

We

miss the
same

laughteruntil
of human
nature

the

eyes

are

wet,"
we our we

find the upon the

strain

system

of

very remarkable developments of this and lighting, although livingin a city where

has led

to

with which
when

look modern
are

marvellous
have

in development of lighting
no

building. We

thrillsany

more

dazzled

in the brilliant

charmed of a hotel lobby,nor are we by the soft lights home where mysteriousglow in the reading-roomof some bowls of light us. pour their indirect illumination around vert night we should suddenly reSuppose that to-morrow hundred back to one lighting years ago with our tems syswould candles. We of sperm-oil lamps and primitive is how then structure dependent the modern appreciate which the war its lighting.The gloom of darkness upon required would be daylight in comparison. The hottest chill upon the air. radiator could not dispelthe mental

Then, think
When
as

of the

cost

One

hundred

years

ago

to

burn

sperm-oil you
you about much

spent
the

JS2.50 for every

1,000 candle-hours.

realize that

to-day we
home
as was

use

lightin
10

used

nearlyeighteentimes then, and that we

or

pay

cents

of twenty-fifth
even

what

per 1,000 candle-hours it used to cost, the

about

one-

picturebecomes

from the vivid. Indeed, you cannot more get away is the very life-blood of the modern fact that artificial light
As increased progress in lighting it followed, and each of these there
were

structure. two

lines

which
These
we can

lines has

produceda
all others.

force for illumination

two

which

has

supplanted

linesof

secure

caused by the fact that were development first, lightby two physical means: by the

flame where

chemical

action took

by place,and, secondly,

the incandescent objectwhere no chemical action occurred but some filament is heated to such a high temperature that has the flame it glows. Gas the force behind become method of illumination, but even this has slipped half-way
over

form of illumination, architect is the prevailing electricity no that many should allow himself to develop the scorn ple peohave for gas light, which is largely due to ignoranceof In many the best methods. is as much localities gas lighting is in others. a blessingto the community as electricity There are placeswhere the electricservice is irregular many of gas is quite necesand liable to breakdown, and the use sary outlet fixtures should be as a stable standby. Double Where there is good presprovided for such emergency. sure, of gas, and proper uniformityof quality, purification than the electric service develops variations of more and is much from the maximum, 5 per cent to be gas lighting preferred. formation of the best aids to the architect for securinginOne is through the National concerninggas lighting Gas Commercial Association. They have developed a standard system and table for pipinga house for gas which for the flow of is founded studied, formula on a carefully of measuring gas, other methods gas through pipes. Unlike this table is based upon the quantityof gas delivered through of 3^-inchoutlets instead of cubic feet. It a pipe in terms 10 is found by comparison that s^-inch outlets consume aim of this table for laying cubic feet of gas per hour. The is to have the loss in pressure not to exceed out gas-pipes and in 30 feet of length of piping, water jij-inch pressure the size of the pipe increase from the extremityof to have the meter, accordingas each section has the system toward of outlets to supply. increased number an have the developments in electric lighting Of course been this form of such great strides that it has really made commercial which has made enormous our possible lighting structures, and it is
to

this system

that

the architect

most

mantle. incandescent system in the Welsbach the force behind the incandescent has become Electricity
to

the

system.

he has at his disposal his attention. Here turns naturally such as the Cooper-Hewitt lamp, a great varietyof lights, the incandescent the enclosed and the open arc-lamp, lamps, like the Mazda tantalum and the

To-day
gas
are

we

have

two

for the isolated house and

and gasoline gas are separatedfrom any a lighting system which Coal lonelyfarmhouse.
sources

illuminating gas: one Acetylene which used in homes extensively central supply, and have produced bringscomfort and cheer into the
classes the other for the cities. gas
are

of

tungsten

and

Nernst; and

the their

lamp filledwith nitrogen. All of these have The specialplaces and adaptablequalities. easy
control of any
At the
same

switch

system
time

makes

almost possible has

at

the architect

any effect. the his disposal He need

of flame

gas and water illumination in the

the

and cities,

great before the

two

in the country. information of the finest specialists

not

electric

lightwas developed in usefulness held the supreme position.In certain localitieswhere natural gas can be secured at a very cheap rate it still holds its own. The general tendency in gas-light development has been to reproduce as far as possible the incandescent system of electric lighting. The of the old-fashioned gas use flame is not only out of date but is highly uneconomical. One of the first principles of good is the use of gas lighting the very best in good and maintaining them gas mantles condition. The mantles are caused to glow by heat produced by the burning gas, which is designed to combust like a Bunsen burner. The white lightproduced comparatively by this mantle should be hidden by properly designed the best effects. globesto secure
46

that the electric if his specifications much require worry Electric Code of follow the National wiringin the building the need National
to

Board

of

Fire

Underwriters.
if he

Nor

does

he

wait

long

for information

Development. With handy, there is hardly any reason in why the architect of to-day should have much difficulty his electric-light problems. solving the In attackingthis subjectwith each new building, architect should constantlykeep in mind the economical the modern it means of good lighting to value and what great building. In the business buildingit makes possible the of advertisement. played upon Flood-lights powers ture structure bring out the architectural beauties ot the structhe inside the blackest nights. Good on lighting on
for Electrical
sources

ciety calls upon the Sosuch excellent two

of information

ARCHITECTURE
decreases bihties
to

47
of light intensity on ..'..-

the

of employeesand therefore their liafatigue mistakes. It

is hardly

make

the

advantagesit has
windows
to

in the

showrooms
In

necessary to make

to

tell of

sales or

in the hotel

attract
as

trade.

the

home, club,or

much a part of the decorative scheme as the walls themselves. It gives good comfort and cheer. It is better to read by and live in. The proper study of the problem requires five distinct steps: (1) To
determine the kind of lighting system to be employed; (2) to locate all outlets and settle upon the arrangement of wiring; (3) to select the kind of lamps to be

is good lighting

used; (4) to decide upon the lighting method to be used, and (5) to make a selection of the fixtures and the glassware
to

the edge of the landingshould be lessthan one foot-candle. The never for halls and lights elevators should follow similar lines. In determining the intensity of any lighting system there are a few fundamental rules with which the architect should be familiar. If he desires to the intensity compute of light at a certain interval from its vide source, he should dithe candle-power of the light of the feet by the square distant from that source. This result is expressed in footcandles. This foot-candle in the following table will be considered as the factor of illumination. In rooms for general work thisfactor is from 3 to 6. For fine bench-work the factor is 5 to 10.
To of 1.0 the following table gives producean intensity
to

The

be used
which

are

some

The

them. Each building has its own culties diffibe surmounted, but on the whole there rules to be followed. very good general consideration of what system of lighting general
on

must

the
1.0

watts watt

each square

foot of floor surface with

with

lampsof

will be used has already been discussed; as of outlets, the architect must be influenced
structure

Lamps per candle-power. change the table in proportion.

WATTS
PER

higherefficient

to

the location the class of SQUARE

AN

by

FOOT INTENSITY

NECESSARY
OF ONE

AT

ONE

W.

P. C. TO

with, and also by the method of dealing he is using. For this reason lighting he should have a clear idea of these general methods and what they mean.
There
and
are

he is

PRODUCE

FOOT-CANDLE

three methods
most

of

a room. lighting

plest The sim-

recently developed of light is hidden source from view by opaque reflectors, and the light which isutilized is first thrown to the ceiling and walls and then reflected the objects in the room onto ciency effito be illuminated. The of this method of lighting is lower than the direct method, but there is a restfulnessabout it which is pleasing Extract from the National Electric Light Association salesman's handbook. to the eye in that there is a total absence of glare. The third method is the semi-indirect, which is half-way between Find the number of watts Example of Application. the two former. Here the light isthrown toward the ceiling necessary to properly illuminate a 50 x 100-foot book-store and then down, but it also permits a certain percentage of and considering that the walls usingsemi-indirect lighting it to pass throughthe reflector. The glare of direct lighting are dark. Then as our factor we would take 5 foot-candles, is removed and the dark spot of the reflector, which is seen and 5 x 50 x 100 x 0.37 would giveus 9,250 watts necessary in the indirect system, is relieved. Its efficiency is partly To secure this with 100-watt l?mps to illumine it properly.
is the indirect lighting. Here the
"

It was the lighting. first to be used and is the least affected by the color of the walls and the ceilings. A more method

the

efficientis the direct

between the
The used in

two

former methods.'

we

would
It
must

have would

to

use

92 of
to
use

them,
82 of
we

or

if

we

had

150-watt

lamps to candle-power.If the reduce the lamps we are to use are of higherefficiency, we number of lamps accordingly, and vice versa. Now, in the "case of laying out a lighting system for the for all home, the architect should make ample provision consider ten or twelve as better if it can be secured. The the extra loads which may be placed upon the wires in the horizontal spacing electrical devices, for these must be conought to be such that there is the same sidered way of auxiliary distance between lights there is above the floor. No as along with the lighting system. A liberal use of of low intensity for convenience areas should be allowed to develop. Rebut also invites flectors switches not only makes by the color of the walls and ceilings. The common in locating is to practice lights low where the ceilings place them as high as possible are and to drop them when the ceilings slightly are high. A good rule is to make eightfeet the minimum heightand
but it is the least affected

direct-lighting most commonly system is the one industrial buildings. It is not only the most nomical eco-

lampswe
have
an

have

them, etc.
a

be noticed that

considered these

of one efficiency

watt

to

should

be of such

character

as

to

reduce

any

economy.
a

liberal distributionof baseboard outlets is almost and

,

glareor eye fatigue.The use of the semi-indirect method of lighting is limited to room? effects where special desired and the ceilings are are light.The horizontal spacing of these lights may be twice as great as the distance from the floor to the lamp. Unless the ceiling and the fixturereflector can be kept clear of dust considerable amount of
will result. inefficiency The entrance-halls of this class of building should be for advertising Semi-indirect lighted brilliantly purposes. in this case is quitesatisfactory. Side-brackets will also enhance the effect at times,and the use of decorative globes improvesthe artistic results of the decorations. The stairs where are an important especially part to keep well lighted, end and steps begin. A light platforms on every landing of glarylights and the avoidance is a good rule to follow.

visual

for portable attachments necessity light should living-room

a

trical elec-

apparatus.
The and also is be

providedwith
two
or more

side outlets
ceptacles re-

central

and outlet,

baseboard
fixtures.

for electroliers and

room

additional

If the

wall

it is best to have the lights at both ends controlled long, by separate switches for convenience and economy. switch ought also to control the baseboard receptacle device like electrical If there is a
a vacuum

where

any

cleaner may

be

the room should be lighted library, soft glow, and for readingpurposes there with a general of baseboard outlets for connecting should be a number without too longcord extensions. reading-lamps portable will require much consideration for The dining-room as outlets as for light outlets. The central lighting auxiliary connected.

ARCHITECTURE satin rather be controlled by a three-way buff colors, and the finish should be matt or over ought than glazed The colors of the walls and hangswitch at the door from the pantry and by another at the or varnished. ings the proper light. also be considered in selecting door from the rest of the house into the dining-room. must general each are satisfactory for from 40 to four lights of 50 watts Dark greens, reds,or blues may reduce the light Generally The elevation at which the bowls should be this central light.There ought also to be providedextra 60 per cent. sideboards and tables. A the ceiling side-wall brackets to go near height. Where the hung depends largely upon with any attempt of the floor should be proit is best to dispense outlet near the centre feet, are ceilings eight special vided If they are about electric cookers,toasters, egg-boilers, to light them with the indirect method. for connecting wall outlet should be proAnother nine feet and the space to be lighted does not exceed 350 etc. special percolators, vided be placed 6 feet 6 inches to 7 feet for heater,fan,or vacuum and another near the bowl may cleaner, square feet,
dome the table
to

the

for serving-tray or drink-mixer. serving-table in the hallsshould be such The arrangement of lights that they can be turned on or off from each floor together or switch

3 inches above bowls 10 inches

the
a

if the ceiling or floor, heightis

ten

feet,
use

7 feet 8 inches is eleven feet and

good

location.

This

assumes

the

of
to

to

18 inches in diameter for

ceilings up

A similar control independently. in the

master

should be located
to
no light place

bedroom

of independent

the other line.

Care should be taken in the bedrooms

so

from twelve to fifteen 16 inches for ceilings is whether feet. Another thingwhich determines the height The the bowl diffusesthe light broadlyor focuses it closely.

that the dresser will be between

cast
on

it and
at

shadows
The

the window-curtain is
to especially

window, for noying. nightare very anthe in bathrooms.

thing to
and

secure

is the of any

of lighted areas ceiling overlapping dark spaces

to
a

reduction of bowls

minimum.

The

lection se-

This

be

avoided

dependsmostlyupon

the bedroom, decorations the furnishings side-wallbrackets are the best for lighting and they should always cover the light. they should be controlled by a switch at the entranceof the which from both of the of the kind the selection and be worked sides Of course can partition. glass door, type the cluded. of fixture is as much Outlets for reading-lamp and desk-lampought also to be ina part of the architect's duty as His also be installed for condetermination Additional outlets may of what decorations are to be used. necting into the and the electrical and personal likes and dislikes will enter taste apparatus. In both the bedrooms for be laid down The bath turn-down usual and no general can lamps are very convenient. requirements problem, him. for fixtures in the bedrooms is five feet His taste has full play if he has built up the practical heightsatisfactory and for switches four feet. foundation beforehand in the correct layoutof his lighting Due the eye the use of the to the very easy effect upon system and the rightcalculations for lightrequirements. has been introduced semi-indirect or indirect system of lighting skeleton, However, if he has failedto firstbuild his practical of the home wherever possible. To results with all the into the lighting he cannot satisfying expect to secure be successful, the ceilings be white, must or light artistic skill in the world. cream, and

their appearance of the rooms, but

with

Book
"SMALL COUNTRY WEAVER.
new

Reviews

Great

Architectural

Library
the
western

Second series. By LAWRENCE HOUSES OF TO-DAY." Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
volume
on

A wholly

the

same

lines as the author's former book,

containingthe work "It is permissible to

book

of many architects here published for the first time. what wonder of houses will be illustrated in a manner similar to this publishedtwenty years hence. Will the present upheaval of social life make domestic indelible mark architecture and an on character of our houses as it is changing our national country We doubt it, for the Englishtraditions of domestic architecture many

in architectural library largest and probablythe second or thousand of twenty-five world, consisting

THE
to

sphere hemi-

architecture

and

with

the School of

in the largest volumes relating linked the allied arts, has been definitely Architecture of Columbia University by third

change the ?" policies

that is

have survived

changes, and
and
more

the

deep-seated admiration
even

for them
own try coun-

becomingmore

evident

in

so

many

of

our

librarian the appointmentof Mr. William B. Dinsmoor as and also as a member of the staffof the School of Architecture. of This library, located in Avery Hall on the campus
was University, completedin 1912 as a memorial P. Avery and of his son, the late Henry has been P. Avery. Although the School of Architecture and been in building occupying three floors of this same there has been no human with this library, constant contact them such as will now exist by the appointtie between ment

votes a continuinginfluence. In this volume the author dechaptereach to houses in many parts of Great Britain, including a number of examples of interesting The alterations. introductory chapter with "Client and Architect," "The "Fees and Services," Value of dealing "Architects and the Public," Models," "Examples in Various Materials," "The War and House Design," contains many ideas of interest to the profession is rich in its numerous everywhere. The volume photographs of various details and plans, and should prove of value to every typical houses, architect in studying the possibilities in of variation of the English styles
a

houses will be

Columbia

of the late Samuel

our

own

domestic architecture.
A STUDY IN THE NEW STANDS. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. is "An the Practical to Appeal

of Mr.
the school.

Dinsmoor Mr.

to

be librarian and holds

a

also instructor in

Dinsmoor

THE GREAT CITY "WHERE CIVICS." By C. R. ASHBEE. As stated

School

of Harvard books

tectural degreefrom the Archiin the has specialized University, art, and these is the author and subjects,

by

the

author, this book

of history
extensive

architecture and

of

ber num-

Idealist." In all idealism that is worth while,that has something behind it beside vague dreams and undigestedthought,is the element of the practical. More the idealist that we often than not it is to the practical owe that the in the The book welfare. count things ultimately most public

of articles and

on

has made

studies archaeological

in Greece.

might be called Town Planning,based upon something more enduring than It is written in full sympathy with the merely present material comfort. wider expression of spiritual a great need of,and the aspiration for, things in our We environment. can hardly better give an idea of the author's intention than by quoting some of the chapter headings. "The Idea Behind the Arts and Crafts Movement," "What Morris William Stood For," "The Housing and Town Planning Movement," "The City Centre," "Zones, Lungs, and Spaces,""Dirt,Noise and the Menace of Mechanism," "Exhibition and Endowment in the Arts," "The Reaction of Town and manship. and workCountry." Here is a plea for standards in town planning,life,

We

have received
Year-Book.

Architectural

copy of the It contains

of University
a

Kansas

number

of interesting

Among
architects.

the illustrations are

included

the work

of

some

American

and ideals of the drawingsand is a credit to the teaching Information regardfine school of architecture. ing university's the courses in architecture and architecturalengineering of the university. be had by writingthe registrar may Administration Among the illustrations is one of the new Building.

ARCHITECTURE

49

Possible

and

Actual
By

Savings
Edward

in

Building Expense

Rossel

Mitchell

is a splendid of ARCHITECTURE gestive sugP. Wallis entitled "A Possible by Richard Saving in Building Expense." After discussing the facts leading to "the present high cost of buildingand consequent of buildingoperations, Mr. Wallis concludes slowing down that that "every effort should be made to discover a method

IN the

October

number

and every

article

with material-men, thus coming into intimate contact phase of the buildingbusiness. We have been able to attain a position the subcontractors among characterized by confidence and to eagerness

submit We exists

bids. have
with

eliminated entirely subman

when he

the vital credit risk which

will tend He
a

to

diminish

this reluctance that

one

to

build."
way of

the

bids

to

the

then

suggests

very

considerable

percentage
the

of the

be

the elimination
contractor
on

of the unearned work

saving of the buildingwould cost made by the genprofit eral

subcontractors.

evident

we consequently,

get the lowest

bids

tractor; general conat cash possible

prices. By eliminating the general

able
to

contractor

we

have

been

of his various

the clearinghas in a sense become house generalcontractor of building rather than He the builder himself. within himself all of the trades necessary to rarelycombines he out turn a completed building. Most likelyin the'past "The has been has taken
a

masonry
over

to

who contractor contractor or a carpenter himself the handling and direction of the
to

other

trades Some

incidental

building." brought
the
out

further noteworthy truths number

are

by

Mr.

Wallis

are:

The

of profits paid under

one

system

three:

to

the architect, one

general-contract the general to

with

cheaper, as evidenced who submitted by bids occasionally by general contractors wish with to our try their skill at bidding in competition preferredmethods. We have gained complete control of our buildingoperations; each subcontractor must for his certificate, to us come in a positionto make him "walk chalk." and we are We dual responsibility the owner; have eliminated to instead of the owner between the general contractor ricochetting the architect, and he comes and to to us no one in contact with the owner does not else; the subman come
to

build

from

10

20

per

cent

at

all. We have been able office organizationto our superintendents. to give our work better superintendence we general-contract system, because
to

and one to the subcontractor. contractor, The dissatisfaction of the subcontractors method
on

extend

account

the eral-contract include genWe of the manipulation of bids

expert estimators have been able

than under the

and

general contractor, together with the great credit risks entailed by the subman, while the general contractor has little to lose,the consequences of this condition being that the owner's interests are militated against,and the lowest bids cannot be obtained because frequentlythe general by
contractors cannot

the

secure

higherpricefor
have been able

our

services.

We

to

give our

clients greater satisfaction,

get the lowest

subbids. caused

employment of incompetent and unreliable subcontractors, making the owner into dissatisfied, getting the general contractor for the with the owner, and making it impossible arguments architect to give satisfaction. Mr. Wallis concludes from this that the logical solution is to make for the designingarchitect or engineerresponsible the coherent prosecutionof the work. In this we like to would We most heartily agree. have the entire discussion as set forth by Mr. Wallis framed and hung up in the office of architect in the United every States who is interested to know is being why the profession pushed aside from major fields of buildingactivity by men far less less interested in trained, competent, less thoroughly creditable building, point and less disinterested from every standby
than
The

Also, the general dissatisfaction

the

of every branch the exact of cost they know the work; consequently,have fuller realization of what a small We able on are they are getting for their money. at the owner's buildingsto put on a superintendent expense, because the owner knows he is paying no tractor's big general conprofit. able to pay the salary of a superintendent We out are of our own charges for the largerclass of work, because our it. charges are sufficient to justify the generalcontractor is not backing Last, but not least, because
"

us

not

off the stage; we have yet the advantage of our see which

to

find

business
as now soon

man as

who

does
are

methods
are

they

explainedto him; consequently, we

work
a

doing investment
was

few years

ago

in

our

local field

handled

most al-

is the architect.
addenda
we

only

would
Wallis

make is
to

to

the able and that

discussion by Mr.
that his

say

ticable prachis conclusion be

entirely by the generalcontractor. In conclusion, that our methods we are very positive the only ones he bewhich will place the architect where longs are these of the buildingprofession. Under at the head methods the client gladly under pays us 10 per cent, whereas the general-contract he frequentlybegrudges 6 per method
"

"could" suggestions

be followed should

changed

cent, and sometimes construction work.

eliminates

the architect

from

the actual

"are to of being" followed,and successfully, by numbers architects. This firm has been practising just competent the methods outlined by Mr. Wallis for ten For the years. benefit of the profession take this means of summarizing we the results:

First, by eliminatingthe
come

in directly

touch

with

have we general contractor of subcontractors large numbers

The this plan, is able to render under a high architect, tion; qualityof service;he is able to build up an efficientorganizahe is enabled to build more better cheaply and secure work. By rendering a greater service to his clients and an obvious the respect and good-willof the service, he secures client,and is able to put his callingon a strong financial basis.

ARCHITECTURE

Stonewell
the south in the in the hillside'as though the cottage sought protection bosom of the hills (No. 1). No. 2 shows how swiftly the and the plan (No. 3) marks how the building ground slopes, of the site; twists to follow the contour so, seven yet, even The steps are needed between kitchen and sitting-room. door brings the soft into the kitchen entrance us straight

Cottage
projection (shown in
To sitting-room. and outside),
stone

THE

great

chimney
the

rises like

buttress

at

No.

2) that would

take

us

to

the bedroom

corner,

and

gable nestles adjoining

down

but firstwe floor;

go to the left, up three steps, into a is in truth a chimney-corner, the left is a recess (that

for it is the internal result of the great stack in the right-hand corner a steep and narrow

stair winds It is another

bedroom.
we

whollyin
"

the wall up in the thickness of roof. From the sloping there

to

the chief this

"

room

"

enter

of protection
screen

porch was

scorned

"

and

settle

serves

to

which

place the fireover draught. The lintel is an amazing bit of construction, slab a single gigantic a rough shard of slate that had weighinga ton and a half, lain neglected in an old quarry. is a door to a To the right larder and an exit to a shed,or, passage, with adjoining where wood be and the like may more undercroft, properly, In the north wall is a big window, givingample stored. and to the left broad steps laid cornerwise lead to a light, Here starts a windingstair in a circular triangular landing.

the hearth from the

againwe may, neatlynamed Olympus. Reference to No. 1 shows a tiny this This it is that lights window set high in the thatch. thought, bedroom, which it is fair to say was an afterentertaining the pressure of hospitality and is used only when
demands bedroom reached From
an over

is,of course, no corridor from if we will, pass upward to another,

extra

and

unusual

bed.

There

the northeast the middle

end

of the cottage, which

is yet another is

from

staircase.

"Small

CountryHouses
Weaver.

of To-Day,"second series,

by Lawrence

Modern

Building Superintendence
By David
CHAPTER

B.

Emerson
VI IRON AND CARPENTER WORK

SHEET

METAL

WORK,

ORNAMENTAL

commenced the skylights on constructed glazed. They were of galvanized sheet iron, which and corrosion-resisting rust is made The bars in skylights up from a pure iron-ore base. 24 gauge made were metal, with condensation up of No. stiffening gutters formed on the bars;they had wrought-iron the BEFORE the roof
was plastering were

and

preventedslamming.
to

The

electric interlocks
were

were

nected con-

set

and

the

arm

of the closer and

wired

in series with

the elevator the circuit

control

was

closed that when the door was circuit, so vator the door was and when closed, opened the elewas

control any
movement

circuit

preventing opened, thus absolutely

car

of the elevator there

was

while

the door

was

bars

encased

in

the sheet metal. gutters around

These

bars

were

well

In each elevator

installed an
or

emergency

open. release

paintedwith
The

red lead before the

skylights were
the eaves,
were

assembled. into which

switch, so
was

that in made

case

of fire

other

emergency

the interlock
windowthat the

had skylights
to

condensation
leaders

and gutters discharged,

provided with

frames

and

sash

all water the main roof. Wherever in place. other work was onto discharge of the galvanized iron was the skylight in the first story on the street fronts were The windows onto brought down of a and wrought bronze, of a wind and weather cast curbs,it was struction. kept away from the copper by means tightconwooden the two The cast and wrought bronze was to be of even three-eighths-inch strip placed between All skylights worked color throughout. All of the wrought bronze metals, to prevent electrolitic action. was except those over the elevators were examined to see glazed with wired glass;the through steel dies,and had to be carefully the elevators were that all mouldings were and and true none was over skylights glazed with rough plate straight, bronze with heavy galinch thick, and protected one-eighth glass, vanizedallowed to be less than No. 10 standard American wire nettingguards, inside and outside, which had the fireskin rein thickness. All cast bronze is moved, gauge of the requirements of the National of Fire Unrechased. Board derwriters. all of the ornament and one Castings was While this work was for sand-holes all inspected and defects in finish. All being done, and the plasterers were still working, the ornamental ironworkers in frames and sash were were were brazed,and the work was put joints The glass of concealed screws in the sidewalk and rivets. busy settingtheir work, the vault-light by means together of screws the construction held in placeby means being set as soon as was were ready to receive stops and hardware them. The with constructed reinforced of the same were vault-lights alloyand color as the rest of the work; brass allowed to be used. and fitted with concrete not frames, set with prismaticglass, screws were positively abrasive metal from The frames and sash in the upper stories of the building buttons,to prevent pedestrians ping, slipwhite which is the cause of many serious accidents. The seasoned made pine, were up of sound, thoroughly soft coal-hole covers all exposed surfaces with sixteen-ounce in sidewalk the and covered to were on placed as near into the glass carried curb as practicable, of the flush safety-hopper rolled copper. and The were covering was The frames rebates of the sash. and sash were inspected type, of abrasive metal with concreted hinges. the wood, On the interior, the ornathat all metal was down smooth over work drawn commenced to see was mental setting for the staircase. All castingswere spected and that it was infree from kinks and buckles, also that it railings the intersections, and few were found to turned down the wood and as at over previously a was described, could have sand-holes and to be defective, well soldered, that no that all jointswere and were water so rejected. In the setting of this work lowed, reach the cores aland cause no were provided exposed screw-heads decay. All sash were all of the work with twelve-ounce with glassstops covered having to be put togetherby means copper. of concealed sash and All of the glassin elevator enclosures,metal and rivets, and had to be fitted without screws breaks shoulders. The elevator enclosures metal-covered sash was made well bedded in self-hardening or were putty of cast-iron frames, made the glassstops. The glazedwith polished platewire glass. before applying putty was up up The doors of 87 per cent in the proportions enclosures were to twohung on ball-bearing, pigment and 13 per cent with an made enclosed the pigment was track, hung from an speed hangers, vehicle; composed of 85 per cent whiting, 10 per cent or oxide monangle iron bolted to the inside of the elevator enclosure;the litharge pure white lead, and 5 per cent linseed oil. This that they might be quickly of lead; the vehicle was hangershad adjusting screws so pure raw vator-door adjustedat any time,and kept in perfect alignment. Eleused, as the ordinaryglazing putty, composed of putty was saddles were and faces. whiting,white lead,and oil will not harden on metal surgrooved to hold doors in place, with a non-slipping made the usual iron The of glazingthe windows work were being completed, as surface, elevator-door saddles become with use, and the plastering and having thoroughly dried, the work of very slippery commenced. The elevator doors the steel trim and hanging the doors was are dangerous to passengers. were setting of furniture stock drawn and springchecking and All of this wprk was steel, made equippedwith combination liquid up of electric interlocks which which devices,with positive made closing was patent levelled and finished in five coats it impossible the doors until the car had stopped, made in trim were to open enamel baked on. All joints interlocking or the car until the door was ings in all mouldto start welded. The anglejoints closed. The doors were and were electrically the formed by coping the vertical mouldings over opened by hand and closed by the action of the spring in were the closer; the pistondescendingthrough the liquid in the ends of the horizontal mouldings,which gives the appearchecked the door in the last few inches of its travel, cylinder (Continued page 54)
on

inoperative.The settingof the was progressing during the time all now going on, and they were

54
(Continued from page 52)

ARCHITECTURE laid with boards,

inch open.
not joints, to

less than one-quarter of

an

greatest strength erected and fastened by was to the joint. All of the work concealed fasteners of the back of trim,so that on means nails or screws were The no exposedon the face of work. made up of No. 18 gauge metal, formed of were door-jambs with moulded one piece, securely stops. The jambs were The doors were fastened to the steel bucks. made up of with panels of one No. 18 gauge steel, thickness of No. 12 steel. The stiles and rails were formed from one gauge pieceof metal brought togetheron the inside edge and turned back upon itself, therebyforminga lipto receive the and then riveted together.The doors had iron panels, reinforcements on the inside to receive the hardware. All
ance

ot

and impartsthe mitre, perfect

wide, and well mitred

penny nails. By had and the president's Care

to
was

with two eightevery sleeper this time the finish for the director's room arrived
as

and

taken

as

soon

the finish arrived

not

stack it so

that it would

be

being installed. at the building oughly damaged, and in a thorwas

that it would absorb moisture, not so dry place, maker strict orders having been previously given to the cabinetfinished material on not to deliver any damp nor rainy days, as kiln-dried material absorbs moisture very lost if and the result of the kiln dryingis entirely readily, the wood made while it was The first is allowed
to to

become

filledwith

moisture.

We work

several visits

the cabinet

the shop to inspect

of the hardware metal

to be of specified mahogany, all of the work to be of the concealed type. checks were for panels veneered. The face veneers cut one-twentywere for stiles and cross-rails and grand master-keyed. of an inch thick, the veneers master-keyed eighth type, and were The carpenter work on a building of this type is not a inch thick,and the end and for doors were cut one-eighth of doors were one-half inch thick. All of the large item, but is nevertheless still a necessary item. veneers very large The carpenter makes all of the rough centres for the arches wall panels veneered in four sections carefully matched, were and does whatever wood framing there may be to do throughout usinga crotch mahogany. All of the panelswere built up the building. The After the roof was laminated construction. covered the flagstaff of what is known as five-ply Cfor all of the work were made set in the iron foot-block which was was cores providedfor it. up of well-seasoned, made fire reand are are Although steel flagstaff's more sisting grade white pine,free from loose knots and shakes, care than wood ones, the fire risk is so infinitesimally being taken to see that all of the wood was old stock. It small that it is better to use a wood staff, which can be than three inches not more was glued togetherin strips than a steel staff. The staff on our far more made wide. The work was graceful glued up at least two weeks before all The cores feet above the cordone. were to show was nice, was building figured veneering forty-five any of the cross and to be nine inches in diameter at the base. It was levelled up perfectly carefully true, and brought to an even from a selected stick of Oregon fir. As no instrucinch white worked tions and then veneered with a one-eighth thickness, had been given for tapering with the mahogany the staff, wood and then cross-veneered veneer we gave orders that the top diameter should be four and one-half inches, veneers. veneered with the backs of all panelswere The which was one-half the lower diameter. The heightof the stock mahogany as the fronts,to prevent warping same then divided into four quarters, the diameter of and staff was veneered on built-up All doors were cores and twisting. the first quarter above the roof was with mortise and tenon; the tenons made fifteen-sixteenths were framed together of the lower diameter, and with the second quarter was were made shoulders, seven-eighths were three-quarter-inch of the lower diameter, and the third quarter was threesecurely wedged and glued into the mortises. The stiles finished and rails of the doors were was grooved on the inner edge and quarters of the lower diameter. The flagstaff cleat was inch white-pine hollow spunat the top with a lignum vitae truck with glued into the a a five-eighths that the panels so set on eightinches in diameter, a mouldings, galvanized grooves to receive the panel copper ball, iron rod, one-half inch in diameter. all built up and put The would be loose. The woodwork was was flagstaff of white lead and oil before it was dowelled and fastened with and was two erected coats at the factory, painted together and one The finish in the president's after erection. The ball was with leaf coat the corners. at gilded lay screws This wood, of unselected birch, work in the commenced to be enamelled. gold. The carpenters had already room was while the metal trim was of its hard surface, and texture, takes banking rooms account density, on being set in the well. The back of all of the woodwork floorlaid on the concrete enamel particularly building.The floor sleepers were before leaving slabs; they set sixteen inches on centres and were nailed to was given a heavy coat of damp-proof paint it the woodwork inches apart and well bedded at the building the factory. In erecting spot groundsset twenty-four in cement face nailing all required or levelled up to receive the as no to be back-fastened, mortar, and carefully was The two-inch by four-inch, allowed. shortsleepers. were sleepers was screening leaf yellowpine, all that was left to be done in this bevelled on both sides. The first load of now Practically which were of the woodwork elled the finishing delivered at the building of the building sleepers was were only bevportion which was done which is quitea savingto the contractor, of the parquet floors, not on and the laying one side, ish finished. Before applying as a wide stick is run was throughthe saw once and two sleepers until the woodwork any finthe result, whereas to bevel both sides means it was all carefully are sandpaperedwith to the woodwork running each piece dusted off and wiped clean. The and thoroughly throughthe saw twice. We ordered these sleepers the grain, washed removed from the building in the director's room and sleepers bevelled according was mahogany woodwork to the specifications furnished in their place. All sleepers with a mild potash solution to kill all sap, and to remove then given a coat of acid were It was before givena brush coat of creosote wood preservative any grease in the wood. in place they were filled stain applied with a sponge, and then rubbed into the wood laying. After the sleepers were between with cinder concrete made with a cheese-cloth pad which distributes the stain evenly part Portland up of one then sanded the surface of the wood; the work was cement, two over parts clean,sharp sand, and ten parts clean cinders. The cinders were steam with 00 sandpaper, well washed and given another coat ot stain, down to remove all sulphur and other foreign then filledwith a paste It was diluted with one-half water. After the 'cinder matter. crete conhad set, the under flooring which was allowed to set until a flat effect was laid. The under floors was wood-filler, of one the grainwith were and one-eighth rubbed briskly across when it was inch,C-grade,square-edged produced,
was

of patterns construction. The

for especially designed

transom

low hol-

beingmade up. finish in the director's |Yoom was

lifters and door Locks were of the unit

qualityHonduras

ARCHITECTURE

55
of was maple. flooring five-eighths in two-inch by eight-inch thick, strips, tonguedand and laid herringbone grooved, pattern, with four-inch wallline borders. It was with one and one-eighth blind-nailed, inch No. 15 cement-coated nails, parquet-flooring usingtwo nails to each strip.After the floors were laid,they were the scraping hand scraped, cut beingdone with a shearing of the grain. They were then gone over oughly thorlengthwise with No. \}/2 and wiped with sandpaper, swept clean,
was an

surplusfillerwiped off with a clean rag. After that it was given three thin coats of pure each coat and sandpaperedbetween with 00 shellac, gum the final coat beingrubbed down with pumicesandpaper, and water, and it was finished with two coats stone finally of prepared beeswax. The in the president's woodwork room was given a primingcoat of pure white-lead reduced with equal parts of linseed oil and spirits then turpentine, of special enamel undercoating and two of coats two coats each coat being allowed an applied, approved enamel were harden to thoroughlybefore another coat was applied. Each coat was and the final coat sanded with 00 sandpaper, and rubbed to a dull finish with fine pumice-stone was The instructed to shellac and varnish water. was painter the bottom and top edges of all doors to prevent moisture from entering the stiles, which is a frequent of swelling cause of doors, with the consequent annoyance to and twisting in the the occupants of the building.After the woodwork had been finished and director's room and president's room laid. Before was thoroughly dry, the finished floors were floor fivea levelling layingthe finished parquet flooring of an inch thick was 'laid on top of the under flooring eighths direction. The parquet flooring and running in the opposite in the director's room of and the president's room was teak, and that in the working space in the bank Philippine
a

and pieceof burlap,

the

of clear white

The

inch

soft cloth until all of the dust

was

removed, and

were

then

after finish, They were given a wax ready for finishing. first filling with wood alcohol and umber, light-colored mixed of thick cream, which was oughly thorto the consistency rubbed into

wood, followed with

two

coats

of alcohol

being well rubbed when dry, then of linseed oil and pumice-stone, of and one coat coat one alcohol and turpentine in equal parts were wood applied, three coats of preparedfloor wax, rubbed in and finally with hot irons. The work described in this chaptercompleted in progress the general and while it was construction, of installing the plumbing,heating, electric wiring, the work bank and vaults was elevators, fixtures, progressing, and was now completed and will be described each in its
coat turn.

each shellac,

(To

be

continued.)

Announcements
149 Broadway, " Beadel, architects, Dillon,McLellan that Mr. New wish to announce York City, Building, Singer Arthur Dillon, having finished his work for the Federal of Rehabilitation, the practice of has resumed Division architecture. call the

Chicago Brick Exchange, 133

of
room.

West

Washington
and 2745 print blueand

for completeprogramme Illinois, Street, Chicago,

showing dimensions
2746.

Phone,Main

This competition has the approval of the committee on Institute of the IllinoisChapterof the American competition A. Baerresen
announces

Mr. Hutchinson

A.

that Mr.

Frederic

of Architects. tectural ArchiStates position Ex-

of the new of Salem, Mass., is a member Porter, with officesat 1821 Carey Avenue, firm of Baerresen " Porter,

First Pan-American and

are

of Exposition

Architecture.

"

Cheyenne, Wyo. are requested.

Miss A. S. L.
to

Manufacturers'

and catalogues

samples

institutions professional
to

of the United

invited of

send

exhibits to the first Pan-American

Marian

Coffin, landscape architect, Fellow

announce

A., begsto

that she has removed and has associated with

her office her Mr.

830

LexingtonAvenue
M.

James

late of the 302d Engineers. architect, Scheiner,

of which will take placein the city Architecture, Montevideo, Uruguay, from the 1st to the 7th of March. of this meeting 1920. Copiesof a preliminary programme the district and co-operative in Spanish may be seen at and Domestic Commerce. offices of the Bureau of Foreign

Harold Laurence wish to Young, 253 West 42d Street,New and Lindsay,architects and engineers, Jallade of architecture and will be ren, York, has resumed the practice the association with them of Mr. Harry E. Waring buildand samplesand prices on receive catalogues of architecture and engineering glad to S.M., in the general practice materials. of Jallade, the firm name under Lindsay and York. New Warren, 37 LibertyStreet, Boston, Service Building, The architectsof the Overland
announce

Phines, in the December Mills, number, were published Chicago Brick Exchange calls the Bellman " Nordhoff. Chicagoarchitectsand draughtsmen to the new brick. Chicago brick known as "Dearborn common variety William G. Herbst and Edwin O. Kuenzli take pleasure submit designs asked architects and draughtsmen are to for the practice of architecture. in announcingtheir partnership The two more or for a fireplace, panels. counter, and one tects, " Kuenzli,archiknown The firm,now as Herbst Chicago Brick Exchange is the patron of the competition, waukee. maintains offices at 721 and 722 Caswell Block, MilFirst prize, $150; Second and offers the following prizes: associated with the late Mr. Herbst was formerly $50. Mr. Charles L. Frost, Mr. $100; Third prize, prize, of the Mr. Kuenzli was a member William F. Hufschmidt. Shaw Mr. I. K. Pond, and Mr. Howard Emery B. Jackson, firm of Charlton " Kuenzli of Milwaukee, Wis., and Marhave very kindly consented to act as judges. Designsmust quette, Mich. be in by Tuesday, February 17, 1920. Write, phone, or $300 in Prizes." The
attention of
"

ARCHITECTURE

EXTERIOR.

BANKING-ROOM. THE THRIFT

Shampan BANK,
DE KALB

" N.

Shampan,
Y.

Architects.

AVENUE

CORNER

RYERSON

STREET,

BROOKLYN,

ARCHITECTURE

57

mi FgBBKgfliBilE
^

. .-

ji I.""P

' i

HE

HR

ENTRANCE

DETAIL,

THE

THRIFT

BANK,

DE

KALB

AVENUE

CORNER

RYERSON

STREET,

BROOKLYN,

N. Y.

Shampan

"

Shampan, Architects.

ARCHITECTURE

SERVICE

BUILDINGS

NO.

1 AND

NO.

BUILDING

NO.

3. EDISON ELECTRIC

Frederick

A.

Waldron, Engineer.

ILLUMINATING

CO., BOSTON,

MASS.

ARCHITECTURE

59

"

"

if.

DETAIL

OF

ORNAMENTAL

CORNICE.

PLAN. Architects " Perrot, Ballinger and

Engineers.

HUGO

BILGRAM

GEAR

WORKS,

PHILADELPHIA,

PA.

6o

ARCHITECTURE

Programme
THE

of

Competition for Design

OF

of

Architect's Certificate
COMMONWEALTH State Board
to

Competitionfor the Development Country Property

A

of

Small

PENNSYLVANIA of Architects

Purpose: The
are

of Examiners

entitled to practice Pennsylvaniaand therefore for the purpose of securing hereby institute a competition for a certificate of a character and artistic quality a design shall It is proposed that designers worthy of the profession. in working out their rehave as much freedom as possible spective the avenue and 270 feet on the street. a street; 144 feet on solutions of the problem.It is suggested, however, The street runs One side of the lot faces a sandy beach. form of the PennsylvaniaState that inclusion in some line. of arms will be appropriate. and ends at the high-water at right to the beach coat angles All architects, signers The in miniature,onefirst prizedesignwill be executed draftsmen,or other deCompetitors: the competition. to enter are sixth full size,at the Own Home eligible Your at the Exposition of sigof the lettering and placing Text: The treatment natures Grand Central Palace during the week of May 1, 1920. and seal shall be shown using by each competitor scale The and garage at the same residence, greenhouse, the following text: to be located are are now beingbuilt. These three buildings
to

issue certificates

all persons

architecture in the

State

of

the developmentof a small country Exposition, by the Own Your Home of the New York Chapterof the American under the auspices Mr. Geiffert, Jr.,acting Societyof Landscape Architects, adviser to the exposition as professional management. the best is to secure The objectof the competition for a plot and located at the intersection of an avenue design

for competition

property will be held

In the Name

and

by Authority of
OF shall come, YE THAT

the

COMMONWEALTH
To all to whom these Presents KNOW

PENNSYLVANIA

Greeting:

of..
..,

County

of
,

State of..

law

evidence Having given satisfactory Architect is hereby to practice as an ADMITTED IN THE TO PRACTICE OF

of the

requiredby qualifications

be a flower garden and a vegeand there must plan, table garden. Any other features are left to the discretion his and judgment of the competitor.Any one who signifies of Mr. Geiffert in ask questions intention to compete may to any such questions regardto the work, and the answers will be anNo questions will be sent to all competitors. swered
on

the

after March
ARCHITECTURE

6th.

STATE of

PENNSYLVANIA
,

will be $125, the second $75,the third $50. The firstprize

is and, therefore,

this

drawingsare to be submitted: mounted rendered. general plan on paper, 3d. A 2d. A planting STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS OF ARCHITECTS. plan drawn in ink on tracing paper. signer drawing on mounted paper showing such details as the deI Actual size of seal 2^1 diameter. [inches President. his work. wishes,to explain is to be that of the topographic The scale of all drawings In witness whereof the Board of Examiners of Architects issues this inches by is to be twenty-six The size of the drawings Certificate No map. under the seal of the State. inches. The general plan should show grades thirty-eight Secretary. the No fences are permitted on contours. Certificate shall be designed for reproduction by figures, Medium: no the from engravedsteel plate, on parchment. boundary lines. Any medium may be used in rendering printed Size: Certificates are 16 x 14 inch be printedon will be givento to however, much more importance drawings; sheets of parchment. Each design submitted shall be drawn of the plotand the selection and artistic planning the logical 16 x 14 inches for the purpose of reduction to the final size of materials in regard to their fitness to local conditions and of 12 x 10 inches. The horizontal dimensions are givenfirst. than to the presentation, which their effective composition of each competitor shall be renThe design dered Rendering: the shall not go beyond what is strictly necessary to make with a pen in Indian ink on white bond paper. Each set of drawingswill be signedby a plansintelligent. Anonymous Designs: Each designshall be submitted shall de plume or device and accompanying the same nom without any distinguishing which would identify the mark with the nom de plume or the device on be a sealed envelope author. Each design with shall be presented accompanied is to the exterior. The name and address of the contestant sealed envelope the name and address of a plain containing shall be permitted be inside. No contestant the author. to submit more Time and Place of Submission: Each than one designalone or in association with other men. designshall be the outside: "Competition Your The drawings on to be delivered at the officeof the Own wrapped under seal and marked are for design of architect'scertificate," and delivered Central Palace,Lexington Grand Avenue Home Exposition, before April1, 1920, to Mr. M. I. Kast, 222 Market on or 27th. later than March and 46th Street, not Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. signs The jury appointed by the Chapter to judge these deJury: C. C. Zantzinger, Philadelphia; Edgar V. Seeler, D. Clarke, Noel is Charles Downing Lay, Gilmore Paul P. Cret, Philadelphia; Reinhardt Philadelphia; DempChamberlin. The decision of the jury will be final. The In the event wolf, York; Frederick A. Russell, Pittsburgh. and jury will send a copy of its report to each competitor, that any of the jurorsare unable the vacancy to act or All designs will reach its decision not later than April3d. vacancies will be filled by the State Board of Examiners of the Your Home at will be exhibited at the Own Exposition, Architects. will be conclusion of which all except those receiving prizes Prizes: Successful competitors will receive the following returned to. their authors. cash prizes: first, $200; second,$100. of the New The is open to all members competition
day Three
1920,
a

Architect. Registered

1st. A

STATE

BOARD

OF

EXAMINERS

OF

ARCHITECTS,
W.

York

Chapterof

the American and

JOHN
M. I.

HALL

RANKIN, President. KAST, Secretary,

EDWARD H.

CLARENCE EDWARD

BRAZER,
of

all draftsmen offices of

junior draftsmen

STOTZ,

DAVIS.

members practising architecture at landscape

of LandscapeArchitects, Society employed in of the Chapter, and students Cornell University.

62
"

ARCHITECTURE
shelter and

habitations. The national index, quirement for clear comtoo profound ever to be brought out prehension perhaps nevertheless be founded, by the masses, must when founded it is, upon the country's progress in building. Structures of steel, tories, facmore structures, habitations, offices, hotels the whole human cry fundamentally goes up for food and shelter; and yet, without shelter, food is not the path of human civilization possible. Squarelyacross liesits building programme. The soap-box theirvicious orators may be able to impose and bewildered people. Monarchies propagandaupon a distraught tive may rise to rob nations of the fruitsof their produceffortson the spurious argument of centralized control; but underlyingall these, the yard-stick of civilization
"

Announcements

changethnot.
Unless men build they will not progress; unless they build they will retrogress,and the measure of their civilization, whether under Bolshevism or monarchy, will be recorded for all ages in the adequacy of their structures.

Quarrymen's Association with in anticipation of a year at Bedford,Indiana, headquarters of unprecedentedbuilding, has recently been reorganized and expanded with a view to increasing its facilities for serving the architectural The association maintains profession. of staff field a representatives who, unhampered by the bias of salesmen, able to render valuable help in the solution are of problemsconnected with their industry. The personnelof the association has been increased and several important Mr. H. S. appointments made. of Chicago, becomes secretary. Brightly, formerly Mr. has been transferred from George B. McGrath Washington,D. C.,and is now in chargeof the Metropolitan Service Bureau at 489 Fifth Avenue, New York City. He will also temporarily continue his activitiesas field representative
of the association in the Atlantic States. Mr. C. Roland Yanson has been transferred from Bedford, in chargeof the Chicago Service and placed Indiana, Bureau at 231 Insurance Exchange, Chicago. Mr. W. S. in Bedford will cover the Middle Whyte with headquarters States territory Mr. Yanson. succeeding

The

Indiana Limestone

Unrest,Bolshevism, archy; Socialism, anarchy,perhaps monproduction, wages, hours of toil, government itself,
of whatever
"

source,
measure

cannot

escape progress

the

of

our

the inevitable fundamental from the delirium of

The association'sactivities will conin the Western field tinue the convalescence of the post-war unrest will inevitably under the able supervision of Mr. J. R. Sargentwith the resolution of the people to turn from on in headquarters Topeka, Kansas. their isms and applythemselves to the production of the Mrs. C. L. Walters has been promoted to the position tion. structures necessary for the continuance of their civilizaof secretary of the Bedford Stone Club Auxiliary, and Mr. the thing. Building's C. H. Badgley, of Toronto,Canada, will act as manager of the Canadian organization.
war

and

rest

The

attractive little booklet

sent

Works, New

by the Stanley published ley Britain, Conn.,"Eight Garages and the Stanfree of
cost to

SPECIFICATION
Additional man
and larger
more

WRITER

Hardware," will be
in
a building

any

one

interested

garage.

of handling capable

importantclass of
commercial
OPPORTUNITY

An Architectural Suitablefor Framing Photograph

industrial and
EXCELLENT

work.

Send
as

completeinformation
work if

as

well

specimens of
ALBERT

possible.

KAHN,

Architect
DETROIT, MICHIGAN

MARQUETTE

BUILDING,

The

New

Yorlt Public Libraryby

Prints

Moonlight

Sepia

mailed

to any

address $5.00 7.50 10.00

11x14 14x17 16x20

HOWARD
(ftariwtt Kfurmture
7 West Send 50 400
cents

STUDIOS
"

Successful
color plates, plusa
sense

Architectural
a

JHrmnriula
York and shade, light Composition, fitness. of artistic to to

Photography
use

47th St., New

complete technical knowledge of the

of special

for Catalogue

Illustration:

Special Attention and artists, galleries,

I doe

copying works of Art for decorators, architect's sketches and drawings

color.
your

either in black and white

Work done

or

in

office or

at my

Studio

MATTIE
536

EDWARDS
Fifth

HEWITT
New York

Avenue,

THE

CONQUEROR"

VICTORY

WINDOW.

TRINITY

PROTESTANT

EPISCOPAL

CHURCH,

SYRACUSE,

N. Y.

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XLI

MARCH,

1920

No.

The
The

Conqueror
of this
on

"

A
lost in the the

Victory Window
fire that

originalwater-color

Victory
the

Window

was

destroyed

the

Fine

Arts

Building, New

York,

opening night of

Architectural

League Exhibition.

-L'
the

pVESIGNED
Willet, and
safe
return

in

1916 erected
two

by William
in
sons

Willet and
as a

Annie

Lee

with

liquidfire
are

and

the of

trumpets
the the "We

blast
a

forth

the

warning.
arms are

1919

thank

offeringfor
the this

Beneath

victims

U-boats,
waves
"

mother's

of her

Trinity Protestant window depicts the World

by Louise L. Smith, in Episcopal Church, Syracuse, N. Y.,

War with

holding her infant

away. The

above

the made

periscopeskulking
a

scroll reads:

have

covenant

with

death, and with hell are we at agreement." To the right Germany. him" Death the Pale Horse and he that sat upon In the predellais shown holdinghis three vultures, Beneath are scythe and encircled by demons. processionof the Allies approaching the sacrament allies, fore beGermany, Austria, and symbolizing the enemy Turkey they perch on skulls between which are the wooden they enter the conflict
" "

ian, Belgian,French, British,ItalSerbian, Russian, and and sailors, American; soldiers, aviators in their authentic
tional na-

crosses

that mark
The
extreme to

the field of death. left lancet

shows
one an

Armenian

martyr
hundred than

crucified

the

burning stake,
women

of the

eight
their

thousand
the in

Armenian desert

who

perished rather
offered
not

uniforms;
an

suggestedby
of
one

faith and

the

Allies when

deny freedom;
men

.incident Foch. how the

out

related Some
men

Mareasked
nerve

chal him
to

had Verdun.

they sent exchange for non-resistance all their boys to the trenches, two dying, and by their death held off the
but would otherwise is
a

only
one

their

and

half million hordes who the the

German

hold

at to
a

He

have German

succeeded officer

at

Verdun.

took

them hut

little underground showed

a cifixion cru-

background
Turk. The

giving the
shows the Cross.

Lurking in suggestionto
murder

and chapel,

them

rude

altar before
on

extreme

right lancet
tier Heaven

of Edith

of Christ

Calvary,
the

Cavell

"

the desecration of the

Red

saying:
men came

"This for

is where

In the upper Horse while bears in the the

Christ is typified;
me

on

the White

strengthto fight
to

scroll,"In
the

and

learned how
In the upper the four

die."
are

side lancets

might have peace," strong archangelsGabriel and

you maimed and

tier

riders

symbolized of the the

Raphael bring the

to
our men
"

souls of the

slain children

Lord.

St.

George

and

St. Michael who pray the most

Apocalypse.
Black Horse
"

In the The

centre

of the The

the weakest

believers

weigh the souls being heavier in

self-sufficient. the "Be window

Famine The

of

scale of Heaven's
text

justicethan
the drew the upper
near

the Word
a

of God.

rider,

running
word
as overcome

across

fessor protype of the higher-critic sities Univerof the German

is Christ's

he

to

portion of Calvary,
the

of good
the late

cheer, I have
The

world."
out

cross

and

wearing his emperor's trampling underfoot

Christ. the

window

is carried

in

spiritof

the

divine On

left is War
Horse.

"

the Hate

rider
Amos

on

the Red
j 1.
"

(fragment). One of the clerestory windowsoftheU.S.MilitaryAcademy,

to

"

IS
"

hlS
T*
"

l_

"

Creed;
i
,,

hlS mOttO
rr*t

""A^:~U*.

iVllgnt

Gothic, and demonstrates perpendicular fifteenth-century realism of the modern of rendering the the possibility uniforms, etc., in strict conformity with the principles of stained glass with art traditions of the ancient and color and of vibrant glorious all its healing qualities harmony.
63

West Point, dedicated of the departed alumni.

the memory

is

Right.

The

sky

"

is

aname

_"_"

ARCHITECTURE

ADMINISTRATION CAPITOL

AND
AND

DINING
UNION

HALLS.
^

Waddy GROUPS,
RESIDENCE
HALLS FOR

B.

Wood, WOMEN,

Architect

for U. S.

Housing Corporation.
D. C.

STATION

WASHINGTON,

ARCHITECTURE

Waddy
CAPITOL AND UNION

B.

Wood, Architect
WOMEN,

for U. S.

Housing Corporation.
D. C.

STATION

GROUPS,

RESIDENCE

HALLS

FOR

WASHINGTON,

66

ARCHITECTURE

The

Minnesota

Historical
Homer By Stirling

SocietyBuilding
colonnade, with loggia designedas

of the Minnesota Historical years the work many FOR Societyhas been hampered by the inadequacyof its
of the Capitol. Thousands of quarters in the basement books and numberless pictures and museum articles have had to be stored in boxes in the sub-basement left in the or in constant where they were tion Old Capitol danger of destrucof the staff had to work in all while members by fire, of cubby-holes after much and dark corners. sorts Finally,
earnest

of all its parts. The central motive,an Ionic has a just and the recessed degreeof projection,

its entrance line and to

the sake. unbroken

and portals
mass

windows

has

been

so

subordinated to that,while sufficiently for its own colonnade, it is also sufficiently emphasized the end So, likewise,
stonework have
masses

with
accent

their breadth but do

not

of
duly un-

the proper

effort

on

of the society the part of members and of others who believe in the

low edifice, themselves. It might be called a long, assert but the attic, looming up above the main cornice with just which of the variegated tile and immense skylight suggestion roof the building, ing flankand the balustraded terraces the main side fa9ade, providethe needed corrective. Outthe building rules, ornament within, grave dignity as used, the littleof it that is introduced being beingsparsely
a

of preservation
for the

the

rials mate-

of history

the

the legislature State, passed

an

act

five appropriating

hundred

thousand

dollars

struck in the bronze doors of delicately in the window State board of control of a the main and in the roof, casings, portal, for the society in the foreground all these and and the vivid tints of nature building the appeal the supreme This make court. more intimate,more humanly interesting of this imposingedifice. act ceptance provided for the acthe The architect may indeed be congratulated by the State of a upon of seventy-five structure donation which was wrought under his guidance. It will of Minnethousand dollars from the sota stand not alone as a monument to the pioneers but to and to its designer, funds of the society and of the great Northwest private nesota be used in purchasing the materials used in its construction. It is in truth a Minto a site for the building and in graniteof which the building. The warm gray Sauk built is from large quarries exterior walls were at equippingthe part of it to be occupiedby the society. Rapids. The marble of the main staircase and of the floors The site selected had to of the corridors and stack rooms was quarriedat Kasota. tile are produced at Chaska and have the approvalof both Brick and clayfireproofing The for the walls of the the society and the board stone Minneapolis respectively. Standard at entrance. the first floor was from of control. Many members vestibule and entrance on quarried of the society favored the at Frontenac. deposits in which utility and effect are both the corner An ideal planis one so-calledLamprey site southeast of the Capitol on that the point for in such manner Street and Central Avenue, where the building of Cedar accounted at which the from the one architect has changed his view-point would overlook the plazain front of the Capitol and would phase tue fit in with the plansworked velopment of his subject out to the other is not by Cass Gilbert for the deapparent. It is on the virthe Minnesota of Capitolapproaches. The the home of that of such a scheme board of control, new in a This can be demonstrated Historical Societyrests. site,a largetract- located however,selected the Merriam if any, acquaintnortheast of the Capitol, Let the layman who has little, few words. and the executive council ance directly of the society with architectural plansas they are drawn upon paper finally approved of the selection and paid from the money for its purchase. over imagine himself making a swift tour of the building and In the meantime still more colonnade Cedar Street to the galleries serious difficulty the entrance on a arose. with itself The which occupy the top floor. The portal Mr. architect selected, Clarence H. Johnston,of St. museums and of majestic with members is simpleand stately of the supreme its colonnaded and the Paul, together court loggia small. acter visited buildings of a similar charbut the actual entrance scale, doorway iscomparatively secretary of the society, in the neighboring States for the purpose of ascertaining This central motive of the main facade is sufficiently sized emphawhat was with its simplycarved stone doorway and beautifully necessary in the construction of the proposed which would After this and other investigations, it was and a note of spaciousness, modelled bronze doors, found, building. from estimates made that a building befit only some able suitor placeof public building by the architect, great exposition and adequate for both the society and the supreme entertainment,has been avoided. The entrance, in other the key to an institutionof learning. could not be constructed within the limits of the apcourt words, is precisely propriation. the very of restraint thus encountered The quality on The site finally chosen for the new home of the society threshold is felt throughoutthe building.Passingthrough is ideal. Flankingthe Capitol the vaulted entrance the right, it occupies the vestibule (103),we enter on directly an In the centre, hall (104) the main artery of the building. importanteminence,from which a commanding view may with a decorative be obtained of the city and its environs. The building the east side, marble staircase, on a generous may and below. be seen to best advantage by the visitor who to the storiesabove bronze rail, givesaccess approaches it from the Capitolmall. which extend courts Renaissance The Roman are light large, style On either side of the stairway has in this instance been reduced roof of the attic space, elements. from the ground floor to the glass to its simplest The north doorway The of the principal the west," resides in strength facade, servingto lightthe interior rooms. the simple, and thoroughly articulation monumental clear, (Continuedon page 70.) for the construction

by

the

handled with severe the note of color

taste.

The

warmth

of the

stone

itself,

"

"

68

ARCHITECTURE

69

READING-ROOM.

CORRIDOR.

Clarence

H.

Johnston,Architect.

THE

MINNESOTA

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

BUILDING,

ST. PAUL,

MINN.

7o
opens into the main
a room

ARCHITECTURE

largely upon
relieved

reading-room (101), depending studied proportion and simple, broken uncarefully

natural

to

artificiallight. Electric reflectors

disposedin

of the building The entire rear is devoted to portion of decorative plaster, the main stack-room, a space eighty-two feet by twentysplendid ceiling nine feet and extending ment to give beautiful play of as throughfour fullstories from basedisposed desk and ample card cases total height of sixtyThe delivery floor to second-story and shade. a ceiling, light of the library the east end encloses an feet. This immense for the card catalogue two room eight-tier, occupy would enamelled bookstack which of the room, convenient to readers and having direct communication steel,self-supporting with the bookstacks. The room is furnished hold,if the shelves were filled, 383,500 volumes. completely ing A part of this stack,however, will be used for the storage harmonious furniture. Cork floorwith carefully designed, minimizes the noise of moving occupants. Adjoining of archives. An automatic booklift stopping at each stack floor will minimize the main reading-room and acthe labor incidental to the transfer of at the front of the building cessible from it as well as from the corridor is the newspaper volumes from stacks to delivery desk, cataloguing-room, the case may be. A small push-button and or as (102),which is connected by a stairway reading-room shipping-room booklift with the newspaper automatic stacks directly elevator for the use of stack attendants and the library staff an in which the auditorium was below. The south pavilion, extends from the basement to the third floor, making the well as the Cedar Street front at entire stack-room been located, accessiblefrom any floor of the as to have readily 105-112 and 114, At either end of each stack floor are small studies the leftof the entrance, including rooms building. where the research student or others using the library for for the present, assigned to the executive officesof the is, extensive studymay withdraw from the confusion attendant State board of education. of the Cedar Street Several small table-tops On the second floor in the centre hinged upon the routine stack work. front is located the manuscript to the stack ends in the window room (209). Adjacent to bays on each stack floor office (208),which comof volumes. it is the superintendent's form convenient spots for casual inspection municates private with the general office (206). At the stack (5) occupies the central portion The newspaper directly of the Cedar Street front in the basement north end of the main corridor is a small waiting-room and ground floors. (204) for those wishingto transact business with the adminisIt is similar in construction to the main bookstack,is four trative of 16,500bound newspaper Another office adjoining the tiersin height, officersof the society. and has a capacity from the newspaper readingvolumes. It isdirectly office on the north will be available for an assistant accessible general librarian and adjacent the north and from the basement and ground floor corridors. to it on or room superintendent of the ground floor is givenover front is a small room The north pavilion to (202) givenover to the use of typists in cataloguing work. The cataloguing and shipping room room society (201) the receiving (1)of the historical employed the northeast corner. It has direct access and a staff room joining. adto the (3) with kitchenette and locker rooms occupies with the shipping In the south pavilion is the workroom stacks and is connected and receiving (9)of the^ the ground floor by an automatic electric booklift. with a small private Minnesota Public LibraryCommission room on office (8) for the secretary of the commission. On the east and means new books,after beingcatalogued By the same below the light side of the corridor immediately courts are classified, may be conveyedto the proper stack floor. The for the use of janitors the public toilets (11,12), isaccessible from the main corridor through a small room cataloguing-room the waiting-room where directphotographic and is directly connected with the general and the photostat room (10), (13), officeand typists of manuscripts, and even rare room pictures, printed reproductions througha passage (203). The south The small entrances material may be made. and and several rooms the front, to the right rooms on pavilion including will be largely left of the steps leading 211-217 and 219, are given to the main entrance to various bureaus affiliated over habitues of the building, the elevator and main with the State department of education. used by regular The third floor houses the extensive historical and staircase beingbut a few steps distant from either entrance. of the society with its large In the basement, immediately room underneath the workmuseums archeological together collection of portraits of this maof the library commission with it by and connected and paintings. As much terial of this department. A fortunate is not suitable for permanent exhibition, is the shipping-room rooms storelarge stairway, tral in which it can be so arranged difference in the gradesof Aurora Avenue and Cenare to be as provided the service available for special exhibits and for examination at any Boulevard enabled the architect so to design time. The south museum the shippingroom as to make (308) will probablyserve drivewayin the rear of the building occasion as an assembly-room of the historical society also until such time as and the library on commission, rooms be available for the installation of an assemblycoming accessiblefor inthough located on different floors, readily space may the main floor. The east room room on or (314) will be used outgoing packages. for the classification The building is connected with the power plantof the and a workroom as a map room temporarily of the State archives, these departmentshaving under Aurora Avenue, Capitol by a concrete tunnel extending been crowded out of the second floor by the inclusion of the and power are conducted to the throughwhich heat, light, mechanical and thence departmentof education. The small electric elevator in equipment-roomin the basement the corridor (317) gives direct communication Six large distributed to the various parts of the structure. to the stack fans furnish washed, fresh air to each room, being connected room below, in which the archives are to be stored. The small offices (312,316) flanking be heated in such manner to this gallery will be available to allow the various rooms as for members of the staff. The rooms this floor are lighted to different temperatures as may be desired. The latest on which forms the upper half of the mechanical devices are provided by the immense skylight improvementsin ingenious roof. Ceiling clude of syenite and the staff. These inlights glass, particularly designed for the convenience of the public will eliminate all glare to diffuselight, the and shadow affording on a complete system of privatetelephones walls. The artificialillumination of the galleries communication between all departmentsof the society, gallery and museums merited careful study,and so cleverly has automatic time clocks in the important and a powerrooms, ful the architectsolved this problemthat the visitorto the galthe work of the caretakers. lery vacuum-cleaning plantto facilitate the room, and by a in which color is so in late afternoon will be
unaware

is wall spaces for its effectiveness. The monotony by bookshelves of oak which form a dado around

the attic space above the ceiling lights may be switched on in units as they are needed until full strength is reached.

of the transition from

The

total

cost

of the work

$500,000. approximates

ARCHITECTURE

1
"3

H
in

I
U CJ

H
C/3

C/J

ARCHITECTURE

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Putting

It

Up

to

the Public

France which

has her Ecole

no

des

Beaux-Arts, her Prix de Rome,

may
"

to
a

American

student

probably few ways of trying to arrive at less fruitful than any decision concerningart matters to by a first appeal to the public. By this we don't mean say that the public hot be a competent jury from the public may the We wish view. it. of be Far to out only point point fact that what is everybody'sbusiness generally recognized In art matters, is usuallynobody's business. at least,it kind of if judgment should be based on some does seem as the public standard is derived And standards. by and large, of the arts, or at practitioner generallyfrom some from the movies ! least some patron, and in these days largely be the country town's art critic, The local sign-painter may and, by the way, very often he has proved a mighty good in American art who names painted one, for there are famous buggy-topsin their apprentice days. The signsand striped

and aspire,
a

its fame

is

THERE

are

part of the world's knowledge in the progress of the arts. The

have and will have A

part of the world's record American Academy should

the

velopment. a placeas important in our national deof the Academy will be the equivalent fellowship that of the Prix de Rome; it will signify to the world that he reprehas been chosen among recipient sents many, The the best talent of his country. Academy, be it
not

understood, is
beneficiaries
are

"a those

school," as
who have

is the Beaux-Arts.

"Its

far beyond already advanced quently frethe preliminary stage of their various callings; they may be those ready to embark, or who have careers." embarked, upon their professional of the American The winner Academy's Prize of holds of what France Rome, then, has the full equivalent
out to

her

most

brilliant students

of
"

art

"

and

not

France

chief trouble in the choice

come

of the local memorial

seems

to

good intentions or from of bad ideas bad taste as from the multiplicity an altogether with limited funds to spend in put before local committees turned out by the hundreds. the form of stock monuments "Exhibits in the Open Competition of In the recent Memorial" there Ideas for New York City's Permanent of them so big were seekingsfor the big idea, some many and out that they seemed disproportioned preposterously the But on of key with the placesthey were to occupy. if with comparatively worth while even whole the exhibit was it failed to bring forth the ideas of a largely few exceptions of architects, number or others who sculptors, representative a leadingplace in the art world of the city. The occupy
not
so

much

from

the lack of

only,but
What
"

other

European

nations

Great Germany, Spain, of the

Britain,and

Russia.

Academy doing? Here are some thingsit is doing: realizewho does not actually Nobody can fully go
is the them
"

among

whoso

merely
how
to

veritable revelation. Not discussion and but fellowship; constant Fellowships,

does will have
a

criticism of each
tackle

other's different lines of the

work; talks about

net

result

is still

interest particular

with shall watch be defined,and we the discussions that will follow and any
to

and toward real progress a dignified some of ancient Cretan costume, and so goes to Crete, works as an worthy memorial. of notes, collects all sorts of all sorts makes archaeologist, of the form in the will it be not We sincerely hope and then embarks upon a huge mural figure-painting objects, if there is the in world," even covered "highest apartment-house back to life this extraordinary, newly disin which he brings in this towering idea something that touches intimately They go togetherto Greece and all over

problems set for them; a tects, archihis ideas by modelling a figure; painterillustrating and archaeologists going historians, sculptors, painters, architect designs An about togetherto see works of art. makes in color; and executes a sculptor a fine decorative relief detail of classic ornament as such drawings of the minute be proud of; a would the best architectural draftsman interest and discovers the wonderful picturesqueness painter
collaborative

indication of

what

seems

to

of

home.
not

Yorker's be the idea of the average New lot of other ideas that There were a
too

past.

tion nowe

Italy
"

it is human with art, of

and

real and

and vital,

what

is more,

it

hope

will

for they savor materialize,

much

of

ish self-

is pregnant in American tremendous

for the development of beauty possibilities

and merely local comfort and transportation, should conthe memorial note. little of the thought of what too tions, We hope it will be something that will stir the emosomething that will give us pause, make us stop and and the commonplaces think of other things besides ourselves and littlenesses of the average daily routine of the of is no evading the impression There woman. or cityman of Napoleon in Paris, the tomb solemnitycreated in visiting nor standing with bared head in the place where our own of be something of solemnity, should lies. There Grant fice, nobleness,something remindful of the dead, of their sacriand nobly paid. of the great debt to humanity they met desire for

in a masterlyway the to handle capacity problems that this growing country has in store, beyond any present conception." anniversarythe In this year marking its twenty-fifth been Academy is askingfor funds to carry on the work it has that will include doing and to endow additional fellowships and music. landscape-architecture The
money

coming will be forth-

beyond
Not

doubt.

Enough 'Copiesto
satisfaction and
some

Go

Around

IT
to

is with both

of
extra

of

our

dulgence regret that we ask the inhave been unable readers who numbers for which

The

American

Academy

in
has years of

Rome been
have

get the
asked.
current

copiesof
endeavor

recent to

they
meet

have

We

printenough copiesto
as

American Academy in Rome THE those for twenty-five years, and of the years in the advancement advancement arts, in the study and

established
ful been fruitin the

all

but, requirements,
a

ARCHITECTURE its circulation

is
one

with
more or

appealand special

zine magathat is

highestideals
the classic

spirit.
73

able

to

are always subscribers, we less limited to regular We printedan ununexpected demands. anticipate

not

74

ARCHITECTURE

largeedition of the usually

the order printing
to

be able issues.

January February and we hope that we shall of that and future all requests for extra copies fill
for

number

and

increased

assistant

and

associate engineers, mechanical, electrical, information and

chemical,and ceramic. civil,

Further obtained
at

old subscribers will understand, we are sure, these days we do that with the increased cost of production mediate than the imin making our editions larger feeljustified not of meeting the calls for and the necessity demand number of new subscribers. needs of the increasingly large
Our

from

Boston,

blanks may be application the secretary of the U. S. Civil Service Board New Atlanta, Cincinnati, York, Philadelphia,
San Orleans,Seattle, or from C. the U. S. Civil Service

Chicago,St. Paul,St. Louis,New

Francisco,or

Commission,

Washington,D.
The
The

The
A

Art

Students'

League Scholarships
students those in

Medal

of Honor

in Architecture

SCHOLARSHIP
York Ten

-t~\ in the United

New of New

States,with
be held
at

competition open to all art the exception of

the Art Students'

Medal
for The

Architectural League of New York has awarded the for 1920 to the firm of Delano " Aldrich, of Honor
work

City,will
on

League

work. general

York New of Mrs. Willard Straight, City,and James A. will be awarded to that work showing scholarships Long Island. Burden, Syosset, in any medium, from life, the the greatest promise. Work section is pleased to present, in the plate ARCHITECTURE also photographs etching, composition, antique, portrait, of these two residences. of thisissue, a selectionof photographs Work should be of sculpture, be submitted. sent flat, may and should be forwarded so as to reach the League not rolled, Reviews Book
not

York,

March

31, 1920.

submitted

to

the

juryincluded

the residences

later than
or

March

27, and

must

be

sent

with

return

press ex-

prepaid. parcel post charges The scholarships so givenwill entitlethe holder classes of the League during the tuition in any two
of 1920-1921.
The

"THE to

COUNTRY
LAWRENCE

WEAVER.

free

season

Another very attractive volume of series of "Small Country Houses

number,
country

of what

is "The has been done

COTTAGES," edition,by new Sons, New York. Weaver, whose second by Lawrence To-day" was noticed in the February view "rea edition, Country Life,Book of Cottages,"new LIFE, BOOK
OF
Charles Scribner's
to

instructors of jury will consist of the following A. Stirling the League: George B. Bridgman,Arthur Crisp, Thomas Calder,Frank Vincent Dumond, SidneyDickinson, Frederic R. Gruger,Robert Henri, Hayley Lever, Fogarty, gene Kenneth H. Miler,Boardman Robinson,John Sloan, EuFrank Van Sloun, Mahonri Young. Speicher, All students interested are invited to enter cordially this competition. For Scholarship petition, ComAddress all letters and packages: Art Students' League of New York, 215 West 57th New York City. Street,

types produce

of true

cottages,

the excluding

of costingthousands which masquerade under the name than eightrooms. They cottages." Only a few of these shown have more and refined taste, for people "of moderate homes means essentially are be built with severe home regard to economy." whose must permanent Full advantage has been taken in the buildingof these cottages of local material as well as a wide varietyof the materials of familiar generaluse. and charmingly adaptable to transplanting Many of them are picturesque houses
to
an

abundant illustrations that There environment. American are floor plans and details regardingvarious materials.

clude in-

"THE

CHEAP New and

COTTAGE

AND

enlargededition. and perhaps restraint, efficiency, simplefitness, By "cheapness is meant

.

SMALL HOUSE," by GORDON ALLEN. York. Charles Scribner's Sons, New

*

as

contrasted

with is
more

elaboration
to

or

unneces_sary ornamentation."

Mr.

Allen's purpose

Rome's

New

Suburbs

A!^

feature of the new at interesting building programme missioner Rome, accordingto the United States trade comin that city, is provision for the immediate tion erecsuburbs outside of the present city of two entirely new attractive type of small and for these suburbs an limits, or English cottage has been selected which resembles American than Italian. more design cated loOne of the new as they are called, "garden cities,"
east

of houses in the building the possibilities working classes and the middle classes and or groups for the improvement of congested housing conditions that are so prevalent "Site and as everywhere. Included in his discussion are such matters "Materials." Among "Sanitary Matters and Lighting," Water-Supply," of those and "Cottages at note we illustrations Chapstow, the many plans Houses Garden at Gretna, Village, Hampstead, Gordon Suburb, Crayford London County Council Cottages." Nowhere Roe Green Garden Village, handled than in England. skilfully have problems of this kind been more and is full of valuable common This is a book based on service, practical in application. Plans that are often so notablyuncommon suggestions sense of plates giving the relationof shown, and a number and elevation are sites. to particular buildings THE FLOWER GARDEN, FOR SCHEMES by GERTRUDE COLOUR JEKYLL. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. show

of houses

for the

of

Rome, will have sufficient houses

families. More than

to two

date accommo-

several thousand

thousand

of the State officialsand employees families, including many have Railway Administration, application already made for accommodations. Every effort will be made to render the new suburbs attractive and complete as possible. as especially. and schools, ARCHITECTURAL IN DRAWING, by STEPS Many thousands of shade trees will be planted, PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING SEAMAN. PLATES, GEORGE W. will be erected immediately. and other public churches, buildings 111. Manual Arts The ELWOOD. GEORGE Press,Peoria, FRANKLIN by Within the city limits an extensive building gramme protecture Both of these books are addressed to and are for the student of archiis beingcarried out, the housingproblem in Rome the beginnerto greater and they should prove useful aids in helping in developing plans and of methods and knowledge practical a facility time ago and many having reached an acute stage some such as cornices, windows, mouldings,etc. elevations and various details, thousands of people in temporary and crowded quarters. living details The "Plates" present in compact form a collection of the common
"

is known to all architects Garden Ornament author's great book on authoritative and complete work and landscapespecialists as the most volume will edition of the and revised the subject. In this new on present the garden palette, for setting arranged with be found practical suggestions The many consideration of seasonable succession of various plantings. a with the plot of gardens together charming illustrations from photographs tect plans should make it a useful and suggestivebook for the landscapearchiThe
"

"

or

elements

which

compose

house.

Government

Needs

Draftsmen,

etc.

PICTORIAL

United States Civil Service Commission announces that the government is in need of a large number of draftsmen of various kinds. It is stated that fully 1,000 draftsmen were in the government service during appointed the last calendar year. tion During this periodof reconstructechnical men Besides draftsmen needed. are especially there are openingsfor surveyors and computers, also

THE

parts

and 1920. Tennant IN AMERICA, Ward, publishers. A volume printsfrom photographersin various .made up of pictorial sonal "perof the country who have endeavored to render with the camera PHOTOGRAPHY
of nature impressions

ing life." It is the first attempt, accordor human H. White, presidentof the Pictorial Photographers of Clarence the to give a comprehensive presentation "Foreword" writes who America, illustrated as by the product of many photography of the status of pictorial of and many The plates are charmingly printed of its best workers.
to

show them and shade.

sense

of

composition and

the value

of

studied light carefully

MARCH, 1920

ARCHITECTURE

PlATE

XXXIV.

MAIN

HALL,

FIRST

FLOOR,

LOOKING

TOWARD

DINING-ROOM.

Delano " 1130 FIFTH

Architects Aldrich,

RESIDENCE,

MRS.

WILLARD

STRAIGHT,

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

H
U

ffi
U

.^-

"

U
w

H
i" i

ffi
U

MARCH,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XXXVIII.

*V

":.".

SECOND-FLOOR

PLAN.

FIRST-FLOOR

PLAN.

Delano " MRS. WILLARD

Architects. Aldrich,
NEW YORK.

RESIDENCE,

STRAIGHT,

1130

FIFTH

AVENUE,

e
w

H
i" i

-V

H
U

ffi
U

MARCH, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XLII.

HALL.

ARCADE

IN

CONNECTING

WINGS.

Delano

"

Architects. Aldrich,

RESIDENCE,

JAMES

A.

BURDEN,

SYOSSET,

LONG

ISLAND.

I
I

H
U

I
HH

n "
CO

^
W

MARCH,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XLIV.

DINING-ROOM.

Delano

"

Architects. Aldrich,

RESIDENCE,

JAMES

A.

BURDEN,

SYOSSET,

LONG

ISLAND.

MARCH,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XL

VI.

BEDCHAMBER.

Delano

"

Architects. Aldrich,

RESIDENCE,

JAMES

A.

BURDEN,

SYOSSET,

LONG

ISLAND.

I
-H

H
CJ

V
u

I
P4

H
U

M
U

76
and abstract, The

ARCHITECTURE reactions involved the emotions rather

no so

whose than the mind.

reader is an will in the midst of Museum

doubt welcome a concrete tion illustraIn the Berlin much generalizing.

about

carved ivory plaque,

400, and representing

once

"Awake, why sleepest Thou, O Lord," with the Lord in Him ! strive to rouse bed,while angels Other manuscripts of the Carolingian periodwill,on in the other hand, retain a classicismthat is almost Roman its sobriety, and after the final division of Charlemagne's

which the final stage of classicstyle, of

a

formed part

empireat

plaque, ably problarger

a

book-cover.

This
was

original plaque

copiedabout 800 by a and artist, Carolingian

the copy is preserved to in the book-cover in us

the end of the ninth century, when France was detached and Italyand came Germany together bethe patrimony of the East-Frankish or
German
two

these Emperors,

extremes

of mediaeval
localized in in

become style
East mode France and

Bodleian Library at Oxford. The late classic lectual ivoryhas stillthe intelof antique quality the action isclear, style; the figures self-poised
the and with impersonal,
an

West, the lyric

and

prevailing

England,

while the classicmanner

obtained
and
see, made

in Germany, shall as we finally, its way into the

air of dignity pervading the whole. In the copy the other hand the on and lack dignity figures and can neither sit poise,
nor

of Romanesque sculpture
Italian Lombard the North school. It, trays too, bethe workingof the mediaeval leaven, gathering all the while a crude realism that
crete, gives con-

stand in much

manner.

a convincing They are also

alike to reveal the relative importance and the function of each. In short the copy is confused and unprecise; it the reproduces faithfully
too

ifsometimes comic, force to its rendition of the sacred

true holding to

but subjects, in the main and sobriety

movemen-t.

classic
This

avoidance in the works

of

but antiqueconceptions fails to get the antique instead style, relapsing

style, preserved
of the Rhenish
of the
turies, cen-

illuminators

into vagueness. Yet this very lack of definitionhas a suggestion of feeling about it, and here we touch the discrepancy upon already noted between the antiquethought or of mediaeval art, content of. thereand the expression There is already in the Bodleian visible faintly teristic plaquethe characmediaeval tendency to emotionalize the ideas handed down from
the to poetize antiquity, dogmas and symbols of the fathers, to singhymns where they had chanted Hence
even

tenth and

eleventh

in North emerges at the time of the Italy

revival of
Lombard In the

tiating inisculpture,
we

what

call the

Romanesque. which Gugreliefs

the earliest of lielmus,

these Lombard carved about
same

sculptors,

upon of Modena

the fa$ade cathedral 1100, we find the

wavy-haired,
heads, the
same

bearded

Ivory book

-cover.

Bodleian

Oxford. library,

the same flapperfeet, halting action which in the marked the figures German manuscripts.

Guglielmus's styleis crude,his faces have lost classicproportion, and his figures have no beauty;they are rather racial between in of of and idea and expression, and already realizations a beginning a barbaric -ideal force, type But bones. the ninth century there is a general is seen in the bulgingeyes and high cheek twofold division observable in the works of art, according there is still in his work classic restraint that bespeaks the style controls as a the content, or the content controls the style. and giveshis scenes its distant origin, a curious effect of In the pen-drawings of the Utrecht Psalter, to take an power. of the the style has run away with the subject. latent power extreme The same informs the sculpture example, These pages are swept by veritable hurricanes of emotion; second school of Lombards, presided over by Benedetto the figures and draperies swirl in violent reaction Antellami in the second half of the twelfth century. Here pirouette of beauty of the Psalms. The draTtsman disto the mystic phrases plays we find greater refinement and a heightened sense also a quaintliteralness which is indispensable which we may attribute to the influence of France, the more to such for example,his illustrationof conceived in a French manner. because the subjects lyric expression; consider, are so
creeds.
flict con-

in the

we Carolingian period

can

see

the

ARCHITECTURE
surrounded
lASUt:. S njLAIMDOQNMADHUC

77

by the

four
,

jf

beasts symbolic of the gelists, Evanand

CONfm

JOklUI

-MUJ

IALtUkUlU"UfllI0JTMr

below
twelve The
serve a

Him
are

on

the lintel

the

apostles.
animals that
as

are pedestals

well-known
shows
masters

bard Lom-

which device, that

of

the
vence Proas

received
well
Illustrative drawing. Psalter in Utrecht. library, University

gave their relations

as

in
to

and Italy, the

itis probably
to
sider con-

best
In Benedetto's Descent into what

from the Cross, for example, he introduces would otherwise be a Byzantinecomposition, of

sculpture Saint-Trophime
the works of

the novel French motif of the Church which catches while to the right the blood of Christ in her chalice, an angel of the defeated Synagogue. The parpushesoff the crown ticular French source from which Benedetto drew is revealed diers by details like the "smocking" on the sleeves of the solof the Cross,and the very weedy acanthus to the right scroll which forms the upper border of the panel. These Benedetto carved his Descent at the time when features, from the Cross (the last quarter of the twelfth century), in only one be found together to school of French were

and

Antellami the school as belonging

a single group. Dating in the last

to

of the quarter twelfth century, these grim and

Illustrativedra

heavy figures represent a belated phase of

the

if we plastic style, whose any

may

give

Romanesque, namely Provence, the old Roman Provincia, that name to the classic manner Aries. whose was This, the part of France nearest capital been tracing.Plastic it is in to Lombardy, was ural a very natsource on

vicissitudes have we tained case, for the values ob-

by

these

masters

are

for the French

fluence in-

all of form rather

movement

than
to

Antellami

and

his

is avoided
a

line; gain

school.
A

instead

portal of
at
as

late but characteristic vence this school of Proisthat of Saint-Trophime

to

familiar Aries, the model

Bostonians

rugged force. More is the interesting of the lyric with history style, which we became acquainted in the drawings of the Utrecht
Psalter. The
was

of the facade of

Trinity Church, at Copley Square. Here one can see the

two

velopment field of its dethe West,meaning

motifs borrowed
the elbow the

in Antel-

lami's above and which which the which

work, the "smocking"

of the acanthus
strove to

sleeve,
with tate imi-

by that the territory lying of a line drawn west general throughthe Meuse, the Saone and the Rhone. Here again
in the

weedy
carvers

evolution

must

be

traced

the

in the illuminated manuscripts,

the late Roman

decoration
them
on

theysaw
ancient Provence
never

about
monuments

in rich. Roman

is

so

They

tired of

the chief medium of early mediaeval art. Thus we find it in French illumination of the tenth and eleventh centuries, its fullest but reaching

ornament,

ings, usingclassic mouldto

modillions
with

support
gaged, ensees

and entablatures theircornices,

en

development in the English of drawing of the eleventh, which a good example may be
'

ressaut

columns
one

found
at

in the Liber Vita; written Winchester.

above
frieze. At

which

Roman the characteristic

could
ning run-

be

more

Nothing than spirited

this
at
on

Saint-Trophime
the

this frieze represents left the Elect and

on

the gates of saint the same

of Saint Peter rendering Heaven, or of savinga soul

the

goingto Heaven, the Damned, right

like
a

marching away
gang
to

chainthroned enRhenish Transfiguration.

Hell. in the

Christ sits tympanum,

manuscript of

c.

whose from the devil, face he smashes with an enormous key, or again the angel that locks the gates of Hell. In the early twelfth cen-

78

ARCHITECTURE

I Ed."

Alinarii P.- 1.-N." 10654. MODENA

Facciata della Caltcdrale. Bassorilievo sopra

13 Porla

deslra

con

del Vecchio falti

Nuovo

Tcstamento. (Niccolo

1099. i Cuglielroo.

DEATH

OF

CAIN

AND

NOAH'S

ARK.

RELIEFS

ON

MODENA

CATHEDRAL,

BY

GUGLIELMUS.

DESCENT

FROM

THE

CROSS.

RELIEF

BY

BENEDETTO

ANTELLAM1,

PARMA.

ARCHITECTURE

79

8o tury the
in the
stone

ARCHITECTURE form in its jaws,and a rea human pulsive crunching with a goitre In the friezeabove its neck. on further pointis givento the moral of generous giving by the To the right the rich man is story of Dives and Lazarus. with Lazarus the beggar lyingoutside his door. feasting, with a realism that would The dogs are licking his sores it not so comic,and above him bends be disgusting were the angel that is to carry his soul to Heaven. Heaven is in EarlyChristian fashion by a tree, and to the symbolized leftsitsFather Abraham with Lazarus in his bosom,attended with an unmistakable air of "Iby a prophetwho points to some text that once was told-you-so" apposite Scriptural his scroll. on painted On the rightside the panelsbegin with the restored Annunciation in the lower lefthand corner, followed by the Visitation to the right.Over-emphasis the oddity explains of all these scenes; the prospective mothers of the Visitation betraytheir emotion by contortion of body and gesture, in the Epiphany above hurry forward at and the Wise Men breakneck speed to the eager Virgin and Child. In the

of stylesuddenlyemerges sculpture Languedoc and Burgundy. There can be no doubt that the sculptors drew from the manuscriptswhen one pares comthe pirouetting of Languedoc with such prophets the angellocking the gates of Hell in the English as figures miniature. The resemblance is not one merely of posture and clinging drapery; the as he carves, sculptor paints seeks than values of mass,

hag,a

beast head

of line rather
and
even produces re-

techniqueof the painter's and shade light in the nervous flying edges of his drapery.
of the The masterpiece school of Languedoc is the of the abbey-church portal of Moissac. Of this the

the

portalproper
the sides

dates

about

of 1130, and the sculptures

tween done befriezeabove is the Presentation, are rendering later, grotesque in its lyric of what is essentially 1130 and 1160. We to it a solemn scene, and next thus have a work of an incident of the Flight into Egypt,drawn from the Apocryan phal than the earliergeneration which relate how the idols of the city of HeliGospels, facade of Saint-Trophime, opolis felldown at the approach of the Holy Family. with a change of subject and one also the utThe portal of Moissac, notes terly to the Last Judgment,was differentconception which belongs tecturally archiat Beaulieu, copied of ornament, of the classic to the school of Auvergne. In fact the style tifs moof Provence beinghere Languedoc spread far beyond the borders of Languedoc in the figures tating proper; we find it as far north as Poitiers, on by decoration imireplaced the fafade the stucco relief of of Notre-Dame-la-Grande; there are reminiscences Moorish Spain. of CharIn the tymin the sculpture of the style of the west fafade even panum is the vision of the tres; and a very pronouncedLanguedoc influence is to be with Christ in in some of the work on a church that is essentially a seen Apocalypse, Figure of prophet. Souillac. attended by two angels glory product of the school of Provence, namely Saint-Gilles from Aries. Here and amid all the the four Evangelistic on the Rhone, justacross and at the sides sit the four-and-twenty features characteristic of Provence, and beasts. Below remindingus so bard their heads at times nearly of Saint-Trophime, discover the heavy Lomtwisted ofT in the sculpwe Elders, strongly tor's the interest on effort to centre and like the saints of the figure of Christ. figures twisting pirouetting The sides of the portalare restored in one of the two Moissac. A similar mixture stylesmay be compartment but altogether which from Saint-Guilhem-du-Desert, their sculptures trate illusfound in the capitals (the Annunciation), in Mr. George Gray Barnard's of traditional symbolism Yorkers examine New very well the submergence may in
a

riot of emotional The

expression.

museum

in the Bronx.

gory alleThe lower right ment hand panelon the leftside is' of Languedoc was thus the dominatingelean style of the sin of Unchastity in the Romanesque of Southern France, save where (Luxury was the mediaeval in Provence. the Lombard had established itself manner term),and the rest of the arcade is devoted to an exposiplastic tion of Avarice. It must such as that of AuThere were other local schools, vergne, that Romanesque not be forgotten is a monastic art, which explains with its peculiar and the "school" five-sidedlintel, the constant out singling for of these two vectives of Saintonge-Poitou, remarkable in its preference themes for their graphicinby the sculptors chiefly But throughin stone, the brethren of the monastery must be that omits the tympanum. arcuated portal an out reminded of the most finds as the twelfth century southwestern France one which surrounded deadlyof the temptations of Languedoc, of the lyric be stimulated the habit wears on must them, and in the laity a gradual style adoption of cheerful giving Church. while toward the north and east, with occasional echoes to Mother So the miser sits in a chair, in southern portals the century's his bag of gold near even end, the sculpclutching ture and tortured by the demon that sits astride his neck, while reveals the more robust geniusof Ile-de-France and another grinning demon dicant's Burgundy. urges forward a beggar. The mentory, The Burgundianstyle attitude foretells the refusal of alms, has a very interesting earlyhisshrinking
"

whereby the miser is enticed into deepersin. In the upper lunette to the right behold the miser's death chamber. we His wife kneels weeping beside the bed; from his mouth a

phase, onlylook at it in its developed Vezelay. This is a most interesting of the richest foundations of the kingdom, one formerly abbey, demon Founded wrenches the manikin that represents his soul, and soughtby pilgrims from far and wide. another devil flies off with a bag of gold, about 860,it was and the good angel onlyin the eleventh century that itemerged hoveringabove is about to turn away in disappointment. from obscurity by the fortunate chance of having secured The lunette to the left is badly the some damaged; it represented reputedbones of Saint Mary Magdalene. So popular of the unchaste and the avaricious. chosen by Saint tortures did this relic make the abbey that it was
but
we can

here

which

first appears

at

heads

The grotesque horror of these scenes iscarried into the that ornament the angles of the arches a grinning
"

Bernard second

in 1147 crusade.

as

the

spot where
the

he would
church

preachthe
are

The

of portals

modern,

ARCHITECTURE

81

MOISSAC,

ABBEY

CHURCH,

PORTAL

(FROM

CAST).

"BH1H8MHIHI

SIDES

OF

PORTAL

(FROM

CAST). MOISSAC,
ABBEY CHURCH.

82 and the chief interest for

or us

ARCHITECTURE
in the

of the narthex

in a glorysupportedby four head downward in an represented efforton the part of the sculptor to givethe glory twelve years after Saint Bernard's preaching. a floating the obscurity who stand effect an effect neutralized by the lower pair, No exampleillustratesbetter than Vezelay the subject, for archaeologistssolidly sit on one the ground. On the ledgebeside Him in which the emotional style on enwraps of this tercessors side a prophet, and on the other Mary and Saint John, instill at odds as to the interpretation are for the Damned. ing is the City of At Christ's right famous portal.The tympanum surely represents the Sendfor this is clearly indicated by the forth of the Apostles, Heaven, with all the walls and arcades of a Romanesque radiate from Christ's hands to town, into which an angelis "boosting"a soul throughthe rays of the Holy Ghost that

abbey liesin the

finished
some

doorway
ten
or

Christ

sits enthroned
two
are

porch,which

was

of angels,

whom

"

their heads. also

The

little compartments

of the archivolt

are

arches of the lower story. The

in usuallyinterpreted the same sense as highly of imaginative renderings the various peoples to whom the Gosp"l was preached. The do lintel is the greatest
we can

is

entry of souls into Heaven by Saint superintended

holds
an mous enor-

Peter, who

key,while Saint Paul further to the rightleads a saints. throngof worshipping

In the lower lefthand
an corner

and puzzle,
no

probably
to

angelsounds

trumpet,
behind

betterthan
some

with

that Viollet-le-Duc,

suppose, it

with tremendous the soul that

effect upon

cowers

way the of the Elect from separation

represents in

the Wicked, the good souls

being

shown

in characteristic

offerings fashionas bringing while the to the abbey, Damned

"

are

conceived

in

him, and another in front, who points with excited gesture at the Heavenly soul clings City. Another ing, to the angel that is affordin so simple and direct a the coveted fashion, entry
to

Pride mounting allegories horse of a a (by means Discord as a pairof ladder), fighters, Anger as a quarrelling family, Calumny figured
in the curious group with people
at
enormous

Heaven; and Saint Peter

of yet another, ing to be waitAll the souls

grasps the hand who seems his

are

turn.

of
the

sexless creatures, and of relative is a matter height

suring importance, humanity mea-

ears

the

extreme

of right

half the

stature

of the-"

frieze.
The very close
was so

and these half that of saints, of Vezelayis style to the manuscript which far
more

Christ.
To the right is the the Weighing Psychostasis, of and the Soul. We
see an an angelholding

illumination from

it

derived,and
than that of

Moissac.
swirls that

For here the

is done drapery

open book, the beam the scales, on

in fine lines and

suggest the penman, and the takes infinite sculptor pains

effects of get the pictorial (from cast). abbey church, portal Vezelay, the manuscripts, for exas ample in the elaborate undercutting of the characteristic Burgundiandouble fold. He handles his stone as if it were with black and white, so much for his material, utter of the emokeen sense disregard tional a whatever. value of coiling and no plastic sense lines, The same of movement restraint style appears with some
to

of which is perchedthe soul, of unin an agony certainty evidently

as to the outcome, while in the pans below his ing good and evil deeds are be-

weighed by a devil and of the efforts to triumph in spite angel.The good seems of the devil to pull Littlespirits his side of the beam. down fiend about the angel's a grinning cower feet;to the right another above clutches a toad as he watches the weighing; him into the Pit of Hell,and from thrusts the Damned
an

and

of of the slim figures in the portal greater exaggeration

the cathedral of is the victim of

Autun, which
a

dates about

1140.

The

portal

head of a the open gate below emerges the fish-like in his claws that vomits forth another devil, grasping of

monster
a

group

"restoration" of the eighteenth century, when many of the heads (notably that of Christ)were cut off so that the "barbaric" sculpture of the tympanum might be covered by an aesthetic coat of plaster, but enough is left to make the scene, for all its impossibilities, perhaps the
most

shudderingsinners. composition.
The and the lintel shows
us

the angelcompletes trumpeting the Resurrection of the Dead Elect from the sword. Damned. another their
An

both the

of Separation

angel on
centre

the left comforts the

away

holy ones;
with the
a

in the

of convincing rendering

the Last

Judgment
"

that

we

drives
are

the Damned
two to

Among

the

have in art. The sculptor his name has signedthe work Gislibertus and he intended to leave no doubt as to was the didactic rather than aesthetic intent of his creation, for under the group of the Damned he has inscribed a Latin
"

Blest
a

two

bishopsand
in
contrast

with pilgrims,
more

scrips,
resented rep-

monastic

touch

view popular

"Let couplet, reading:

this terror terrify whoever is bound in terrestrial error, for the horror here depicted ness witis sure of what shall come to pass."

by Gothic Last Judgments, wherein the abbots the Damned. and bishops frequently appear among carved this motto The sculptor Ut terreat hie terror. his work, and certainly on departednot from it. Save for of the intercessors, the obscure figures Mary and John, there

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE
part of the construction. Their close adherence to the lines of the cathedral lends them of its sovereign some dignity,
and masks of the savage The art of the Middle of the figure is found no longerin them, but significance rather from the kindly comes gaze that illumines the face, the Judge into the Saviour of Mankind. Thus transforming

winning are their faces than the prophets of Languedoc ! Ages has suddenly,as it were, grown the angels invest the forms of childhood. Young young; also and intensely human is the Christ that sits in the central surrounded by His ancient symbols; the tympanum
more

yet how

much

saints and

mediaeval sentiment has at.last

come

into its own;

the Latin

dogma
now

that it tried to animate

with

is pathetic exaggeration of

couched in unmistakable French. On the Christ Chartres there fallsthe first sunlight of the Gothic dawn.
Princeton

University.

The

American

Academy
a

in Rome

"

Twenty-fifth Anniversary
in classical literature and its paramount have archaeology, tion importance to higher educa-

historyof the first twenty-five years THE the American Academy in Rome,
summary Grant La of which

of the lifeof

and sculpture, demonstrated in America.

most

interesting

has been written by the secretary, C. of the vision of Farge, is a completejustification

its founders.

warrants

"The buildingof the World's Fair at Chicago made to in our artistic progress so marked architecture and in opening its doors to the women that it well turning-point as well be termed an epoch. Its effect was and the men of America. as profound may In order to maintain the academy in its present state, far-reaching, our strongly influencing subsequentwork It was and point of view. which the first occasion upon tional addiand in order to insure its growth in these directions, there were is necessary. for a common endowment to work result, broughttogether, but also the practitioners France owes her pre-eminence in arts and letters to-day not only a number of architects, of the allied arts. The lessons learned were over important: to the establishment of the French Academy in Rome the inestimable value of coherence and classic orderliness; two hundred years ago. Spain,England, Belgium,Austria, the individual freedom given to those who accept a common Germany, and. Russia have followed her example. the meaning of collaboration The trustees of the American restraint; perhaps, Academy turn confidently greatest of all, if of America, in the belief that their that the architect, the painter, the sculptor, and women to the men : each is to reach his highest work all together, support of this great national and patriotic institution will must expression,
a

The DEPARTMENTS. success already achieved in extendingthe field of its activities the trustees include the arts of musical compositionand landscape
"

NEW

mind

to

mind

and

hand

to

hand,
"

not

as

tuitously not separate units forand every worked in

fail.
FUNDS.
"

assembled,but as an mutually comprehending team

interwoven intimately
as men

Funds

for the expenses

American

of this

campaign for
Rome that have every

the endowment
been subscribed

of the

Perhaps great age of the past to make great works of art. the full lesson was not entirely grasped, perhapsit was too for immediate but at any rate vast complete realization;
it bore
some

Academy in by friends of the academy, so

to

dollar received will go The academy was 000. Mr.

the endowment
to

fund.

in debt

the
an

Morgan
offer
to

fruit promptly, and

in Rome
was

the American

School of

J. P. Morgan has

made

estate, $375,cancel a dollar

opened in 1894. It was in the of American ornament distinguished Charles that the idea was F. McKim, born; architecture, his fervor and under enthusiasm,togetherwith that of Daniel Burnham, that it took shape; to their unswerving and time; devotion to it of money to this idea, their gifts their inspiring to example; to the years of Frank Millet's death in that unselfish service, ending only with his tragic
Architecture

of this debt
up
to

fertile brain of that

most

by

for every dollar subscribed to thus every contribution that amount; Mr. Morgan's munificent offer.

the endowment will be doubled

Many
which

universities
such

are

colleges. already contributing

to

There should be many

more

availthemselves

of the
And

leges privithose

annual

give. subscriptions
in

be retained perpetuity by any university privileges may bution its subscription which shall capitalize by making a contriof five thousand dollars
to

very

service; and

to

the

adherence

of such

others

as

La

the endowment
at

of the

Mowbray, French, Farge and Saint-Gaudens, now gone, and Blashfield, happilystillwith us, that this fruition was of architecture as McKim due. Begun by two such princes and Burnham, it naturallytook at first an architectural followed. In 1897 the scope was form, but the rest soon by the foundingof the American Academy in Rome, enlarged and sculpture." for students of architecture, painting, this institution has already sent The forth, and men ing their influence in establishing high standards and in mouldand painting, thought,both in the "arts of architecture,

academy. Liberty Bonds

value.

will be
to

gladly received
be

their face
from

Contributions
income
on

the academy may be made

P.
to

deducted

tax

returns.

All contributions should mailed

to

the order

of and

Treasurer

MELLON, Committee, York 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New City.

EDWARD

of Endowment

The

Problem
By William
a

of the Small

City

Lot

Pitkin,Jr., Landscape Architect

of development of the citylot having frontage THE approximately hundred feet is problem worthy
one a

of the

most

careful

study and capableof

a

many

interesting
or

solutions. Too unsolved often it is

problemleft partlysolved

wholly

by
on

apparent

the average any of our show

designedhouses

architect. The result is only too good residentialstreets where wellevery evidence of having been aban-

Rear, C. J. Butler garden before planting.

on

the part of the architects for they are most of having every one of their works as
as a

sirous decertainly

successful

as

both possible, An

matter

of

prideand

of

ciple. good business prin"""*

Front, C. J. Butler house before planting.

doned
was

by

the architect after the purely architectural work the appreciate

reasons

completed.
It is difficult to for this

is as importantto a house as to appropriate setting is not meant the haphazard a fine jewel. And by appropriate of the grounds,but a well-conceived, planting thoroughlystudied scheme for the layout of the entire lot. Such a scheme embraces but the location of not only the planting, the house and garage, the arrangement of walks and drive, the practical of such utilitarian features as laundry, handling the and other service items, and finally yard,coal delivery,
(Continued on page 88.)

neglect

JL Zaftig
Plan, house and garden, C. J. Butler.Detroit,Mich.
BUTL.ER.

86

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

AND

SMALL

CITY

GARDEN. C.

Wm.

Pitkin, Jr., Landscape

Architect.

J. BUTLER,

DETROIT,

MICH.

ARCHITECTURE
the lot plan should be worked Wherever possible up in order that the house to starting operations, building prior be with first studied ence referand floor) plans(basement may for walks, the landscapearchitect's suggestions to service features and garden connections. drive, In many it has been impossible to carry out cases ideal solution of the lot problem due to the fact that

the the

or

designof the garden and

the house.

its proper relation

to

the

planof

between Co-operation
for the is essential

architect and
a

of such securing

architect landscape well-designed practical,

scheme.

It is

as

foolish for the architect unfamiliar with

the plan alone,as it is for the to make material, planting architect to attempt the developmentof the lot landscape the the architect, and without recognizing considering motives which prompt his design, and the definite effects
for. which he is striving have successful cityplaces Undoubtedlylome

far one way house was set too high, or located a few feet too the other; the service portionwas poorlyarrangedin windows reference to the proposedscheme,or the important and doors were placedin a poor relation to the garden. A is the location of the coal-binson the difficulty very common side of the house,necessitating drive where the a wrong gardenor lawn are desired. be worked out lot plans may Many very interesting after the house is built, which was the condition in all even of the three Detroit problems illustrated in this article. which could However, in all of them there are difficulties have been overcome had the lot plan been made alongwith the house plans. For example, the garage turns are exceptionally and might plans, poor in both the Butler and Kuhn have been improved by a slight changein the arrangement of the garages or the service wings. The residence of Mr. Charles J. Butler is located on a and as the photohundred-foot lot in Indian Village, Detroit, graphs close to the has houses on each side standing indicate, property line. and terrace overlook the The sun-room, dining-room, lawn which has been givencompleteprivacy rear by a wall it on the it from the street lawn, and enclosing separating
A
an

resulted from co-operation between architect and nurserymen, but this relationis unsatisfactory in general because the nurserymen
do
not

understand

designand

have

little appreciationproperty lines.

of form

is so much more terial maimportantin planting than either color or horticulturalinterest.

which

yard and forms it. against

the servicelattice screens well-designed interesting backgroundfor the planting

Back

Mich. yard garden,C. J. Butler,Detroit,

Wm.

Pitkin, Jr., Landscape Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

89

House

and small citygarden.

Robt. Kuhn, Detroit, Mich.

it has plan,as in the two accompanyingplans, the intent to add apparently to the size of the property and unbroken by keepingall grass areas as large as possible, by planting.The house is largefor the property, and the been generous expanse of
street

In this

lawn

givesit

more setting

in

to proportion

itssize. been made

as

the garden grass-plots have Similarly, large as possible, and the planting confined to entirely the borders, thus mum the maxisecuring open
area

the depth of the garden as the eye carries down cutting the hedge to the tall planting of evergreens against the alley. the wall screening arches provideinteresting The rose-covered glimpses of the garden, and repeat the note of the lattice allof which brown. are painted for intimate inspecThe littlewinter gardenis designed tion
over
"

from

the living-room and

race, ter-

and
an

completes

position, evergreen comof which

for

the

tall the

cedars ground backpletely com-

play and for visual enjoyment. The garden lawn isbordered by planting composed of flowering shrubs, hardy perennials,
and
a

form
""-%""*""
*w

and

l:$*^mij^^
Juc~^

B^MO

-I

TL

t1*"-

'

"

""

,-~

""

"

'

V"

.3

w"1*

screen

the

service
'.
r
"

f'al'-lLl.**!-

S-

A*

t.""

wing of the house. neighboring

centre

A marble bird-bath in the grass of the

few

choice

trast evergreens for conof foliage and

for winter value. The cutting garden at the rear is separatedby a Van hedgeof Spirea Houttei which
a

panel of the winter garden makes a high light in the composition

and adds
to

the interest.

For with

contrast

the evergreen the garplanting, den contairis

a

gives it
amount

desired

7
Plan,garden, Robt. Kuhn, Detroit,Mich.
Wm.

few

of mystery

azaleas, narcissus,
Pitkin,Jr. Landscape Architect.

Without

apparently

and

Darwin

tulips

9o

ARCHITECTURE for springflower; white

white
anemones

phlox and

liliesfor summer,

and

for

limited in quantity all carefully to fall, Kuhn

be in scale with its size. The 125

property of Mr. Robert

a

but has feet,

width

of 200 feet.

the north half, area a generous leaving garden. garden,and vegetable of The plan provides a heavy screen a high hedge and but leaves an the garden, planting alongthe street to screen A low untrimmed street lawn in front of the house. adequate is planted on hedge of Japanesebarberry top of the 18-inch tural south and west and givesthe house a snug architecterraces setting. the house and porch is composed The planting against of a very few plantscarefully quired grouped which give the reas well as privacy. This garden also consists setting of a large lined borders of central grass panelwith straight borders. backed flowering perennials up by heavy shrub The
as

is very shallow, only The house stands on the south for lawn, on

walks

between

flowers and shrubs of

are

of grass and

serve

practical ways

attractive vistas

about, as well as formingvery getting terminated set among by the white figures

the planting at the south ends.

The small rose-garden has an intimate relation to the enclosed by the heavy and porch, and is securely living-room hedge of cedars on the north,and the hibiscus on the south ground and east. Its grass walks and panel make a good backof green for the roses. The bird-bath and gardenfine Italian marble, and are worthy terminals of the seat are
two

main

axes.

is an of
Plantingat main
entrance,

vegetable garden,while well feature of the place as interesting intensive farming.

The
(Continuedon page 92.)

screened
an

excellent

by planting example

RobL

Mich. Kuhn, Detroit,

The

back yard garden, Robt. Kuhn, Detroit, Mich.

Wm.

Pitkin, Jr., Landscape Architect.

ARCHITECTURE
littlewhen the buyer cost is surprisingly of the material grown by different quality In the photographs concerns. shown, all the material was open lawn areas to the lot. showing at the end good sized and made a very satisfactory is again secured in the garden of the first year, which is a result pleasing The maximum alike to client, grass panel borders are straight in tion and the line of the planting and landscape-architect. recogni- architect, fences and lattice. of the lines of the enclosing Architects often feel that the cost of securing such a the panel A little mystery is introduced for their houses is out of proportion to the size of the by separating setting of the garden by planting of intermediate in that and grass walk portion property, but the truth is that the cost is very little, which also makes the work is necessarily limited by the restricted space. a frame for the view from height, so the class of city residences ordinarily the hall windows. On built on 100all these houses is composed of foot lots, The the cost can be estimated low as 4% of the against planting as chosen shrubs and for the primarilyfor their form, cost of the house, and will seldom exceed 10% even evergreens either as specimens scheme. This will include material and to recognize or in groups, and is arranged most pretentious the architectural design, and to properly services of the landscape-arlabor, and the professional emphasizeboth the chitect. of the planting is vertical and horizontal lines. The sky-line considered as of great importance, and as the photographs the as on Surelywhere nature has so littleopportunity show the masses that human skill should are so as to reveal the architecture citylot,it is doubly imperative arranged The result is instead of buryingit, is so often the case. be employed to soften the hard conditions, and to giveshade as into which the house fitspleasingly and this and green foliage around our homes. And to accomplish an appropriate setting of the dein an orderly with proper appreciation mands harmoniously. manner, of good design, The use of good-sized convenience and amenity,is indeed nursery stock instead of the usual small plantsis justified effects secured, well worth the consideration of the serious architect. by the immediate The

groundsabout

also in Indian

Angell, Detroit, againillustrate the value of Village, for a house which is very wide in proportion

the residence of Mrs.

A. C.

and
is

the difference in

familiar with the

Modern

BuildingSuperintendence
By David
CHAPTER PLUMBING AND

B. Emerson
VII DRAINAGE

IN

an

earlier the

we chapter,

mentioned

that the

stalled large for plumber intheir base the iron

was

soil, waste, vent, and leader lines close behind

the purpose. All of the stacks were at supported of iron piperests placeddirectly under by means

the steel erectors, so that when the frame was up and the floor slabs set, the lines were all in and most of the roughing for the fixtures was alreadydone. All of the stacks were
to specified

and theywere stack,

of at each floor by means supported fastened to the floor beams. hangerssecurely Venting done by the circuit system of venting, usingthe yoke

for all batteries of fixtures in the toilet-rooms galvanized wrought-iron pipe; this was type of vent done after a careful study of conditions. There is no questhe various floors. The vent four inches in stacks were on tion but that cast-iron pipe is far more carried up throughthe roof in all cases. diameter,and were corrosion-resisting than wrought iron, in fact it seems The house drains and house sewers under laid with a pitch to last indefinitely were almost all conditions, of one-half inch to each foot of horizontal run, and as the but there is one to great objection cast-iron pipe, total roof area in tall buildings, thousand and that is,the about thirty feet,two lines was especially nine inches in diameter joints.The unequalexpansionof lead and iron is something were required.The house drains which cannot be overcome, of heavy in tallstacks and the joints were hung from the steel floor beams by means of cast-iron pipeare alwaysliable to leak, whereas the screw and where theyran under wrought-iron hingedpipehangers, in wrought-iron trenches and joints pipeare steam, gas, and water tight, the basement floor, they were run in concrete and under almost all conditions remain so. The onlypoint brick piers set upon were placed every ten feet in the length is to be careful to get a genuinepuddledwrought-iron pipe, of the pipes. Brass screw cap clean-outs were placedin the and not lines at points the where they could be easily rodded to remove a steel pipe. All of the pipe used throughout of salt glazed ware earthenstandard weight The house sewers and the fittings obstruction. was building were lapwelded pipe, cast-iron drainage with joints were made by means screw recessed, ten inches in diameter, jointed, pipe, galvanized The ends of all pipe were of oakum reamed and one cement fittings. out to remove mortar, to one portland gaskets, the burr caused in cutting. As the All pipeand fittings with the citysewers in the streets. screwed and connected were and made without the use located below of red together, were perfectly tight plumbing fixtures in the sub-basement lead or pipecement. The soil stacks were ameter, the sewer cast-iron sewage receiver was five inches in diinstalled, level, a which is ample for a building of any of two centrifugal height, fitted with a duplex ejector consisting and with any number of fixtures;the waste stacks for and driven by verticalelectric operating in a dry pit, pumps the lavatories in the offices were all three inches in diameter; motors mou'nted on the extended receiver cover, and equipped anism, and the leaders were with automatic controllers operated so that theyhad proportioned by a simplefloat mechinch of sectional area of the motors of pipeto every two when the sewage which one hundred and started one drained. The the reached a certain level in the receptacle. In this instance, fifty adjustment square feet of roof area of the surface drained by each leader was of tappets on the float rod was area about seventysuch that in case of the failure five hundred square feet, six-inch would leaders were cause so sufficientlyof one pump to start, a further inflow of sewage

be of

ARCHITECTURE
the other unit In
to start.

93 and
was

The

sewage

was

forced receiver,
sewer. case

out

the

ejecting pumps the pit. For out a pit was located in the sub-basement sump gratedtop. In this pitwas installeda water
with
a

the

and by the ejector, dry pitbecame flooded from any cause, fitted with auxiliary valves to pump were the handling of seepage water, leaks, etc., fitted with
a

into the discharged into the discharged

connected

to

the

hot-water

drum

which

float

which, when

it reached

certain

fitted ejector, pointdue to

ment,
the supplied

had

check

The supplyline upper stories of the building. valve in the basement,to prevent the water
to

running back system consisted of

U bends of copper connections

from

the

street

mains.

The

hot-water
a

two

steel drums

fitted with

series of

the rise of water, automatically opened the valves in the which threw a jet of water into the exwater-supply pipe, haust and by creating line, sucked out the a partial vacuum The ejector, water. althoughof small size, having only a one-inch supply, would lifteighthundred of water gallons
an

in parallel, mounted and having tubing, steam from an auxiliary boiler which heated the Turkish bath duringthe summer months, and from the main The hotheatingsystem during the winter months. drums water were provided with heat regulators which, when the
water

had

reached

temperature of
steam water

two

hundred
the

cut Fahrenheit, degrees

off the

supply from

coils,

and

as

soon

hour

on

twelve-foot for the

head.

When

the lines
was

were

all avoid

in and
water

ready

the fixtures,
account

system

thoroughly
to

tested; the testing being done

on

in sections

This againadmitted. the water, which causes preventedoverheating steamingat the faucet, and the unpleasantsputtering which panies accomit. The mains distributing
were were

the valve

the temperature of the opened and the steam was

as

in the drum

fell,

excessive pressure,
The house
was testing

of the

heightof the stacks.

taken

off the distributing

begun at
were

to supply the fixtures and had testing back to the circulating manifolds,and then back into the filledfrom the bottom, letting drums. The hot water risers and the circulation pipeshad stoppers, and the stacks were the water rise slowly that were to the top. Any leakyjoints teenth expansionloopseightfeet long,at the sixth and the thirfound were made of the expansion tight. and contraction floors, to take care The taken from the mains in both of the pipes. The was water-supply fastened midway between pipes were of one main beingtemporarily the loopsand allowed to expand both upward and downstreets, so that in the event ward. of service, the building out would be left totally without All lines, both for hot and cold water not were supply, ameter, valved,justabove the manifolds, water-supply.Each supply line was five inches in diand all of the branch lines of extra the valved that line branch heavy galvanized could be cut off without were so wrought-iron or pipe; any connections to the street mains were of special made by means the rest of the system. The valves on all veraffecting tical connections. Each line had a gate valve at the curb, with lines were soft seat globevalves, and gate valves were cast-iron service T-handle a used on all horizontal lines. The ice-water system was box, and a operatingrod, so ated operthat the supply could be cut off at the street if of an automatic refrigerating machine installed by means necessary. The supplylines were connected before being in the basement connected cross and operatedby an electric motor, trolled conthe meter. A fish-trap to installed in the line directly was by an automatic starter with a thermostatic control. in front of the meter. the meter From the lines ran to the The cooling done in a cooling tank having a capacity was which were of the vertical pressure type, built with of seven filters, hundred level beingmaintained a constant gallons, cast-iron shells. The filters set upon of a float valve. The cooling coils were concrete bases, and by means so placed had waste funnels which with the house drain. connected that the lower pipeswere submerged in the water and the After leavingthe filters, the house main had branches circulation sprayedover the upper pipes. The thermostat, to return

the several sections drain. The

the upper part of the system, and tested down the to and including

manifolds,and

carried

through the building circulating pipesrunning

ends

of the

pipewere

closed with

the boiler drum the and for

in sub-basement, the feed-pump the supplying lower which the supplied

two

cold-water

air-

which

three stories of the building, submerged in the water, and

three lower
were

controlled the temperature of the water, was the operation of the ammonia

hot-water tank
to

floors,

the suction

tank;

other branches

connected

the suction pipesof the two that in so pumps, from the city mains. they could pump directly emergency The house pumps six stage, turbine pumps, with a cawere pacity of one hundred and fifty gallons per minute, operated
to directly
an

controlled by the rise and was automatically compressor fall of the temperature of the water. The supply to the tank was from the house taken from the descending main tank. From branches floor. The the

tank, a cooling
was

main

supply line

one

and

one-half inches in diameter

were

taken

carried up throughthe building; off at each floor to supply the

on

by twenty-five hp.
the pumps
were

electric

motors. to

The

suction

pipesof
were

fountains in the corridors and the drinking offices,

each

connected

the suction

tank, and

with strainers at the tank to prevent foreign matter provided from entering the pump. The suction tank was constructed of wrought-iron with the seams riveted and caulked, plates, of two and had a capacity thousand gallons.The supply pipe to the suction tank had a reducmg manifold header, fitted with four ball cocks. inch pipe A two-and-one-half
was

arrangedso that there would be no dead ends, and a circulating pipereturned the water to the The cooling sulated intank. tank and allof the pipes were cooling from pure granulated with cork covering cork made into moulds, baked, and then coated with a waterproof pressed
system
was

finish. and the fixtures

was was

When

the

construction
were

had

advanced
of

ficiently, suf-

the tile floors commenced. the

the work laid, Turkish

installing

taken

from
was

shampoos, needles, had a capacity of five thousand gallons.All supplypipes showers,and hydrotherapeutic apparatus; and the building also equipped with stand-pipes, insulated to prevent freezing. was hose-reels, to the tank were fire-pumps, thoroughly all of which will be fully charged and other fire protective The overflow from the tank and the emptying pipe disdevices, the roof. The tank was described in a later chapter. The water-closets in the clerks' onto equipped with an and in the generaltoilet-rooms which started the when toilet-rooms in the bank automatic float switch, motors pump of the suspended syphon the supply of water in the tank was were lowered,and stopped throughout the building front lips.The closets with extended them when the tank was main filledagain. The distributing jetwall type closets, chair hangerswhich were from the tank was set carried down and were supportedon cast-iron through the building bolted before the tile floors were and the closets were branches were taken off"at each floor to supply laid, distributing them the fixtures on that floor. The main terminated in the baseto through the slabs at the back of the enclosures.
this tank made and fitted with
necessary

the pumps up to the house tank on the of cypress, with a frost-proof cover,

roof;

The

bath in the basement

94 The lines connection

was

ARCHITECTURE
between the of closets and the branch soil which
were

drilled specially allowed the of

to

receive

them.

The
as

traps

made

by

means

flexible connection

between

long lead bends, which gave a the closet and the pipe,and
This type of closet

for all lavatories were ordinances The

of the non-syphon type

the

city

from settlement. prevented any damage in fireproof is undoubtedly the best for use as buildings, also the closets are all pipingis kept above the floor slabs, be easily free from the floor, cleaned so that theymay entirely under. back The
seats
were

use approvedtraps of this pattern. oughly particular trap selected for this work had been thorinstalled. tested and proven so was satisfactory, are

Non-syphon traps, which

far better than
cases

in positive
at

their

seal, are

doubtedly un-

any

system of ventingas in
their

most

of the saddle

hole,open
was

front and

the

vents
a

get closed up
a maze

type.
most

The

of flushing

the closets in the of

done

by

means

work

after

few

of months, also the venting

out

of

valves,concealed push-button
methods satisfactory

which floor,

is

one

of fixtures makes corrode eventually

a

and do not opening, number a large which of concealed pipes, may become
a

spected inand vitreous ware was porcelain discolored to see that no warped,cracked, nor crazed, included in the shipments, and one or two being were pieces found they were back to the manufacturers, ordered sent them. All of the brass and perfect sent to replace pieces The lavatories used in the water-closets. and waste be iron pipe the same to was as pipe for supplies specified of heavy vitreous china,with that is, the diameters were the building and to be inside diameters were size; throughout outside diameters, is the rule with brass tubing. All backs eightinches high,secured to the walls by not as integral of concealed iron wall supports, and having vitreous to be solid drawn were means tubing of the standard thickness. tings, When fitall installed and the plumbing system The lavatories had "pop up" waste the fixtures were china standards. The be made. the entire system was smoke which tested. Smoke near as can was are as complete, fool-proof the tops of all of the stacks at the lavatories had crown done by closing handle, self-closing,testing was on supplies in It is always a good practice the roof,and pumping the system full of a dense pungent basin cocks. ball-bearing ing smoke and semipublic to use self-closing cocks,as buildings public producedby burningoakum or oilywaste, and forcit througha rubber hose into the lower part of the systheyprevent the waste of water, also the damage which might tem. the basin If there are any leakyor imperfect the cocks open, overflowing be caused by leaving or any cracks joints, The crown handle is about the best in the pipes, the room. defective seals in the traps, it is and flooding or or fittings, from it. The system detected by the smoke sible imposeasily issuing type of cock for this classof work, as it ispractically be done with arm, lever, tested out perfectly and our work was and was as can to fasten it open tee, accepted, of the pushThe ice-water cocks were or rabbit-ear handles. button now practically completed,except for finishing up a few

fixtures, as flushing the user does not have to touch levers, push buttons or pulls with All of the urinals were of porcelain with the hand. which did away with all partitions, and fronts, interlocking of urinals. unit out of each battery made practically a single of push-button flush valves, The flushing done by means was
of the

and

nuisance

instead

of

benefit.

All of the

type, and

were

set

in the backs

of the

lavatories, items which

will be taken

up

later.

Originof

"

Watch

Your

Step"

of the number While

accidents reof nearlyten thousand cently analysis in electrical, by manufacturers,chiefly reported the highest the United States, curred percentage of those that ocattributed to outside the companies'premises were of "Watch hence the origin and falling, slipping, tripping, that the greatest danger lyingin Your Step." This means

FROM

an

tion
of the total lost time and accidents. The fact 75 per cent the proper
as man

from each cause is misleading. onlyresulting rent, by electriccurinjured only 8.3 per cent were for over 70 per cent these accidents were responsible 70 per
cent

of the serious and

fatal

that is, however, and it is encouraging,

are

of this class of accidents

as

when preventable

such devices, safety His

wait for those

man

in his hours the

of leisure is the

pavement

neath befrom

gloves, etc., are

rubber switches, while falling will continue as long installed, enclosed

fails to "Watch

his feet. The

on occurring

highest percentage

of falls came

Step."

ing in the followwhile others came level, from ladders, order of seriousness: from elevations, over into excavations,from from poles, obstructions, on stairs,

Indiana
stone

Limestone
seem

in the Movies
a

temporary
On the

supports, and
from fourth

from

scaffolds.
comes

"handlingmaterial" companies' premises

electriccurrent
in
a
"

may BUILDING but the motion-picture in the A the Indiana Oolitic Limestone Limestone

cold, hard
has found

proposition,
human terest indiana. In-

camera

first. Accidents

from

shock, burns,

Quarries of southern

eye-flashrank Only .7
"

has been completed for Quarrymen's Association by the due to heat, which seems strange one Rothacker Film ManufacturingCompany presents a novel than is heat prostration suffer from imagines that more the wonderful machine It pictures industrial romance. From recorded. a actually generalconsideration injuries methods employed in quarryingand the large tory facmodern fication last in a classito fingers were highest, of Indiana eyes next, and ears system used in connection with the preparation of thirty-five locations. From the anatomical limestone for the market. o f linemen ranked firstand standpoint occupation carpenters three-reel film which per cent exhaustion from of all the accidents
"

list of

classes of accidents. eighteen were reported

lowest. classification is that which Perhaps the most interesting the lengthof service. Of all the accidents reported 25.9 per cent, or the highest single percentage, had all been in the employ of the companies less than six months. of over Those veterans years'service contributed twenty the list. To determine only 1.1 per cent to the casualty of accidents by consideraseriousness of the various causes considered

The
We in take pleasure

Story of

Brick

of a very the receipt acknowledging illustrated booklet, The Story suggestively The of Brick Permanence, Beauty and Economy of the Face Published Brick House." Face by The American Brick Association, Chicago. attractive and
"

"

ARCHITECTURE
Crafts Association, MunicipalArt

95

National Society, Harold Arts Club, Public Education McGill Davis School Art League, Association, School Crafts Club, Silk Association of America,Sterling McGILL DAVIS born in Jerseyville, was III., Silverware Manufacturers, -Societyof Illustrators, Toy on and the of 26, 1860, Samuel W. August was son Association of America, Manufacturers, LIpholstery and Wall and Mary J. McGill Davis. His earlyboyhood was spent Paper Manufacturers' Association of the U. S. in Kansas, where his father held the office of treasurer of forces is necessary, and the Industrial Mobilizing our the town of Paola, to which he was elected thirteen consecutive Arts Council can do much to bring this about. facturer Every manuhad Harry, as he was called by his friends, years. should feelit his duty and his privilege to aid in this a in the St. Louis High public-school education,finishing Further details can be secured from the officp movement. School,after which he obtained the position of office boy of the Council at 10 East 47th Street. in a lead and oil factory. While in high school, cadet a and afterward mustered into the Second organized corps was Labor Costs Regiment of the National Guard of Missouri. He became lieutenant and was a second of a pickedsquad a member TABOR is more efficientthan a good many post-war croakers which After gave exhibition drills and fancy evolutions. "L' make it out to be. That, at to be the any rate, seems several years with the lead and oil he resigned and company, conclusion to be drawn from recent cost computations made chief clerk of the St. Louis U. S. Assay Office, was appointed by the Aberthaw Construction Company. receivingthe appointment from President Chester A. "It is too earlyto venture SOME CHEERArthur. any broad A government slow and uncertoo position was tain ING NEWS Dan cian statistigeneralizations," Patch, says for an ambitious boy, so he came New York to to of the who has been making company, study architecture. Being active in church work, he was these computations."Yet I feeljustified in saying a word elected presidentof the Brooklyn Christian Endeavor of what should be encouragement to those who see only Union in 1901, an organization six thousand numbering some gloom in the labor situation. members, and the following chairman made year was "The Aberthaw tabulated Company keeps very carefully of the printing committee in connection with the Christian data of unit costs on different jobs. These it uses to Endeavor Convention,held in Madison Square Garden, establish averages that shall be available in checkingthe with a total attendance of sixty thousand delegates. The relative efficiency of subsequentundertakings. In figuring financial panicof 1893 offered him a chance to into the get labor costs per unit of accomplishment, it is, of course in which he had some advertising profession, experience the to standard. adjust rate to a common necessary wage while in St. Louis as a writer and designer.Afterward he of Hence, the computationreally expresses itself in terms became with an advertising connected ening agency, thus broadlabor hours expendedon a givenunit. his experience and fitting himself for his final position as "During the war, labor costs, both relative and absolute, of the advertising tric manager departmentof the SpragueElecwent alarmingly skyward. How much of this was due to Works of the General Electric Company, which he obtained dilution of the trades throughthe injection of vast numbers in December, 1899.

HAROLD

mental

His
over

no profiteering through shirking, man can high. say. The fact remains that costs were and recognize "Now down That is they are coming to say, again. of what is now known the service department. plants as and be to painters, glaziers carpenters, masons, appear Aside from his advertising, he frequently contributed to work in an hour as they did before the out as much turning the papers poems, both religious and humorous,and articles In certain of our jobs,even, there are faint indications war. of description. of improvement over earlier averages. To be sure, the men much in a week not are as accomplishing even An Industrial Arts Council with overtime added as they did under a longer working hours have not been made as productive day: forty-eight Industrial Arts Council has recently been organized as were npHE hours. there is satisfaction Nevertheless, fifty-four A to develop for establishing a practical in ways and means statistical evidence that during the hours possessing of educatingAmerican method craftsmen. and designers it is actually when labor is supposed to be at work working." At the firstmeeting, held in February, industrial, twenty-nine with which enables the gates. deleto owner were art, and educational organizations heating gas by represented W. Frank from October heat his home to Purdy, of the Gorham automatically May Company, was elected chairman, and John Clyde Oswald, editor of the of attending without any of the annoyance to a furnace or American boiler at a cost comparable with coal is described vice-chairman. Printer, of The Gas Age, The organizations number in detail in a special included: Association of HEATING represented National Architectural League of New 52 Vanderbilt Advertisers, GAS York, N. Y., recently WITH Avenue, New York,

ability as
other

writer and

of unskilled and

designer gave

him

an

tage advan-

workers, how
much
to

much

to

sheer

war

tion, demoraliza-

which solicitors publishers were quick to resulted in the formation in leading ing publish-

how

"

"

HOUSE

"

Art State

Alliance of New

Paper Cover National Craftsmen,

Dress and and

of Commerce of the America, Chamber York, Association of Commercial Artists, National Society of Manufacturing Association, Waist of Decorative Arts and Society National Retail Association, tries, IndusDress

of

standard
vacuum,

issued. Gas for fuel may be used in any such as steam, hot water, vapor system of heating air. Installations of each kind are scribed deand warm and illustrated and the

accompanying data gives

Often
to

Association,Association of Manufacturers of Decorative Glass ManuFurniture, National Ornamental facturers American Institute of Graphic Arts, Association,

Goods

data and costs. the necessary engineering costs with coal are given. In addition which

tive compara-

the various this,

of Interior Decorators, GreetingCard Association, Society facturers Jewelry Crafts Association,National Society of Manuof U. S.,Millinery Chamber of Commerce, Monu-

such gas is sold in the United States, systems by block rates, secondaryrates, special rates, and regular as of the latter, all described. With the exception are rates with gas to heat a house it possible make than with coal. more expensive slightly
as
or cheaply only

Installations with

96
actual
gas
are

ARCHITECTURE
under figures consumption each method

of

selling
both

described and illustrated.

Large stocks are and of the city,

for the lumber

still available in the various

yards lumber-

the prospects for the future are bright, which is in business and for the public

Necessityfor Careful Chimney

Construction

facilities. great need of additional housing

THE
A

fires in the United remains of one year's miles States would line both sides of a highway 1,000 and yet 80 per cent of this is preventable, says a recent long, Minnesota. issue of the Bulletin of the State Fire Marshal of charred

A National

Zoning Committee

Zoning Committee to watch the progress the country, with power to take zoningthroughout that was appointedby regulations, to sustain building measures from the American City Planning Institute at its convention Especially The comthe percentage has reached as high as 50 per cent. mittee at NiagaraFalls and Buffalo at the end of May. firethere are no organized in rural districtswhere consists of Lawson Purdy of New York, president builders should giveunusual attention to of agencies, of the National fighting MunicipalLeague and vice-president be made as the construction of chimneys that they may chairman; Charles the American City PlanningInstitute, viceas possible. California, H. Cheney of San Francisco and Berkeley, fireproof nearly Chimneys should not be built on brackets; they should chairman; Herbert S. Swan, executive secretary of the New
in various States shows of the fire causes summary annually to fires attributable to chimneys amount 10 to 26 per cent of the total number, and in winter

NATIONAL of

extend be
at

distance above sufficient

the

their walls should roof,

not

York York

least

eightinches thick,flues should

be less than
never

the sixty-four square inches, with inflammable

or

should flue-holes
cost

be filled

of fire clay and good flue-linings material,

of such for

terra-cotta
an

in

should be provided.The ordinary two-story residence would

the present tremendous

lining
ings build-

be nominal.
new

With and should

demand

care the consequent speeding up of work, especial struction. be taken to prevent carelessness in chimney con-

sociation lines the National Fire Protective AsAlong the same have the is pushinga vigorous campaign,emphasizing of the extreme necessity and present need of dwellings vocates from fire the homes we alreadyhave. It adprotecting and heating about matches, smoking,lighting care bish, of rubout and urges a clearing apparatus, and gasolene, of chimneys,that and cleaning of flues, inspection sparksmay not fall on combustible roofs.

Zoning Committee, secretary, 277 Broadway, New ing of the Zonpresident Esq., City; Edward M. Bassett, of San of New York Commission City; Mr. Stephens Doctor Wright Crawford, Philadelphia; Francisco; Andrew Robert H. Whitten, consultant of the Cleveland City sultant Bartholomew, conPlanning Commission, and Harland of the St. Louis City PlanningCommission. The National Zoning Committee may be consulted with ordinances and especially planning regardto the form of city with regard to measures necessary to sustain them when they
been enacted.

Chicago Our
/^"HICAGO

Greatest
to

Lumber
its

Market
as position

continues

maintain

the

market, says a greatest lumber-distributing The year in the ChicagoDailyNews. lumberman prominent varied conditions in the history 1919 represents the most of the armistice there After the signing of the business. in the in every line of trade,and especially was a hesitancy the lumber industry. March brought improvement over and as the spring of January and February, demand sluggish became more of homes apparent, advanced the shortage
world's and with many the which "Own Your

^-S

Home"
came a

conducted propaganda keen

by
in

there agencies has been

demand

for lumber

since. ever increasing resulted in a strike during the summer The building Not only did a of all construction work. tie-up practical heavy loss fall upon employeesbecause of stoppage of wages suffer because of lack of homes, but the and did the public indefinitely, cases witnessed the postponement, in some city tial and other substanof construction of many manufacturing buildings. for a big building tionally excepyear in 1920 are Prospects of if the expectedreplenishment good, especially tion and railroad construction by the Railroad Administracars

May,

is realized. The this lumber lumber it may will and prices, be able
not to

indicationsare

for

firm

tinues market, con-

adding: "When authority,

no

the

public

accepts the idea that there will be

dismisses build

material decline in before long the thought that;

in pre-war ing days,build-

be

as as cheaply delayed."

z y

ARCHITECTURE
eastern an apse, by the windows of which it while the entrance from the cloister lighted, was by a great round archway flanked on either side by round-arched, windows. double-lighted The Benedictine dormitory or outside laybeyond usually the immediate neighborhoodof the transept, so that the could rise to fullheight, there beingno neceschapter-house sity for a story above to keep down its ceiling. The Augustinians and Cistercians, however, with their stricter habit of nightservice, for convenience had the dormitory abuttingthe transept, into which it immediately descended by the night stair. So their chapter-houses, the traditional Benedictine had though following position,
was

terminated in

their the

western

vestibules lower,so that the passageway

from

SalisburyCathedral chapter-house.

elsewhere in the
at

and James Wyatt, who did so much damage at Salisbury of restoration, declared the chaptername house Durham In
to

be in

ruinous

condition and

advised

November, 1795,the work of destruction was of the vaulting begun by knockingout the keystones and allowing the roof to fall in. The eastern half of the then altogether removed and the remaining was building enclosed by a wall. Its interior was faced with lath portion and plaster, and a board floorbeingadded. a plaster ceiling authentic records of the original Fortunately, appearance of the building remain in the form of drawings made in 1795 for the Society of Antiquaries, and these proved of great value in the restoration of the building teenth late in the ninecentury. Gloucester Cathedral still retains its square-ended

itsdemolition.

dormitorymight pass over them. The Benedictines of Chester adoptedthis arrangement in rebuilding theirchapterhouse in the thirteenth century, and it remains excellently internally. preserved In the Chester chapter-house rectly the vestibule opens difrom the north transept, without any slype, and its three aisles, three bays,are vaulted to four each comprising central piers, from the ground and are prothe ribs rising vided with no capitals. The triple into the cloister openings show the Norman refined and pointed, and to the tradition, the vestibule from the chapter-room, is a east, separating similar screen. This vestibule is entirely worthy of the
beautiful of
room

to

which

it forms the

entrance

and

ture is a fea-

rare

distinction.

The
three

is about Chester chapter-room wide.

thirtyfeet high,
It is vaulted in

feet long, feet and twenty-eight fifty

covered by a pointed barrel-vaultwith transverse chapter-house, ribs. The eastern and it seems bay is perpendicular,

likelythat
Durham.
this

the

termination original
was

was

as apsidal,

at

Walter de Lacy

in 1085, at chapter-house

buried with great pomp in which time the building must

have been practically completed. Winchester had a rectangular of the chapter-house twelfth century measuring forty of which by ninety feet,
That rebuilt fragmentsremain. at Canterbury was greatlymodified in the late thirteenth century and in again the fifteenth. The interior was restored about 1897. As it stands now, it is chiefly a perpendicular structure, some feet in plan,and has enormous dows winthirty-five by ninety and
a

rectangular bays,the vaulting beingsharplypointed, and the ribs rest upon clustered shafts against the walls. The windows, triple lancets on the sides, fillthe_ completely and five lancet windows space between the piers, occupy the end wall. We have then in this chapter-house at Chester it is true, but quite a room on a smaller scale, as completely Gothic in the application of structural principles its conas temporary, of Paris. Indeed, the celebrated Saint Chapelle these two illustrate most tween berooms vividlythe contrast the Englishand the Gallic ideals; the one broad, low and sturdy, in spite of the suppression comparatively the other light, almost of the wall surface; brilliant, lofty, in its expression. sprightly
But it
was

but

in the

had chapter-house their monasteries from the mother

hands of the Cistercians that the its most Englishdevelopment. All of beingabbeys,with a system of visitation house to the daughters, considerable ac-

time

either end. After the Reformation it was used for a sermon-house. Bristol chapter-house is another with the oblongplan,
at
as

but with

groin-vaulting definitely pointedand havingbays by twenty-seven feet. The styleis,of course, stillthe Norman interlacing Romanesquewith the wall-arcades,
twenty-one
and chevron arches, mouldings. This interior has called by more than one "the competent authority beautiful Norman most chamber in England." In these chapter-houses the widest vaulted spans we see of the first half of the twelfth century in England and a been considerable In

development toward

the Gothic

vault

of the

thirteenth century.
the Benedictine chapter-house, it took general, as about twice as long an oblongroom with the axis of the church and, as dicas wide, set parallel tated either by convenience with relation to the cloister, north or south of the transept,from which it was separated by a narrow calleda "slype." It usually passage or chamber

form in England,was

SalisburyCathedral chapter-houseporch.

ARCHITECTURE but about

and 1400

99 the exterior
was

made refaced,
to

decagonal,
resistthe

with anglebuttresses, the better provided

thrust of the vault.

Margam Abbey
about 1147 and

in South
now

in

cians Wales, built by the Cisterhad a chapter-house cular cirruins,

It
was

and twelve-sided without. internally feet in diameter and had twelve main fifty from a central pier. radiating

about

ribs vaulting

In the thirteenth century the idea of the polygonal where to the secular canons chapter-house at Lincoln, passed the ten-sided building, about sixty feet across, may possibly have been laid out by St. Hugh before 1200, though vaulted when the deeplyprojecting some thirty flying years later,

buttresses that gave it so distinctive

With its accompanying arcaded of Lincoln chamber of state, and Cathedral
a

an

exterior

were

added.

passage this secular is to be regardedas with

house chaptera

great
portance, im-

to enhance palatial appendagedesigned

and collegiate dignity

as

make

it compete

monastic

such Lincoln seems to have led the way. At BeverlyMinster, about 1230, what was apparently the first octagon was which thereafter remained the built, in two storiesand, although accepted type of plan. There it was
now

is

to

its office of state and distinction entirely destroyed, in the elegant be seen staircase that led from choir.

the north

side of the canons'

The

structure

was,

however, comparatively small, being but about thirty-one

feet in diameter.
about 1240, a chapter-house built in Lichfield, was of an elongated by forty octagon, twenty-eight with a central pierto support the vault. The scheme feet, is interesting, but not altogether the happy, and apparently is not was experiment repeated.Above the chapter-room that now What its original a low chamber serves as a library. is not certainly known. purpose was The chapter-house Westminster is in the form .of a at At the form

SalisburyCathedral

roof of

chapter-house.

commodation
north of

needed for their assemblages.In the was of great dignity were rooms England,especially, built with triple aisles of three or four bays. Few of these Cistercian chapter-houses remain, except in rectangular

scanty ruins.

Abbey in Westmoreland, justsouth of Carlisle, example of what was one of the most extensive establishments of the sort in England. The abbey was at rich and the abbot exercised almost time exceedingly one the surrounding regal country. The ruins of the sway over with its entrance are especially earlyEnglishchapter-house
Furness fine is
a

fine. Built after the

church, when

the austerities of the first

ing, for buildtemperedby the passion vaults upon slender clustered it had steep four-part which, with their delicate carving and elaborate piers, mouldings, represent the earliest advance of the rich North England Gothic. of this same built, type were Many chapter-houses it had been at the Romanesque disposition as following had been Cistercian style Bristol. of the But
was chapter-house

Later in the thirteenth century this aisled taken south to Netley.

planning

generally, except

in the
to

Yorkshire have

the district, the Benedictine

room
"

earliest Cistercian houses arrangement of a In the known is at

west

seem

followed

vaulted plainrectangular however, instead of apsed. square-ended,

there
arose

in seemingly

Cistercian

another very distinctiveform, the earliest example hands, although Here the

Worcester,built about 1140.

a is circular internally, decagon, externally feet in diameter,and is vaulted with ten ribs to sixty

chapterhouse nearly
a tral cenWells Cathedral

the building was pier. Originally

circular

externally,

chapter-house.

100
some apartment, octagonal,

ARCHITECTURE

feet in diameter. sixty-two The result is a spacious interiorof great dignity.The built about It was the original tracery and canopy 1250, superseding details, although lackingthe great Benedictine hall and one side of the old penthouse and the structural logic cloister, charm of Wells, are effective, proaches apit the king requiring to be designedmagnificently that of the best French work. as an for his palace well as for the uses of the monasas which approximates tery, The vault, than any adjunct more closely and from the time of its erection till1282 it served as other Gothic effort outside of Italy and Spain to a real dome, of the House of Commons. the officialmeeting-place is perhaps less satisfying but aesthetically arouses admiration, This chapter-house, like that at Lincoln, is provided than some of the earlier exampleswhere the central pier is with flying less widely. retained. And, althoughthe fact that reasons buttresses, which,however,project of economy of secular foundation, received Salisbury, and speed led the architect to employ timber rather than too, although
state

the idea and added a splendid cloister as well as a chapterhouse; the latter beingbuilt about 1260. This is octagonal with a central pier is and about the same size as the chapterhouse feet in diameter). at Westminster (aboutsixty-two has lessof the English in the chapterSalisbury house power as seen of Lincoln, but internally the charm is fully that of Westminster. In the spandrils of the arcade of the chapter-house neath bethe windows is a very remarkable seriesof bas-reliefs the Creation and Early Historyof Man, acrepresenting cording the -Biblical account, Scenes from the Life of to etc. Although considerably restored,they retain Joseph, of the naive quality much of the early mediaeval sculpture and are greatly of contemporaneous to the mass superior
work. English

stone

for his vault has

no

offended
reason

some

critics of sensitive masonry

a

taste, there is The

mechanical

why

might not
vestibule,

be substituted.
is approached by chapter-room fine York in picdefects, chapter-house is and dignity turesqueness of massing and in spaciousness unsurpassed.Unlike most of the Englishchapter-houses, York still retains much of its splendid mediaeval windowglass. of minor and, in spite

be of interestto consider the two lines of reasoning of the polygonal vault with followed in the treatment the central pier as employed in the chapter-houses.

It may

tween beis about feet in diameter. It is built in two stories on the fifty-six north side of the cathedral, the cloisterbeingon the south side. The upper room, which is the hall of state, is reached staircase. Approaching Wells chapterby a monumental house, find that it is an ideal building of its class, iting exhibwe of the EnglishGothic style. the essence and quality The under croft or crypt served as a treasury, where the
was

The

of Wells chapter-house and 1290.

Cathedral

erected

1260

and It, too, is octagonal

In the of the

one

the vault

was

assumed

to

and other precious registers, vestments, ornaments, things, both of the bishop and chapter, were kept. Passinginto the upper hall from the picturesque how note we staircase, its canopied wide windows with the lancet traceries arcades,

polygon to the central pier;in the anglesto the pier. The former appears at
of the
a

span from the sides other from the first to be the

more

of breakingthe natural,but has the disadvantages

corners

side principal
the

of central England, and richly ribbed vault sum up the tendencies of the central phase of English Gothic. The octagonal built in connection with chapter-house the old cathedral of St. Paul's, in two stories London, was and was approachedfrom the upper floor of a two-storied cloister. It is said to have been about fortyfeet in diameter and its vault was by the usual central pier. supported This chapter-house modified considerably in the was
and Perpendicular period fire of the seventeenth
was

making the main ribs from these angles in half their across to the central pier ribs and in the other diagonals; and of lengthtransverse and the other a promaking one half represent a receding jecting ribs of the outer while the angle half meet the angle,
transverse

into

vaulting compartment resalientangle, and also

that rises from

ribs of the inner half of the vault. the inner groined. cloistered,

The

outer

vault is main

These

obviated by supposing the are entirely objections

to
run

destroyed by the great London

ful beautiunusually 1280. While it orative dec-

century. Elgin Cathedral in Scotland had an built about chapter-house, octagonal

national

the displayed models.

characteristics in tracery and

its general composition followed English detail,

The
Minster The in

in chapter-houses and York

connection

with

Southwell

Cathedral are the only polygonal tures strucof this class to be built without central support. a erected about 1280 and is octagonal one at Southwell was

from the angleto the pier. In directly ridgethat surrounds that half of the vault which springs from the central piertakes the form of an inner octagon. In the firstcase the sides of this are parallel while in the second they take an intermediate to the walls, the anglesof the inner octagon being opposite direction, of the outer the centres The vaulting one. compartments that rise from the angles of the great octagon are exactly like those that rise from the central pier, and the ribs that rise from the angles to the pierare throughouttransverse while the angleribs from each side regularly ribs, meet one

vaults

either case

the

feet in diameter. plan, measuringthirty-five Although less grand than Lincoln, Westminster, and it is especially Salisbury, charming in its decorative detail. Naturalism is perhaps pushed further than is desirable in

another. This latter method of

was vaulting

the

one

adoptedin

the finer structures, as Westminster, Salisbury, the inner octagon is Lincoln, and Wells, while at York

nearlyall

architectural ornament,
and
some

but

the work

is still spontaneous

in functional expression. lacking The chapter-house be at York, begun in 1290, may looked upon as the culmination of the polygonal structure. It is octagonal, nearlysixtyfeet in internal diameter, and with no central pier to support its vaulting.
not

of it is

with the outer parallel with the by dispensing

I think declared

one,

but

the difficulties are

avoided

central

pier.

of us will agree with Sir Gilbert Scott, who most of architecture present that few forms in any style such beauties as an octagon vaulted in this manner.
on (Continued page 102.)

ARCHITECTURE

101

WELLS

CATHEDRAL,

SHOWING

CHAPTER-HOUSE.

WORCESTER

CATHEDRAL,

RUINS

OF

GREAT

HALL.

CHAPTER-HOUSE

AT

RIGHT.

IO2

ARCHITECTURE
(Continued from page IOO.) of greater structures, and in Although built as adjuncts overshadowed of the measure by the greater glories

these chapter-houses to which are attached,there found unityand directnessof purpose about them rarely of the fact that some in the larger in spite And buildings. have and Salisbury, of them, such as Lincoln, Westminster,
churches is a

of their to restoration as to lose much subjected charm, there is stillin the character of this broad evidence of the native vigor of the middle English designing ideal. thirteenth-century England has produced greater structural works and but nothingmore more imposingarchitectural monuments, unique and spontaneous than her chapter-houses.
so

been

far

ancient

Big BuildingHas
A Forecast

Right
for 1920

of

Way

By Perley F. Ayer
Chief Planner
for the Aberthew

Construction Company

in business, with accompanying recessions RECESSIONS in prices, in have recently been predicted quarters.
some

shows

Hope

has been expressed for building of saggingdemand materials and labor,with consequent reduced costs of for whose advent owners are construction, beingadvised to wait.

the costs of 1910 at 100 per cent, the Dodge table Setting quent unchanging percentages through 1915. In subseas follows: years the climb proceeds 1916 1917
'.

117 per 139 per 159 per 190 per

cent cent cent cent

1918 are If,however,the figures recording past experiences 1919 such advice is pretty poor; unless,indeed, to be trusted, in their pockets, owners are to preparedto put their plans be kept there not for two months but for two In Brought to years. volume 1920 promisesto be, both relatively and absolutely, building, short, the greatest building periodthat the United States has ever known.

common

denominator
appear

since 1915 would

VALUE IN

of dollar-value thus:
VALUE,1
VOLUME

DISCOUNT OR TRUE

Historyhas
contracts
a

way

of

itself. repeating of any

one

The

volume

of 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920* The

a

DOLLARS

let in the

months early

pretty reliable index of the total volume booked duringthe entire twelve months. The reports issued for that part of the United
Missouri and north of the Ohio Rivers

year constitutes that will be F. W.

east

Dodge
of the

States record

which of the year'scontracts have each month of the twelve duringthe past 1919.

the age percentbeen awarded in

ten

940,090,000 $ 940,090,000 1,356,990,000 1,158,000,000 1,618,157,000 1,165,000,000 1,689,242,000 1,055,000,000 2,559,625,000 1,350,000,000 3,620,000,000 1,905,000,000
.

years, 1910-

They

are

as

follows: of

January February
March

5.4 per 5.7 per 7.2 per 8.6 per 9.6 per 11.9 per

cent cent cent cent cent cent

July August September

October November December

9.7 per 9.3 per 8.1 per 10.0 per 7.7 per 6.6 per

cent cent cent cent cent cent

is that instead of ing approachupshot of these figures the verge on we building are, apparently, of anything 40 per cent in excess construction demand
recession in
or

encountered. previously Whether is

at not

this volume

April May June

whose question

answer

of construction will be is to be found

complished ac-

not

If these percentages hold,as they should,during the coming months the Dodge reports for January should supply the prophetic with which to write in advance the finger total for 1920. It
so

of in means all in pressure of demand, but exclusively supply. Here exists a serious problem. During 1919 the of their delivery, of materials and the uncertainty shortage of transof labor, portation the insufficiency and the disorganization serious impediments to the constituted the most fulfilment and There of is
contracts

within

reasonable

limits of time

price.
no

happens
at

that

January'sawarded

contracts

are

reported $235,000,000. In order to keep on the side of let it be assumed that this will prove to be conservatism,
6.5 per cent of the year's rather than the 5.4 per cent total, of the ten-year average. The result stillindicates that the of $3,620,000,000 is stupendoussum during1920. To of
to

be

spent

on

struction con-

be

sure,

these billions of dollars offer

no

are

billions really basis for

parison com-

and fifty-cent pieces, with

immediate

the actual volume

of construction- in

previous

to reason improvement anticipate during1920. A good many particulars are strains, organizations, alreadycreakingunder existing the added burdens which will begin to crack under likely with the spring, and will grow and ripenwith to blossom will be launched all projects Not the expanding year. conclusion. brought to- a triumphant however, constitute a warning, In so far as these notes taking undera warning against as they are not to be interpreted tain cerin general, but onlyagainst attempting building

sufficient

in any of these

the Dodge reports come the rescue to years. But, again, with a table showing increase in building since 1910. costs

kinds.
*

Potential business

based

on

January awards.

Colors

Employed

in

Egyptian, Greek,
By
Albert M.

and

Gothic

Architecture

Kreider
their guttae white; the triglyphs blue,their channels their gutter white; and the more extended the
see

Egyptians skilled in people highlycivilized, THE all the far back 6000 B. C., particularly in the
were a

and

arts

as

as

black,and

parts
of

employment
such colors, their and
as

of colors

in architecture.

They

used
to

various
decorate

of the frieze and

well cornice, as

as

the

architrave, are

red, yellow, blue,green, and white

light yellow.
with black in

We

Long-disused types of capital were vived regreatlyelaborated; and the symmetry rather Greek than Egyptian. With the exceptionof a few useful vaulted all Egyptian architecture was structures, based on of the lintel. Artistic splendordethe principle pended the use of painted and carved pictures and the upon decorative of piers treatment and columns produced in halls like those of Karnak, of the Ramesseum, or of Denderah, having a stupendous effect by their height,massiveness, number, and colored decorations. The simplestpiers were plain shifts; had lotus flowers or heads others, more elaborate, of Hathor carved upon them. Every part of the column was in color. decorated Lotus leaves or petals richly swathed the lower part of the shaft, which elsewhere was swelling covered with bands of carved pictures and hieroglyphics. The capital covered with carved and paintedornament, was similarly of lotus flowers, leaves and papyrus. usually or The Greek mind, compared with the Egyptian, more was fullof logic and symmetry, highlyintellectual, and the communication of the Greeks with the Egyptians have induced may them to imitate the latter in the application of colors
monuments.

lines is indicated

by

that the greater part of the principal brilliant red,and the association of blue

others

the

and triglyphs union dominant

their channels
of the

formed

harmonious also

and

distinct

the light yellow, if the

neighboringparts; color, produced a much better

effect than

colors had preintense or sombre dominated. After all, the colors were distributed in the most It 'without intelligent manner possible, being motley. sented premost
a

in varietyand lightness

the tints with

easy

tion separa-

been emchurches, color has rarely ployed exterior, except in a few cases, and always without injuryto the generalharmony and in a restrained The color in the niches and on porcheswere of very manner. little importance in this point of view, and in almost every it was added case long after the erection of the structure on which it is found. One thing to be admired in these vast edifices is the art or luck with which they have succeeded without color, and sculpture to architecture having recourse to the exterior of the structure only in presenting a variety which in no respect destroys the imposing and natural effect
on

of parts. In the great Gothic the

of the whole.

to

ornaments.

It

seems

to

be

taste

for colors and

not

the

Speaking
ethereal which

now

of

the interior of these

windows will

churches, the

of renderingthe different parts of a building more distinct from each other and substituting paintedornaments
intention

colors of stained
seem

to

the strengthen
enter

for

ornaments
on

in relief. The the exterior

was a

fact that Greek

remarkable

colored

temples were for the discovery,

seemed
to

in all those prayers An

to

who

these

complete the enjoyments ment sentipower of religious edifices to impart their

I have in
to

God.
of that
a

of colors to application be rejected entirely. It has been proven

severe a

their external

decoration

author thinks

work

full of

research,whom
Gothic churches

mind,
after many
and in dignified of color.
was

the

of ceilings

ought

these parts, so form, received

this

years of debatingthat all their simplicity of It is impossible at

represent the celestial vault, and be painted blue, studded with gilt It is a fact that painting stars. has, from the very
with architecture, with concurred and even beginning, really in the interior decoration of Gothic painted sculpture ondary churches; it was only on the system of flat tints and in a secdegree from the time it was decided to use windows that was of stained glass;for not any painting appliedupon an body, such as stone, wood, etc., could sustain itself opaque beside the brilliant colored lighttransmitted by the glass. According to the rules of chiaroscuro,if this paintinghad have disappeared for been graduated,all its merit would luminating the one kind suitable for ilof crystal and white light, want it. As an effect of harmony, one might say that the contiguof stained glass the vicinity on ous requires painting in favor of the negWithout walls. altogether deciding ative, the deep impresI confess that after reflecting sions upon that you receive in great Gothic walls present only the simpleeffects of there surface of stone, when a uniform those transmitted

rich decoration admit that it

day

not

to

the alliance of colors with

these people that among architecture was made, and at a

while erected in the best style; periodwhen monuments were the precise shades and tones be predicted employed cannot with certainty, it is established that triglyphs were painted blue and the metopes red, and all the mouldings were orated decwith leaf ornaments such as "egg and darts" and frets in red, green, blue,and gold. The walls and columns also colored, were probably with buff to reduce the glare of fresh marble or paletints of yellow the stucco-covered surfaces of masoYiry. The outlines or againstthe sky in the clear Greek atmosphere, the Greek a rich aspect of sparkling temple must have presented gayety. In fact,the ruins of colored temples that were discovered by in Greece,Italy, made the excavations have this and Sicily characteristic in a remarkable degree. In the colored drawings

churches, where
and shade light
are no

the upon

colors except

of Greek
may
not

monuments

which

monuments

only notice the number white,black, red, yellow, green,

"

have seen, you you may of colors employed in these and blue
"

but

also the of and

use

which

has been

made

of them

under

the relation of the parts, fillets of the

of distinct view varietyand purityof tint, of the harmony of the whole. For instance, the principal the lines, as of the

architecture and

cornice,are

red; the mutules

blue,
103

I will say that the glass, have appeared to me varied effects would an sightof more of good quality. This opinion the principle was error against after seeingthe fine vault of the ancient strengthened especially had been painted for the cathedral at Rheims, which field of blue, sprinkled It was of Charles X. coronation a beautiful example leaves a deep with fleurs-de-lis. This on impression you.

by

the stained

IO4

ARCHITECTURE

Jk

DESIGN

FOR

HOUSE

AT

GERMANTOWN,

PA.

Edmund

Architect. B. Gilchrist,

io6

ARCHITECTURE

SWIMMING-POOL

FOR

ROBERT

E.

BREWSTER,

AT

MT.

KISCO,

N.

Y.

Architects. Delano " Aldrich,

Our
of the
arts

Architecture
are more

as

History
birth than ture. architec-

while the building of places where peoplemay

at
a

live has been in

NONE of the civilizations that

It needs culture doubt and the the
as no

identifiedand expressive closely

gave

standstill. with
to
an

The

result is

constant

advancement the

them

rentals

equallyconstant
these advances.
and The
tenant,

on inability

words

to

manifested

in the of the

of Greek suggest the significance is there any Parthenon, nor

races

hundreds
is

meet

The
rents

owner

part of of property

governed by the demand

who has remained

of the character the great

that

built the

pyramids

bidder. highest

who

cathedral

builders and

Egyptian temples. In England and France the thoughts of the times in wrote
beautiful
structures

his space the to for years has met his obligations, in spiteof the offer of other
at
a

wonderful
a

that

have

made

and agents of newer rental,receives no

better quarters
more

like

or

even

less of This

consideration than
or

the
answer.

tenant

symbol of worship and a manifestation of the of the time. mood The marvellous church of St. spiritual the best culture of the embodied Sophia at Constantinople East when Byzantium was a world power, and so on through
the whole What architecture

Gothic

yesterday. Pay
condition In many
cases

the advance

get

out

is the

gamut
of

of the ages. will the future generations think

our

has ceased to be one of merely ordinarybusiness. it has and will continue to create dering bora state on panic. Thousands who are employed in our cities whose incomes are fixed are unable to meet the competition of

of the American

they relate it to our how the meaning of the sky-scraper in civilization, interpret of human endeavor and terms steel thought. Will our historic exhibits ? Our cages last long enough to become Georgian or Colonial periodwill have become a thingof the fast disappearing and there past, for the old houses are now is nothing so individual and distinctive to take their place.
There
our

time ?

How

will

by the war, and they are confronted who have been subject peoples driven from thei-rhomes by a marching horde of conquerors. We present the following significant figures compiledby Mr. Wharton Clay, Commissioner of the Associated Metal
with Lath

those who

have

made money the fate of those

Manufacturers:
"With
a

conservative

estimate of 27,900,000 families

unless
extent

in

will be little doubt

we

of

realization of the fact that in

as

great housing shortage will continue in all parts of the building country increases to an
construction of homes
are

1925

the

cities
our

lived and

worked

bees in the hive.

show how crowded

Some
we

of
were

great business
in

will palaces

in the history of the unparalleled "If only the current number each year and built, homes for the
next

business.
constructed
must

of them have must working hours,and that some of a small city. There will be manifest held the population the need of building the sky in lieu of the obvious toward lack of space for basic expansion, look upon and as we the the columns of Luxor, so maybe great blocks of the pyramids, will the future at our high buildings.They will wonder at the skill and the daring splendid courage, the enterprise, that made them and assurance if only here even possible, and there they find notable evidences of the thingsthat are of bigthings, called art, the refining design arrangement even in keeping with the money lavished and the opportunities be interesting of genius. It would offered to men to read structures, say, when the great masses of to discover they come Building, steel at the anglesthat were put in it to enable it to resist
on as

five years the congestion will reach

or

409,500 homes

be

"Merely
families and
return to
means

to

2 families in every keep up with the

no

129.6 families per hundred fourth house. the number of increasing present congestion before

in

way
to

alleviate

2,139,000 homes
a

have pre-war

be constructed conditions

1926, while
that

the

of 115

families per 100

of

homes

the

of 3,340,000 dwellings in building

a

period. When
construction years

it is considered that in programme

means

town

25,000 this
in five

475

and

750

homes

the stability of the buildingindustry respectively,

becomes
"The

apparent. table shows following

of

their

comment

such

the

Flat

Iron

how,

for

the

last three

decades, the number

the number
1890

of families in the country has exceeded

FAMILIES DWELLINGS

dwellings:
12,690,152 16,187,715
20,255,555

the tremendous shall be

strains

to

which

it must

be subjected. We

11,483,318
14,430,145

thought of at least as a people of wonderful engineering 1900 1910 enterprise.Our high knowledge and commercial I9IS and the remains of the great bridges I9l6 buildings throughoutthe
country will leave
no

22,786,499 23,292,887
23,799,275
'

I7,89S,845 19,853,517 2O,672,O5I 20,808,562 2O,829,O39

20,9OO,OOO

doubt of this.

1917

I9l8
1919

24,305,662 24,872,051
25,319,443

Without

Home
time
to

1920

WE
one

have

been As

from writing
'a

time of

matter

of

fact, the
state

ditions. housingconsubjecthas long

Concrete

Housing
on

since passed the theoretical stages, the

of discussion

in
nor

generalterms.
cities have

There
a more

is

no

more

vital

that calls for grown

immediate

topicbefore us, solution. practical

tremendous

Our

in

populationwith

strides,
107

Chicago brought out a great deal of helpful discussion. of the papers read seems None and practical to to the point from the architect's point of view more us

THE

recent

National

Conference

Concrete

tion Construc-

in

io8
than

ARCHITECTURE

of the K. Pond. There is no question that by Irving construction. almost immeasurable usefulness of concrete if I may be permitted to "My firstitem of advice, offer advice to a body of men interested in the development

provideyoung

artists of proved talent with studios and materials to perfect their art. Circulars of information may be had by addressing the New York. Institute at 126 East 75th St.,

of

and altogether new or a comparatively handling worthy is to treat the productwith respect, to building material, shun and scorn which to recognize imitations, limitations, well as to all men, and to work attach to all materials, as within those limitations. This is not sayingthat because a

Book
"A

Reviews
MUSEUM
OF

thinghas

been

and appropriately done, and frequently done, it shall may

not

OF HISTORY THE METROPOLITAN Published by the Museum.

"

ART."

be employed with equal propriety; material should not employ forms which however, the new are purelydistinctive of the old, but should developforms which inherently characterize the new. We of the opinion that there are few better ways are of the present housing of quickly meetingsome needs,than With an architect to design and by a wide use of concrete. giveattractive form to the houses that may be constructed, there are charmingpossibilities. In France they are building attractive little houses of concrete most some slabs, of them with surprising of only some rapidity a matter
"

material in one material which

be done

in another

or

new

The History of the Metropolitan Museum of Art," written by Miss Winifred E. Howe, is a volume of medium size with xvi+36i pages, octavo and views of buildings, numerous portraits, plans, and facsimiles. It

contains, besides the history an introductory note by the president, proper, Robert W. de Forest,and an Introduction on the Early Institutions of Art in New the American Academy of the Fine Arts (1802York, including in 1804); 1841); the New York Historical Society (established the National
in 1826); the Apollo Association Academy of Design (established the New York the (1839-1853); Gallery of the Fine Arts (1844-1858);

Cooper Union
Browere's

(charteredin 1859); and several institutionsof minor importance, Museum of John Scudder,Peale's Museum, as the American Old Paff's Gallery, Gallery of Busts and Statues, John Vanderlyn'sPanoramas, the Old Sketch Club, the Dusseldorf Gallery,and the
such Palace Exhibition. Crystal The history proper is divided the

two

or

three

days.

Concrete is a material which lends itself to many It can kinds of manipulation. be cast, poured,pressed, be applied assembled in the shop or on the job; it can in in solid form to the work or immediatelyin hand. liquid So many the possible methods of its application such are of means a diversity may be employed toward itslegitimate of itsenthusiastic sponsors see in it a panends, that some acea for structural ills and possibly for aesthetic building ills, materials a substitute for all previously employed building
" "

into seven in order with chaptersdealing from 1869-1871,the Museum in the Dodworth periodof organization, Buildingduring the years 1871-1873,in the Douglas Mansion from 18731879, the firstyears in Central Park from 1880 to 1888, the first addition to the Park 1888 to 1894,and its continued extension in 1895 to building, of J. PierpontMorgan beginning 1905, and the period under the presidency
in 1905. "To

write the life story of

is the prop
at

an

which bravery Biographyhas which

to

assumed proverbially

institution requiresexercise of that favored by fortune. to be especially

some one

least of

with striking personality

door hinges excepting, possibly,

"

and

end perfect

in itself."

of the general too often limp and apathetic, support the interest, the long corporate existence of an institution, though it may infancyand a youth of noble strugany individual a precarious gle, talent in its historian if the narrative is to win dedemands a special served recognition. Such sympathy and understanding are brought by Miss Winifred E. Howe her of the Metropolitan Museum of to History Art' (the Metropolitan Musuem of Art, New York). She has added further

public,but plead with

'

the art institutions a chapter on gives the reader the ancestral tree of

in old New this

now

famous

York, which, as gallery."

it were,

Beaux-Arts
Board Laurence William

Institute of
:

Design

"MODERN ALFRED
Mr.

FARM

BUILDING."

HOPKINS, A.A.I.A.

New and enlarged edition. By Robert M. McBride " Co., New York.

of
F.

Trustees

Thomas

Peck, Vice-chairman ; ; Lloyd Warren, Treasurer Secretary

Lawrence

Hastings, Chairman ; Henry R. Sedgwick,

;

William

F.

Lamb,

Bottomley, James Otis Post, Walter E. Maynard, Frederick A. Godley. Director of the Institute : Lloyd Warren. Directors of Departments Architecture : William F. : Ernest Lamb; Sculpture: John Gregory; Mural Painting C. Peixotto; Interior Decoration : Ernest F. Tyler. in instruction in architectural design, Free courses in all its branches, mural paintings, and interior sculpture of architectural design, there decoration. In the course is a registration in the other fee of $2.00 per annum required;
"

Hopkins needs no introduction to architects or any qualified ment comeither his authorityor his wide and special knowledgeof his has specialized in this fieldfor a number of years, and his book is the outcome of practical as well as a theoretical knowledge of experience architecture. The volume includes farm buildings from the smallest establishment All types of construction are shown to that of the large estates. and buildings for various kinds of stock. It is up-to-date and in keeping
upon

subject. He

with

the best modern

ideas of farm management.

"ESTIMATING
Published

CONCRETE

by

The

Aberthaw

BUILDINGS." By CLAYTON Construction Co.

W. MAYERS.

courses

there

are

no

fees of any kind.

OF THE INSTITUTE

PURPOSES

Estimating the cost of constructingconcrete buildingsis a process and contractors have still concerning which most architects, engineers, much to learn. Indeed, in so far as is known Mr. Mayers' modest volume is the first to be published this subject. on Pioneer though it is, is an extemely "Estimating Concrete Buildings" clear and well-arranged treatise. Startingwith the most elementary considerations, it explainseach successive step in estimatinga building, part which is of the parts constitutes a complete estimate, by part. The sum tablishing reproduced in facsimile. An additional section discusses methods of esunit costs.

of designat a minimum arts bring art students under the criticism of artists who are engaged in active practice. To study of the arts into carry students beyond the academic the province of their application To bring and practice. about co-operation the various art schools of the among
To
cost to

furnish instruction in the

students. To

"A

HISTORY

TWO

OF EVERY-DAY IN ENGLAND. DONE IN THINGS OF SECOND. PARTS WHICH THIS IS THE 1500-1799." Written and Illustratedby MAR;ORIE and C. H. B. QUENNELL. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. London, B. T. Batsford.

country. whether

For this purpose

it is desired that

students,

studyingat other art or architectural schools, or in clubs or working independently, take part in organized the competitive work laid out for them,and that the instructors of such classes take part in the juries of award. To provideyoung artists of proved talent with studios and materials to perfect their art. To allow art students to the year uninterrupted study throughout by holidays.To

book contains for young people, this interesting It and instructive for grown-ups. information both entertaining toms good deal to say about the development of architecture and the cusof living of the people who lived in the types of buildings and ways shown, and there are a seriesof drawings that give details of the development of ships'from the time of the Mediterranean galleyto the days of the famous tea-clippers. of costumes 'should prove of value to The plates those interested in designing clothes of a particular period. The book that is often difficult to find contains the kind of every-day information with an admirable seriesof line drawings that add much to its usefulness contain many architecturaldrawings and interest. Both of these volumes and detailsof household furniture. They take one into the homes of the from the time of Elizabeth to the Georgian period. people

Primarily written

much has a

APRIL, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

LIX.

MANTEL

AND

FIREPLACE

IN

LOBBY,

JOHN

LEVY

GALLERIES,

.559 FIFTH

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

Rouse

" Goldstone, Architects.

rs
h- 1

a
u

r-'i
3
On

",.!
IP=I

"

e
u w

"

l"
ss
O
r

H
HH

w
u

g
ffi O

1-i
to
-

"*

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3
"

ss
3

g
d
HH

HN

H
CJ

HH

APRIL, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LVI.

LIBRARY.

DRAWING-ROOM

Delano

" Aldrich, Architects.

HOUSE,

EGKRTON

L.

WINTHROP,

SYOSSET,

LONG

ISLAND.

B
w H

W
o

1
I
"

I
O

K
o

55

"
t"

"

S
w

I
8
^
w

Q
t/D

APRIL,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LX.

OFFICE

AND

LIBRARY.

RESIDENCE,

LEWIS

C.

HUMPHREY,

LOUISVILLE,

KY.

George

Herbert

Gray,

Herman

Architects. Wischmeyer,

"

I
^="l
"i

-12 t

Wg

"s
0"

"
UT J*

i-ll

HJ 3*
70

New

Offices of W.
James
Wm.

R.

Grace

"

Co., Lima,

Peru

O'Connor,
The
floor

Architect

is the first steel-frame

Lima, and

buildingto be erected in also the first building having modern equipment

in the way of plumbing fixtures and fittings, the concealing of all telephoneand lighting wires in conduits, and

officeis 120 feet long,70 feet wide, and 40 feet from In it are located the cash and cable departto ceiling. ments directly oppositethe entrance, the steamship, tive execuand indent and

the electrical operation of clocks from a clock. The construction work done was

central

master

merchandise This
room

departments to the left,and engineering departments to

order, and

the the

general right.
the

largely under

is in the Tuscan

its great size and

harmony of its design and color make it very impressive. The which is of stucco ceiling, heavilyornamented, is supported The by eight columns. columns and walls are of Caen Stone Cement. Between the columns the ceiling is carried up twelve feet above the generallevel in a farola that' is surrounded with windows, givinglight tion. and ventilaThe cash and cable department enclosure is of Botticino marble, and the balustrade surrounding the public The floor is of pink Tennessee waitingspace is of the same. marble tile, excepting that portion occupied by the cash and cable departments,which is of cork tile. This general office is virtually of the main of the Grace a room copy Hanover office, Square,New York City. Directlybelow the cash department are two vaults, each of which has a heavy door. steel, fire-proof manganese The walls of these vaults are of massive concrete heavily
embedded
office is with -steel rails and bars. At the left of the main the ground floor, on two-story section containing, the manager's private the board room, office, and the mail
a

department,and on and catalogue rooms.

The

the upper is served

the mail-order, floor, sample,

which elevator,

roof is finished with be

by an electrically operated lifting capacityof 3,000 pounds. The an impermeable felt and asphaltcomposition, and forms an attractive promenade. From it can obtained an excellent view of the cityof Lima, and also
has
a

basement

in the distance The

the Pacific Ocean.

ing generalappointments and equipment of the buildin every detail. Every office room modern is equipped are with an electric clock, each of which is operatedfrom a master clock located in the mail room. There ten are secondary clocks and
with this system
a

uniform central

time

is maintained becomes
the

The throughoutthe building. is also located in the mail

centre
Main
entrance to new

switchboard telephone
thus

room,

which

of all The

and time communication. mail, telephone

W. offices,

R. Grace

" Co., Lima, Peru.

conditions,and pioneering
most

the

men

employed

were

for the
terial ma-

part untrained
was

Cholo
at

Indian

laborers. All of the

delivered

the

site in three-mule

two-wheeled

furniture throughoutthe building is finished to the signed. demahogany, and has been purchasedor especially In this way there is uniformity of equipment throughout. The desks, tables, and cabinets are all of Nicaragua cedar and have been made in Lima factories.
color of The covered floors of all the with
a

this transportation system, leaves carts, and carried However, the work was to be desired.
and toward The
as a

result Lima and

has made

quite a little through successfully, long step forward

sance, Renaiscement

offices, except the main

to

are office,

linoleum, a heavy battleship

walk

material and

which which

good
has

architecture

permanent
in

construction.

is very resilientand comfortable silences all footsteps. Work 1916.

was

upon,

which exterior, been the

is reminiscent

of the French

of

construction

was

executed

granite and
from
once a

white

The finished

erection of the steel frame

stucco,

granitehaving
and conveys iron and

come

of Amancaes,

at

the nearby quarries and massive dignified

of the doors in New York and

June 15,
The and

1917.

The

March

1, 1919.
are

frame

of the

begun on December 11, 16 and began March buildingwas completed consists of structural building
the and walls,floors, architect the F.

The appearance. all of which window grilles,

are

bronze
was

work

steel columns roof W. reinforced

beams, and
The

made

City,
a

concrete.

is Mr.

James
also of

pleasing. particularly
The

O'Connor, of New
York.

York, and
is Mr.

resident engineerin

arrangement

of

the

interior consists
from directly

of the

large
street.

charge of
New

the construction

Lynn Palmer,

which general office,

is entered

109

no

ARCHITECTURE

"

ELEVATION

"

ON

"

NUfeZ.

""LEVATION-ON

"

BANCO-DEL-

MEBDADOE.-

"IONQITUJ5IMAL- .SECTION-

IHD'BANCO-rtL-HEEBADO-'

ELEVATION

AND

LONGITUDINAL

SECTION,

NEW

OFFICES,

W.

R.

GRACE

James Wm. O'Connor, Architect. PERU. " CO., LIMA,

ARCHITECTURE

in

James
SECTIONS AND

Wm.

O'Connor, Architect.

PLAN,

NEW

OFFICES,

W.

R.

GRACE

"

CO., LIMA,

PERU.

An

Accounting System
By
Of Samuel

for
Fan

an Arsdall

Architect's Office

H.

P.
"

Hannaford

Sons, Architects,Cincinnati,Ohio
WORKING:
141. 142. 14315. Work in Process.

FOR been

great many

gropingin
accurate

has years the architectural profession the dark, and endeavoringto find some

14.

(Controlling.)

keeping accounts. has attempted writer, after ten years'experience, will be accurate a system which, he believes,
and logical

method

of

The
to

mulate forand

EXPENSES:
151.

152.
153.
on

simple.
The architectural
to
a

business is operated somewhat

or a
"

154.

similar lines
a

doctor's

service. professional

It

office it is strictly lawyer's of contemplatesthe furnishing

and the supervision of the actual specifications is of buildings.Frequently no construction supervision to out-of-town work. applies performed.This especially

plans and

Drafting-room Salaries. (To be distributed.) Expense. (To be distributed.) Engineering Superintendents'Salaries. (To be distributed.) Undistributed Expense. (Overhead.) accounts.) (Accounts 151,152, 153, and 154 are all controlling 1541. Non-chargeable time of principal. of time Draftsmen. Non-chargeable 1542. Non-chargeable time of Engineers. 1543. Non-chargeable time of Superintendent. 1544.
1545. Overtime Lost allowance.

1546.
1547.

time, vacations,etc.

The
a

American
to

Institute of Architects which

has

established

Office Salaries. A.
B.

(Controlling.)

scale of fees

These make

There

we are obligedto of whether not or we charged,regardless lose money or on a particular job. The fee is a percentage, based upon the cost of the completed structure. for consulting where flat charge is made are cases a

adhere. strictly

fees

C.

are

1548.
1549. 1550. 1551. 1552. 1553. 1554. 1555. 1557. 1559.

Rent.

Printing and Stationery. Drawing Material. Telephone and Telegraph. Membership and Dues.
Donations.

service.
are plans and specifications Unfortunately, frequently

Light.
Insurance. Periodicals. and

made

of some foreseen unand, on account proposed building, it is abandoned. In this case the work obstacle, becomes to charge your client for the cost of necessary preparingthe drawings, plusa reasonable margin of profit.
a

for

1556. Travelling. 1558. Legal

Taxes.

Accounting.

Often

this leads
cost

to

serious controversy, due

now

to

the

cient ineffi-

system

more

than

in vogue, and it has been this, that has led the writer to devise anythingelse,

that is

of Equipment. 1560. Depreciation 1561. Bad Debts. Office. 1562. Miscellaneous

2.

LIABILITIES:
21. 22.

""

following system of accounting. the fact that the great maIt might be well to mention jority of architects have kept their records on the Receipt and quate, inadeDisbursement basis. This system is entirely and violates all principles of accounting. The generalrecords, as designed, contemplatekeeping the books on the so-called Accrual System.
the

FIXED CURRENT
221. 222.

LIABILITIES: LIABILITIES: Accounts Notes

Payable.
Creditors.

Payable.

223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229.

Salaries Payable.

Sundry

(Controlling.)

The
contracted

Classification following

of Accounts
It
can

is

mended recomor

Variations and Undistributed Expense. Reserve for Depreciation. Reserve for Bad Debts. Accrued Expenses. Reserve for Lost Time, Vacations, etc.
INTEREST:

for

small

or

largeoffice.
meet

be expanded

in order

to

individual

needs.

3.

PROPRIETARY 31. A.

Capital Investment.
B.

(Controlling.)

CLASSIFICATION
i.

OF

ACCOUNTS
32. 33.

ASSETS: FIXED 11.

111.
112.

Surplus.
Profit and Loss. Loss: PROFIT

ASSETS: Office Furniture and Books.

Fixtures. 4. OPERATION 41.

AND

113. 114.
12.

115. CURRENT
121. 122.

ASSETS:
42. 5.

Cost of Completed Work. A. B. C.

Fees. PROFIT

(Controlling.)

Imprest Fund.
Cash in Bank. Accounts Receivable. (Controlling.) A. B. C. Sundry Debtors. (Controlling.)
A.

123.

INCIDENTAL 51.
52.

AND

Loss:

Incidental

Income.

Incidental Expense. 521.

522. Interest.

124.

125. 126.

B. C. Investment. (Bonds.) Materials and Supplies hand. on 1261. Printing and StationeryMaterials.
1262.

In

order

to

more

fullyexplain the working

writer feels that of purpose

of

this

Accounting System, the

state

the

nature

and

it is necessary to the under all accounts

Classification.
I.

Drawing

Materials.

127.
128. 129. PREPAID 131. 132.

ASSETS.
II.

"

Asset

Accounts
"

FIXED

ASSETS. in the

represent values owned. owned Fixed Assets are properties

the business. These The and
accounts subsidiary

that

are

sary neces-

operation of
be sold.

13.

ACCOUNTS: PrepaidInsurance. Advances.

112

are are: III.

not

to

assets, of course, under Fixed Assets

Office Furniture

Fixtures.

ARCHITECTURE

INCIDENTAL
has 5'the

PROFIT

AND

Loss.

This
"

is

also

controlling

account,

and

On

Form
on

No.

2,

time the the the in Column

for month time end of

the

various is

jobs
in

that

have

following

subsidiary
INCOME.
"

accounts:

INCIDENTAL
outside of
a

been
This order the
"

worked

account

records

any such
as

earnings
money

received

during
all
at

listed is
month

the

columns
to

the

regular
of

of

business,
to
a an

paid

for

indicated.

Also,

that the

non-chargeable
the total hours

renting
52.

portion
EXPENSE.

office is

outside

person.
account

jobs
and has the

is
each

listed, job

and

INCIDENTAL

This

controlling

following
counts
:

subsidiary

for
ac-

is inserted
Amount time

the

"Total contains

Hours"
the each
cost

column,
in

and dollars. is then

the
INTEREST.
"

adjoining
The

521. This
SAMUEL HANNAFORD
ARCHITECTS

account

is

debited

monthly
and No.

summary
on

for
the Time You

employee
Distribution will
note

SONS

with Interest
as an

any

interest
cannot

paid
be

out.

taken

distributed

Sheet
there
account

CINCINNATI.

OHIO

charged

(Form
space number below

3)
each
used the the

to

the

Overhead shows that

proper

jobs.
account

is

DAILY

TIME

Expense,
your lection col-

CARD
as

it

for
is

employee's
instead
of

number
out

(the name),
the total

department
been funds lax have

has
sufficient been vided. pro-

writing

the is

and

just
in

and
not

it,

in

corresponding
month,
of

column,
its is

time,
The

It, therefore,
an

comes bepense. Ex-

dollars,
horizontal

for

opposite
this time
or

particular
in

job.

Incidental

extension and

placed

drafting,
time
to

neering engispace,

superintending,
These
Undistributed bottom totals

non-chargeable
then

The
for

forms the
of

as

provided.
and At the

are

debited

Work

in

sented preProcess proper

Expense,
the Time

respectively.
Sheet
the
names

operation
are

the

of

Distribution under

totals
are

tem sysof
to

designed
the
of

the

individual
to

columns individual

employees'
accounts.

show

tion distribu-

credited
on

the of

salaries the When

This
to

is

done counts Acsary neces-

productive
on

account

charging ledger.
these

regular
this and for You
to

pay-roll
done it these is
enter

Salary

time

spent

vidual indito

in

the

is

becomes salaries have

on a

credit in Process. all No.

accounts

engagements.
The is
as

place
this

into record

Work

procedure showing
time-

The

reason

to

follows:
The

salaries

paid. charges time,

then
Work in

the
and

journal charges Salary

daily
No. in

(Form
to

5)

the

Process

card

(Form

1) is

non-chargeable

and

credit

the

Individua'l

arranged
divisions,

half-hour
it is
a

accounts.

and
matter to

You

are

now

ready
Since
we

to

distribute
man-hour

the

Overhead for

Expense
distribution
the

simple
draftsman
on

for
cate indi-

(Form
a

No.

3).

the

basis time various

its Since proper
we

is

being

used,
in

enter

productive
for the
over

opposite

ous variand
on

the the

card

just
A for

what card

particular
is used

work

is

performed
work,
sary, neces-

jobs
carry the

the

columns

employees,
space know and the the

during
and
a

day.
card

white

for
work. card

productive
It be is used
not

total side

horizontally
of
the sheet.

the total

blue but

non-productive
that
a

right-hand
for of
one

advisable,
on

separate

each
the

productive
for the

man-hours the the

rate rate

for
can

the be

month,
found

overhead the total

job

worked of
are

during

the

day,
that and

since show
are

this time

permits
for
on

month,
into the

by

dividing

filing
Cards individual

all

cards

together
up

job.

man-hours When

total has

overhead. been

gathered
time

daily

entered No.

the

monthly

determined,
page

this

figure

is

used

summaries

(Form

2).

(Continued

on

116.)

JOURNAL

ENTRIES

.192

ARCHITECTURE

fl

I
0) u

t s
" z

"

iiji Hi
:

u6 (Continued from page 114.)

ARCHITECTURE
The forms
as

shown

are

bound

in books

and

filed

as

for arriving at the overhead for each particular job during the month. Entries are then made and the to the journal various jobs charged. The total of the overhead column is then credited to Undistributed Expense, which places in the all of your time and overhead during the month
in Process account. proper Work In designing the Journal it
one was thought best to for cash instead of having separate journals use

follows:
Form No. 1, the DailyTime Cards, are filed in medium These are placed 5 inches by 7y" inches. weightenvelopes in the ordinary file-case. standard alphabetical wood Forms No. 2 are kept in a loose-leafbinder 9 inches

by 11^2
Form
ceipts, re-

inches. No.

book
You

3, Time

Distribution where file,

Sheet, may

be folded

cash

and disbursements,

and fire.

kept

so

on.

in any

available

they

are

safe from

that all accounts that are used frequently note Form No. 4, Job Cost Sheet, and Form No. 6, Ledger columns. Those that been allotted special binder. Page, compose one book, and are bound in a single used will be handled through the Other are infrequently This binder is loose leaf, inches. size 8 inches by \\l/2 Accounts bers. column, and be designated by their proper numis a regular Form No. bound book, size The necessary columns have been providedfor work 5, Journal, inches by \5^ inches. in process, and a single column for Cost of Completed Work. The other forms, No. 4 and No. 6, are self-explanatory, The measurements given are the over-all dimensions will have and need
no

further discussion.

of the binders

the containing

pages.

Announcements
W. the Yale R. "

Hill,manager
Towne

of Builders' Hardware

Sales for

ManufacturingCompany, of Stamford, his position with that company Connecticut, resigned on March 1. Mr. Hill is taking lineof work, in charge up a new of sales and advertising for the Isko Company, of Chicago, in field he is undertaking Illinois.In his new a line of work which he has long been interested. The Isko Company driven and automatically controlled manufacture electrically machines for domestic and commercial use. refrigerating Frederick Meisler has opened an office on Washington architecture. to practise Avenue, Little Ferry,New Jersey, Manufacturers' samplesand catalogues requested. The firm of Nolan " Torre, architects and engineers, with offices in the Hennen New cently Orleans,have reBuilding, with C. Louisiana, opened a branch office in Jennings, Sedgwick Moss in charge. and electrical Cyrus Thurston Johnston,mechanical eldest son of Clarence H. Johnston, died architect, engineer, in St. Paul, Wednesday, February 25, after a at his home chusetts brief illness. Mr. Johnston was a graduateof the MassaInstitute of Technology,class of '09, and" at the time of his death had entire chargeof the heating, plumbing, work in his father'soffice. His career and ventilating was of is brilliant his and one promise, untimely passing lamented by a host of friends. wishes to announce that he architect, J.L. Theo. Tillack, has opened an office in the McFadden Hackensack, 'Building, N. J., and will be pleased etc. to receive literature, samples,
W.

was agership given the districtsales manand H. W. Pittsburghterritory, Spahn, of the Buffalo territory, sales manager district was placedin of the departchargeof New York. D. H. Colcord, formerly ment of publicity of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company of of director research was Pittsburgh, appointed engineering.

district sales manager,

of the

Not the

but increasing is the raising prices production

Batchelder-Wilson believe is the "We invite your made

no

Co., tile manufacturers

of

way California,

right way
attention

to

meet
our

to

present conditions. and price catalogue

list as We minor

somethingunique in

have

the present era of price raising' in our with one two change or prices,

from the lists established in 1918. This exceptions, material and catalogue to both plain applies pieces. have as many for raising "We the excuses plausible of our productas any other industry.We have been price steadily advancingour wage scale duringthe past year and materials and new a half; our raw to us equipment subject increased costs of production; is crowded our to factory the roof with orders. "We of of
a are tion meetingthese increased costs by the construcfrom end to end, designed new to fit the requirements plant, work. In the planning and building to our peculiar this plant we have given much thought to the our

articulation of

various

processes,

to

the installation of

devices,and to the elimination labor-saving both management and production."

of

wastes

in

Whitehill,architect, announces
New Street, York

the removal

of his

office to 12 Elm

City.

that Edgar and Verna Cook Salomonskybeg to announce of architecture at they have opened offices for the practise 368 LexingtonAvenue, New York.

Changes in Personnel at Square D Company. Several and changesin the sales and advertising ments departof the Square D Company of Detroit,Michigan,became effective February 1. E. A. Printz,formerly district sales manager of the Chicago territory, sales made was A MacLachlan continuingin the capacity of manager,
"

The recent following changes have been made in the of the Western Electric Company: organization M. A. Buehler, formerly sales manager at the Omaha the Minneapolis at house, has been made sales manager office. Mr. Buehler joinedthe Western Electric Company's in the early part of 1915 and became sales organization at Omaha duringthe fall of 1917. manager Eliot Lum has been promoted to the position of sales
at the Omaha to succeed office, manager Lum entered the employ of the Western
as a

additions

Mr. in

Buehler.

Mr.

Electric

student

in the educational

courses

Company 1905, directly

secretary and
made

director of distribution.
of the of

D.

M.

merly Stone, for-

district sales manager district sales manager

Jaques,formerlyin charge of

was Pittsburgh territory, the Detroit territory. J. A. the New York as territory

graduationfrom college.In 1907 he became a member of the Telephone EngineeringDepartment at transferred to the sales departand in 1909 was Chicago, ment of the Minneapolis the Omaha house,joining tion organizain the same in the winter of 1912. capacity
(Continued on
page 126.)

after his

ARCHITECTURE

117

-KLY
'LIVING E.OOM DR.- -DINING Hoou

A?/"

fnllT"
AHPB.LW J- Tnom/"AtCHITLCT"b7 L.4SU'/T.. N.Y.C.

C K." F b

-CMAMH.B.

-klTCHLN -FoyLn. -t""TH

DESIGNS
at

FOR

MODEL

TENEMENT.

Andrew

J.Thomas, Architect.

One of the interesting J.Thomas, architect, and is now about to be constructed plans of the year is the five-story tenement-house which is from designsby Andrew the least of which is that only not This plan is unique in many the southeast corner respects, of Morris Avenue and 191st Street, owner. Bronx, by Henry F. Keil, the tenants will obtain larger, about maximum, and still of the ground area of the plot is covered with the structure. This is far short of the legal sixty-two per cent lighter,and better-ventilated rooms than are to be foundin houses which cover ground a larger space.

n8

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

J.

B.

QUINN,

EIELDSTON,

RIVERDALE-ON-HUDSON,

N.

Y.

Dwight James Baum,

Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

119

Modern

BuildingSuperintendence
By David
CHAPTER

B. Emerson
VIII AND ELEVATORS

ELECTRIC

WIRING

electric wiringconduit THE for the floor slabs reinforcing

was

installedas
was

soon

as

the

for lighting fixtures were

fitted with insulated fixture studs into the and boxes, the tures largefix-

in

and place,

before

poured. This included the conduit for vault signals, bell wiring, fire alarms, etc., as telephone, well as that for the light wiring. All of the conduit was which was selected mild, steel tubing, galvanized especially with reference to the uniformityof thickness,and each length was required to have the manufacturer's name stamped in the metal and to bear the underwriter's label.
concrete
was

the

lets
of malleable
iron
to
screw

corridor had fixture hangers which were of the box. All conduit was independent grounded. properly

in the main

Grounding was
to was

done

of conduit together, and

the
water

by bonding all of the separate sections then grounding the entire system

done

No

conduit smaller than ^6-inch inside diameter lowed alwas We were to be used. careful to check up particularly all of the dimensions on the plans, that all of the to be sure
outlets ceiling
rooms were

pipes,and of copper ground wires were the largest wire contained in

than No. wire largest B. "

This supply on the street side of the meter. the of grounding clamps, secured to by means ground wires attached to these clamps. The No. the 10 B. " conduit S. gauge,
was

where

not

cleaned carefully pipeswere for wall brackets and switches would come in the partitions before point of attachment instead of out in the rooms, sometimes as happens. All puttingon the ground clamps. The conduit for telephone of conduit was done with hack saws, and after it was wires was installed on all floors, cutting runningfrom each office to threaded it was reamed all burr caused by the the pipe shaft, out to remove to run was up which the telephone company its cables. Also conduit was the floors in the under cutting. run Bends and offsets in the conduit were various offices with wall outlet, that bell wiringmight be avoided as much so and no allowed which side bends were had an inas installed by the tenants desired. The conduit for the possible, as radius of less than 3^ inches. Once or twice we found vault signals installed in the and the vault lighting was the electriciansbending pipes in a vise;this was ordered vaults before the concrete walls of the bank and safe-deposit moved stoppedat once, and the crushed pipewas ordered to be rewas poured. All of the conduit were pluggedas soon as they' from the building, and all bending of conduit was them during installed, to prevent water or dirt entering were of the conduit bending machines thereafter done by means drawn. the progress of the work before the wires were and hickeys, which were All The current furnished by the local lighting provided for that purpose. was, company of standard conduit was by means couplings, as is almost universal throughoutthe country, alternating put together for threads where and three standard 220 no allowed, running being current: volt, phase,sixtycycle, power, and could not be used condulet unions were wired three wires couplings required 110-220 volt,single phase, for lighting; all joints with white lead. made to be used, and 220 volts on positive and negative and 110 volts on the neuwere tral. tight All mains were in the pipe shaft which was for the lighting circuits Two services were run one provided provided, for that purpose, and they were transformer circuits. The secured to the steel beams and the other for the power of pipestraps. vault was constructed of brick and concrete, with by means entirely and the Distributing panelswere located on each floor, a ventilator through the sidewalk,and providedwith a tinall started at the panelsand had junction conduit runs covered door largeenough to take transformers or fireproof Panels were of black built into pullboxes located where necessary. through in case of renewals. Iron sleeves were with thirty knife switches and enenamelled slate, feeders the walls for the conduit to pass through. The closed ampere and The grounded S. gauge. of all rust, scale,etc., at the fuses mounted in
two

in which

located properly to occur, they were

in their relation that

to

the

0 B. " S. gauge, and No. contained in conduit

4 B. " S. gauge was greater than

greater when the

No. 0

the conduit

vertical rows,

and

cross

nected con-

were was

run

from

the transformers

to

the

switchboard, which

of metal strips to polished by means copper bus-bars running up the centre of the panel. These bus-bars were fitted with lugsat their ends, to which the mains were nected. conPanel slate
was

located in the basement

etc., and

handy

to

the

to the pumps, proximity that the mechanical so boiler-room,

in close

control was
in
two

well centralized. The for the

switchboard and

surrounded

with

one-half-inch thick

units,one

circuits lighting

made up was the other for

with openingthrough which the circuit frame,or barrier, with the branch switches. The passedto connect in cabinet boxes, from one made panelswere mounted piece of No. 10 gauge sheet steel, lapped and riveted at the four with a J^-inch flangeturned inwardly all around corners, the outside edge. The cabinet boxes had a 4-inch gutter wires

the power circuits. The switchboard of

was

placedso
to out

as

to

reduce

communicating
It
was

fire
set

minimum.
to
so

any combustible three feet from from the

the danger material to a

the
was

wall, so

as

be

accessible thoroughly

back, and

designed

the circuit wires were space, in which switches to the ends of the conduit,which

carried from the terminated in the boxes. The boxes had No. 10 gauge steel doors, lined with and providedwith locks to prevent unauthorized slate, sons pertamperingwith the fuses or switches.
The

ing. three feet below the ceilthat the top of the board was and The board was made one slate, up of marbleized
to
see

examined one-half inches thick. Slate was carefully that it was free from metallic veins, which entirely
cause

might
in
a

short circuits and which

to
was

other trouble.

It

was

mounted

pipe frame,
braced it back

outlet,and switch boxes were junction, No. 14 gauge, with knockouts steel, pressed
entrance

of
to

ized galvanprovide
to

the wall

and fastened to the floor, securely of pipe braces,which held by means

were

holes for the the boxes

of conduits. of lock
nuts

Conduit

was

secured of the

perfectly rigid.The meters with and itwas equipped

mounted

on

the switchboard,

by means

and

bushings.All

out1 20

and circuit switches.

allthe necessary main switches knife three pole All of the switches were

The
the THROUGHOUT memorials in honor in

Roslyn Memorial
breadth of the

Building
on

length and
of the dead

of the country
recent
war are

windows
as

both

sides,givingexcellent ventilation
the these windows

as

well the

a very rapid emptying of permitting

building upon

in process of erection,and the most or contemplation, form which these memorials have popularand practical is based upon the community buildingidea, which taken the popular imagination, has acquiredsuch a firm hold on suitable to local needs in and has been found particularly cities, our towns, and villages. The Roslyn Memorial is of this type. Planned Building to the requirements to conform set forth by the committee in charge of the erection of this structure, it is designedin the styleof architecture stronglyinfluenced by the local Colonial The

terrace

side,on
to

which has

the auditorium connections

access

been

placed a

At one end of open. modern stage, with direct with

an

the dressing-rooms below, and

easy

to

to

reach

which adjoins;this permits a speaker the library, At discomfort. the stage quickly and without end of the hall is and
to

the other

balcony above,
This hall opens

the

into the
or

flankingcoat-rooms to publicaccess
circular
room a on

to a a staircase, giving access meeting-rooms in the basement. memorial with its two room itself, well as giving the main as offices,

the

auditorium.

The
can

memorial be

itself is

type.
site of this memorial the is centrally located the land town, the rear end
on a prominent slopingsharply

the walls of which

placedmemorial

thoroughfareof
from the
street.

At

of this property
as a

is

an

isting ex-

Neighborhood House, with the new and it is to be used in connection building. To effect properly this combination, we have placed the memorial building with its lengthparallel to the street, in such a position that with a small addition to the Neighborhood ment House, the two buildings are joined at the baselevel. In this
annex,
manner

which building

has been used

for articles typical of a war museum. repository for reading-rooms, is obtained ample light dressing-rooms, bowling alleys, etc., this entire space being available for this purpose owing to the heatingplant and its accessories having been installed in the annex building. The interior will be treated in the simplesttype of Colonial architecture, depending rather on form and color tablets and In the basement for its interest than
on

ornament.

the
to

new

forms building for

screen

to

this

can

which

is

and heating-plant,
as

purposes, kitchen service, for such entertainments

to

be

used

administration

and

place, designed with a large fireof an auditorium arranged that the formality be removed to give the aspect of a social living-room, be also adapted for athletic sports in the way of it can

The

auditorium
so

has been

and

basket-ball It is with

and

such interior games.

the of brick, trimmed building

be held from time may The main auditorium is

time

in the memorial the

centre

placed in

building. with large

proposed to build

limestone.

Competition for Roslyn Memorial.

122

Hoppin

" Koen, P.M.

Godwin, A. D.R.

Architects. Sullivant,

ARCHITECTURE

123

d
"

"

1 ^'
w

5
"
"

S
v

N
3
=

2^

"?

/m

13^ O
"

8s"9 2
W
q
"",
z

124 (Continued from page 121.)

ARCHITECTURE

The

the roof, located in the pent-house on a motor was generating and consisted of angle-iron set beingprovided there for rectifying the current. slings "Up" with filler inches wood and a 1/ilocated on and "down" 1^ thick, frames, were pieces push-buttons conveniently inch maple underfloor; the under sides of platforms each floor; in the car was were a floor and a a signal light lighted covered with No. 18 gauge sheet metal for fire protection. half in advance of the car's arrivalat the landing which at The made of furniture grade sheet the button was the pressure of the were pushed. In addition, passenger cars with grill work on top; all enamelled to match the signal caused steel, panelled, lightin front of the appush-button proaching the steel trim used .throughout the building. The floors in which would and show car to be lighted, car the car were of cork tile. the passenger. The serve signalwas lighted passenger The which gives the cables were a hoisting six-strand, nineteen-wire, three floors in advance of the car's arrival, mild steel hoisting for use on traction especially rope, made passenger time to reach the proper doorway before the car of the quick starting and arrives. Both of the signals elevators, are where, on account automatically extinguished and it is when the car reaches the floor from which the call was made. a stronger and stopping, lighter rope is required, also more flexible to the strand for double wrapping. The that There was a transferswitch located in each car, so if the car was the operator could transfer cars were loaded to capacity suspendedfrom one end of the cables and the from the other end; they passedpartially the signal to the next counter-weights approaching car, and the passenger around the driving-sheave, continued around the idler leading would not have to press the button the second time. The thus which also equippedwith illuminated thresholds, sheaves,thence again around the driving-sheave, cars were contained tubular electric-lights, the lights two making a completelooparound the sheaves. The hitches showing the car and counter-weight of the self-adjustcables were lenses inserted in the top and on ing througha number of glass for the lights front of the platforms, the current at the end of beingtaken type, with a thimble rod for each cable, which was socket which The sidewalk hoist turned with the from the lighting fixtures in the cars. an adjustable of strands. of the rope and prevented the loosening a drum-typeworm-geared twisting machine, with a speedof 50 was The cables were babbitted into the sockets. Each car was feet per minute, and 3,000 pounds lifting capacity, operated of a of a hand rope. The car has an overhead frame equippedwith a compensating by means rope device consisting sheave frame in the bottom of the pit, around which for openingthe sidewalk doors,and an automatic bell sigsliding nal from the body travelled the compensating the sidewalk doors of the to warn on rope, which ran persons standing of the car to the under side of the counter-weight of the car. frame; approach the object of this beingto cancel the weightof the hoist on When the installation of the elevators was completed the long hoist in a highbuilding. This does away with the tested out and ready for acceptance, they were thoroughly chain which we all know so well. in our rattling by the elevator company's representatives presence The counter-weight nels frames were if they came of the specificato see tions. composed of two chanup to the requirements if the car the weights riveted together of steel plates, made The first test which was to see was by means of the load at the specified would lift a specified so formed as to set into the flanges beingof cast iron, speed. One, of steel rods. six feet above the bottom and tied together of J^-inch the speed pointswas marked channels, by means a screens were the other about six feet below the top landing; Counter-weight placedat the top and bottom landing, of the shafts; of paper was fastened at each pointand the distance they were eightfeet high,made up of steel piece the car Then measured. and angles, and bolted to the counter-weight was carefully plates guides. between the points Each car and counter-weight had four self-adjusting guide- was started from the firstfloor with the speedload,and the for the car floor to pass the speed mark was time required shoes,two at the top and two at the bottom, havingbronze the This determined whether the face rail by noted with a stop watch. gibsor shoes,which were held close against of heavy springs, the wear the thus eliminating on means speed-load duty had been fulfilled.Then the maximum taken as before. On each of the top guidethe car, and the speedwas load was on body of the main guide-shoes. placed the maximum load at a shoes was of fastened a positive The cars were to lift consisting required type lubricator, in connection box that fitted snuglyaround the face of the aluminum an speedwithin 30 per cent of the speedspecified lubricates the guides load on the car with the speed load. With the maximum guides.This box beingfilledwith oil, by the action of a felt-wickfeed. This does automatically the speed up and down was taken to see that the down than 15 per the old what formerly had to be done by hand, and saves speed did not exceed the up speed by more and also allows the use of oil tedious job of greasing position. slides, cent, with the controller in full-speed with the consequent cleanliness. examined to see that instead of grease for a lubricant, After each test the motors were the safety channels The located on safeties were theyhad not heated,and that all parts of the machine were of the wedge-clamp under the cars, and were workingsmoothly. We rode up and down in each car, and type and were side or end playon the that there was no objectionable saw by a two-ball governor, which was set to a variation operated of the cars and counterabove and below the car speed. These govof five degrees weights. cars nor grinding ernors any disagreeable located at the top of the hatch, The drop test not being practicable, and acted in the were speed tests ance resistthe common made manner by inserting same as were by speeding type of engine governor; when up the motors the balls flyout from excessive speed the governor rope is in serieswith the shunt field. A hand rheostat of a in serieswith the drum which controls the action of the to carry the current, and connected releasing tripped, capacity which sets the clampson the guide-rails. the shunt field, was employed,starting wedges, up the machine The reof two-speed sistance The operating switches in the cars were with all the resistance in this rheostat cut out. in and increased and had approximately in the shunt-field circuit was cut six contacts, three to regulation, feed to the car the motor each side;two of these are for the common to tripthe governors which speed sufficiently anism mechfor the fast and two the safeties. The automatic terminal-stop switch,two for the reversing switch, operated In addition, the cases at full speed into of the car tested by running the cars and slow speed switch. was switches were equipped with a rack emergency device, both limits of travel with the controllerheld over to fulltory, in case of the switeh becoming All of these tests havingproved satisfacby a hand wheel, operated speed position. A complete then put in chargeof the regular service was installedin the the elevators were signal inoperative. commenced. the controlling of which mechanism was and on the floors, cars operators and the service in the building
set platform

in the

ARCHITECTURE

125

BUNGALOW

FOR

GEORGE

C.

ST.

JOHN,

WALLINGFORD,

CONN.

Francis

Waterman, Architect.

126 (Continuedfrom The Portland

new

ARCHITECTURE
page
1

16.)
announces

The

Advance
a

in

BuildingMaterials

Costs

Cement

of
Fifth

Association

the ing openoffice in Portland,Oregon, at 146 in Mumm, Jr.,as district engineer 1, 1920.

Association

WITH
table

with Hans Street,

effectiveMarch charge,

Since 1903 Mr. Mumm has been engaged in various in Washington, having been work engineering county of Snohomish engineer County from 1912 to 1915, and the of Everett, Washington. Mr. cityengineer year following Mumm joinedthe staff of the Portland Cement Association in

for 1920 the bigbuilding projected programme materials is of paramount priceof building tance. imporOn a basis of 1907 prices 100 per cent, we givea as of percentages of wholesale prices compiledfrom figures States Bureau the
net

of the United may be

seen

of Labor

from which Statistics, of prices lumber and

increase in the

materials. building

1916, since which

work in

time

he has

been

identified with

Washington.

Among the claims for the Vortex mechanical painter of paint are: (1) carrying a greater volume per minute, due the fact that it is not finely to sprayed but appliedin a of rough relatively heavy liquid jet;(2) better penetration action by the air jetwhich surfaces; (3)an efficientbrushing it possible makes and smoothly with a to cover completely with scaffolding single coat; and (4) dispensing very largely by use of a twelve-foot arm when desired. There is also the important advantage of having a powerfulair jet at the for cleaningof dirty surfaces. command Its painter's in reaching crevices and out-of-the-way is corners efficiency ing cleanconsiderably greater than that of the hand-painter's the wire brush, putty-knife, and cloth. implements, LiquidAsphalt. The Par-Lock process, which utilizes of sealing voids in gun-drivenliquid asphaltas a means for seven has been in use and masonry concrete surfaces, it has been years, duringthe last five years of which period regardedby its sponsors as beyond the tentative stage of struction development. It has been employed on many largeconcount Yet, on acjobs,besides scores of smaller ones.
"

Labor is shown to have increased 156 per cent above the of 1907, whereas all commodities increased 166 average price sociation Asperiod. per cent duringthe same of the armistice the War At the time of the signing Industries the average 60 per Board showed
an was

average

mill

pricefor

lumber

in the United

than per cent higher for the firstnine months of 1907. Hemlock price

States which

only 56

was

61 per cent; plain cent higher; oak, yellowpine, 74 per cent; Douglasfir, 41 per cent. During the same period from 1907 to November, 1918 Portland cement creased had in" "

71 per cent; per

cent.

common

98 brick,

per cent;

lime, 115

For

Fire Prevention

A
creates

RESOLUTION Association
at

passedby
the convention

the Ohio held

at

Builders

Supply

Columbus, Ohio,

January,1920.
Whereas, the housing shortagein the United States and a serious situation, in 1917 to the National Whereas, the firelosses reported of Fire Underwriters Board amounted to $66,166,420 in and 232,021 residences, Whereas, the cost of material and labor is constantly
to be greater mounting so that individual losses are likely national resources down mendous to a treour by year, cutting the housing situation to an extent, and aggravating unnecessary dregree,

of of

rather diverse fieldof usefulness and architects its

broad

claims

there has been confusion in the minds excellence,

as

and engineers

to

exact

function

of many year and advantages.

Par-Lock Lock
as

In the firstplace, it is necessary to distinguish between of walls to be plastered and Paras a preparation
a

as

That this association go on recBe It Therefore Resolved, ord of giving the necessity to more adequatefire protection
to

Yet, waterproofing.

this distinction

must

that every be qualified by the clear stipulation of Par-Lock

a

again application

the combustible
to requested

Be It Further be and methods furnish of

of residences; members That each member of this association Resolved, advise

owners prospective as

is a waterproofing. A basic claim for merit as for plastering is the fact that it protects the preparation from water or plastering dampness that might otherwise it is applied. tirely Enenter or wall to which throughthe ceiling offers a Par-Lock function, apart from its plastering for practically and dampspecification every waterproofing tion proofing purpose with distinct claims of advantagein relato

of the situation

full information

to

the best available

such protecting

structures.

The

International

for Jury of Award Carnegie Institute Exhibition

the

each.

of

change competition arrangedby the Chicago Brick Exthe following awarded prizes: The first prize($150) was won by Fred M. Hodgdon, " Hodgdon, 134 South La Salle Street. Coolidge The second won prize ($100) was by George Lloyd

The

director of the Department of Fine W. BEATTY, JOHN lowing the folArts, CarnegieInstitute, Pittsburgh,
announces

International Jury of Award

Exhibition which

for the Nineteenth

ternational In-

opens on April29: elected this year to serve as Among the eminent men Olsson from England;Andre of the juryare Julius members from France, who has received the gold medal at from America who are and eight Institute; men Carnegie of Danish famous. Emil Carlsen is an American nationally of the able contemporary one as birth,who is recognized in Bruce Hills,"now Crane, whose "November painters. Dauchez the the Permanent the third medal in awarded Collection, was for the first time. to 1909, like Carlsen, comes Pittsburgh is

Street. Barnum, 4846 Hutchinson The third prize($50) was won

by

Willard

G.

Searles,

Illinois. Ravinia, The judgeswere: Mr. Charles S. Frost, Mr. Emery B. Shaw. Mr. I. K. Pond, and Mr. Howard Jackson, The object of the competition to produce a design was which when built will result in a worthy display of Dearborn brick. We have received from Redfield "

times on the jury has already served eight Collection. Charles in the Permanent represented W. L. Lathrop,Gardner W. Redfield, known advertising agents, a loose-leafed album containing Hawthorne, Edward C. Tarbell have served on illustrations of recent York. previous work by Delano " Aldrich, New Symons, and Edmund The purpose of the album is to show the instalments by the juries.LTnder an established rule the director is president of the jury. Lorillard Refrigerator Co. Charles H. Davis and

Fisher, the well-

L"Jt

''".

''

t-

"jOTSr
\fw

l.,u"

*mm

pi "
(X

O
iCu "
a"
-

" u
fc.

oi

128

ARCHITECTURE

North

elevation of south office-building.

so

the

detached designedthat they will be practically wings of and which with their connecting will terraces Capitol,
over

The

fine
cannot

contain

450,000 square

feet of officespace,
to

fair provision
two

for future

growth.

Farther

the

east

are

other

contain the laboratories of the various to one buildings, State departments, and the other for the use of the educational division. The the broad space
rows

position
board and
It I but requires littleimagination to visualize the broad
on

majesty of simplethingsappealsto the be too grateful for their constant couragement. en-

forecourt throngedwith people, some

on

the upper

terraces

between

these

is buildings in

so

divided
on

that side

vert tapis

in the middle is bordered

each

by four
which the

of

trees.

They terminate
that bound

formal plaza
and forms

connects

the

streets

the

park

approach to

the Memorial

Bridge.
and

tinder the wise guidanceand with the unfailing support

of the Board
Governor of Public Grounds

fountains, or splashing sembled perhaps all ascelebrate a special festivalor national event. to I become believe that this will truly forum. a public idea in the design of the Capitol The dominant Park has been to make it not only stately but useful and beautiful, of trees which in time for the people. Under the great rows will meet shade, will be overhead,and provide grateful real playgrounds gravelwalks, seats, and small fountains
"

down looking

the

General Charles of The Sproul, inspiration palacesand gardens M. Kephart,it has been decided to make all the new those for kings has been wondrous pleasure-houses of an architectural character monizing sought, their gracefuldesign reverently buildings which, while harstudied, their with the Capitol, will by their simplicity of successful combination formal and and treatment emphasize it and lead up to its graceful the centre of the cominformal dome but always with the endeavor to as landscaping,
" "

Buildings, composed of A. Snyder,and Mr. Harmon

for the children and

for us

grown-ups. the French

""
.

"AWNOLO
Ml

W.-BRUMNEB
Hill,, T
'

SHOWING

"

WEST

EMU

"

Of

"

"

SOLDIERS'-

C,- SAILORS'-

MEMORJAL-BWDOL

"

"

G*flNt"

t.-CO.-

ARCHITECTURE

129

Main

steps

from

forecourt

to

east

entrance

of Capitol.

adapt their public.

Here
are men our

beautiful

forms

to

the

wants

of the American

has determined appreciation,

to

erect

at

this spot raised

ment monu-

placesset aside for statues be properly honored. may

tucked away in odd the dust.

so

that often and

our we

in memory distinguished will consist of find

one

of her soldiers and

a

sailors. This
a

memorial

Too
corners

end

bronze

heroes

left to

the birds and The

is to be a memorial to the soldiers and sailors bridge took part in the great war, and acof Pennsylvaniawho cordingly its approach are the two pylons which mark of the navy, and they are of the army and one one symbolic,
to

with a flagpole bronze base. this high point will From ornamented richly float the American flag.Long after these days of stress and it will stand as a lasting strain,of trouble and conflict, memorial of our ideals to the stability our government be
a
" "

simplecurved seat on garden. The againstthe morning sky will

of
a

platformat
feature houetted sil-

formal

central

our

will be inscribed chambers in which have each office-buildings approximatelya men. gallant ground area of 90 x 300 feet. The forecourt bordered by the the road-tracks, railthe will of Built bridge enduringgranite span is 300 x 500 feet. The educational ing buildCapitolterraces of a hill the valley, and reach the summit cross and laboratorybuildingare each 80 x 440 feet, the It will be treated monumentally half a mile away. exactly former torium. a wing containing having a projecting largeaudithe Capitolgroup and will virtually in the same as spirit which The includes the formal of rows design, and one-half miles extension of State Street one form an also includes trees borderinga sunken lawn 500 feet in length, approach of the Capitolto the long from the great eastern of informal landscaping certain amount and to a a banks of the Susquehanna River. continues the treatment of the small piece of certain extent wishing to mark the city terminus of the Harrisburg, known as CapitolPark. Memorial Bridge,in other words, to receive it with some ground now contain vaulted
names

marble

country. The two

the

of these

Pa. Photograph of model, Capitol Park, Harrisburjf,

Sculpturein Landscape Architecture

Illustrations from

"The

Gardens

of Italy,"edited

by

Arthur

T. Bolton

(seepaga

138),and

the

author's

photographs

By
has been SCULPTURE architecture landscape

Fletcher
of

Steele bold forms, material, masses offering

of

the decoration par excellence since the earliest times.

architectural

simple

In Egypt the glaring avenue templesof Luxor and Karnak

and shade. He has been concerned light green, and marked of sphinxes the connecting in adapting the irregular of topography,largely by means rivalled the mysteriousimmensities architectural devices, and enjoymentof his peculiar to the use of the dark civilization. The temples themselves. In the early,simple days,walls, terraces, and steps Athens was Acropolisat (which have been inevitable throughout the agricultural arrangedto give far view of Italy)were left without ornamentation. With history of the Athene Promachos. the revival of interest in Roman and the

sculpture

flowering

The

Carved antique fragments were gathered together walls,in grottos and niches, arrayed on balustrades, with statues gleamwherever sign peopled ing placecould be found. But an innate sense of dedirected that the sculpture could best be displayed through the shadow. ilization Rome in the architectural background. and all her civthrough its incorporation with Good crowded taste was requiredthat the decorative detail,which it the rethus became, should be subordinated to the impression of mains sculpture. From the whole. at Pompeii we can the private The Villa Albani is the best existing reconstruct example of an to exhibit a collection of gardens of the imperial Italian garden designedproperly built late, To be sure, it was but it displays Statues everywhere sculpture. very age. which did not change. On the southwest the gods, the well the principles personified side is a detail which illustrated the use of plantsfor walls and the household legends, of sculptured A long line traditions. and the application ornament. They were the axes, to of columns is backed by a cypress hedge, which is kept careused to mark fully Villa Balbianello, Lake Como. F. S. of of busts fillin the interspacing the heightof the abacus. A row to clipped the colonnades, to mark surmounting the columns stands boldly againstthe sky, and the accent in hedges and gardens. In strength at regularintervals. Here and accentingthe hedge mass portals in line with the columns, between which it of mass, marked silhouette, there a statue light and shade, and lively is placed,occupiesa recess ancient sculpture proves that

groves walked and

where the

Pla'to

of the

new

architecture

came

the embellishment

of the gardens.

mystic
were

grottos of the oracles

and

""

it was

not

the

work

of the

studio,but designedlargely these where out-of-doors,

of fundamental are qualities importance. Fifteenth-century study

throw

in the green, which serves to into sharp relief every

to

detail of the order

periodof garden-building in Italy. of Underlying conditions geography and climate were

identical with those of ancient Rome.

of the pagan world in the supreme

resulted

sculpture. In loose edges, no are hedge and sculpture rated sepafrom a broad walk by box edging. A a low-clipped few plantsfillin the narrow
leave

border and

at

various

times

during

year a touch of brilliant color is introduced the

The
was

apparatus

of

The

by flowering plantsin pots. and roses free-growing

soften the tectural stiff archimasses

horticulture

changed.
country
and

Italy
has

very is
no

little
a

vines

dry
such

lines and

of

hedge

and is

column.' it is

culture Horti-

variety of plant life as is found farther north in Europe.

For the the
most

but An

nate, subordidistinctly indispensable. effect is produced the

use utmost straint re-

part the Italian

on

admirable with in the

gardener relied

the

ilex,

cypress, the sycamore tree, with boxwood, laurel, for lower orange, and lemon growth. Each forms a dense
mat
casts

of material.

of flat rich color Italian has

and been

for sculpture The taste which was created gardens, ments, by the use of antiquefragbe could by no means in satisfied with the limited As
was villa D'F.stc. The Fountain of the Dragons of the gardens. terial ma-

dark, definite shadows.

never

The

of hortiabsorbed in variety cultural treated effects.

as plantlife an

by excavation. provided it the gardensmultiplied,

necessary to find modern their embellish-

He

has

almost

carvingfor

130

ARCHITECTURE

The

cypress

hedge, Villa Alba

ment. to

Great sculptors not were as witness gardenornaments,

averse

Gian Gardens

theirhand to turning fountain on Bologna's

and the fountain
at

flanked
one

the little island of the Boboli

Petrajaby II Tribolo. The occasional masterpieces were, rule. into stone. however, exceptions to the general because the quantity of statues Recumbent modelled and sculptured with brutal coarseness in Possibly giants, far beyond the productive of Italian gardens. It can be ornament a favorite subject stone, were necessary was powers of the great artists, stated that they are alwaysgood ornaments and bad probablybecause the cost of fine work safely would have been prohibitive, but littleof the great volume Famous sculpture. examplesare to be seen lounging against of Italian garden sculpture beautiful in detail. Much the stairs of the Senate in the Campidoglio at Rome, or was of it is downrightugly. It was built into the retaining wall leading crude vulgarin conception, up to the bosquetat the in execution, and a caricature of man Villa Lante. into the architecture, and beast in many They are incorporated instances. Men's muscles bulged like water-blisters, women's and, while it would be far-fetched to state that they were blown by a high wind. of retaining "A11 was used to reinforce the strength draperyseems walls, exuberant, consciously it is nevertheless true that they commonly serve ridiculous, satisfying. justsuch yet strangely The It to them. at upper garden of the Villa Farnese Caprarola a function. But their grossness is not peculiar offers a typical of all gardensculpture of the period. illustration. A broad terrace laid out in is a common quality As if grossness and bad drawing were wall from which rises a not parterres is enclosed by a retaining enough, we series of gigantic find exaggerated pot, Hermes, each supporting a huge flowerposture and extravagant detail. Arms and nonchalant if it were the latest fashion in top hats. fruit,dogs, as Draperies, legs are flung about recklessly. At the corners There is used profusely. they are seeminglybusy in conversation. poles, lumps of hair,etc., were Others have the expression of society in consequence. On the other confusion and awkwardness on parade. They are which and shadow amusing,but without exception hand, there is conspicuous they are gross in idea and play of light execution. the details sink into insigOn either side of the steps leading tells at a distance from which from down nificance. this terrace are fat stone horses which have all the appearadds notably to the Moreover, such treatment ance of being rags and sawdust of silhouette. for children's playthings. vivacity The fountain, which breaks out from the terrace The Italians continually played with their sculpture wall, is

so giants badlyout of drawing that art student. a first-year the whole is replete with charm and gayety. Nevertheless, It has all the virtues and faults of a stage-setting, frozen

by huge stone

would

from expect better things

132 effects with silhouettes. to get interesting pretty trick of usingsky,sea, or distance as a

ARCHITECTURE

in almost any to be found are Villa Palmieri,near the Villa Falconieri (Frascati),

Examples

They had a background. garden,such as

ence, Flor-

forms
are

of

more

beauty in order importantfor

to

drive home

other effects which

his

ReginaldBlompurpose" (Sir

field).
It is which
a

Villa Balbianello

and

Isola Bella of the Italian lakes.

of its chief charms. in Italian gardensis one Sculpture to emphasize the architecture of designedcarefully it often forms It is effective when seen from a part. ing considered as harmonizing and enrichin
contrast

it was In such a position obvious that the chief value of the dinarily outline, as sculpture lay in its interesting any objectorthe light.Recognition looks flat and black against of this fact came conclusion in the sculptured to a logical in the Palazzo del Commune fountain of the courtyard at trade, Viterbo. The fountain was placednext the outer balusat the top of The rampant form the chiefdecoration, lions,which
was a

whether distance, the

structure
or

with

tree
even

or

shadow
and

behind

it,against sea

or

the strong green of sky. It is strong,

coarse

marked

in mass; it has vigorous and shadow, a light silhouetteand color which is like generally crisp the architectural detail and in with the background. which are exaggerations toned down by distance and the large scale of nature.
contrast

which

steep descent.
are

It has

onlyagainst angle.They with only the are cut out flat, bas-relief modelling slightest the inner side. They depend on their silhouette on entirely
seen

the

sky from

one

The France did under

Renaissance
not
come as a

in
vival re-

local conditions with

not

for their interest. There the would demerits

identical
to

the

past.

be

no

end

France

did

have

its abundant

enumeration

of

the individual climax in the

relicsof Roman

schemes,

of Italian

its poverty its sudden

of

horticultural

The gardensculpture.
was

reached probably
at

cascade All the

the Villa Garzoni.

to

is annually sculpture force the

trast. con-

backgroundand arid climate, of topography, irregularity and itsmyriadfragof ancient ments carving.
There that
was a

whitewashed
Two

chasm

between
and sance. Renais-

enormous

female

the civilization of Rome

giants facing each other the usual posi(thusreversing tions) are surprised by a third fifteen feet high, lady some down with fluttering playfully the apparent object of squirting her neighbors. water on Lower down four gigantic zards, buzare preposterously ugly,
around scrambling rock work. the
sense

of the French
While France in

had

superbtradition

sculptural

inherited from .the ornament, Gothic builders, sculpture

was

not

natural

ment embellishGriRoof

of French the mani

maunt

gardens. In
"The and

illustrations of the of Breviary,

the

ficial arti-

of the Rose," in the

Here, ifanywhere,
of
stepped playover-

British

Museum,

other mediaeval illustrationsof the gardens, is found on the only carving fountains. The garden simple

itself. After the first itwould gasp of astonishment, be difficult to imagine any sensation theycould pleasant stimulate. attributed And
to

contemporaneous

where architecture,
West side of the parterre of the Casino
at

it

was

this

can

be

Caprarola.

the fact that consisted of wood

or

quite without any architectural relationship with wall or marked platform. The birds in the Fountain of the Dragons at the Villa d'Este, less extravagant in themselves. not Tivoli, are But, owing around the great central water-jet, to careful grouping they architectural purpose and satisfy the eye. serve an of conclusions can from the qualities What draw we Italian Renaissance gardensculpture its faults ? Manifestly did not of the period. More belong to all the sculpture they are
noble ideas
were never

trellis and

undecorated sternly part fortifications in of the larger which the garden was set, fence,straightforward pool
not
a

brick

none garden-seat,

of which

showed show The

any

ambitious

attempt

at

ornament.

Moreover, in horticulture fitted

to

the earliest records for its

own

greater interest
was

sake.
An

climate

better of

the easy

cultivation of the wide

in France.

range

found lifenaturally

impetus was

plant given the

development of horticulture when the French Crusaders And from the Near East. broughtback seeds and cuttings ture than by the sculptors shows everywherethat a strong interest in horticulexecuted of the Italian delicately history tectural for the archilack of concern Renaissance for the embellishment of architectural interiors. means a corresponding gan the French beWe must conclude that the triviality of idea was intentional, elements of garden design. When if not encouraged, and the faults, in insistence and huge formal parterres,laid to build great chateaux were forgotten and crossed by the decorative qualities; that these in colored stones and sand, surrounded on out furthermore, horticulture was decorative more and walls of foliage, tunnels, qualities depend on elements which are not clipped for ostentation and pagfor sculpture less forgotten in the new necessarily or required eantry, ornamentingarchitectural passion interiors. "There is such a thingas deliberate ugliness: but it continued to playa greater part than was ever or, will deliberately rather, a great designer foregoaccepted the case in Italy.
conceived
nor was

work

ever

more

ARCHITECTURE

133

The

fountain below

the parterre

of the Casino

at

Ca.prarola.

For

the

most

part the
were

ground was
laid
out
on

flat or formal

only slightly

dominant result

undulating.Parterres
one

lines in intricate While

in the gardensof Italy. placethat theyoccupied with walls, the used in some was sculpture profusion
was more

of the

patterns. Substantial walls of great features of French conspicuous

feature

fountain was courtyard of earlyFrench parterres. One looks in vain, however, to find examples of the common of use in the early Renaissance. gardensculpture Formallyclipped bushes and trees were employed to mark salient pointsof the design, where in Italian parterres the points of emphasis would be made with sculpture. Toward the end of the firstperiod of the French Renaissance, ment sculpture began to playa strong part in the embellishof buildings, thereafter in garden walls. and soon the central The walls of the great
court at

The

mediaeval

lengthbecame garden design. and became glorified

to

enrich
a

the architectural The effect of unit in connection

case

detail than with

was

to

decorate
more

the

gardenas

whole. used

was sculpture

considerable isolated and

where

water-

basins and Le Notre

fountains.

In this

each

the sculptured well groups were effect enriched the general materially

conspicuously arranged.
when he

Chateau

Richelieu

and

the

wall of the parterre of the dues de Lorraine at retaining Nancy are in point. But it would appear that a large use of sculpture in gardens was the innovation of Le Notre. In all his later designs sculpture playedan importantpart, in his great achievement at Versailles. It is at culminating Versaillesthat one can best study the French use of garden sculpture. The architectural feeling of French gardenslay in their tural grandiose symmetrical designrather than in the architecembellishment, importantas that is. The walls were considerable in themselves, but they did not the assume

and statues a placedseries of great marble vases against an inspiration clippedbackground of tall trees, following from Italy. The difference in which may well have come national treatment lies in the much larger portance improportionate of massive foliage and flat lawns in France. of sculpture much to larger Except for the adaptation of design, although elements new was established, no principle be said to have lost its place as sculpture part may In two ways, of the structure to become merelyornament. fashion. He in a new however, Le Notre did use sculpture commonly made a statue the terminus of longpathsthrough the forest which the fact that
to were

without

architectural

character

yond be-

they were
at

break

the

monotonous

isolated putting lawns. It would the necessary

statues

and he took occasion straight; of his flat parterres by sky-line in the beds and important places Notre understood thoroughly For the sculpture.

appear

that Le

of qualities

out-of-door

134

ARCHITECTURE
crowned with strange designs in strap work carved in huge letters. In placeof quotations and balls,pinnacles, they built endless store contrivances. The horn while
or

biblical
statues

the

other geometric

gardenshad
their

beam, and
in colored

their parterres, their tunnels through well as their walls;but trellises, as the French
were

the Italians and

contented

with

signs de-

St. Peter

from the carriage-drive.

box glassand sand, outlined with clipped edging,the Englishprotested againstsuch absurdities as Their parterres were as the sixteenth century. planted early the with varieties of trees, shrubs, and plants. Where French used pottedorarge and lemon and geometritrees cally shrubs to emphasizeimportant lines and spots clipped the of the garden design as the Italians used sculpture, much farther than the French. Englishwent They made bushes whole and trees. sculptured gardens of strangely Both in the gardensand as a background a world of living all other in luxuriant variety and color subordinated plants

decoration
most

to

itself. with what with

part what
in and

was

done had

under

strong

massing,and
contrast

was fairly oversight and shadows. vigorouslights were

his

Englishmen were
were

charmed

however, and they always travellers, in France and Italy. they saw
them ideas for many
a

Harmony

of color

well treated.

Bronze

They brought back

Italian house and

so-called

at Versailles groups around the basins in the upper terrace sheets of water between the sky-blue and immense paths of

sand, stood light-colored

white paper. they decorate. of Statues

out

as

sharplyas spots
in color with

of ink the

on

harmonize

walls

ground Where a backthey are to be seen against foliage they are white. Where bronze was used he isolated the on green backgrounds, green lawns or against architectural in each case marked by a strongly sculpture setting. While, because of the magnitude of French gardens, did not take the importantplacethat it assumed sculpture each statue, standing almost alone, became in Italy, inversely of
as more a

is garden in the British Isles. What of sculpture and decorative they importedquantities more, material for these same gardens. Set down in England it been used with great propriety and charm, has occasionally but in order to be successful the sculpture straint rea required almost beyond in the use of plantmaterial which was the power of an Englishman. Often it was placedwhere it had to compete in interest with strange shapes in topiary, various forms of bush and tree, bright spots of garden color, until it is but
to
one

of many

features to

be

sure, it was

used in wall and innate

a

and it is usually most fashion, but there is Where wished

to
no

the eye. Sometimes, ramp in the Italian when so placed*, satisfactory

attract
sense

interest

as

detail. been

Le

Notre

understood
an

this and

tradition

or

of fitness urgingan

result the

of sculpture
never

his

gardenshad
In

finish that have standard

was

excelled.

and elegance Italythe general

Englishman to
make

follow such
were

scheme.

there

the gardener few bits of sculpture

piece approached. Each group is a masterfit for the garden of Le Roi Soleil. was Sophistication necessary to this result. Everything recumbent in good scale. There no were giantsin was lost in spontaneOn the other hand, the sculpture France. ity There was and gayety all that it gainedin correctness. in the great French "gardens no no vulgarity joking, personal had all the The sculpture all was and serene. impersonal of the place. It was and cold. effective, beautiful, qualities
never
"

he of what he had. Consequently a longvista made graspedat Le Notre's plan of terminating by trees or shrubs or bushes with a bit of sculpture. innovations aroused a certain emulation at The foreign from those for gardensculpture home. There was a demand the
most

who

could that

not
occurs

send
to

abroad. mind

At

tion least this is the first solu-

England

is the

true

home
an

of horticulture.

It has

of plantlifeand great variety

ideal climate for luxuriant

growth. While her people have long understood how to been architecture and the fine arts have never build stately, has of Englishpeople. Sculpture the chief preoccupation been almost conspicuousby its absence from the public which has been put up of the good sculpture mind. Most during the last few hundred years has been imposed from above. As far back as the time of Henry VIII, the king from Italy. This was done in France, importedsculptors able to continue the cunning too, but there the peoplewere this does not taughtby Italy. In England appear to have
been the
case.

that are so figures a cheap Englishgardens. Lead was Given a proper material in those days and easy to handle. Diana of some the memory or model, or even neighbor's Bacchante, the ingeniousEnglishman, with a taste for could mould and pound the malleable lead into gimcracks, With forms. sculptured very reasonable and entertaining his own knowledgeof the material which has longbeen more

for the lead

commonly

found

in

While

noble

monuments

have

been erected

the result of they appear to have been more by Englishmen, serious thoughtand hard work than superabundantfacility in design. Terraces and walls were commonly used in Renaissance but where and charm,, English gardenswith great ingenuity with carved been surmounted have in Italythey would fantastic statues, in England they were balustrades and

Fountain,

del Commune, Pala/.7.o

Viterbo.

F. S.

i36

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

AT

YABDLEY. PA.for MB.LY DARNES.

nut 51".;Ph C.E.5cnermerhorn Architecti1'a.fta. 430^/0.!

Brass

Tacks
any

"

Plus
in the arts,

HAS in
gain?
hasn't

there

ever

been

great achievement
has

fact in

anything that
a

pushed
above

the earth the idea

along a
of
mere

little bit, without Even with

motive

motive. industryuncontaminated this And by the profit direct way to arrive at suggests that the most a peaceful condition in industry would be to seek a return to that state of industry in which the creative impulses of the worker and

riches

the big idea,the achievement, the sense have had

the instinct of workmanship could express themselves without in the offing, beckoningsomewhere Such be arranged overnight repression. a change cannot the glow of a poscreative impulse, sible but that should not stand against it as a goalof endeavor." of in the been
"

power

power

mere

idea,
and
a

the

plusquantitythat
We
a

has

driven the brass tacks home

be
sure,

? the

The

New

great awakening, to
on

School
an

of Architecture
event

at

Princeton
to history

sound

of the hammer The

the brass-tacks sound

idea makes

great

noise in the land. and it has become The old

is that of the hammer

of Thor

IT have
and

is

something of
added
to

in

our

architectural
resources a

its educational

the

traditions

the tocsin of

sloganof art University. but it seems still believing time when There never such a school could be to be slowlydying,dying peacefully, was a worth a that there is no art, no added with the prospect of more no ideal, usefulness to the country. aspiration An era of unprecedented we'd better say a copper cent, that is is before us, building drachma, a farthing, th.it building either express based on the cost plus contract. the utter materialistic mood of the not at the outset may we'll put in the years of study and work The and the old traditions based on sound scholarship cost or times, and the humanities in general. the nervous force,the temperament, the personaspiration, ality, have real the education. These Princeton fact and has never lacked in an of the no things appreciation value unless we ship compilestatistics of the time spent in figure great needs of manliness united with high purposes, scholarin days' wages. measured for the realitiesof every-dayliving. as a preparation preparation of the day we certain comments Here men From made opine that the are ready for men's work when duty c-\lls,
education started
on

discontent, unrest, and greed. for art's sake is not quite dead,

and high purposes power in the arts as Princeton

of such

time-honored

tution insti-

of the
a

architect

has

been

for these

many

years

when

the student

may

be, in time of great need, transformed

All
arms over

foundation of the plusquantity, when, of course,

new a

into the best of soldiers.

to

the land than

were

none

were

quicker
men

the to according or certainly upon The times have

rose

idea it should

have

begun
was a was

on

pay-dirt
tacks. in the

respond to

the call
our

to

the young

of

foundation preliminary
since Pericles

of brass power

Princeton and
lesson of
meet

other

universities.

They

are

taught the

changed
the

land where
Bramante

Parthenon, since Rome

and Michael Wren

name

Jones and
And who tacks
"

gave
no

Angelo and Leonardo England a great name

but
even

since built, since Inigo lived,

in architecture. of
"

the lesson of readiness to of self-discipline, service, sheer not emergencies, only with ideals but with force, all-around use of mind and body when the an physical vigor, calls. Never
was a

occasion

time when
a

there

was

greater need
united with

we'll

names,
names

there in
our

are own

some

our

readers brass

of trained
a

minds, of minds

with

worthy purpose

will think
are

of
to

land

where
a

said

be the

fasteners worth onlyfitting

thought

that live in memory first of all by their plus value. of the old-fashioned, All of which the out-ofsavors

the demands of the times, knowledge adequate to meet minds trained for specific the accomplishment,whether from the university is found in the hard comes or training school of life itself.
new

shadow date, the inconsequential

is
to

laugh!
that

But
we

in
are

It dreams. forgotten let it be understood on dwelling such*things idea not harking back to a spineless

of

"The

lines"

upon
are

which

the

Princeton School
the

of

Architecture is based
extract

in clearly expressed

following

from
a

the

announcement:

of

for dilettanteism, for art's sake as a shallow excuse formless and futiledreaming. Quite the contrary, we want
art
see

"As

established in Princeton
School of

and proper and substantial use of brass tacks, a right hold anythingtogether out for very long withnever they'll the pluselement. In these words Frederick L. Ackerman, there by Mn is a hopefulsuggestion: It was "suggested that the profitmotive and art said with respect bed-fellows" this was were not congenial the productionof art to by professionals. Why does not this thoughtapply to the entire field of industry ? The most
to

but

studied growth,there is now a University thoroughlyequipped damentals Architecture, which, while embodying all the funof architectural study, is conceived along new

result of careful and

lines.

basis required this in the

build its architectural work the It proposes to upon of a Princeton Bachelor of Arts degree. With has been

view, the School

established

as

branch

of

vital art the world

has

ever

known

arose

out

of

system of
137

is designed and Department of Art and Archaeology, primarilyto co-ordinate the undergraduatestudies of the ture this department who look forward to architecmen electing to as a profession, graduate them with the Bachelor for the profesof Arts degreein four years, and to fit them

'38
sional based

ARCHITECTURE

degreein architecture in

two

additional years.

in the a thoroughundergraduate preparation upon of art, the school is open to students graduating or history if they from other colleges and universities, transferring have
or complied, are

of Princeton

to comply, with willing described in as University

Edward ward Loth, Troy, N. Y.; Mr. EdGordon, Rochester, N. Y.; Mr. Frederick H. N. Y.; Gouge, Utica, N. Y.; Mr. Gordon Wright,Syracuse, Mr. Harry Haskell,Elmira, N. Y.; Mr. Carl C. Tallman, the requireAuburn, N. Y.; Mr. Harry R. Tiffany, ments Binghamton,N. Y.; Mr. Addison F. Lansing, a later paraWatertown, N. Y. graph.

While

Buffalo,N. Y.; Mr.

S.

"The

chief considerations which

of
a
"

have
at

led

to

lishment the estabare:

School of Arch'

lecture
a

Princeton

"First.
course

The conviction that

is an invaluable
a

rounded completely

lege col-

asset

to

the successful architect. architects distinguished agree that

an

Book
THE GARDENS E. MARCH

Reviews

This who

is the belief of have school which

number and
to

of who

been consulted
seeks

tural architec-

produceonly the highest type of for its degree first to architect should require candidates at the end of four years of liberal secure a Bachelor's degree such as ancient in the broader educational subjects training and modern economics, and literature, languages, history,
mathematics.
"Second. and
art.
"

OF ITALY, with Historical and DescriptiveNotes, by T. BOLTON, F.S.A., F.R.I. B. Edited by ARTHUR PHILLIPS. Containing nearly 500 illustrations. Charles Scribner's Sons, New
York.

The

fact that

architecture

is first

an

art
an

made Based on the incomparable collection of beautiful photographs and revised edition with its many the late Charles Latham, this new and old plansand the admirable historical and additions of new photographs providesthe most complete exposition notes descriptive by E. March Phillips, ful a of an enticing subject. The world owes great debt to these wonderand stimulated the velopment deinfluence has of their pervaded gardens Italy, of the formal gardeneverywhere. For the architect both the

by

and a science, secondly The

should

be taughtprimarily as

ness such as busitechnical aspects of the profession, safe and durable construction,and administration,

civic in

in the

while having their necessary place building regulations, of an architect and their due consideration training the Pr'nceton course, can best be learned by actual practice in
an

of inspiration and gardens and their architecture are perennialsources and for the lay reader they offer the charm of designed use of suggestion, revive of the The past. placesof natural beauty and the traditions they of references to historic lore, full of interesting notes are by Miss Phillips with Rome, with poets and scholars, identified great men great personalities of the church. It is a book that architects will feel they need, a book that surrounded the lay reader will look upon as a collection of beautiful pictures In his preface Mr. by a text that has the fascination of old romance. Bolton
says:

architect's office. The

renown lasting are

architects who have been

have

won

the

most

those who

men artists, are

the power to Princeton beautiful. The lastingly

with

the est greatwhich designbuildings School

therefore

proposes to emphasizeabove all else the artistic knowledge which are the foundations of good design. and inspiration "Third.
"

trained architect The belief that the adequately original Phillips's text, with its valuable historical notes Evelyn March torical and the delightfully the histold stories of the people who lived in these old palaces appreciate only know and thoroughly work has been to add far been retained and has as possible.My as gardens, of architecture, but must realize, through development the sections relating architectural notes throughout, to enlargeconsiderably the other arts, until historicalstudy,the extent to which write to Florentine new chapters and entirely the Roman examples, to and Genoa, to contribute the villas and gardens of Venetia, the lake district, of architecture. have the handmaids been modern times, ble valualeast to gathertogether important, generalintroduction, and, not There is a growingsentiment on the part of critics and succluding invarious sources, cessful on freely series of plans. For these I have drawn Fontaine for Percier et and Gauthier and Reinhardt for Genoa, architects that the architectural-school graduate is were now reproduced, Rome. Although the garden plans by the latter, with the alliedarts of sculpoften insufficiently ture acquainted made 1809,they are in generalso clear and correct that I as long ago Those which I checked state. thought it better to givethem in their original The and painting, and the co-ordination of all the arts. it necessary the spot did not show differencesof such importance as to make on its students to be sysPrinceton School proposes to require instances restorations tematically to alter the originals. They contain in some to complete the original which Percier et Fontaine thought were justified of the trained in the history and appreciation the drawings by these schemes. In some e. g., the Palatine Hill, cases, in historiWith a staff of critics and specialists cal alliedarts. authors are all that now remain, and their labors in recordingthese old deserve warmest recognition." our in the Department of Art and Archaeology, gardens art already in connection with the the school can give this training, IN THE SCIENCE STUDIES FURTHER PROPORTIONAL FORM, without increasing for the Bachelor's degree, FORTH SET SUPPLEMENTAL TO THOSE requirements OF BEAUTY, BEING COLMAN, SAMUEL UNITY." HARMONIC By IN "NATURE'S the number of years for the degreein architecture. N. A. and C. ARTHUR LL.B., authors of "Nature's Harmonic
must
not
on a a as

edition of to before the Great War out prepare a new Italy'it was with no calculated intention of doing more has proved littlerevision and expansion. The interest of the subject is,for all practical so purposes, a great, however, that the present volume series of photographs taken by the late Charles The magnificent book. new for the elimination of a few subjectsof Latham has been retained, save and about a hundred and fifty photographs have been minor interest, new Miss added to make the series of villas and gardens more comprehensive.^
"When I set 'The Gardens of
a

than

"Fourth.

"

In consideration

tectural of the fact that the archithe school is linked with

Unity,"etc.
COLMAN.

The
text

COAN, drawings and

offered preparation the of requirements will

a

by

The
Sons.

and mathematics

are by MR. descriptions correlating PutG. P. nam's are by MR. COAN.

sity Princeton UniverBachelor's degree,

his We have listenedwith rapt attention to Mr. Hambidge expounding know that theories of the beginningof the laws of designin nature, and we follow him able who to those are he is a great prophet and original among led directly we In the present volume are around in his whirling squares. of art with "the Tetragon Family and Pentagon the source to as nature ancients laid evidence" and while it is clear that the_ Family in constant dicate lines which inand wrought metals on and carved monuments out

award, not another Bachelor's degree(Bachelorof is done in most other architectural schools, Architecture), as but the degreeof Master of Fine Arts, to be acquired in a
minimum

of

degreehas

work two years of graduate been obtained."

after the Bachelor's

temples

to that they followed the indices of Nature's mode, it is unnecessary to understand at that those ancients understood or pretended presuppose did these things. In vast degreewe do not understand their all why nature point ourselves to-day.

The

New

York

State Association

of Architects
every

We

commend

Committee Legislative
Mr. Mr. Thomas H.

for 1920

architect's

Scheme Comprehensive Classification

John

Alexander

F. Gleason, Chairman, Albany, N. Y.; Mr. Scheier,New York City (reappointed); Selkirk,Albany, N. Y.; Mr. Robert North,

and Other fessor Hubbard, Assistant ProList of Subject Headings," by Henry Vincent University,and Theodore at Harvard of Landscape Architecture of Landscape Architecture. Paper of the School Kimball, Librarian Harvard The UniversityPress, Cambridge. covers.

of most highly as of great value in the systematizing A ARCHITECTURE; office records "LANDSCAPE for Books, Plans, Photographs,Notes, and Index with Combined Material AlphabeticTopic Collected

p*

5
H
u H

*
.

T-

'\^\\

H
u w

H
u

MAY,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXVIII.

MANTEL,

MR.

BOSWORTH'S

LIBRARY. OFFICE OF WELLES BOSWORTH,

527 FIFTH

Welles Bos worth, Architect. AVENUE,

NEW YORK.

MAY,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXIX.

MR.

BOSWORTH'S

LIBRARY

AND

WORKROOM.

LIBRARY

CONSERVATORY. OFFICE
OF WELLES

Welles

Bosworth, Architect.

BOSWORTH,

527 FIFTH

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

'

X X

H
U

8
o

ft)

A
o o ,4

H
U W

H
HH

ffi
U

Pi

MAY,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXX1V.

" NTO

A N CL'D

0 C"

.,

-Y-

CLEMENT

T^. NE-WKI12.K AE.CHITE-C.T

.

N.Y

MAY,

1020.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXVI.

LE5

TKtJSTCO
BRANCH

THE

PEOPLES

TRUST

CO.

BUILDING,

BROOKLYN,

N.

Y.

Ludlow

"

Peabody, Architects.

1-1
w

ffi
u

"

"
X

_o
"a

o o

H u
w

H
"

ffi
CJ

MAY,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

LXXX.

OUTSIDE FACE OtNAMiNT,

OF

SECTION

'ELEVATION*

D"
5 LOTION

SCALE

FOfc

UtGE
ONE

5IZE
FOOT

EL"V'5

ONLY
"J

BA5E AT

OF TU1LN

NEWLL OF

"

A ?LC

H I T

T A

A
-OHIO*

M
D

A 5 W

"_E
N
-

""
"

OF'THE^OHIOVALLEY
{

"1N-AN-OLD-R."5IDENCE"
"CI"_CLE.VILLE-

B^A

-BY'

c7

Alterations

to

City Buildings, Shops,Studios,and Apartments

of the There

THE
or

for saving old continued and increasing necessity the publication makes of such existing buildings
are

alterations of great interest to members who are called upon for this class of work. and special and the

profession
many

in this field of work, opportunities profitable result promises to be a decided improvement of

ment,
the and
tenants

the architect is able to plan with much restrictions applied to ordinarybuilding

freedom from
new

tion, construc-

compete

for

leases.

Nos. 42 1-431 Avenue six old

Park

were

brownstone
houses which
were

nary occupied as ordiboardinghouses. The

chitects ar-

simply
cleaned them out, titions par-

keptas

many

as possible, stalling replastered,innew

plumbing,
and

ing, heat-

electric

work,
421-431 Park Avenue

refloored

(beforealteration).

and and

decorated,
put them
in
.

"!

One

IMCK

C4IAM.3

LtvMT

FTET

livable condition. both gone

our

domestic and

commercial

architecture

"

we

have

No. 164 East 61st Street is a 20-

TYPICAL-APACTMCHTj2H3i
-

LAYOUTS
AVE

period. have been reclaimed York City many buildings for remodelled shops, and there is an ever-increasing demand and apartments. The owner finds it a good investstudios,
In New

forward since the brownstone

PACK

foot wide, fourstory and

floors are

basement, brownstone

house.

The

upper

three

beingremodelled

as

per the

for one plans, providing

(Continued on

page 141.)

421

431 Park Avenue, New

York

(alteration).Shops and apartments

Casale " Witt, Architects.

139

140

ARCHITECTURE

-rat"

J 164 ar-Gco

TS^Lcr ryTi6i"-.'/iiiti"
",

TO

164 LVT

M-tera?"

"

inrricw-TO- Iw lyi 61" /TBU.T Do G to HIPwntc -rot

"

"

Pni" -or-Byuph6 -A.TtornajrTi7-h64-I.VT Gio "roc RS Ifpp."

Puii 164
,vi
CT

_-

fnlllJ BMW

taliTU; ntcwtwil

tnacnlL

nania

wo

ri

ALTERATION

OF

CITY

HOUSE,

164 EAST

61sT

STREET,

NEW

YORK.

Philip J. Rocker

and

Ferdinand Witt, Architects.

ARCHITECTURE
from (Continued
page

141 about

139)

there is furnace,
as a

apartment, using the old

brownstone

stoop
hot and

separate
to

The

entrance, which eliminates the for heat this tenant, excepting

owner,
to

of necessity and

any

service which

amount an $4,200 a year, equal to a upper apartment has been leased for five years on the owner, basis of $5,000 per year; therefore, who has the

water,

the

who occupiesthe providefor his own use

A
new

basement

has parlorfloors,

American

anyway. basement entrance

access provides

to

Interior of shop, A. Sulka "

Co., 512 Fifth Avenue,

New

York.

the basement

by

which apartment is occupied floor, parlor there is a laundry, building heating-plant, storage-rooms, and the like. Taking the interest on the owner's investment, his coal,and the expense in running the taxes, insurance, and the
owner.

Show-case

and woodwork, Sulka shop. Alfred Freeman, Architect of Interior.

In the cellar of the

entire basement

floor and the extension in the and parlor of $800 a year for five years. yard,gets rent free and a profit

""!

""!

Hi

Three

shops (officesabove), 512

Fifth Avenue, New

York

(alteration).

Rouse

"

Goldstone,

Architects.

142

ARCHITECTURE I

SHOPS

AND STUDIOS, (ALTERATION)

7 EAST

55ra

STREET,

NEW

YORK.

H.

JAECKEL

"

SONS,

FIFTH

AVENUE,

NEW

YORK.

(ALTERATION)

Starrett " Van

Vleck,Architects.

8 AND

10 EAST

48ra

STREET,

NEW Blum

YORK. "

22 EAST

48TH

STREET,

NEW

YORK. Wm.

(ALTERATION)

Blum, Architects.

(ALTERATION)

Edgar Moran, Architect.

144

ARCHITECTURE

HOUSE

AND

GARDEN

(ALTERATION),

MR.

AND

MRS.

VIVIAN

SPENCER,

AVONDALE,

R.

I. Marian C.

Landscape-Architect. Coffin,

ARCHITECTURE

Notes

on

Engineering Units
By DeJVitt
C.

for Architects

Pond, M.A.
look upon a moment than as a to as a tendency satisfactory product of multiplication. let it be assumed in FigureI To come to practical facts, that the centre of gravity of the weight (W} is ten feet from the edge of the platform, and that the weight itself equals that the plank has no weight, 100 pounds. If we suppose then the tendency to produce rotation about the point (a) will be measured hundred in
terms

the generalheading of "Engineering under IN articles published which for Architects," TURE appeared in ARCHITECof general from time to time, the practical application was given. There was not, however, engineering principles involved 'a very comprehensivediscussion of the principles and the reader
was

sometimes

forced
without

to

determine

the

son rea-

for certain calculations

text.

much

help from

the

It is the

of the

certain objectof this article to enumerate fundamental principles underlyingany engineering which
an

of the

distance,ten

feet,and

one weight,

calculation

architect would

have
occurs

to

make. is shown
unit
are

in all constantly calculations is "moment." Almost all engineering engineering of moments, the finding calculations are based upon of what this word but there is very littlereal understanding The is the unit by which moment means. a tendency to the same revolve around In exactly a pointis determined. In the first place, a word

which

of

pounds. pounds,and will be one thousand footIn other words, the tendency to produce rotation by the weight multiplied by a distance and the is one in which measurement weight and distance
or

shown

the

"foot-pound."
is

in
as

will attempt to measure moments Very often beginners units of force only,or in units of distance alone. This incorrect
as

it would

be

to

measure

miles

in units

of

manner

that
moment

foot is used
is used
to

to

determine
a

lineal dimension

the

measure

Obviously this tendency depends on is the force used to produce revolution

the

revolvingtendency. the first two things:

and the second
acts.

is
A

such as quarts, or to measure in liquidmeasure, money such as feet. Each units of lineal measure, particular type has its particular units of measurement of measurement is a unit in which both distance and weight and the moment appear. A
moment

distance from

the

centre

at

which

this force

may
or

be measured
must

take these two tion then, must thingsinto consideramoment, that is,force and distance. This is a peculiarity of
"

inch-tons foot-pounds, feet and pounds or tons

in inch-poundsor but both inches or foot-tons, appear in the unit.

Tiq
this the

let

IT

in
This is apparent enough when a in FiguresI, II, and as understand when

unit. The foot measures simply distance; particular must weight; but the moment pound simply measures both weight and distance. measure Suppose a plank is shoved out from a platformso that in space. This projecting end is then a end projects out one cantilever. Suppose a weight were placed at the end of in Figure I. It is obvious that the this cantilever as shown the cantilever to falldepends of the weight to cause ability the weight itself; two and, second, the on things:first, distance that it is the

simple cantilever is
III, but it becomes
are

shown, such
difficult it is
a

to

simplebeams

shown

or

where seemingly no cantilever questionof footings it is sometimes difficult mine and where to deterexists, actually it is required to find. justwhat moment in Figof a simplebeam as shown Investigating a case

pushedout

enough
In

cantilever

will revolve

into space. around

If either is great the edge of the

w-

and eventually fall. platform cantilever projecting a only a but a beyond the edge of the platform, it to heavy enough weight may be imposed upon it to cause ure tipup or revolve about the edge of the platform. In FigIII the same at a comparaplank is shown projecting tively but with this would distance small and a weight, large the plank to revolve. Therefore it is obvious that cause be considthese two ered must things weight and distance of moments. when it comes The word to the question be defined as follows: "A tendency to produce moment may is measured in terms of force rotation about a pointwhich In the languageof the unacademic and distance." student very short distance
" "

Figure II

is shown

Ea-iw--.50lbi.

ure

IV

it will be noticed
out

here that the

plank instead
is called

of

being

distance," and this is accurate enough if it is thoroughlyunderstood, but it is much more

a

moment

is "force

times

shoved
not

from

the

and overhangingthe edge is platform

two

between resting

supports.

This

simple

146

ARCHITECTURE
beam. This load will be called
a

concentrated

load,although

which

would

cause

moment.

Obviouslythe only
be the force of either condition in

force of

it is spread over certain amount a strictly therefore might be considered a uniform it extends
as over

of space, and load. However,

that could the

two

be exerted As
are

would the

one

such
a

small amount, of
as gravity

that it will be treated shown in the

supports. that the supports

make much

Figure IV
select
as

shows
not
one

exerting equal pressure,

which
a.

it does the

though it were
at

concentrated

load,with its weightconcentrated

difference

force

we

the from
as

centre

figure.

causing bendingaround
Let obvious
us assume

The

lengthof

the distance load is known

were

the span is noted in the figure / and as of the the pointof support to the centre

that

that the left support is the one. It is this support will exert an upward pressure

\l. Now, it is obvious that if the load (W)

the plank to break by largeenough it would cause bendingthe plank until it was fractured. It will be noted that causes of the beam, that it is the bending the breaking be a moment. and in order to producebendingthere must If
a

casual observer say the

were

asked
course

what

broke

the beam is true, claim

not

he would

load, and of
but

the the

this actually engineerwould the

so

that have

load itself could

beam would This is
were

broken

unless
a

the span sufficient been when which

same set

great that

moment

have

up.
same

is apparent

FigureV
the

observed, in
and

This, then, is the force. equal to one-half the load W. The distance is equal to "/", therefore the load which will the bendingand cause fall would be \W the beam to cause multiplied by \l or \Wl. This is purelytheoretical and it may be well to illustrate the condition by actual figures. Supposing the load (W} is equal to 100 pounds, and suppose the span (/) is 120 inches. Without the slightest or equal to 10 feet, hes,itation the reader will naturally that the load at each assume then around the support will be 50 pounds. The moment pointa will be equalto 50 pounds multiplied by a distance which will be equal to one-half of the span, or 60 inches, result could be obtained equal to 3000 inch-pounds.The same sume by substitution in the formula givenabove,if we asthat read: M M

load

the
but
gether to-

represents the

moment.

This

formula

will

plank

are are

involved
so not near a

Tic

3T

the supports great

that there is fail. It is obvious

ciently suffithat

tendency toward
then

bendingto

cause

the

plank to

the supports is a very the clear span between and this span and the load together must factor, into consideration when considered.
must

important
be taken is
to

equals\Wl, and by substitution we can find that M will equal\ multiplied by W (100 pounds)and multiplied 3000 inch-pounds. or \ X 100 X 120 by / (120 inches), that the moment Now has been obtained the question arises: "What is the reason for performing all this naturally The answer work?" is that we must determine a resisting
=

moment

which withstand of
M

the beam the

moment

itself will caused

set

the

failure of the

beam

be
we

it

to

by

up which will cause the load. For the the resisting

When
moments
"

the

of bending is question because

moments are

involved the units

present discussion it will

moment
a
=

consider

about a tendencyrevolving exist which will is measured. therefore, moments, tend to bend the beam in FigureIV until it will break ? To the plank is the layman the only load that is acting upon W in the figure, but actually loads that shown two more as of support. These are acting.These two are at the points must act with an upward force to support the beam or else the beam will fall. This is sometimes a hard pointfor the that an immovable see object layman to grasp he cannot such as a floor or a platform exert can an upward pressure. from should he fall He would understand this, however, any height upon the floor or the platform.The sensation which if the floor or plathe would receive would be the same as form which

bending

or

the

by point
"

simply be stated that beam wood simplerectangular

S X

the formula

\beP, in which
set

is the

What

beam, and d is the by the external force is 3000 of the beam be moment must inch-pounds.The resisting of the wood will be taken equalto this. The tensile strength 1200 pounds and the only unknown will be the as quantity breadth and depth of the wood beam. It will^be'necessary
wood,
this
case

b is the breadth of the the

moment

givenby of strength depth. In

is

up

to

assume

one so we

of

these
sider con-

"

and factors, foot

will b

that the

plank is one
will

wide, and

be

equal to 12 inches. it is only necessary

how be. thick the beam

Then
to

find
to

had

come an

up

and

struck

him.

In other

words, the

has

floor exerted

what upward force sufficient to produce somesensations. In the same unpleasant way the supports each end of the plank would exert upward pressure and at of upward pressure exerted by both supthe total amount ports would equal the total downward pressure caused by Of course, if the load is directly the load itself \W~). in the middle, as shown in FigureIV, then each support will bear an equal part of the load. If the load were moved, as in one FigureVI, nearer support than the other,then the support to

in Substituting

the

Rj.-666.6JbS.

formula, we

have 3000 inch-

pounds equals 12,000 X \ lation 12 X "/*,'or X by cancelFi c, VT5.r. 3ZE and transposing we find that d* is equalto 3000 d is then equalto 1.12 divided by 2400, or equalslj inches; inches. Of course, no beam comes If inches thick, exactly the chances are a 2-inch plankwould be selected in order so
to

which

it is nearer The

will have of

to

carry the greater part

the proportionate determining of the load carried by supports when the load is not amount in the middle will be given later. It is sufficient directly for the time beingto realize that each support exerts an ward uppressure.

of the load.

method

It is obvious
will be

that the be

pointat
As up
set

which

the beam

will fail the

under directly
moment must

the load.

the beam

fails by bending
case ment mo-

the
a

and

in this

is taken when it study of moments the force, or upward reaction, of a simplebeam. FigureIV shows the beam with the load exactly in the centre, and it is a simple matter that both of the reactions the upward loads at to assume will be equal. Figure VI shows the pointsof support a different condition, and it is apparent from the figure that the reaction at the right-hand end of the beam will be greater is necessary the ends at
to

carry this load. Another step in the

determine the

"

"

is set up about the point be In other words, it must a. force exerted on the beam some from a distance away

than beam

that is

at

the

left-hand

end.
two

In

other the
man

words, if this

being carried by

men,

holdingthe

Notes

on

Engineering Units
By DeWitt
C.
of "Engineering

for Architects

Pond, M.A.
than as a as a tendency to look upon a moment satisfactory productof multiplication. in FigureI let it be assumed To come to practical facts, of gravity of the weight (W) is ten feet from that the centre the edge of the platform, and that the weight itself equals that the plank has no weight, 100 pounds. If we suppose then the tendency to produce rotation about the point (a) will be measured hundred in
terms

under generalheading IN articles published which appeared in ARCHITECTURE for Architects,"

the

of general from time to time, the practical application was given. There was not, however, engineering principles involved "a very comprehensivediscussion of the principles and the reader for certain
text.
was

sometimes

calculations

forced to determine the without much help from

son rea-

the

It is the

of the

certain objectof this article to enumerate fundamental underlyingany engineering principles which
an

of the

distance, ten

feet,and

one weight,

calculation

architect would

have
occurs

to

make.

in all constantly Almost all engineercalculations is "moment." ing engineering of moments, the finding calculations are based upon of what this word but there is very littlereal understanding The moment is the unit by which a means. tendency to the same In exactly revolve around a pointis determined. In the first place, a word

which

pounds. pounds, and will be one thousand footIn other words, the tendency to produce rotation is shown by a distance and the by the weight multiplied in which is one unit of measurement weight and distance the "foot-pound." shown or are will attempt to measure moments Very often beginners in units of force only,or in units of distance alone. This is
as

incorrect

as

it would such
as

be

to

measure

miles

in units

of

manner

that

foot is used

to

determine

lineal dimension

liquidmeasure,

is used the moment to measure a revolvingtendency. the first Obviously this tendency depends on two things: is the force used to produce revolution and the second is the distance moment,
"

units of lineal measure, has its of measurement and the

moment

in quarts, or to measure money such as feet. Each particular type units particular be
or

of

measurement

is a unit in which
moment

both distance and

in

from

the

centre

at

which
two

this force

acts.

appear.

may

measured

weight inch-poundsor
inches
or

that

then,must is,force

take and

these

distance.

This

tion thingsinto consideraof is a peculiarity

inch- tons foot-pounds, feet and pounds or tons

but both foot-tons,

appear in the unit.

must

.w-jooibs

Tic,

vier.

IT

The foot measures unit. simply distance; particular must weight; but the moment pound simply measures both weight and distance. measure that so Suppose a plank is shoved out from a platform in space. This projecting end is then a end projects out one cantilever. placed at the end of Suppose a weight were in FigureI. It is obvious that the this cantilever as shown the cantilever to falldepends of the weightto cause ability the weight itself; two and, second, the on first, things: If either is great distance that it is pushed out into space. enough the cantilever will revolve around the edge of the fall. platformand eventually cantilever projecting In Figure II is shown a only a but a very short distance beyond the edge of the platform, it to heavy enough weightmay be imposed upon it to cause ure tipup or revolve about the edge of the platform.In FigIII the same at a comparaplank is shown projecting tively distance but with a small weight, and this would large that the plank to revolve. Therefore it is obvious cause ered these two be considmust things weight and distance when it comes the question of moments. The word to be defined as follows: "A tendencyto produce moment may rotation about a pointwhich is measured of force in terms In the languageof the unacademic and distance." student this the
" "

This

shown, such
difficult it is
a

is apparent enough when a in FiguresI, II, and as

simple cantilever
III, but it becomes

is

when understand to simple beams are shown or where seeminglyno cantilever questionof footings mine to deterit is sometimes difficult and where actually exists, it is required to find. justwhat moment in Figshown of a simplebeam as a case Investigating

ET
IV it will be noticed
out

ure

distance," and this is accurate understood, but it is much more enough if it is thoroughly
a moment

is "force

times

shoved
not

from

the

between resting

here that the plank instead of being platformand overhangingthe edge is two supports. This is called a simple

146

ARCHITECTURE
beam. This load will be called
a

concentrated

load,although

which the

would

cause

moment.

Obviously the only force

be the force of either in
one

it is spread over certain amount a strictly therefore might be considered a uniform it extends
as over

of space, and load. However,

that could
two

be exerted As
are

would the

of

such
a

though it were
at

that it will be treated a small amount, concentrated centrated load,with its weightconof
as gravity

supports. that the supports

make much

condition

Figure IV
select
as

shows
not
one

exerting equal pressure,

which
a.

it does the

difference

force

we

the from
as

centre

shown

in the

figure.

causing bendingaround
Let obvious
us assume

The

lengthof

the distance load is known

were

the span is noted in the figure / and as of the the pointof support to the centre

that

that the left support is the one. It is this support will exert an upward pressure

\l. Now, it is obvious that if the load (W)

equal to
The

one-half is

the load

W.

This, then, is the force.

the plank to break by largeenough it would cause bendingthe plank until it was fractured. It will be noted that causes of the beam, that it is the bending the breaking be a moment. and in order to producebendingthere must If
a

casual observer say the

were

asked
course

what

broke

the beam is true, claim

not

he would

load, and of
but

the the

this actually engineerwould load the

so

that have

itselfcould
beam would This is

broken
were

unless
a

the span sufficient been when which

same

great that

moment

have

set

up.
same

is apparent

FigureV
the

observed, in
and the but
gether to-

equal to "/, therefore the load which will the bendingand cause the beam fall would be \W to cause multiplied by \l or \Wl. This is purelytheoretical and it may be well to illustrate the condition by actual figures. Supposingthe load (W} is equal to 100 pounds, and suppose the span (/) is 120 inches. Without the slightest tation hesior equal to 10 feet, the reader will naturally that the load at each assume then around the support will be 50 pounds. The moment pointa will be equalto 50 pounds multiplied by a distance equal to one-half of the span, or 60 inches,which will be result could be obtained equal to 3000 inch-pounds.The same by substitution in the formula givenabove, if we assume
that read: M
M

distance

load

represents the

moment.

This

formula

will

plank
supports great

are are

involved
so near

Fi

c.

"2T

the

that there is fail. It is obvious

not

ciently suffithat

tendency toward
then

bendingto
the

cause

the

plank-to

the supports is a very clear span between and this span and the load together must factor, into consideration considered.
must

important
be taken is
to

equals\Wl, and by substitution we can find that M will equalj multiplied by W (100 pounds)and multiplied 3000 inch-pounds. or J X 100 X 120 by / (120 inches), Now that the moment has been obtained the question arises: "What is the reason for performing all this naturally The answer is that we must work?" determine a resisting
=

moment

which withstand of

the beam the

moment

itself will caused

set

when the the

the

failure of the beam

moments
are

be
we

it

to

by

up which will cause the load. For the

When

of bending is question

involved the units

a

present discussion it will

moment
a
=

consider
"

moments
or

because

which

bending
to

about tendencyrevolving

by point
"

is measured. tend the bend

will exist which therefore, moments, in FigureIV until it will break ? To the beam the
as

What

layman

that shown
are must

only load that is acting upon in the figure, but actually two
two
are

the
more

plank is
loads These

acting.These
act

at

the
to

of points

support.

with

an

upward
"

force

the beam

will fall. This

to
a

is sometimes
see

support the beam or else a hard pointfor the

an an

ing simply be stated that the resistbeam is givenby wood simplerectangular the formula M S X f"W2, in which of "" is the strength wood, b is the .breadth of the beam, and d is the depth. In this case the moment set up by the external force is 3000 of the beam must be inch-pounds.The resisting moment of the wood will be taken equalto this. The tensile strength 1200 pounds and the only unknown will be the as quantity breadth and depth of the wood It will be'necessary beam.
to assume one so we

of

these
sider con-

layman
such He
as

grasp floor or

he
a

cannot

that
exert

immovable

object

and factors, foot

will b

can platform

upward

would

understand the floor

this, however, should

or

pressure. he fall from any sensation which

or

that the

plank is one
will be Then
to

wide, and

height upon
he would had

the

The platform.
same as

receive would
come an

be the struck

if the floor In other

equal to 12 inches. form it is only necessary plathow be. thick the beam have

find
to

up

and

him.

words, the

has

what upward force sufficient to produce somesensations. In the same unpleasant way the supports at each end of the plank would exert upward pressure and of upward pressure exerted by both supthe total amount ports would equal the total downward pressure caused by the load itself in the (W}. Of course, if the load is directly middle, as shown in FigureIV, then each support will bear an equalpart of the load. If the load were moved, as in one FigureVI, nearer support than the other,then the support

floor exerted

in Substituting

the

formula,we
X

3000 inchlation cancel-

pounds equals 12,000 X \

by Fi q we transposing is find that d* equalto 3000 d is then equalto 1.12 divided by 2400, or equals1J inches; inches. Of course, no beam comes If inches thick, exactly the chances are a 2-inch plankwould be selected in order so
12 X

dz,or

and

will have to carry the greater part to carry this load. is taken when it Another method of determining the proportionate step in the study of moments the force, of the load carried by supports when the load is not is necessary to determine the upward reaction, or amount in the middle will be given later. the ends of a simplebeam. It is sufficient at FigureIV shows the beam directly for the time beingto realize that each support exerts an with the load exactly in the centre, and it is a simple matter ward upthat both of the reactions the upward loads at to assume pressure. It is obvious that the pointat which the beam will be equal. Figure VI shows a the pointsof support will fail
to

which

it is nearer

of the load.

The

"

"

will be the

under directly
moment must

the load. be the

set

As up
some

the beam in this

fails by bending
case

different than beam

and

the

ment mo-

the reaction

and' it is apparent from condition, end of the beam at the right-hand

at

the

that figure

is set up about
a

a. point

In other

words, it must
away from

be
a

that
is

the left-hand end.

two

In

other the
man

will be greater words, if this

force exerted

on

the beam

distance

being carried by

men,

holdingthe

148 right-hand end

man

ARCHITECTURE
would have heavier

load

to

carry

than

the

the

rightsupport
in the

it is much

For holding the left-hand end. determine to absolutelynecessary of the load is supported at each where concentrated the loads
or

engineering purposes accuratelyjust how

end, and
in all calculations uniform

5 feet. Then, by substituting (Rt) and x becomes formula, the equation becomes:

Wx

/?,/. /?! X 15*, /?,.

15

unsymmetric

Substituting:

1000

Ibs. X 5000

loads

are

involved Here

reaction.
use

again
In

of the first step is the determination the method the employed involves

333.3

of

moments.

the

the
moment
was

thickness taken
as

example before,in which of the wood plank, the centre of the centre under directly

we

termined deThis last be

of the the
con-

equation is very
seen

seldom

used
to

for it
1000

can

that

if RI is added is

except .R 2 the sum

as

check,

will

equal

pounds,
from

which

equal
the

necessary,
sum

therefore,when
the load if
a one

It is only (W). this Rz is determined, to subtract

to answer

the

load

and

will be that

equal
the The the the
two

to

*i.

This is will
on

is apparent carried on
not

should between

consider
two men.

load
men

(W)
load

plank

carry

the

plank. total upward

and
no

between more any One may carry exerted pressure the downward

them
more

than than

actual

other, but
no

the

by

both load.

men

will be

greater

less than

problems given so extremely simple, to present they could be expanded in such a manner as complications. many In Figure VII several loads shown are designated as Wi W3 (100 Ibs.), W* (200 Ibs.), (300 Ibs.), at distances of five,ten, and fifteen feet from is given as R\. The span of determining R2, then, is as feet. The method twenty
been but centrated determine
centres

The

far have

load the of the

as

(see a, Figure IV).

exact moments

When

it is necessary

follows:
to

loads
are

at

the

taken

points of support, then the at either point of support.

to

100 200 300

X X X

5 10 15

500 2000 4500

Suppose,
load of
at moments

the

in Figure VI, right-hand end is taken

at

it is necessary of the beam. end left-hand

W

determine the beam. R

"

the
centre

Then of the the

the

The

600

7000

moment

caused

by

the

load

around

point

left-

hand

will be equal to the force times the distance point. The force is W, the distance x, as shown in the figure. The then equals Wx. moment of Figure VI would An show that if the investigation beam not were (Wx) would supported at R2 this moment the beam revolve around the point R\. to cause Actually, the beam remains stationary and this is due to the fact that at /?2 an upward load is applied, which, multipliedby the distance (/)will produce a moment equal and oppositeto Wx. An I is equation might be written as follows: Wx RJ. usually known, as this is the span of the beam; W and x also usually known, as these are the actual conditions of are the loading. The load of a brick wall weighing 1000 pounds feet from the left supmight be imposed upon a beam ten port. The of the beam might be 15 feet. The unknown span then be RZ, and by substitutingin quantity would

support

"

from

this

foot-pounds. by /?2 around R\, the formula be used. 7000 and R^ X / foot-pounds can the span, which is 20 feet. The / is known as only unknown quantity will be RZ, which can be found by dividing will give 350 pounds. This is the load at 7000 by 20, which the right-hand support. The load at the left-hand support be found can by simply subtracting 350 pounds from 600 the total load will be 250 pounds. and the answer pounds This be checked can by reversing the moments as given in the first example. The calculation is given below:
Total This
moment

around

R\ is 7000

must

equal

the

moment

caused

"

"

300 200 100

X X X

5 10 15

1500 2000 1500

the

formula

above

this could

be

determined.
5000 Wx
^

5000 20
=

250

RJ. R3 X
15 Rt 15

Substituting:

1000

Ibs. X

10

10,000
666.6

/?2.

examples are given simply to illustrate what is "moment." It may that the author by the term seem is spending a considerable of time this paramount on ticular but the and subject, understanding of moments what basis for all engineering formulates they measure a
ment

These

In order necessary.

to

determine
centre

the load
moment

at

RI,

reverse

The

of the

is then

taken

process is around

calculations.

For

this

reason

the

author

has

gone

into

the

subject

at

length.

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

-u.

-a

.(.

IS
i

ujc"sru
iuhi

"'

H'iinri \5
* '

?S?
U

!IS
_J

"
IJ

III
U

I-

3
D

""

152
(Continued from
page

ARCHITECTURE
149.)

be concise and
will

as

short

as

the proper

treatment

of the subject

permit. It should contain at least the following: should inspect of the advantage of his solution if not identical. All competitors (1) An explanation similar, are of this study. Detailed information the comthe block which is the subject from the point of view of the tenants, owners, munity, will be found in regardto the various buildings and the State. of the of the alteration No. 1 at the end in addenda out (2) The proposedmethods carrying programme. in small or large two units,by individual owners, groups drawings are Drawings Required. The following teristic of owners, A plan of the first floor and a plan of a characassistance of the local community, city, State. or required: of materials, both after the proposedalterations have been (3) A brief description floor, type of lighting, scale as the plans These are to be drawn to the same made. to be used in alteration. plumbing,heating, inch equals1 foot). All walls This includes (3/g to competitors (4)Any proposed scheme of management. supplied fireof houses, well as and all plumbing fixtures, care to be outlined stairs, rentals, as are heating, lighting, in solid blackfor the use of more than one facilities family any common escapes, dumb-waiters, etc., are to be drawn ink lines. All old walls which are preserved house. are to be filled or one walls are to be hatched in solid with black ink and all new and altered block, (5) Comparisons of existing (a) of apartments, Number of rooms, veniences, with black-ink lines. Old walls which are to be destroyed (b) Number (c) ConNo be indicated. shall not (d)Sanitation and ventilation, (e)Rental values. renderingof washes, either black,or gray, and no use of diluted-ink lines will colored, Drawings and Marking Drawings and Description. with an emblem. be permitted. are to be marked description The is to be placed in a sealed envelope These which are the only drawingsrequired, two drawings, description the outside with the same emblem. will be the same and marked size,have the same on borders, These shall be accompaniedby a sealed opaque envelope title as the two the same plans suppliedto competitors. which shall be the name mounted and address a card on containing They will be (1)on white paper, (2)on tracing-paper The exterior of the enof the competitor cardboard, or (3) on tracing-linen. or velope on competitors. other drawing shall be marked with the same emblem. Additional Drawing. One and only one All drawings and deDate of Closing scriptions of Competition. may.be submitted at the discretion of the competitor.It
story. Conditions
on

other

the first floor, floors, excepting

"

"

"

"

"

will be the title

as

same

have size, 3

the

same

border

and

the

same

must

be delivered

at

Room

(elevations) suppliedto competitors.It view of the whole or part of shall consist of a bird's-eye trate the development. The purpose of this drawing is to illusscheme in as far as it cannot be exthe competitor's pressed in plans. It will be judged on the merit of the idea, the merit of the execution of the drawing. It must not on in solid black lines without rendering of washes be drawn of any kind and presented the same on type of paper or linen that used for the plans. as No other drawingswill be permitted. cardboard of the same on Drawings may be mounted size as drawings, in which case they must be delivered flat, or they may be rolled. They must not be creased or folded. They must be in condition and of such character as to permit their reproduction. Description Required. In addition to the drawing each is required This should to submit a description. competitor
sheet
"

New

York To

City,at or before 1 o'clock Is Open. Whom Competition

" "

302, Hall of Records, on June 15, 1920.

The is competition of $500 prizes

open

any Prizes. The

to

person or persons. Two of $1,000 each; four prizes

of $250 each. each; four prizes in to award any or all prizes, drawings submitted do not fulfil the the awards. conditions of the competition do not warrant or Publication ofDrawings. The jury shall have the right that of publishing or exhibiting any drawing or description

jury may

decline

case

it decides

that

"

may

be submitted.

Jury.
"

The

judges of

the

will competition

lowing: be the fol-

Robinson, Mr. Alfred E. Marling,Mr."" House missioner, ComEdgar A. Levy, Hon. Frank Mann, Tenement Mr. Clarence S. Stein,Senator Charles C. Lockwood, Senator John J. Dunnigan, Mr. Andrew J. Thomas, Mr. Burt Fenner, Mr. Robert D. Kohn, Miss Lillian Wald,
Mr. Allan Mr. Alexander M.

Bing.

Reaching the Architect by Advertising

By
This Introductory.
"

Stowe

Phelps, A.I. A.
The
amount

article is written reach

to primarily

tell

the advertiser he sends him

how

to

the architect with

his advertising, when which and

govern

the form

of money will allotted to advertising of advertising, but if proper

urally natcare

for that is

to do presumablywhat he is trying catalogues, samples, folders, etc., all of

have
waste

cost

considerable money.
one

thought are given a great deal can be accomplished than is with a small outlay; certainly a great deal more often accomplished with a large expenditure.

Modifications also may in his business, have to be made to waste to reach the so why money ing which is part of his business ? but this article is dealing only with reachadvertising, general public, In my opinion, about 1 per cent, or possibly the architect. 2 per cent, of the advertising that goes to architects is in good and effor magazinesis quitea different proposifective tion, Advertising and will be mentioned below under a separate heading. form,about 25 per cent is fairly good, and the rest varies from that to nearly clude The word catalogue its value. will be used in this ailicle to inzero as regards The such as pamphlets, all forms of advertising offered only as general are matter following suggestions of necessity, and cannot principles, folders, brochures, apply to all cases, for monographs,reports, etc. the advertising of a copper nail will naturally first thing to decide is the size, be different Size. The which, in from a line of hardware or plumbing fixtures. be larger than the standard commost not cases, should
wants
so

No

much

in

"

ARCHITECTURE
whether inches), (about 8^2 in book form, pamphlet, or folder. If in folder form, do not mislaid or lost. A very convenient get it too small,as it is easily size is that of the ordinarybook, about 5 x 7y" inches or 5^2 x 8 inches. mercial size letter-paper
x

11

and Footnotes, explanations,

can

other

unessential is of the

matter

go in smaller type. ArrangementofPrinted

Matter.

"

This

utmost

The the

area

of course, vary greatly with the article and will, importance which is beingpushed into the limelight. of a firm,company, dividual, inThe general of arrangement are as follows: size of all advertising principles This refers to All information contained in the catalogue should be divided etc., should always be the same. into subjects of the page and not to the thickness or number and each subjectinto as many paragraphs
as
"

of pages.

necessary.

Binding.
the size of of than
a

If the thickness of the be well

to

catalogue approaches
consider the advisability

book, it would

have

struction," be divided into such subjects can as "Con"Points of Superiority," "Cost," "Advantages," "Uses," "What It Does,""How Used," "Covering Capacity," be of the same each separate issue bound up (and not "Architects Who Have size, It," "Satisfied Owners," Specified and then punched so that they can all be bound to"Prominent gether folded), Used," "Guarantee," and BuildingsWhere into one volume fast as received. of all, as (most important "Specifications." perhaps) firms issue binders to hold their various issues, Some Illustrations, diagrams,etc., are always good, as are which is a very good idea. Such a binder should have the also tables of weights, tion and other informasizes, capacities, of the firm and the name of the article advertised, which will interest the architect and givehim information name he wants without writing for it. trade-mark,etc., on the back, if possible. or telephoning of the catalogue Color. The color or colors of the cover from Missouri. Many architects come should always be the same. The points of superiority, Points of Superiority. or why If colored ink is used for the printing, is a subject the advertised article is better than similar articles, alwayskeep the color. that is seldom developed and in fact is oftentimes same at all, If more than one color is used, alwayskeep the same omitted. entirely of colors. combination Some advertisers seem the ground to shy at this idea on Can you imagine Woolworth the United CigarStores that they are knocking their competitors, but there is no or for this. If your productis superior, don't hesitate Company or Childs' Restaurants paintingthe outside of reason colors ? their stores anythingbut their well-known to say so, but also don't fail to state why it is superior. There Guarantees. is scarcely in the English word Trade-Marks, etc. a Adopt a distinctive trade-mark, the outmuch or and in reality device,and put it prominently on side so means languagethat ought to mean monogram, of the cover where it will easily catch the eye; also on little as "Guarantee." so the back edge of the catalogue if there is room. It is probablysafe to say that not 1 per cent of the The device of the United of pins from the standpoint amounts to a row Cigar Stores is universally "Guarantees" known and recognized. of the architect or of the owner, but perhapsthe architect The of the article, if it has a name, should be and the owner name are too much. expecting different from all names of similar articles and short form is,that a manufactured One article is entirely common and easy to remember. and that any defective parts will to be perfect, guaranteed be replaced free of cost. and display This means that the manufacturer Slogans. Get a good slogan if possible it prominently with the trade-mark device. will furnishfree of cost a new has to or part, but the owner A few difficult to say "Good it often happens that while morning" so years ago it was pay the cost of replacing, "Have to a friend without it may the manufacturer dollar or two, it may cost adding: a cost you used Pears' soap?" Names The articleadvertised and the and Addresses. the owner times as much for replacement. or a hundred fifty of the advertiser together with the address should be these conditions, what name Under is the real value of the the cover, and especially if no trademark on plainly printed so nothing. A real guarantee would guarantee ? Virtually device is beingfeatured. include the cost of replacement. or If the catalogue is thick enough,be sure and print The pointis this: If the manufacturer has faith really your the back edge so it will be readily when standin the article he is selling, name ing he ought to stand back of it with on seen
" " " " " " "

it in boards,as such a binding will last longer binding though in most cases a heavy paper paper binding, is all that is necessary. binding When it is considered advantageous Serial Advertising. in serial issues, to send out matter or in separate advertising various times, such advertising should folders, at matter
a

if possible) should (and every paragraph, Every subject in bold-face a heading, title, subheading, etc., printed attention to easily attract as type or in such other manner and catch the eye,
so

that it will find

out

not

througha paragraphto
Information

what

be necessary it is about.

to

read

on

the such

shelf;also put
as

on

the

name

of the article advertised, "

real guarantee.
"

"Smith

"

Jones, Paints
"

Varnishes," or

"Commonwealth" serial number

Ranges,etc. should be given a Numbering Catalogues. Catalogues

or

letter.
to

It is also advisable

put
more

on

the date than

possible disadvantages are advantages.

Also, this makes
"

of issue. Any outweighedby the

^"
to

discard the older edition, oftentimes avoiding mistakes. thereby

Size of Type. The size of type in the body of the should be -large printedmatter read enough to be easily by the average person. This applies to all the essential or tion importantinformaand
statements.

it easy

are Specifications. Specifications extremelyimportant alwaysbe included where possible. They should be worded in such a way that they can be copiedinto the architect's specifications and not in an indefinite form (as is often done). For example: "In order be specified." to get the best results, JonesPaints should always Write the specifications, if possible, that .they so can be copied into the architect's specifications, and be sure that they are explicit that when the architect and complete, so

and

should

has

followed your

information there will be

which will
cause

no

takes, misand

very
A

out nothingleft. probablyan extra.

and

trouble

for the

method, easy for the architect and therefore excellent is to publisha completespecification advertiser,

ARCHITECTURE
and then that all the architect has explain such work is
to
to

do is

to

say:
"

"Such

and No.
saves

be

done

accordingto 'Jones

Method
which Give

B,' Specification L,' or 'Smith's Standard a longspecification. copying case. to cover every possible specifications
cannot

If the material
or

be used under certain other

certain conditions

in connection
to

with

materials,attention

should be called
If certain

the fact.

first the architectural magazine; this is Considering the advertisement must read by the architect, so principally for him. be preparedprimarily The copy should undoubtedlycontain an illustration. If the subject is difficult or uninteresting to illustrate proofing), or iron pipeor a system of water(such as a brand of cement of some the best thingto do is to show a picture important or attractive buildingwhere the material has

been used. such other trades is required, that This will not only catch the eye but will show and minutelynoted. should be carefully requirements tect architect specified it in this building, and it follows of samplesfor the archisome Samples. While the question of the building and addresses and the names within the scope of this article, that the name does not come properly of the owner, should be given. in many and contractor to them, as architect, cases they a word may be said in regard It would be well to add a short listof about half a dozen related to the printed advertising. are closely tects, archiwith the names and addresses of owners, a buildings Every sample should have attached to it securely the all of which will show the company turer; and builders, and address of the manufaclabel or tag givingthe name advertised article keeps. The persons' also be and address names can also address of the branch office or name referred to if desired. if there should be directed, readily of the agent to whom inquiries if the space will permit,further information should be office. is an agent nearer to the architect than the home of course, the most and comof the article should be accurately given; importantpoints. selecting, pletely The name A short statement of the "Uses," "Costs," "Points of the date, also as much completeinformation given, for such information well be included, if there is room. etc., can Superiority," a specification including as possible, Many samplesleftin architects' offices are not properly is valuable. the "Specification" is not too long to insert, Provided with the result that they fail in their mission and labelled, often thrown away because the architect does not know put it in by all means. are When it comes to the non-technical or popularmagazine, what they are or from whom they came. is to be made it is quite the If there is an agent in a city, a different story, for here the appeal Numbers. Telephone to the layman,whose should be listed in the local telephone of the concern pointof view is very different probably name from that of the architect. of the agent. and not the name directory, but is stillvery important, the illustration In this case stance, Paint Company of Chicago,for inIf the John Doe its character can of Richard York by the name has an agent in New perhapsbe changed with advantage. where A show Richard a to that the architect will remember office-building thirty-story ticular parRoe, it is unlikely of radiator was make used will catch the eye of the the John Doe Roe, by name, and the extra cost of listing both men but for the general well spent. (which means public architect, Paint Company will be money interest stuff" (as the news porters reTelephone numbers should also be put on letter-heads, and women) a little"human of the and a picture call it)should be introduced cards of representatives, catalogues, etc., so as to make everything dren, for the architect. father,mother, and the curly headed chilhappy family, as easy as possible of the above-mentioned all basking in the warmth is very Magazine advertising Magazine Advertising. blizzard visiblethrough the window, with a raging be carefully radiator, planned and studied to important and must effective than the office-building. will be much more get results. information if space permits, After this, It is also a difficult problem,as the space is limited in put in general about "Uses," "Costs," "Points of Superiority," etc., but and the copy must to appeal comparisonwith a catalogue, worded to mean the layman as well as to the architect. somethingto the average intellect. be summed above remarks The In Conclusion. must With these limitations and conditions the subject may scribed up as follows: differentfrom those debe presented on entirely principles and easy for the Make as above. things completeand explicit in the architect as possible depending will vary greatly, form of the advertisement by making your advertising The attractive architectural magazines clear and definite and it is to appear in an architectural whether not or of convenient and your catalogues size, recognizable, easily where itwill be read by the architect as well as the magazine, well arranged. In this way full of exact information the street, or in the non-technical magazineor paper, you man on

by preparation

"

"

"

"

where

no

attempt

can

be made

to

reach the architect

as

such.

will reach

the architect and

then

"

let

nature

take its course.

Modern

Building Superintendence
By David
CHAPTER BANK VAULTS AND

B.

Emerson
IX FIXTURES and designedby a vault engineer, by him, but in his superintended the of the work, supervision The
at

WHILE

the work

which

has been

described the work

in the preceding

The

vaults

were was

was chapters

goingon,

of installing the

the bank vaults, counters, and screens was progressing foundations and walls of the saferapidly.The concrete depositand bank vaults was poured with the other con-

crete.
construction
we

absence and

were

intrusted with with him

were

and acted in

concert

all times.

walls, floors,
with

roof of the vaults

constructed

of concrete,

ARCHITECTURE
rail
as reinforcement,

described in
as

Chapter II.

It

was

tended inmob with

The
a

boxes

were

fitted with
was

locks which in

were

provided

to
as proof

render

the vault

and fire, burglar, nearly

was

possible.
has been cities the danger from burglars larger and minimum protection a by efficient police

In the reduced of
to

custodian, each lock and was to common a series; also had its individual key,which fitted only its own lock, these keys and differed from every other key in the series,
all of the locks in

guard key, which

chargeof

the

watch private the have upon

may
one so

old-time cracksmen being known as the change keys. Before the change key could be inserted, used in its lock,the guard mechanism or "Jimmie" Hope type of the guard key in charge had to be unlocked by means the "yegg," who been preys of the custodian. vault was with The safe-deposit the small-town banks, so that the greatest dangerwhich provided cities is the in any of the larger bronze day gate, which -had a latch lock which could be have to be combated a of a key. than that of the nightprowlers, opened only by means of mob violence, more

systems.

Also, the famous

"Shang" Draper and by supplanted entirely

that the vaults

must

be made

to

withstand all

manner

A bed of

cement

mortar

one

inch

thick, trowel-smoothed,

laid over the floors of the vaults. On this was laid a the oxyacetylene was drilling, onslaughts by highexplosives, finished floor of cork tile six inches by twelve inches, onecutter burner,or the electric arc, which may blast, blau-gas of its resilient quality, risk half inch thick. On account be used. and more or And, althoughthe burglar any one its comparative this makes admirable still "eternal vigilance is the priceof is reduced floor noiselessness, an greatly, for vaults. The vaults were stillcontinue to occur in all of the wired for lighting, telephone, safety";and burglaries and firms handling and electric fans, all of the wiringbeing permanent and and corporations sums cities, large larger built into the walls,floor, the vaults were of money have their safes blown open, or ripped and ceiling as open, quite between regularly Saturday night and Monday morning, beingconstructed. Both the public bank still be calculated to withstand and the intercommunicating so telephones equipment must that direct the attack of burglars well as that of the mob. connected with the interior of the vaults, were as so all four sides and the top communication could be had with the outside by any one The vaults were lined on four inches thick, locked in. Safe-deposit vault had a switch in the vestibule, and bottom with plates made up of layers which with momentary of electric-furnace abrasive grains, combined with iron, the automatic contact button,actuating drilland cutter burner proof had been proven to be as nearly switch; also,the vaults were provided with receptacles for attaching ing and they had continuous burnas portable lights, any material could be, having a greater resistance than for emergencies.As an extra laminated plates, at present or night-lights precaution, any other form of lining The doors were wired for an electric alarm system. known. The single straight doors,thirty the vaults were flange four side-walls, inches thick. The joints between the door and the jambs the floors, and the roofs of the vaults were with and accurately lead-covered cables, were carefully ground,so as to make a posi~ surrounded spaced four inches both longitudinally tive mechanical seal. The doors were built up of a composite and transversely, and apart, and run construction. The outer shell was of cast low steel, inside in a junction box,which connected with a conduit terminating which was which of which was reinforced with section, to the telephone to be connected a concrete ran service, The bars with the police rods, which' were saw-proofand file-proof. signal jail system. of bars and vertically, A system of panelled stalled infour rows set both horizontally were doors, similarly wired, were either side of the vault doors,closing on over beingused. Inside of this was a six-inch tool and cutter them, material as was of the same them. This system was used and protecting burner, resisting on a closed circuit plate, of the vaults. This plate of any one of the wires would for the lining and the breaking had a one-inch layer or cutting of one-half inch abrasive grains each face, and a two-inch on give an alarm. The wiringwas covered over with marble of one-inch grains which was that it was accessible in set so layer throughthe middle. On the inside panelling, easily of laminated of this section was of repairs, which might be made necessary by any break steel construction a facing case

of

on

which was the cast steel bolt frame, the bolt mounted which located in a mechanism, and the time locks, were door. centre drum, housed in a steel case, and havinga cover doors
were

in the system. The counter

counter

built up to the level of the fronts were tops with walls of hollow tilefour inches thick. In
were

The

hung

on

crane

with wheel-operatedhinges, the ism mechanbolt-throwing All of the mechanism, combination-

pressure mechanism. The combination

was

locks and

which were set steel angle standards, securely and which formed a rigid floors, support for the bronze screenwork,which was above the counters. The bolted
to

these walls

the

located
was

on

the
was on

jambs of

the doors.

outside face of the moulded which

account

counters

was

bolts, etc.,
lock dial the the
set

draw-filed

steel. The

base

course

and

cap

faced up with marble, with mould, all anchored back to

The

and door-jamb,
an

had

the pressure mechanism housingon and a steel cylinder set anglewise

the tile walls

was

by

means

of brass-wire anchors. the base

was

marble
On

used of the

above

Italian Pavanozza. of this

providedwith

glass window, set eightinches from illuminated stationary ing dial,providedwith two revolveach of which was with the comconnected pointers, bination
locks.

oval

with controlling hand-wheels were Lowering platforms placedin front of the doors, so that a level passage could be had into the vaults. The vaults were also provided with doors of a smaller size, efficient but of equally emergency which were of lock-ins or construction, to be used in case other emergencies, but in no way affecting the security of the vaults. The bank vault was fitted up with steel security and coin locks. with steel doors fitted with lockers, vault was safe-deposit minimum size having a
an

marble, all of the slabs were backed up with slabs of hard,sound, cheap marble, the backingand the face beingset together of Paris, with plaster which insured a perfect adhesion between the two slabs. We examined all pieces of marble to that no fractured pieces of see were used, and that none the pieces dowelled alongthe line of a fracture, which were
is sometimes The and done with this marble.
counter

character extremelyfragile

screenwork

above the

tops

was

of bronze

and plateglass.The pilasters, cornice, frames, grills, wickets at the various windows of cast and wrought were bronze. A continuous reflector which
was

two

combination

set

in

drawn

The

the boxes,

fitted ing formup with safe-deposit bronze frame ran around the inner side of the cornice, unit width of five and onethe finish. The reflectors carried along the tops were
(Continued on
page

half inches and

outside

inches. depth of twenty-six

158.)

156

ARCHITECTURE

mm
', I,

hi i

II

'I I
'' H

II

"

I,

jJl-11-lu'l-iiJUlJ..a-IU

|,

I'

i, ii

I I, " M liJ

|i

158
(Continued from
page

ARCHITECTURE 155.)
a

of
over

hairhke

of the

partition screens, to the desks giving light

the screenwork work in the and

and
on

formed both

cornice The

sides.

backingof

of bronze tubing, anglesand corners, with roof framing of three-eighths-inch by two-and-onehalf-inch bronze bars; the panelswere filledwith one-andused. These patone-half-inch mesh. of the bronzework The the patterns, metal master was finishing terns patterns were in a solution of sulphuric done by firstcleaning it by dipping models,and were then finished cast from the plastic were than four reproductions acid and water, then washing thoroughly, Where and oxidizing not more by hand-chasing. rectly with a solution of sulphate difrom a pattern, the moulds were made of ammonia, and rubbing it down to be made were color with pumice-stone, model. and finally from the plastic to an even given one rechased from a chased master of white wax, thinly and evenlybrushed on. All of the castings were coat and The tops of all of the counters formed of two-inchwere pattern. All of the exposed surfaces of the moulded work had the fire skin removed or by filing grinding, thick slabs of structural glass, making a smooth,impervious plain surface. The space under the counters filled in with was and broughtto a true surface and finished with a draw file All of the bronzework was put together drawers and lockers made up of furniture-stocksheet steel, ready for coloring. tion-bearing finished in enamel. The drawers had slides with antifricof concealed screws in a most by means approvedmanner, and all of the cases surfaces, were and rivets. All of the framing, reinforcements, completely blocking, of bronze,or other non-rusting closed at the bottom with steel shelves to keep out mice screws, and connections were attached to the steel All of the desks,filing-cases, made and vermin. and where the bronzework was etc., were alloy, bushed with bronze or copper, and the conit was The dressing-rooms nections manner. framing, up of sheet steel in the same of bronze bolts and rivets. made were for the clerks and the officials fitted up with steel wardrobes by means were work the face of which formed a finished surface was No bronze umbrella-holders, coat-hooks, provided with hat-shelves, with the steel framing. All of in contact allowed to come and drip-pans. the steel framingwas paintedtwo good coats of graphite which With the installation of the lighting fixtures, paintbefore the bronzework was erected. the work of fitting of bronze of an ornate were character, All of the glass used in the screens was a non-shattering the banking-room was completed, except for the installing of polished which made plate up was pieces glass, up of two of the movable furniture and the rugs in the president's them between and welded sheet with of celluloid a glass, The and tellers' cages
were

of all the partitions the cap plates was cold-drawn bronze; all of the bronzenumber-sixteen-gauge
screens was

class architectural bronze. highest modelled All of the ornamental work was cast from carefully from were to be made castings patterns; where five or more the

tude
them,
The
was glass

all

rolled-bronze bronze

breaks or flying no splinters. of stops formed of placeby means of held in oval-headed channels, by means place held in framed
at

cracks,but

machine-screws. one-half

one

inches square

up the

under a high temperature and a tremendous together sure. preswhen struck by any will not shatter or fly This glass ordinarymissile, strong impactsmerely causinga multi-

and

directors' rooms, which does not

and
come

the

rooms

for the

women

ers, customnot

in the

need construction, so

be described.

Announcements
of architecture

Rayburn S. Webb, formerlyof the firm of ParlowcS practice the openmington, W7ebb, architects, WilCape Girardeau,Mo., announces ing Building, of architecture at of an office for the general practice facturers' to receive manuDelaware, and would be pleased deau, 519 Himmelberger-Harrison Room Building, Cape Girarsamplesand catalogues. and samplesare reManufacturers' quested. Mo. catalogues the removal Lewis H. announces architect, Roger
C. M. Carl has 1012

opened an

office for the Bank

at

Murchesin

Bacon,
50

of his office from Walker

Bromfield

Street

to

Rooms

521-522

Boston. 120 BoylstonStreet, Building, changed to Beach 6768. C. Institute E. of

Telephone

Mr.

scape Ralph Mornington Weinrichter,F.A.S.L.A.,landin anof Rochester,N. Y., takes pleasure nouncing architect,
a

the openingof American Schermerhorn, architect,member 430 Walnut Street,Philadelphia, 43d Street. Architects, Fulton the "

New

York

office at No.

10 East

Pa.,

announces

his services with

having completed resumptionof practice, tection Section,Plant ProIntelligence Military General Staff Corps,United States Army. Division,

Taylor and
of
a new

Paul T. Cahill desire to

announce

formation

Fulton, Taylor partnership,

"

T. A.

S. C., E. Lee, A.I.A., of Clemson College, MacEwan, of Pittsburg, Pa., and A. R. Turnbull,of Charlotte,N. C., have opened an office at 1214 Realty of Lee, Charlotte,N. C., under the firm name Building,

Rudolph

of their office after the removal and Cahill,architects, Euclid to 8120 April1,1920,from 631 Hippodrome Building Avenue, Cleveland,Ohio.
Messrs. wish
name

Edward

C. Van

Leyen and

Edward A.

MacEwan

and

of architecture for the practice Turnbull, is the business manager receive manufacturers'

and

architects, Henry J. Keough and

to announce

Robert

A. Schilling, gineers, Reynolds,en-

A. R. Turnbull engineering. and they will be gladto firm, and catalogues. We Louis M.
note

of the

samples

that they have associated under nolds Keough and ReyLeyen, Schilling, for the purpose of supplying at the least cost complete and to and supervision, service in architecture, engineering, the firm

of Van

with

regret the death, on

was

March
to

31, of Mr.
skilland
gaging en-

further Trust

announce

the removal 556 Cass

of their offices from

the Union

Even, who

well known modeller.

to

the architectural

to Building

Avenue,

Mich. Detroit,
the removal
1 Madison

and as a sculptor profession his devotion acknowledged ability, had secured for personality the

His marked his

work, and his

C. P. H. his offices New York.

to

him

many

friends among

the

announces Gilbert,architect, Tower, Metropolitan

of

Avenue,

architects.

ARCHITECTURE
Frederick has removed
to

G.

Frost,

architect,19

West

44th

Street,

it supplies art information and its weightin favor of the industrial U. S. A." To advance
arts

144 East

54th

New Street,

York. the removal 144 East 54th

Harry
New Street, The
at

Leslie York

announces Walker, architect,

It has studycourses. rapidly growingmovement designworthy of the stamp "Made

thrown toward in the

of his offices from

19 West

44th

Street

to

City.
of Miss
Eliza

death

is announced

Codd, architect,
27

counts

Nantucket, Mass., on
A group 40th Street, New in the

Easter

of architects have

Sunday, 1920. rented the building at

has been remodelled

and also

women.

these many lines of usefulness the Federation the services of many men public-spirited upon Its president is Robert W. de Forest, who is
the

East

York, which

for
Clair

architects' studios. spaces

architects have The following building: Eugene J. Lang, Harry St.

taken

of Art. Its MetropolitanMuseum who is presiHutchinson, dent of the ChicagoArt Institute; while Charles D. Norton, of the First National Bank in New York, is vice-president
first vice-president is Charles L. its
women

of president

Zogbaum, A. Wallace E. F. Murgatroyd,Wm.

IMPORTANT KERR "
ARE

McCrea, Arthur Loomis Harmon, F. Dominick, and Donald P. Hart.

OF

treasurer.

The

board

of like

from importance

of directors includes men and of cities in various a number

to

parts of the country, from St. Paul

Francisco
to

Santa

Fe, from

San

COMBINATION

Two
"

LARGE

ENGINEERING "

Savannah.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

COMPANIES MERGED NEW "

WESTINGHOUSE,
P. ROBINSON
TO BE

CHURCH,

Co., INC., AND

"

DWIGHT

Co.,

INC.,
DWIGHT Of

COMPANY

CALLED

P. ROBINSON

Co., INC.

nounced generalinterest is the combination recentlyanof the organizations of Westinghouse,Church, Kerr " Co., Inc.,engineers New and constructors, York, " Co., Inc.,constructing and Dwight P. Robinson and consulting of New York. engineers, will be called Dwight P. Robinson The new company and Company, Inc.,and will occupy executive offices at 61 officesin the Grand and designing Broadway,and engineering

of the thingsthe Federation Some does: Sends out exhibitions selected by experts. Circulates illustrated travelling lectures by authoritative writers. Publishes a monthly illustratedmagazine (The American Magazine of Art). Issues a yearlyart directory nual). (The American Art AnConducts a campaign for better war memorials.

Holds
Aids

annual in

conventions.

Serves

as

national

art

ing-house. clearetc.

Suppliesart information, study art commissions. establishing

courses,

"jinn

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiM

niiiiii

mimimimiiiiim

iiimiimiinm

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIL

Central

New Palace, 125 East 46th Street,

York.

The

Eleventh

Annual

Convention
at

of the American

i l
i

The

Pennsylvania Academy
of the Fine Arts
Oldest Art School
in America

Federation

of Arts Museum

the

Metropolitan
concrete

The

of Art
land is the
dence evi-

\
I i i

GOOD

signof

progress in our of the work of that in New York

the American
its annual convention

Federation

live, art organization hard-working of Arts, which holds

at

the invitation of the

i

Museum of Art,which celebratesitsown Metropolitan golden this' For eleven years this national society, anniversary year. of two hundred and twenty-four affiliated consisting chaptersin forty States, besides thousands of individual for solid service members, has been building up a reputation alonglines of great value to the American people. This year's of which all sessions are public, convention, will be held May 19 to 21. There will be two sessions May 19. In the morning President de Forest will deliver the opening address and reports of the secretary and treasurer will be heard. Vice-President Hutchinson will speak of the extension work of the Federation;Francis C. Jones will lead discussion on which constitute "Travelling Exhibitions," an important part of the Federation's work, and Allen

i i
i

I
I I

Summer

School at Chester Chester Co., Pa.

Springs,

I
I

Eaton, field secretary,will discuss the Federation's new venture under the slogan "Art in the Home," now to applied
and group of exhibitions of prints decoration but later to be extended The Federation works

for photographs

home

art

to other fields. for better art education, uniform establishment of competent art commissions; legislation,

I I I I
1

land. Beau1 High, rolling historic scenery. Tennis courts, quet croBoard grounds,etc. tuition), (including f 12.50 per week and upwards. Open Now. No will be acstudent,without special cepted permission, for less than two weeks. Send for cir| cular. Reference required. tiful and
Resident Chester

instruction. Open-air

Manager, D.
Box
lllllll

ROY

MILLER Chester
mimiiinim

Springs,
I I

County,Pa.
,
n,

MlilliiiliiiiiiiriiiMiiin

MIIIIIIMIIMIIIIIII

iiiiiiiiiniFJ

PREVENTS

DRAFTS,

DUST

AND

WINDOW

RATTLING

Ives' Patent
The only
bed that will
not

Window
or

Stop Adjuster
Haven,
Milled

made StopAdjuster cup,

turn

of metal with solid ribs and heavy from one piece bend in tightening Manufactured only by the screw.

The

H. B. IVES

CO., New
(IM-p"""
C.i.loju.

Conn., U. S. A.

FrM.)

XX

ARCHITECTURE

Floor Cork Portland

of Armstrong's
Tile in the brary, LiOre.

Public

Portland,

For
CUCCESSFUL
two

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meet

and
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myriads
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Now
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libraryfloors must requirements:They must be durable. they must

materials and
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no

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Others
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are
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not
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noisy.

quiet,

or or

Neither splinter. dust off when

but do

well sufficiently

be practicable.

Armstrong'sCork Tile,however, both of these qualities are developed to a marked degree. Being made of cork, a substance composed
In
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and in

Furthermore, cork
Cork comfortable in their and Tile

easy

underfoot

remarkably a big point

favor, too.

offered
The many
"

durability Armstrong's
others Ten-Point you
a are

are

not

the Tile

only advantages by
the Write any
means.

Cork

explained
Cork Floor."

in

illustrated and ask

book,
us

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to

mail

copy.

Armstrong

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"

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160

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*' 111 111 :l 1' ff'-I "ifiilRllHIII

HOTEL

DE

VILLE,

ARRAS.

/"Vow

drawing by

David

Varon.

ARCHITECTVRE
THE PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTVRAL MONTHLY

VOL.

XLI
iwayi^

JVNE,

1920

NO.

The
By

Certosa
Frank

of Pavia

Jewett Mather, Jr.

in the solitary the light sees arcades of the octagon drawing in tier by tier to uphold the slender lantern,but the rest of the big monastic pilesquats behind its walls,as if it renounced its site and surroundings. sullenly
vacant

Certosa of Pavia lies THE endless Lombard plain. From

and

knew
a

afar

one

tried to give a good job and accordingto their lights bas-relief or a statue Wherever a good money's worth. might be put they put one or several. The facade blossomed the routine imagination into profane effigies and sacred stories, as of the monks directed the

chisels of the
workmen.

master

And

In

the

forbidding quality persists

this
even

when

one

ters en-

borders, capitals, columns, bases, and buttresses sills,

the close. This

Carthusian

abbey

has nothing of the pathos of a dead self building giving itback under
to

they lavished an always ingenious, and sometimes site exquiinvention

in its
blown over-

the soil Considered much and

fashion.
as so

the influence

of sun, rain; it instead

wind, and

mellowed

displays
the aggressive of well-

spick-andspanness
a

kept
monument.

national Have
seen a

corrugated marble, it is very beautiful, ly especialfrom as glimpsed the outer portal.

But after charm it exercises, all, merelythe of

you

ever

bedizened Pharaoh

fancifully

exposedin

um, muse-

intricate workmanship. It goes with carved

mortal

but

ruptible, hopelesslyincora

stones, cherryor,
more

butt for of
ists tour-

the
?

chatter
and That

guides

is the
tosa CerThat fair but false miracle, the facade.

plightof the
of Pavia. Such

amiably, with the frost crystalson the window-pane. Borgognone, after

of
the first architects the single fine and restraining influence in the enterprise, is he supposed to have had a hand in the riot of stone-cutting

it was, this design, it was

incredible for,

as

was

the elaborateness

promptlyoutbid by

the

terra-cottas

of the

of alternating white great cloister. By the simpleexpedient and enlarging columns with rose-colored, the tinycaryatids
to

of
were

a new nearlylifesize, imposingeffigies were

note

of color and
And the

whole battalion
both

obtained.
on

then

cloisters

outdone
two

in marble

where fa9ade,

for the space

was

of

Gian generations wish

Galeazzo's money

cheerfully

chipped away.
I have
or no

to

follow the story and

through the building,

Three

disapproved. One is tempted to credit him about the charming decorations that ripple for believing windows, and we perhaps have better warrant that he designedthe bas-reliefs of the entrance, depicting the foundingof the Certosa by Gian Galeazzo and the transportation with thither of his body. In any case, these st;ories, of biblical subjects in a trellis, their exquisite setting pass suranything we have from the stolid talents that contrived
must surely

have

with

some

of the

rather the
the

embellishment, of this front.

considered and
to

better
mitted com-

the
Erasmus's

rest

of

the

front.

On

the whole,

one

shares

had designs
to

been

before rejected

it was

Amadeo
come

artisans who
of
stone-cutters

had

the Certosa in the humble

and

had grown

shrewd Mantegazza families, capacity up with the building. They

the enthusiasm patriotism. Indeed, even of the monks finished gave out after a time, and they hastily the half-done task byembedding the left-overbits of sculpture in the papery panelsabove.
161

lack of

162

ARCHITECTURE
Galeazzo
an

for in holdinghim responsible injustice

But the extravagances he did not live to witness. in study his face as it meets you in the outer portal, of the entrance, the door of the lovely reliefs over

the old
cloister
"

sacristy, high
choir
at

up

in

Borgognone'sfresco,
over

in miniatured where

books, and

the exit him off

"

to

the

last you

will find that these many The forehead an interpretation. agreeable, one, and not in a keen ridge over the full orbits, projects

you have united in portraitists

shake

and

only

the long hair under recede unpleasantly the temples. Beneath the down straight the smooth-shaven and acquisitive nose inquisitive The chin protrudes set. are stubbornly lips firmly effect exaggeratedby a wisp of pointed beard, an of power is somewhat but this impression cheapened by the grossness of the pendulousdouble chin. In hint of all these portraits there is an incongruous but the deacon of caricature, the devilish slyYankee tells socket and lid, cut largeeye, with its massively gences, at least of indulor quiteanother story of passions, to be associated with the Mother more rightly Church than -with the meeting-house. Here, unless his features belie him, was a man not givento fastidiousness. In honoringhis memory orator's with a magnificent church, that was mostly a decto

brushed

"

"

church, the
would have done

monks

did

about

what

he

They wanted, as he would and costly have wanted, something more dazzling than Lombardy had yet seen, and the Mantegazzas the men Amadeos to and enlarge were precisely the to upon such instructions. It all corresponded In the few years ambitions of the donor. dynastic and the laying between the Duchess Caterina's vow
himself. of the firststone
were

Gian Galeazzo laying the first stone, August 28, 1396, of the church later. The design is ascribed to Ambrogio Borgognone.

executed portal,

about

century

growingrankly. Toward
of greatness
seem

in 1496 his intentions for the Certosa sions the last actual deluto

have

centred

about

the

would feel more one there, kindlytoward them. But theymerelyarrested the upcreep of sculpture the fa$adeto start a fury on
of decoration These in the side within. chapels

Had

the Carthusians rested

it. In his im-. rather the pit that represented or temple, it rose no longer memorial to Caterina-or a simple agination

quietrecesses, which at the best had been tastefully decorated by painters of the early and at the worst Renaissance, remained in seemlyrough cast, were with few blessed exceptions a be turned to and most to the sugariest over flamboyant artists of the baroque period.A tedious Pavian family named whose forte Sacchi, into was transposing embroiderydesigns to succeed to semiprecious stones, was the Mantegazzas and Amadeos. Of all this work there is little left to be enjoyed and occasional except the admirable gratings
fine bronzes. In Metal
seems

septic. anti-

of decline, the art of periods the smith retains somethingof primitive and possibly trate vigor, one might best illusof art by stickthe true continuity ing
to

iron

and

bronze.
one

As
can

for the

about chapels,

say is that the architectural arrangement happily conceals them, and that the founder would

the best

probablyhave approved heartily

seem

of their over-decoration. It may that

one

does

Gian

The

Certosa of Pavia

"

seen

from behind.

164

ARCHITECTURE

St. Ambrose

enthroned, with four I,ombard

saints, by Ambrogio Borgognonc.

Tomb

of the founder,Gian

Galeazzo.

of

donors

merely one of many fine Lombard interiors, lightspringof its massive vaults, for .tRe of after the of if its than a museum Renaissance part counterall, decoration, one stillfinds beauty paintedwindows, but, of dozens of churches of the plain. It remained for in it a higherpleasure than one gets from the picturesque, decorative elegance from of the princely which sentimental reconstruction life of or Borgognone to lend it a peculiar it not Italian churches but also the monks, it is because the work enlisted at least one quisite exmerely among dignifies the work in 1490, those of Europe. He came to artist, Ambrogio Borgognone,and somethingof fine among outside were and while the journeymen sculptors chiselling original throughall changes. The temple purpose persisted he and his brother Bernardino has never that it must itself the fa?adelike a sugar-cake, quiteforgotten symbolizethe of holiness. We know the names were ribs, beauty and simplicity drawing delicate borders alongthe stout vaulting of the three architects who of drew the plans, Bernard crowning the main arches and wreathingthe little chapel with similar patterns everywhere imposing upon da Campione, and Cristoforo Beltramo, arcade Venice, Giacomo brown of the interior a celestial hint of blue. In but we the roseate almost only surmise who it was that gave this, may the last of Lombard the vaults they dared more, raising the paletone to a vivid, Gothic the form it still retains. churches, likes to think that Stefano Macone, who the crossing, where the eye rests, tracing One had and near a simple the Duchess Caterina's vow, may have had a voice inspired geometrical pattern. In the transept againthey stretched in the matter. of Viscontis and In any case, when the blue behind the two work was the resumed on apsidal groups old foundations after a lapseof fifty Sforzas who kneel by the Virgin's tect, throne, proudly, as- great years, an aged archiCristoforo da Conigo, who had been present at the laylords may before so great a lady. On the transept walls ing of the first stone of ribbon the whorls called in to blue, and up was fifty-six they set graceful against years earlier, Giovanni the nave advise the new Solario. We and down above the piers architect, they placedmedallions may pose supthat this single survivor of the Gothic beginnings saw apparently openingto the sky,to bind the azure of the ceiling it that they should be respected arches. Thus to in with that of the two by these builders of the ranges of supporting classic revival. in the Virgin's estly, modsuch piously color, tive conservaOnly through some they decked the abbey discreetly influence could a building of the Renaissance remain should be adorned the lady of the land, while as Gothic in spirit. it with a stone plate breastoutside the sculptors so were loyally providing Without the touch of Ambrogio Borgognone the Certhan a Milanese corselet of the time. more ornate even
art to convert
to

and

patrons.

finer purposes the narrow designsof If the Certosa is something better

tosa

would

be

notable

for the

"

(To

be continued.)

For

the Student
By David
Author
of
"

of Architecture
Varon
"

Indication in Architectural Design

takingup the study of architecture BEFORE else it is feel the calling, starting.For
one no use

should tecture archi-

mere

enclosure
"

wall
as

with
as

its gate in the

sense

"

like those

we

meet

in

Italian villas and in

a

much

while one guide an art-student's may than to instil in him the hardly do more enthusiasm which belongstrulyonly to those who feel the of the profession. calling
an

is

art, and

it will word Nature whether

one efforts,

can

of

help developa harmony.

will teach it be
us

gorgeous of fitness and

most

monument, of measure,

more

than

one

lesson of architecture animals

Once and

there is started the sacred

to

fire of love for

an

ideal
dent stu-

and

the desire
can

express

it in architectural

forms, the

in by the differentiation of species or plants by showing us in a striking manner the difference between beingsand plants THE

STUDY NATURE

architectural helped to find the way toward practical design. What is commonly termed tecture the appreciation of archiis mainly associated with the laymen and he should be encouragedin his patronizing of art or architecture by It seems a genuine love for them. to be incumbent upon the architect to help to further the educational work so essential in bringing the the realization of what masses to up real work of art is, which is a hard enough thing to do a when aad painting, but how much dealingwith sculpture

be

created
some

for

definite

constructive

purpose;

OF

requiring adequate equipment,prohibiting the other hand, purely ornamental accessory and, on whose species to be the charming of unique purpose seems
the eye
or

the

ear

as

flowers and

ornamental

trees, song
not

and

etc. plumage in birds, Many a modern

artist has gone

to

nature

only to

Not long since one ideas,but direct inspiration. of them, Binet, made studies of aquaticcreations special

get
and

some

appliedhis
The

observations

in

very

decorative

manner

harder with architecture.

The is
commonest not

in his architectural ornamentations.

unlike

the stage of good sign deway of reaching that of good writing. First comes the

lover of

then the forming of phrases, vocabulary, and paragraphs, treatises and books. The chapters, finally process is also
about the
same

is the one nature thing in which a true He will see in the tinishould be indefatigable. est and simplest as well as the most complex plantor animal,
art

study of

in the cultivation
use

of the other

arts.

But

of nature solved in a clear, a definite manner. programme Our inspiration will be greatly ing helpedthroughan understand-

of the relation between the animal or plantand its funcand clearness in tion. English, find in it inspiration. And this is what givesa soul to a creation. A masterpiece Whether the place can we pecker explain occupied by the woodof painting of an idea the warbler in creation, it matters the expression as well as sculpture, is, or comparatively in terms the little to notice the change in physical comprehensible once we publicat large. It is to appearances learn the interpretation of great ideas in a natural yet distinguished correspondto functional differences. The existence of the that keeps students for years in search manner peacockis a pretty clear demonstration of the need of purely of master aesthetic beauty in the world. On and works, comparing them to their surroundings the other hand, other the qualities which give each work its attraction. show the idea of service stretched to its limits. But analyzing species It is in this same that the architects of the Renaiswith a few exceptions, sance find in creation almost manner we where everystudied Roman with a desire not to copy, but of grace. This is the great lesson for us, that a touch antiques to receive inspiration. how utilitarian our be no matter we ought to programme Not only is there similarity in the process of studying instil in it a touch of beauty,be it in shape,in line, in or the various arts, and architecture, but they all tend to color,accordingto the case, and take advantage of every less the same in different or moods will find that in many or to do so. feelings express more possibility Furthermore, we And manners. he can what is thoughtto be a superimposed best say he is thoroughlyfamiliar cases element, beauty, with mood one in architecture, is merely dictated by necessity, particular or of expression order,safety, protection when he appreciates the corresponding the structure itself. in one of the arts. one It is well to remember that in the time of the Renaissance, It is such a moral help to find in nature, the ocean of architects were well as sculptors. as nearlyalwayspainters juvenating reconstantly working for us, constantly great inspiration The above pointsthe way to proficient itself. The study of nature and man helpedthe study. First, must we Greeks see and to be thoroughly to foster their architecture, types of structures, edifices of the same family treated in about the same then go over it ought to be seen understood under this light. The natural edificesof manner, another class. From the mere comparisonof these analogies inference of this is that we ought to draw from life, nature, and contrasts will come forth a fertile and architecture simultaneously, and so to understand as teaching. All this can be done in one better all of them. which will observation, appreciate way: be greatly The beginning of real architectural designis not to be with enhelpedby drawing from the work itself thusiasm not for their but especially found in the work done with dividers and all sorts of instruonly for the details, ments, distribution on the main lines. The* mechanical but in free-hand drawing from a tions reproducof proportions and details may well-liked feature. Those efforts are most THE VALUE OF givean idea of camera but never the artistic impression fertile in results which resemblance, that results exerted before are FREE-HAND from justa few strokes of properly the masterpiece in an attempt to reproduce DRAWING selected elements in the right of the model. proportions. free-hand the best qualities Drawing, more but as many times the student drawing,and constant drawing,is the Many will be the stumblings, essential to make the qualities of a good analyst will pick up his courage all the and at last triumph over first, and, The latter will find interest before a difficulties. next, a designer. will
never

while one may learn correct the study of grammar, one

of

165

66

ARCHITECTURE
or symbolical some

To the true lover of architecture there is hardlyneed of time he should devote to drawing for urge the amount he will be doingthat all the time almost unconsciously, tising pracfrom his notes, not only from the model, as a pianist
to

decorative ornaments,
or

either
a new

to

perpetuate
For stance, in-

tradition

to

commemorate

deed.

the architectonic of the

beauty of

consists vaulted ceiling

to coffers, leading

emphasisof

its structural elements

work. Students who have tryinghimself at memory produce practised longenough reach the pointwhere they can retural edificeor architeca well-known pretty faithfully from memory. We can see no reason why composition but it should be different in and
our

organs of the of out structure, whereas the architectural beauty will come of the possibility of an attempt of the artist to take advantage the
a

itselfstrictly to the main ribs, etc., confining

structure

to

extend itseffector
to

to

givea

structural element
as

art to

than

in other

arts
to

Macaulay
"Paradise Lost"
The without when especially
a

is said

many advantageof this it has

have been able other long poems.

literature. memorize
or

decorative function and in what

fulfil. Such
statue
or can an

for instance
ornament.

detached To what

columns
extent

supportinga
way

memorizingwork

is self-evident
cannot

which been assimilated,

be

the very violating comparative work

out withsuccessfully of architecture, fundamental principles between various masterpieces may

this

be done

determine. The works of many thinkers and critics cannot going to the very core of the thoroughanalysis since their endeavors tend to retrieve embodying their beauty. be ignored, especially very principles the art of architectural It is a blessing to be able to carry faithfulmemory and then falls so sions, impresdesignwhich now of art, analyzing in leisure low that the publicbegin to doubt whether architecture is and to siftthem in the light of all it is to find out how the merits or demerits of such and such a composiart at all. Most an moments tion interesting character. in the whole or in details. What Such a sculptural Macaulay did for merelystructural forms assume of us, endeavor is the impressive to do for our Greek Doric cap, the ribs in the so-called literature we ought,each one and then for the profit Gothic architecture, art, first for the pure enjoymentof it, romanesque caps, etc., in fact most the brain with inestimable structural elements of the Gothic architecture are vested ensuingfrom it. It is like supplying with architectonic beauty. Prominent of ideas in which you may delve at your them all are stores among the Greek coffers in their templesand the Roman in their and nothinghelpsbetter to do this than drawing leisure, after deep scrutiny. Pantheon. The late Professor Guadet used to expatiate It is obvious that the mere the Greek Doric order as being the very expression of camera on eye will not be able Historical facts will in architectony, to fix alone the feature in the mind. perfection "because,"he would say, "in and the observations made this order every part, every element, is so because it could by the give it much strength be otherwise, from the shape of the echinus, not student,the relations which he may establish between each crowning will stillmore favor the fixing the entablature, which obeyed the law of necessity, feature and some it servouter ing fact, of the impression the brain. on as an interpretation gutter, to the mutules which were who can of the wooden In this respect the good instructor is the one elements in the wooden shrines, showing a beautiful alloy of common and the respect of tradition by himself. sense givethe student the key to the secret of studying No matter how valuable the instructor's work is in helping the Parthenon was erected." so essentialat the time when In undertaking effortsthat we advance, if we do not the task of analyzing and memorizing own us, it is by our become well satisfiedwith what we have done. The famous structures, wisdom indicate the simple to seems too of our achievement is when real beginning ourselves can we features first. As in music,after the firstexercises simple and be ready to profit see our by intelligent melodies are played and gradually shortcomings with the increased skill criticism. in exercises more intricatecompositions in, too are so tried, copying Memorizing is not to be encouragedfor mere architectural design programmes be very small yet may in such practice, A true artist will never indulge purposes. in their character. To interpret in differ so much them but only for reference and inspiration. drawing and rendering accordingto their meaning in the It is self-evident too that it is best for the studentthe grand proper atmosphereis to comprehend thoroughly of the science of corvarchitect to do this work in the light
to the compositions,

in these small programmes there art of architecture. Even struction. He will thus learn to discern between what is have to be taken into consideration such items as scale, purelyarchitectonicand what is architectural. The former wise structural elements; proportions, its merits to merely well-proportioned silhouette, units, etc., which will be used likeowes in more elaborate examplesbecoming more adds additional elements, while the latter sometimes complex.

We
of conservation GREATER for the throughprotection of the United in the wood
raw

Must
and wood

Protect Our
products

Forests

material

in the forests

States is urged by Secretary Houston's sistants asThe secretary's caused the outbreak of serious fires before the summer Department of Agriculture. tective proannual report also advocates for pushing more was provisions organization fully ready. the in the work in for The that embarrassment rapidly some improvement forests, a greater department declares number of forest guards,and for earlier organization each nual meeting the situation was caused by the failure of the anfire season of the protective act to pass Congressuntil after the fire appropriation system. It is declared that protection of the forests duringthe furnished by the Relief was season was over. virtually difficulttask. An anwho placed$1,000,000 at the secretary's nual President, disposal present year proved an exceptionally strain was somewhat fund. It may be pleted as a loan from the President's emergency deimposed on an organization in numbers and much weakened by the loss of many necessary, the secretary says, to seek from Congressagain of its most Added the diffiof $750,000. to this was men. experienced a deficiency appropriation

culty

of securing for temporary appointment as good men of men for fighting guardsduringthe fire season, and parties large fires. An unusuallyearly and severe dry season

An

Economical
Samuel A.

House

Hertz,R.A., Architect
also installa beam ceiling, in the same at a small finish, der. The floor is of oak parquet with a boradditional expense. It will be noticed that a vestibule has been provided.
can

is purpose THE proportionsin of the

sun

to

build
the

an

economical

house The

of refined

are building parlor10' 0" by

dimensions 31' 0" front by 27' 0" in depth,and the

colonial

style.

24' 0" in house

a

depth.
in the mind

This

tends is made

to

keep the
a

house

warm

in the winter.
a

The vestibule
quarry
stone.

In

the planning enable

of the architect has been that would

the idea uppermost of minimum structure

to

attractive by the installation of

neat

Welsh Caen

dimensions,
of
tion construc-

tilefloor with
The with

insert and
a

walls of imitation

keep and yet offer the prospecat the lowest possible figure tive which client a plan containing the every convenience modern time and avoid waste housewife might desire to save
cost

the builder

the

plan contains

and dining-room good-sized

kitchen

service entrance and place for the installation of a accessible from the kitchen as well as refrigerator, readily from

the service
needed in
a

entrance.

The

kitchen

contains

ties all facili-

a good-sized including is in the form of a square. In the back by on building gas-range set on a tile hearth and protected in the preparation this plan a difficult of a the wall with brick between the studs,three feet high problem arose filling suitable fafade, but it is believed to have been solved with and one foot wider than the range. This arrangement helps attractive results. the fire hazard. to minimize considerably Large dressers The with a good grade wood entire roof is covered with a broom closet. An enamelled are together provided which should be Stained in with a large drain shingle, set beside the window green; and the shutters, iron sink is shown window and door trim,together ters with the hangingshutboard on each side. This sink is providedwith hot and cold sash, and the bay window the second at each faucets. There is ample space left in the kitchen for water projection on color. The body of the building tables. should two one or story, are of the same be paintedwhite. The entrance The main entrance door will be of a madoor from the kitchen to the dining-room hogany finish. The upper section of this door is provided is a double-action door. The dining-roomis well proportioned, with leaded-glass vestibule. has two sash to givelight and is finished with a parquet to the entrance largewindows is providedwith an open porch, The main entrance the pedifloor similar to that in the living-room and hall. The walls ment above gracefully with a Dutch with a beam ceiling. shelf together are supported by two colonial columns panelled flanked by a seat on each side resting is of chestnut and The woodwork finished like the on a floor laid in tapestry brick and approached by brick steps. The house has living-room.It is entered from the hall through French been kept 3' 0" above grade; an unusuallyhigh level, doors. A main staircase has been providedwith casement yet 2' 0" of unnecessary desirable. It saves most with a mahogany excavation, treads and risers. The newel post is of brick, is finished in white permittingconstruction of the basement floor 4' 0" below while the stair railing finish, dows winfloor contains four large chambers enamel. The second grade,and allowingfor the installationof good-sized for plentyof lightand ventilation. The basement with good-sized built-in closets. The two main chambers contains a laundry, connected age, are by a privatepassage. The balcony over the storage-room, toilet, space for coal storand with a canvas and is accessible heating plant. The foundation walls are built sun parloris provided roof, 12" thick, of concrete with main from the two chambers by casement properly together doors, allowing water-proofed, floor and \%" cement the balconyto be used as an additional feature of the house. a concrete finish. The the hall in white enamel, tubs The laundry and chambers finished are are placed upon a wood-slat platform trim. The doors are birch and finished as close as possible to white wood to the staircase, applied so that the laundress will be saved unnecessary in mahogany. full Each closet door has a mirror insert, holds true walking. The same for the location of the storage-room, while the coal of panel. The floors throughoutare of parquet. The length storage hall contains a good-sized has linen closet. The bathroom space is in the rear of the house,accessible from the exterior built-in tub and shower-bath. All plumbing fixtures are by a window openingin which will be placed an approved a

of energy. The plan of the

modern

household

hopper. While the basement can be reached from the staircase at the service entrance situated in the rear of the building within 3' 0" of the rear door, the owner, if he
install a staircase in a rear in readily area which also be placed an economical ash-hoist lift. area can In designing the first floor the idea has been to submit well as a symmetricallayout. The sun parlor a practical as is of good size and proportions, and can be entered from the living-room by two French casement doors, making it possible to shut off this from the remainder of the house, by thereand affording ample space quietude for various social functions. The sun parloris enclosed with glasssash on all sides which be removed can weather during the warm and can be used as sleeping porch. The living-room cupies ocso

iron coal

of modern

type with
contains
a

hot and

cold

water

bathroom
and

tile wainscot

4' 6"

high with

connections. The floor a tile

chooses, can

base. As alreadystated,the attic floor contains two and a bath which may finished chambers be used for guests Suitable storage space is also provided for in servants. or
the attic in another

is

an

facingthe hall. Below separate room in accordance with present-date itemized list made
it will be
not
to seen

from which prices,

erected for
a sum

that

the house

can

be

exceed

$12,000.00.
$ 2,600.00

Masonry work Carpentrywork

Electric

6,400.00
450.00 800.00 750.00
200.00

wiring

Plumbing
Steam-heating Scraping and varnishing Painting
Tin work.
.

the entire depthof one side of the house and is vided prowith a handsome built of red tapestry brick fireplace
set
room

6oo.OO
200.00

in

a neat pattern with a wood mantel over it. The livingis finished in chestnut, and if the owner chooses he

$1 2,000.00

167

68

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

169

r"
H" *?
r

.**

~7

'.T'

"

.T-r"

T-:T;C

-""

r:""

.*i

170

ARCHITECTURE

"

3CCOflD

-f-LOOt.SCALE-

PLAN

'fllLST
COTTAGE AT MOUNT

KISCO,

N.

Y.

Morrell

Smith, Architect.

In construction the house is of frame with exterior walls of light-gray stucco chimneys, porch columns, etc., are constructed of field with a rough-cast surface. The foundation-walls, in the spacing to taken from the adjacentfences on the property. and graduallydiminishing The roof is shingled at the eaves with 24-inchcedar shingles, which are laid in wide courses is very simple. All interior the weather as the ridgeis approached. All exterior wood trim will be stained a rich brown color and the roof-shingles The interior treatment a moss green. will be painted white and the floors, woodwork which are of comb gram The house will be heated with a steam-heatingplantand willbe equipped with N. C. pine, will be stained and waxed. The house will cost approximately$11,000. fixtures, electric-lighting screens, etc.
stone

172
The has often been discussed question
as

ARCHITECTURE
to

whether

the

To

Assist in Home

Building

architect should the architect's in place

or on

signhis work,
name

and

in

number

of instances

or a more prominent appears the letter he has created. From building with thanks to the architect, which has prompted this, we illuminating paragraphs: quote the following stood until "At No. 52 Broadway, below Wall Street, than ordinary interest the first of more a building recently York erected in New Successful Skyscraper (1884). It was historically higher only eightstories high,but will tower that will ever the Island; it stand on than any building the feasibility of skeleton steel construction demonstrated and caused Manhattan to develop up into the air instead of the architect along the ground. Bradford Lee Gilbert, this remarkYork and the World whose genius able gave to New in telling the story to friends, said type of building, iron building him in a that the idea of an had come to

in

less

THE
is

"instalment
out

the

due

to

the

mortgage" is one of the featuresgrowing of the shortage of homes. Its inauguration of the large efforts of some industrialconcerns

"

dream."

"it is striking turally, architecthe Municipal Building, its massive sculpture is very impressive." than one-half of the total valuation of new construction "Critics go in raptures over Doctor Parkhurst's Church work has been for industrialand business buildings. While its many artistic qualities. All this may and point be out there is great need for these, there is a vital necessity that a frivolous-looking art, but for a sacred edificeit is the most should activities larger percentage of the nation's building conceived by the mind of man. For a Movie structure ever be directed to the construction of homes. Only about 20 house it would be fine. The site has recently been purchased of the total construction of the country so far in and this Burlesque on by the Metropolitan, religion per cent 1920 has been given to home which is at least building, will be removed, for which much thanks." 10 per cent below normal. "With recalls the sudden death by accident of a sigh one the great architect whose brain planned this classic edifice mal before its forReviews Book (The New York Public Library) a week just

Of

and

Chicago and other citiesto promote the interests of their of homes adds not only to the employees. The shortage financial burdens of classes of people, but has a genmany eral effect that fosters unrest and a decrease in disturbing production. In one of the plansinvolved the employeesare to make initial payment of 10 per cent of the cost of the home, an and then pledgethemselves to pay the balance in monthly instalments coveringa periodof ten years, the total cost It is being justwhat the cost has been to the corporation. believed that such planscan not fail to have a helpful effect on generalindustrial conditions,for nothing has a more influence on those who stabilizing perform the country's work than adequateand comfortable homes. During the first four months of the present year more

in

'

opening. The doors of the still unopened building swing back to permitthe body of John M. Carrerre to rest in the rotunda of what was for a moment to be the crowning of his career. achievement It was and beautiful a graceful
tribute." "At 96th Street is the Cliff Apartment House. is
a

"WESTMINSTER

WINEFRIED
W. R.
some including

DE

CATHEDRAL L'HOPITAL.
F.R.I.B.A. in color.

AND With
an

ITS ARCHITECT." By Introduction by PROFESSOR 160 New

LETHABY,

with Two volumes " Company, Dodd, Mead

illustrations,
York.

Above

be difficult to find two great churches more widely contrasted from a stylistic or more pointof view than Westminster Abbey and typical Westminster Cathedral splendidexample of English Gothic, the one a It would
"

the second skulls and

elevation

frieze in low

out relief, carrying

the symbolically in Arizona.

mountain

other local environments

buffaloes' rattlesnakes, lions, of a genuinecliffdwelling

never

other a modernized version of the Byzantine. This great Roman Catholic cathedral in London is built on the site of the old Middlesex a part of the land of County Prison of Tothill Fields, the

Abbey of Westminster. Begun under Cardinal Manning and

has been
a source

carried

on

by Cardinal Vaugha.n,'"
"

It is a clever idea and will

fails to

attract

the cathedral

attention."
We

Westminster
"

Cathedral,as

hope this
sort

not

seem

stuff of this

accompaniesmany
available.

goes into one visitors that travel about

but if readers, popularguidethat,no doubt,

our

trivial to

in

our

busses,other similar misinformation is, no

seeing sightdoubt,

Council

of Architectural
recent

Boards Registration

at Washington to organization be known the Council of Architectural as Registration Boards, with Professor Emil Lorch,of the Michigan State and Emory Stanford Hall,president of Board, as president, the IllinoisState Board, as secretary. The primary purpose is to bringtogether of the organization the experience of those actually to make engaged in the work of registration, a comparative laws, and to work out study of all existing facilitate between States having such a plan to reciprocity
was

the DURING it decided

Institute convention
form
a

to

permanent

Bentley was to carry on enthusiastic study of the churches of where he made journey in Italy, an and new ideals that Byzantine type, he returned full of a new purpose expressedthemselves in Byzantine terms. written by the architect's of a life, This record of the prime achievement daughter, Winefried de L'Hopital,is firstof all a fine human document. his intense love for In its narrative is revealed the architect's beginnings, and carvers. His art as a boy, his interest in the work of the local joiners who have distinguished themselves that of so many in education was men and in doing things founded on natural inclinations, the arts, the education he loved. For a time he was a pupil of Henry Glutton. of the cathedral from In volume I is told fully the story of the building the ceremonies attendingthe layingof the foundation-stone. Each opment develand includes full of the work is dwelt upon in considerable detail, of the architectural problems involved and the various materials descriptions well as many as used. The illustrations show plansand cross-sections, from photographs of details of both exteriorand interior. plates No what be the first impressionof the exterior of the matter may in its and it may especially cathedral, at firststrike the casual observer, of the modern with Westminster Abbey, as an unusual conception contrast with Christian church, there is no denying that it grows more impressive further study, and that the richness of color of the interior is strikingly beautiful and impressive. The love of color and the design of the East
are

of pride and labor of love to all concerned. first conceived by the architect John Francis the traditionsof the Gothic,but after an extended

manifest

on

all sides.
see

Bentley lived only to

that his work was to go become well known as
on

and

laws. Mr. of W.

Mr. H.

W. P. Bannister, of the New York State Board, and Mr. M. I. Kast, Lord, of North Carolina, Mr.

an

architect

but he knew the shell of his dream realized, From 1860 to 1870 he had live after him. commissions associated with ecclesiastical

Pennsylvania, togetherwith
to

Richard

E.

Schmidt,

chairman
are

make

of the Institute committee on registration laws, of the various laws. a digest

domestic and he was ful widely known as a skilarchitecture, as well as metal work, and ecclesiastical furniture. designerof stained glass, that he visited readers to know interest to American It is of especial the United States in 1898 at the request of the Bishop of Brooklyn,to give advice with regard to a proposed cathedral in that borough, and that he with two westmade ern drawings for a fine Gothic church 350 feet in length,
towers.

64 Secretary,

All those interestedin this work should write Mr. Hall, East Van Buren Street, Illinois. Chicago,

Bentley,never
church

robust his

associated with

name

in health, died at the age of his very he put himself,

63. In the great body and soul.

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JUNE, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XCIII.

RESIDENCE,

MRS.

JAMES

HARDEN,

HARTSDALE,

N.

Y.

Eugene J. Lang, Architect.

"
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The

Fiftieth Anniversary of the

Museum Metropolitan

of Art

decorated for the celebration from designs executed under the direction of McKim, has been especially Mead " White, to whom the The great entrance-hall on Fifth Avenue contribution. for their generous The emblems in the medallions surrounding the hall are those of countries or cities represented in acknowledges their indebtedness Museum and Decorative The four heads on the sculptural piers Painting, Sculpture,Architecture, Arts the work of Ezra Winter, late of the are the collections of the Museum. in Rome. American Academy
" "

1to

politanMuseum New York City

to
a

of the Metrocelebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Art is not only of great interest
and its

environingneighborsbut
is much
more

as

well than and

for the Museum the country at large, local institution. It is national both
art

in its purposes

knowledge throughout For this celebration of the fiftieth anniversary the country. has gatheredfrom many the Museum some sources, including jects and other obof the famous private rare collections, pictures of art that are but littleknown to the general public. loaned are: "Bacchanal," Among the famous paintings by Giovanni Bellini,lent by Carl W. Hamilton; "The Brouwer, lent by Michael Smoking Party," by Adrian Holbein, lent Friedsam; "Lady Guildford,"by Hans of a Musician," K. Vanderbilt; "Portrait by William by Hans Holbein, and "Portrait of a Man," by Titian, "Cardinal Pietro Bembo," by lent by Henry Goldman; Titian, lent by Charles M. Schwab; "Two Wings of an tin by Hans Memling; "Three Saints," by MarAltarpiece," Schongauer, and "Christ Appearing to His Mother," tych, by Roger van der Weyden, lent by Michael Dreicer; trip"Christ and Saints," by Cimabue, lent by Carl W. of Holofernes,"by Hamilton; "Judith with the Head
173

in its dissemination of useful

Mantegna, lent by Carl W. Hamilton; "Madonna lent by John N. Willys; Bellini, Child,"by Giovanni "Giuliano de' Medici,"by Botticelli, lent by Mr. and Mrs. Otto H. Kahn; "Victor Guye," by Francisco Jose Goya, lent by J. Horace quez, Harding; "Portrait of a Girl,"by Velaslent by John N. Willys; "Portrait of a Man Seated," by Franz Hals, lent by Henry Goldman; four paintings "Philemon and Baucis," lent by Mr. and by Rembrandt:
Andrea and Mrs. Otto H.

Kahn;

"The

Savant," "Saskia," and "Hen-

lent by Mrs. Henry E. Huntington; "Pordrickie Stoffels," trait of Mme. Cezanne," by Paul Cezanne, lent by John and "Fisherman,"by J. B. C. Corot, lent Quinn; "Reverie" by Honore Daumier, by George F. Baker; "The Drinkers,"

by Adolph Lewisohn; "Before the Race," by Edgar Degas, lent by Miss Lizzie P. Bliss; "la Orana Maria" and "Women by the River," by Paul Gauguin, lent by Adolph Lewisohn; "Still Life," by Edouard Manet, lent by Mrs. in Blossom," by Camille Eugene Meyer, Jr.; "Apple-trees lent by William Church Osborn; "In the Meadow Pissarro, A Landscape," by Pierre Auguste Renoir,lent by and Adolph Lewisohn; "Morning Effect The Fisherman," by Theodore Rousseau, lent by George F. Baker; "Portrait of the Artist,"by Vincent van Gogh, lent by John Quinn.
lent
" "
"

ARCHITECTURE

"a

"3
e

J3
V "u If)

1
U.

I
w

^
w

ARCHITECTURE

REAR.

C"

RESIDENCE,

JONATHAN

JENKS,

MERION,

PA.

Erank

Seeburgerand Charles

P.

Rabcnold, Associated

Architects.

Notes

for Architects

on

Engineering
Article

Moments

Second

By DeWitt

Clinton

Pond, M.A.
check this result around Rz by taking moments method of doing this will in order be

IN
was

the

the

case

last article the general definition of moments in given and the method of determininga moment also There shown. of a simple cantilever was was
moments
were

to to

determine

RI.

The

given

below. 42
X

shown
load ends

how toward

used

to

find the maximum

dency ten-

6.5 11.5 19.5 21.5

273 977.5

bending in a simplebeam with a concentrated its centre, and how the loads at the located directly on could be determined of beams by the use of the same
All

foot-pounds

85 X 260
X

125 X Totals

=5,070 =2,687.5 9,008.0

units.

these
as

cases an

were

simple and comparatively

would

5l2 9,008
-=-

gineering introduction to the more complicatedenof beams, girders, problems found in the designing columns, and footings. It will be necessary to expand these prehensive comconditions in order to furnish the reader with a more

only serve

24.5

367.7

pounds.

calculations. foundation engineering of using moments In Figure VII, article I, the method
for in order
to

obtain the loads

at

the ends

of beams

was

shown

kind of problem but with more graphically.The same complicated loading is shown in the diagram in Figure is represented the span of the beam VIII. Here as being 24 feet and 6 inches long and the loads as 125, 260, 85, and 13 feet, and located 3 feet, 5 feet, 42 pounds respectively
18 feet from the beam

left-hand support
that
at

"

R\.

The

first step in

designinga

will withstand

such

loading is the
/?2-

determination

of the loads

the reactions, at ^?i and

IZJ* Z.60*

with the one This result checks It is given above. results in this manner. to check usuallya good practice that if foot-pounds It might be well in passingto note is found to be in pounds. divided are by feet the answer divided by pounds the On the other hand if foot-pounds are in feet. will be expressed answer is to determine The next step in the designof a beam the greatest tendency to fail the point at which it will have by bending.In the case of the cantilever it was obvious that the pointat which the beam would fail was at the point the beam at which projectedout into space. In the case of the simplebeam, where the load was in the cendirectly tre, be directly the load. the point of failure would under be difficult to In the example under consideration it would the exact tell without investigation pointat which the greatest failure will be. In order oughly thorto tendency toward of the shear is made this problem use investigate diagram. Until There is
are now no

367.?' ,

R,

**"

mention in which is the

a

has
a

been
beam
common

made may

vnr

by

ways bending,which
occurs.

two

of "shear." fail. The first

most

method this

by
manner

which

As

has

by
one

which

the method been pointedout in the last article, the load at one end is found is to take moments
reaction Usually the right in this
case
"

failure upper
are

When
are

beam

fails in

the
fibres

fibres of it

crushed second

togetherand
way in which
a

the lower it could

around

the other end.

/?2
"

is the R\.

pulledapart.
shear. When
a

The

fail is
steel

first determined, and

the

centre

of

moments
or

by
is

hole is
out.

punched in
is that other.

steel

platethe
common

must

be considered
moments
as

as

The

caused below.

being at by the four

the

left support
on

at

simply sheared
a

Shear
each

method
most

of failure in
case

loads

the beam

will be

which

slide by particles beam

The

found

shown

125 X 260
X

3 5

375

foot-pounds

=1,300 85X13=1,105
42 X 18
=

756

by shearingis in the condition is short and the load is heavy. Figure V, where the beam fail by article I, shows condition where the beam would a shear rather than by bending. short beam the load Where on a a heavy load comes the punch and the supports as the die and the beam acts as
in which will fail is sheared off"at
a

Totals

512

the supports in much

the

same

manner

as

The

total

moment

around

R\ is 3,536
the
moment to

and foot-pounds, caused

this
The is 24

must

be counteracted
from the 6 inches.

by
This

by Rz.

lever-arm

left reaction

the rightreaction

feet and

rightreaction,should give the

or
=

lever-arm, multiplied by the total moment shown above,

the value The
answer

Rz X 24.5 3,536. In order to determine /?2 it is only necessary to divide 3,536 by 24.5.

of

will be 144.3 The this

pounds.
of RI
can

value

be

found

by simply subtracting
-

from figure

the total

load, or from 512 pounds. 512

It would

144. 3^= 367.7

pounds.

be well for the beginner 176

pieceof steel is sheared off"by machinery in a steel-mill. Shearingdepends upon the dead weight upon the beam and the distance such a weight acts away does not depend upon ing shearThe from a greatest tendency toward support. is found at the supports, and is equal to the load at the in units of weight. The value of shear is measured reaction. In the case of the beam shown in Figure VIII the greatest shear is found at the left reaction and is equal to 367.7 pounds. It is sometimes difficultfor the student of engineering is impliedby the word shear. If,in the case to grasp what given above, he should look upon the force exerted in an up-

ARCHITECTURE
ward

177

direction by the reaction as the force imposed by one blade of a pairof shears,and if he should look the upon the beam force caused by the loading on as imposed by the idea of this method fairly graphic force is equalto the downward upward shearing
a are

downward 2 and feet,

by is determined moment negative the By subtracting negativefrom

moment

is found

125 multiplying
as

pounds by
250

the

pounds. foot-

the

positive
the

other blade he will obtain of failure. The This

the actual The There loads

moment

of is

is found. 1,588.5foot-pounds the leftreaction and

=

third load is 13 feet from

367.7 X 13
as

force and both load.

Between
as

equalto

the reaction.

positivemoment
are

4,780.1 foot-pounds.
there
are

shear will exist between the first and

the support and the first second loads a smaller shear

amount

at

two negative moments, the left of load number

two

downward

three.

will exist

of the firstload. force between

the shear will be diminished by the exact In other words, the value of the

shearing
is 242.7

pounds, and pounds. Between the second because a negative shear,

is greater than the shear
at

the left reaction and between the first and

and

the first load is 367.7

second loads

125 X 260 X

10 8

1,250 foot-pounds.

2,080

3^330
4,780.1
The
moment
-

third loads the shear becomes the second load of 260 pounds the leftof it. At the leftof this
at

3,330

1,450.1 foot-pounds
the left reaction. The
as

load the shear is 242.7 pounds; at the right of it the shear becomes minus 17.3 pounds. In the parlance of the neer engi"the shear changessign." The negative shear increases
as

fourth load is 18 feet from

has been

pointcan given.
367.7 X 125 X 260 X 85 X 18 15 13 5
=

this

be found

by

the

same

method

the other

downward

loads

are

encountered.

After

the

third load is passedthe shear becomes minus 102.3 and after the fourth it becomes minus 144.3 pounds. This negative
or

6,618.6(positive moment) 1,875 3,380

425

downward

shear

continues this

until the

rightreaction,or
zero.

when RZ, is reached, the downward This in condition

upward

load will exactly counteract the "shear gram" dia-

shear and

the result will be

5;680 (negative moment) 6,618.6

dition conat
-

is shown

in graphically the beam

FigureIX.

This is a typical diagram for the

on
are

5,680

938.6

foot-pounds.

where

all the loads

concentrated

In this
at

found the tendencies toward bending manner are the beam. It will be noticed four different points on
at takingthe points

that in

which

the

moments

were

mined deter-

and that right, the negative moments were always caused by loads at the left of the point under discussion. Exactly the opposite read from right process could have been used and the points and the negative would then be caused by the to left moments of the point. As a check on the last result loads at the right
was

the process

to

read from left to

TlGVRE.

IX.

and in order that the last statement the

moment at moment

can

be shown

to

be true,

the

fourth

load will be the

"

points alongit.
the "treads"
are

It resembles

crude

of steps in flight

which

the finding

caused
"

by

"risers"

this may

the distances between are loads, and the the loads themselves. A diagram such as be laid out at any scale with different units representing

load.
144.3 938
not to

The rightreaction R^ pounds,and it acts at a distance of four.

by reaction around this right exerts an upward force of

6.5 feet from 144.3 X

determined

load
=

number
check

The

moment

then

will be

6.5

and weight. length The important about a shear diagram is that from thing it one tell at what pointthe beam is liable to fail by can bending. At that point where the shear changes sign or becomes zero is the point where the greatest tendency toward of bendingis found. One must delve into the mysteries this as far as formulas are concerned, but the reader may prove it practically by actually investigating the case of the beam with shown unequalconcentrated loads, in Figure VIII. It might be well to investigate the tendency toward bendingat all points where loads are concentrated. firstload is concentrated 3 feet from the at a point left support. The tendency toward bending at this point will be caused by the leftreaction, this is the load as The

It foot-pounds. with exactly the fact that the

will be the
one

noticed that this result does

givenabove, but
are

this is due

two

reactions

determined
is

only to
accurate

the first placebeyond the decimal

which point,

calculus to prove

BENDING
MOrttnT

FiGvur.

enough for
exact
or

all

practical purposes,
moments
are

but

does

not at

amount

when

determined

the

give the right

only
The

actingto
of
moments

the left of the

one

under

consideration.

action re-

is 367.7 The

pounds,the distance from the present centre is 3 feet, and the moment 103.1 foot-pounds. load,and is*l,
maximum

a certain point. X. The diagram is shown in Figure bendingmoment those alreadydetermined. the same The as are figures is discovered under the second maximum bendingmoment

leftof
A

this is in accordance
moment

with
at

the

statement,

that the the shear

load is located 5 feet away from the left support and there is one load between it and the left reaction. The method of determining the bending moment at this pointis to find the due to moment upward or positive
the upward reaction and to subtract from it the downward or due to the downward moment negative load. The upward is found by multiplying moment 367.7 by 5 feet. The result, 1,838.5 foot-pounds, is the positive The moment.

second

will be found

the

where point

of the shear and bending changessign. An investigation moment diagramswill show this to be the case. This discussion has. been largely and may theoretical, value. the shear diagram to have much not seem Actually time-saver. It has been shown that by is a very practical of this diagram the point at which the maximum means tendency toward failureby bending is found. This is im-

i78
portant
as

ARCHITECTURE
beams
are designedto girders this is found, it and once bending moment,

and

withstand

moment.

In other words and

a

it will be

the distance
The the
at

between
moment

the maximum

the

centre

point5 feet to
=

the left of it.

is only necessary to this purpose. answer As

moment
an

find the size of the beam this the maximum

which

will

will be

2,000 X 5
from

This 10,000 foot-pounds.

moment positive

should result
"

be

subtracted

the

and
moment

actual

example of
was

bending
19,062

will be the total 10,000 foot-pounds and the maximum for the beam.

this

point

found

above

or 1,588.5 foot-pounds,

inch-pounds.The formula given in the last article for the will assume S X \bd'i.We designof a wood beam is M of wood is 1,200 pounds per square that S the strength is 2 inches, and that inch,that b the breadth of the beam it will only be necessary to find the value of the depth d.
=
" " " "

letters were substituted in place Suppose that algebraic of actual loads and distances then the load will be designated as W, which will stand for the total load of 4,000 pounds, and the span
"

will be denoted
"

as

/.

Then

the loads

at

the

The It

formula

19,062
can

becomes, when 1,200 X | X 2

all the
X

values

are
=

tance supports the reactions will both equal \W, and the disstituted, subfrom the centre to the reaction will be \l. The tive posimoment

d\

or,

19,062
beam

400A will
to

will be

\W

\l

be found from
d becomes the

this that d2 will that the

equal47.7
the

inches and that have

will be caused

by

one-half of the

\Wl. The negative moment load,which extends over

that

withstand

6.9 inches, and loadinggiven in

problem will

be
but
as

2-inch So far
as a

by 8-inch beam. all problemshave

most
common

dealt with concentrated

on loading

loads,

the rule,

beams

is known

that most loads on uniform loading.By this is meant beams are spread their entire lengths. over a part of, or over The firstexample of this kind of a problem is shown in Figure XI
a

R." 13

which such

is

uniform

load
as

beam a simple diagramrepresenting the entire span. extendingover this the formula M much
=

with For
a

condition

and the beam many and understand this formula. In

without designed where

a

\Wl can be used but as there are effort,

both
trated concen-

conditions

beam it is

is loaded with

uniform all the

loads

importantthat the

reader
FlOU
RE.

involved principles

in the derivation of the beam

XII the lever-arm will

FigureXI is shown the shear diagram. It will be diagram differs from the one shown in Figure IX as the shear changesnot in a series of steps, but as an inclined straight line which passes throughzero at the centre. This is the pointat which the shear changessign, and where the greatest tendencytoward bendingwill be found.
seen

to

the left of the centre, and

that this

length equalto one-quarterof the span. This length was equal to 5 feet in the examplegivenabove. With the load equal to \W, and the lever arm downward equalto \l the negative will equal\Wl. the negamoment Subtracting tive
a

have

from

the

moment positive

the result will be \Wl of the

most

\Wl

\Wl.
formula M
=

The

\Wl is one

useful in all

work. It is used to developall tables giving engineering tion safe loads uniformly distributed on beams as well as deflecuniform loads. and in all calculations involving tables, On
R,=
2,000

the other

hand

the reader
a

must

not

make where

its loads

use

too

a= 2,oc.o*

general.It will not applyto

loads extend
are over

condition

concentrated do
not

encountered

or

where

the uniform

the entire spans. If there is need of proof of this be well

to

it may already given,

the load and span the total uniform It is obvious than
at

other than that formula, substitute in the formula

that other

the beam

will bend

more

in the

centre

feet. the which

Now

previous problem. In this example 4,000 pounds,and the span 20 in it the formula is M. \Wl. Substituting
load
was
"

in the

any

place. bendingmoment of loading will be assumed. 20 feet, and the as

on

result is M
There is
case

4,000 X 20
without other

10,000 foot-pounds,
use

at

It will be necessary to determine this point, and an actual condition

the

is the result obtained

the

of the formula.
be

only one
where

condition

to

investigated.
in

The
load
as

span

will be

considered

This is the concentrated XII. is 500

there is a combination concentrated loads

of uniform and the

200

pounds per

foot.

The

total load

the beam

loads.
are

this is shown Diagrammatically

two
on

will be

4,000 pounds,and the load at each end will be onehalf of this or 2,000 pounds. The upward moment around the centre caused by the reaction will be 2,000 X 10 It is sometimes difficult to understand 20,000 foot-pounds.
=

There

ure Figbeam;

the left support, the one other is 1,200 pounds,located 12 feet from the left support.
The uniform load is 900

pounds,located 5 feet from pounds

to

and

extends

from

point

the downward determining which is caused by part of the unior negative form moment load at the left of the centre point. The half of the uniform load that is at the leftof the centre pointwill cause this point. The a downward around or moment negative of this load is 2,000 pounds and the lever-arm will amount be the distance between the centre pointand the centre of of that part of the uniform load that is causing gravity the
next

the

step.

This

step consists of

8 feet from R\ to a point 5 feet of finding the reactions does not but there is a difference in is encountered. load with of This the entire 900 load

the left of R?.. The method from that givenabove, differ uniform the

the when procedure is regardedas a pounds concentrated is one-half of and

a

load
centre

concentrated
at

which in this case gravity, of the 1,200pound load right the left support.

foot to the 12 feet and 6 inches from

i8o

ARCHITECTURE

RESIDENCE,

H.

P. BENSON,

MARBLEHEAD

NECK,

MASS.

John

P. Benson, Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

181

The
his address IN the Institute
at

Place

of the

Institute
must

Convention of Annual Fifty-third said: Washington, President Kimball whose possibilities of no organization "I know are greater for service to society, I mean." possibilities the in
" "

If these

are possibilities yet

to

be

realized it is
nor

through lack of high ideals in endeavor. Perhaps no factor

limited the than achievements the fact that

the past has more

want

of sincere and

ship
attained.
I
not
fulness use-

determined
in its wider

both more attractive and more made easily placerepresentation, adequate representation, of possiblythree essential fundamentals in which as one the American Institute is not quitefilling the bill. "A second assume important item, in which we must for the Institute full responsibility, is the example set to all architects as well as to all professions, of valuingprofessional service upon
a

be

of the

Institute

percentage

basis.

To

the

baneful

it represents but 10 per cent It has been in the nature the architects of the country.
a

of of

effects of this one. troubles. the confidence

close

and corporation, isneed

co-

in these

expanding and progressive

days there

ous serifaux pas I ascribe most of our really failure to hold, in a higherdegree, Certainly of the publicand of the client is traceable this to directly
fallacious and

for the closest

operation and unity of purpose

of the entire proWe f e ss io n
.

mischievous of source
which have
a

picion suswe

erected into

ing quote the follow-

barrier between
our ciety. sochitects ar-

significant paragraphsfrom
President Kimball's address: "For sake of the ment, argu-

ourselves and clients and Until

as a

class and

realize better

this

stand underthe
nature

let us in mind that

keep
and harm the tute Insti-

the fact

extent

of the I

while of

done,

American

feel
sure never

perfectly
they
will

tects Archi-

is still far from

merically being nu-

enjoythat
trust
nity commu-

of position
in the
to

representative of the it has profession, from its birth

to

which

their

tions qualificashould
title en-

furnished ideals and

which the

the the
amples ex-

profession

them, nor will they achieve that degree of

usefulness which
Little Greek

after
Theatre, Corcoran
Art Gallery,Washington, D. C.

Waddy

Wood,

Architect.

the

has public

tectural

practice them;
and until the American
me,

of this country has been patterned, and has always been the of last resort before whose bar all its serious and most court

Institute

to expect of right has set the example

of changing this,to

which important questionshave been decided. one Wherefore, in by its nature of not feel the Institute will continue to occupy assuming for the Institute the credit of such leadership, we a position the bill.' This debarred from disclaiming share of the blame, where item of a rightbasis for proare our quite'filling fessional blame for conditions mentals that are consistent with not exists, chargesis,to my mind, one of those three fundawhat should be present-dayarchitectural ing in which not we are heritage. Durquitemeasuring up, and for tute, Instithe sixty-three which I earnestly bespeak a cure." years of the lifeof the American profound changes have taken place in almost everything ARCHITECTS OFFICERS INSTITUTE FOR THE NEW AMERICAN OF OF but the Institute itself; of love for its out possibly 1920-1921 the of result those traditions, sponsible repossiblylargely habit, President Henry H. Kendall, Boston for
account

indefensible system to perfectly I the cause of suspicion, removes

the

A. I. A.

have

not out

seemed of all

to

take

into its

First Vice-President
Second

that its work

has grown

to proportion

Vice-President

Orleans Charles A. Favrot, New San Francisco B. Faville, Wm.

Wm. D. BOARD For One
OF

membership

and to machinery. The official instrument of a great public adequatelyrepresent and make the most should count servant, such as is our profession, as bers memone-half of those who legitimately approximately tise practhat profession, which it to our means we owe tenses preto promptly secure a membership of at least 3,000, which in turn better than doublingour means present list. To do this, and do it fairly, memberchanges are essential,
182

Secretary
Treasurer DIRECTORS
"

Everett

Stanley Parker, Boston York Waid, New

Year

Edward

W.

Donn, Jr.,Robert
For Two Years

D.
"

1920-1921 Kohn, Richard

E. Schmidt

Edwin

H.

Hewitt, William
For Three

1920-1922 Ernest B. Ittner, 1920-1923 Dunning, Abram

"

J. Russell
Garfield

Years

Charles H. Alden, N. Max

New

Idea

in Architecture

Model

for the Bahai

Temple of Peace.

ON
of
a

the

shore

of

Lake of

the

Bahai

movement

is ple Tem-

Michigan, north ot Chicago, soon to begin the erection

ment

was:

"It

is the first I

new

idea
to
see

in architecture it erected."

since

the thirteenth century;

want

great

Temple

Peace.

The

doors of the Bahai

of Peace will never close, day night,and all may worship there regardless of creed. The Temple will cost about $1,500,or

The firststory in itssimplicity suggests the Greek and Egyptian while the treatment of temples, the doors and windows in and
v :

is Romanesque

form,and the intricacy tion beauty of the ornamentasuggests the Gothic

and the

000.

It

will

be

225

feet in
"

diameter
outer

and 180 feet high,its walls covered with creamterra-cotta.

'"

T= 3\"^-

*"
+

'

"

:
""-..

"

""r

Arabic. The
.

: "*

colored

The model submitted by Louis selected by a comwas mittee Bourgeois of forty-nine. This committee but, approved the design,

.^s*

}" "' 4-' ^Cs

"* *"

second

dowed story, in its win-

"
line

isRenaissance in elegance, Gothic in the inbut purely terlaced arches of its openings. third story isRenaissance

The in Above above

restful and feeling,

it rises the the dome

quiet.
which

because
from
ever

the

structure

differed

that had any other building been erected,they felt that

suggests
"

Byzantine, while

theyneeded
an

from expert guidance

the closed top is a unique feature the beams of the dome

architect it

who could tell them

was

arisinglike

whether

before practical, acceptance.

Buren

making the

formal

Mr. H.Van

Magonigle,

"

prayer, so as to ascension and An

clasped in of givethe feeling heretofore aspiration found only in Gothic towers.

intricate system the covers the windows of
mentation orna-

hands

presidentof the Architectural out and withwas League, consulted, knowledgeof the committee's
choice he studied all the models

surrounds and

columns, and doors,

submitted and quicklyselected that of Mr. Bourgeois. His corn183

comprisesthe dome itself, and in this one deciphers symbols of all the religions of the world.

84

ARCHITECTURE

PLAN.

Bloodgood Tuttle,Architect. RESIDENCE,

MRS. THOMAS T.

HOPPER,

PELHAM,

N.

Y.

ARCHITECTURE

185

LIVING-ROOM

MANTEL.

LIVING-ROOM.

DETAIL.

ENTRANCE-GATE.

Bloodgood Tuttle,Architect.
N. Y.

RESIDENCE,

MRS.

THOMAS

T.

HOPPER.'.PELHAM,

An

Architect's
By

Office

Alfred C. Bossom
to

WE
insists view.

have

heard

of the

architect

who

runs

business.

build up

attractive

of the profession who office and make to Also,of the aesthetic member on making everything subservient to his point of possible. whose In carrying out Also, of the man cability great leaningis toward practiof beauty, but to-day we are fronted conat the expense of combining all three of these with the necessity view.

them

surroundingsfor the workers in the harmonious and as agreeableas

in leased quarters, the
ex-

this work

pointsof
For

ebb,
task

five years and the need

so-

generalbuildinghas
for
so more now

been has

at

very

low

structures
we are

been

creasing, slowly inwith the

much

that

confronted

of

this it

erecting many is the duty to

and in doing buildings very quickly, of American carry high the standard

architecture. in the past offices were laid out to press exfrequently out only the personal tendencies of the architect withsufficient regard to being able to absolutelyfulfil the in the end the controlling tors facclient's needs, which are So for which in this and
to

the
case so an

office exists. When endeavor

was

the
to

curred ocopportunity

made

meet

this

dition, con-

co-ordinate the functions of the office that

it would run as smoothly as business would through a wellorganizedbank. and Having the opportunity of lighton all four sides, with the utilities located in the centre, it was to so possible the different sections that the work travels easily, arrange from its inception from the client to its construction by the contractor, without

obstacles.

hindrances to no Having an open loft, there were time making carryingout a preconceivedplan. At the same the path of the work made a great effort was easy,

pense and

various

naturally formed a expedients were quickly and

important consideration, adopted to do the work as as inexpensivelyas practical. For instance, throughout the entire suite of offices there is not a single foot of plaster
very other the very the than that upon the upon

exterior walls
stud

of

loft.

Cardboard

partitions,

form has been used to heavily stippled, walls,with chair-rails, etc., so that this The be damaged. should not ment originalcefloor has been tinted in various places the to give the effect desired, and where
rooms are

to

be
or

used cork
a

for has
more

constant

service fixed upon

ment treatwere

either the

linoleum

been

same. was

Where needed
to

finished walls marble

for

the

they
was

boarded, and
or canvas

this either

fixed,

fixed it be taken

which ment a stencil treatapplied, upon adopted. Everything has been throughout with screws, so that should
was

desirable
away and of

to

move

later, all
undue

can

be

structure Drafting-room.
1

or pense, exdifficulty without defacing the practically the building at all.

without

86

Modern

BuildingSuperintendence
By David
B. Emerson
X CLEANERS CHAPTER

HEATING

AND

VACUUM

ALTHOUGH heatingapparatus,
no

mention

has

been
not

made

so

far of the

it has

been

As

the

construction
returns
were

work

or forgotten lected. negprogressedthe steam

and mains, risers,

set

installed. The

boilers

were

laid up in cement The side and rear walls were mortar. 18 inches thick, which included a 2-inch air space, the centre 24 inches thick, and the bridge walls were walls were 24 inches thick at the top. The walls were provided with

earlyin the before building

the

progress of the the steel frame

work, being delivered at the and were was erected, placed

were

in the sub-basement

before the floor beams

set.
a vacuum

The

heatingof
system
On

offices, corridors, etc., was

done

by

buckstays,with tie bolts and anchor levelled off with porous tops of the boilers were 4 inches thick, terra cotta blocks, supported on steel tees The walls of furnace, set 13 inches on centres. bridgewalls,
rods. The and the back connections The
were were

6-inch

steel I-beam

of heating, steam. usinglow-pressure of radiation required, of the largeamount account three in number, were used. The boilers, steel boilers were

all lined with

fire brick laid

tubular type, two of the horizontal return being used for and the third being held in reserve. heatingthe building, boiler for heating water joints. The ash pits under the boilers were A small auxiliary high-pressure paved with also installed. hard paving brick, laid on edge and thoroughly and for supplyingheat for the Turkish bath was groutedwith 16 feet long and The boilers were 72 inches in cement mortar. Each boiler had a separate smoke eters, flue, 2^ diamso placed that diameter, which gave a length of a littleover the fire gases passed under the boiler shells, in good then forward which is the ratio generally recommended of standard ness, thickthe front through the The tubes were throughthe tubes,and then across boiler-making practice. vertical flues, which with the main connected them a length of 4 inches in diameter,which flue,which gave increased in size for each boiler flue connection. is the maximum The 48 diameters, which was lengthwhich should boilers were The made be used. high-grade smoke flues and connections were made up of No. 10 gauge up of special with 3" pitch, all of riveted with 3/"" tested to sustain a tensile stress of 60,000 pounds per wrought iron, rivets, steel, the connections so beingmade perfectly was tight. The flues were stamped. The boilers square inch,and each plate of wrought-ironhangers,fastened to all longitudinal riveted in the best manner, seams supported by means were the steel floor beams above the boiler room. the verEach flue was and triple-riveted, tical being butted,double-strapped, and the flanges of the dome were double riveted. provided with cleaningdoors, and had a pivoted hand seams with an The edges of all sheets were damper, and the main flue had a damper regulated planed and bevelled before the automatic sheets were and all of the seams caulked were damper regulator.The flues from the boilers put together, and the main flue were covered with No. 26 gauge, galvaqtools. with round-nosed the domes ized metal lath, fastened to steel angleframework, The shells of the boilers under not cut were securely which the flue,and then plastered with built around but were was perforatedto afford the free passage of away, 2 inches of magnesia covering. The boiler flue connected braced and drainage. The boilers were steam thoroughly with the chimney stack,which was made steel with crowfoot braces, made of refined steel. A manhole up of %" with a 4" pitch, all joints riveted with %" rivets, 11 inches by 15 inches was placedin the top of each boiler, plate, and handholes were being caulked and made gas tight. The flue was built up provided in the heads of the boilers. with and it was erected in conjunction Each boiler had three heavy cast-iron lugs on each side, in 20-foot sections, the steel framing. Each section of the flue was which set upon 12" x 12" x \Y^" cast-iron plates, set in the supported A of two 6" I-beams,bolted to the floor beams. roller bearings, by means brick setting.The two rear bearingswere horizontal section with an outlet flanged with 3" x 3" angles boilers had full sectional castto allow for expansion. The into the boiler room extended the iron fronts, the tubes, and feed and was connected with double doors opposite to boiler flue. The stack had a cleanout, with a hinged door All of the iron-work was and ash-pit doors. extra heavy finished with and at the bottom. and well bolted and screwed together, The boilershad 3" blow-off" cocks and valves,and blowand cornices. pilasters off pipes to the blow-off tank. The blow-off pipes were As the boiler room below the bed of the old stream was of which was the site, considerable liability and there was extra heavy pipe,to resist any sudden stress which might on be liable to occur in them. The blow-off tank was 3 feet in the boiler pit being flooded, the boilers were placed in a diameter steel pan. This pan was three feet deep, and end. The at one by 6 feet long,with a manhole water-tight of best open-hearthiron,-j\"thick, wide enough to accommodate all of the boilers, cient constructed shell was and of suffifor firing; thick. The tank was it was and the heads were of flange made iron,3/"" length to allow room up of reinforced with steel anglesand tees, but so and had a drain-pipe connected riveted, caulked,and braced, ,^-inchplate, constructed inch
so as as

laid up dry, and the fire of thick soup, and the clay was mixed to the consistency brick were and dipped in the clay and then laid in place, well hammered down, so as to get the thinnest possible

in fire

clay.

fire brick

to

present
were as

an

unbroken

floor surface.
was

Three-

to

the house

drain outside of the vault wall,and

a

it up

was

also

which pipes,
to
come

long as

the pan

between

the

boilers, were

deep,placed tom flangedto the botwater

provided with
above
exhaust the main

vapor

pipewhich

was

carried

10

feet

of the pan, to give an air relief, that the so buckle the pan. would not lift nor The

sure pres-

roof,and capped with a galvanizediron head. coil was installed in the tank, conA cooling nected with the water supply and with the discharge pipe.
(Continuedon page 190.)

boilers were

set

with

walls

of hard-burned

brick,
188

ARCHITECTURE

189

UXP
"Eaa'k
oai

TI *"

ijl^iill^lif1!
la:
j 2

3 S-4

*a ^.S-^ ec.u2.5T3
-^

"

I?

-."

-,"

""

"

u':!v^o'SijtS S S 5

c^

60 o
" e

P"3 a

"S.2

go (Continued from
page
a

ARCHITECTURE
188) feed The radiators allowed of the each The

Each and

boiler check

was

equippedwith

2"

valve, with stop

which

gauge with attachment. The

a

and steam water valves,and had a combination with lock-up valve, try cocks,and brass safety

modulatingvalves on the supply end, of temperature by the controlling regulation circulation of steam, by throttling the inlet on
had
a

radiator.
vacuum

traps

on

the

return

ends

of the radiators the

steam

distribution was
header
over

down-feed system of
the the
steam

of accomplished by means piping. The main supplywas taken

the
ran

were

on sylphon type, operating a principle, sylphon bellows made using

of the

thermostatic
of
a

from with the

and boilers,

was

connected

construction action
return

of seamless

brass

up folds. These but

were

multiple

ceiling space over expansion loop The located at the tenth-story structed ceiling. loop was so conthat all of the movement caused by the expansion of the pipes in the of the pipewas taken up by the turning and no strain was on placed fittings, any part of the piping. The expansion loop was hung at the far end in an adjustable wrought-iron hanger secured to the steel floor beams. anchored the fifth and The riser was to steel framing at of adjustable fifteenth floor levels, by means pipe anchors. this main riser a series of distributing mains From hung of adjustable from the roof beams by means expansion above the ceiling, feed the down-feed to were run hangers,
twentieth

main, which rising

story. The

up to the riser had an

the free passage of air and water, of heat and preventedthe lines
were

traps allowed closed by the

steam.

leakageof
return

The

connected

to

the

main

in the sub-

basement.

of the

This line was gradedin and ran to the condensation, strainer was providedbetween and the end of the

the direction of the flow

vacuum

A suction pump. the suction end of the scale

pump

line,to

prevent dirt and

of the pump. the cylinder The entering supply line and the main riser were return drippedinto the vacuum line, with gate valves, dirt strainers, and they were and provided were sylphontraps. The vacuum electrically driven, pumps

direct-connected, rotary pumps,

switches.
air from the
An

with

automatic

float

trol con-

risers.

tank for eliminating the air-separating condensation was placedbetween the vacuum

pipeused in the heating system was standard and all fittings were pipe, lap welded, puddledwrought-iron cast-iron fittings. The the boiler standard on fittings
All of the

and the boilers. pumps The heating of the

department in
of
an

header,the main
cast-iron

feed

and the main line,

riser were

standard

with companion flanges the on flangedfittings, with copper gaskets. The and they were pipe, put together all burr caused reamed to ends of all pipewere remove out the pipe each length was by cutting.Before installing all loose scale, stood on end and pounded, to remove dirt, The use of red lead,or pipe cement, in the joining rust, etc. of pipe and fittings not was allowed, joints having to without the use of these be screwed up and made tight, materials. The connection from main each boiler, of steam the header, the distributing riser, mains, and

and

and the safe-deposit banking-rooms was accomplished by means with a fan and air washer, indirect system of heating, fitted with The a temperature-regulating system. the basement
was

apparatus
was

located

in the sub-basement.

The

fresh air

through the intake into the fresh-airchamber, which was made as as was nearlyair-tight to prepossible, vent air from the interior of the building. The freshtaking air chamber with the tempering connected which was coils, in four-row sections, made up of 1" wrought-iron were pipes,
taken
set
steam

into

cast-iron These

base, which
coils were

was

header.

encased

with the connected in galvanized sheet

casings, firmlybraced with steel angles. The air washer coils. This sat on a tank made the tempering adjoined up The valves in all of the of No. 14 gauge sheet iron,braced and riveted to a galvaeach down-feed riser were valved. nized with all All inches horizontal lines were valves over 2 steel angle frame, and rivet heacls seams gate valves. them water-tight. with steam metal mountings, The upper casing in diameter had iron bodies, soldered over to make sheet iron,braced with galvanized of steam of galvanized and all valves of 2 inches diameter under were steel or was The and rivet heads soldered over metal. from the distribdown-feed risers were uting and all seams in run angles, as mains down in size as the tank. The principal features of the air washer were the to the second floor, decreasing the intake side, which were The return diffuser plates of heavy gauge lines started at the twentieth on they descended. these served the double purpose of floor and ran the sub-basement, iron plates; to scended. as galvanized increasing they dethe incoming air and maintaining Wherever the pipesran through the floor, they evenly distributing an fitted with nickel-plated, floor and ceiling were through the spray chamber, and preventing hinged, plates. even velocity supply,the
main The radiator
care

runouts
was

were

taken
see

off the risersabove the

and floor, toward

nor

taken

to

that that

they

were"

pitched

any The

the riser in all cases,

cause

and

pocketsto
brokers'
was

trapping.The
rooms

there were no sags radiation in the dors, corrion

from the spray chamber. placedin spray nozzles were which gave a body of atomized front of the diffuser plates, back
water

of splash

atomized

bottom

header

risers and

and minor offices,

the firstfloor and

supplied by an up-feed system, taken off the the returns supply, being taken into the main line. All of the radiators throughoutthe building return cast-iron hot-water pattern radiators, the difference were plain between and hot-water radiators being that steam radiators have both the supply and return steam tappings hot-water radiators have the supply at the bottom, whereas tappingat the top, and the return tappingat the bottom. This type of radiator is preferred for vacuum systems of washed out heating. All of the radiators were thoroughly all core sand and other foreign at the foundry to remove The air-vent tappings matter. were pluggedwith permanent iron plugs, and the supply and return were tappings with wooden which allowed to be were not plugged plugs, removed until the radiators were ready for connecting up.
main
steam

basement

was water, throughwhich the tempered air passed, and all dust, soot, etc., removed. At the the eliminator plates, which end of the washer were

fied, humidi-

discharge
removed

the entrained tiers and them

a

water

from

the

air.

These

were

washed

spray and

pipewas
cleaned.

arrangedto flood them

placed in and keep

had a direct-connected, The air washer motor-driven, and the tank was centrifugal recirculating provided pump, with strainersof fine copper mesh to prevent the dirt which from the air from reaching washed the pump and the was The tank had an overflow trap and drain spray nozzles.
to

the sewer,

and

valved

waste

was

located in the bottom The fan

was

of the tank for

425 revolutions

emptyingpurposes.
per minute. It
was

of the mula

motor-driven direct-connected, tivane,

type, with
set

speedof
steel

in

sheet

of the fan connected with the heating housing. The discharge of the same which were construction as the terncoils,

ARCHITECTURE
and pering coils,
was

191 and
to

set

in

sheet steel galvanized

The
were

which casing, the

pering tem-

connected coils and

with the main

ran

the ducts.

returns

from

two to three inches of vacuum, from five to six inches of vacuum.

stop the pump

Two

at

coils heating connected from the and

fitted with
were

vacuum to a

vacuum-cleaningplant was
cleaners the with
two

installed.
were

four-

traps with
return special

thermostatic

disks,and
with

connected
vacuum

sweeper be used

risers each
meant

installed.

By
can

the

Individual horizontal

ducts

chamber heating
the first floor.

to

pumps. the various the the

cleaners four-sweeper
at
was same

it is time.

The

four sweepers pipingfor the vacuumthat the

that

outlets in the basement branches

Where
to

cleaners

was piping standard-weight, black riser ducts and flues, taken that there the care was especial wrought-iron, screw-jointed on pipe, smooth of all the be from and free should and all curves no inside, or abrupt turns, having a long dents, kinks, fins, burrs, inside radius. cast-iron recessed The were fittings drainage fittings. built of galvanized All ducts and flues were sheet steel. ends of all pipe were squared and reamed smooth, and Where dimension 48 inches or over, No. 20 gauge the threads were that the pipe would into cut one was so screw metal was braced with steel angles. the fittings such a manner leave a practically in to used, and they were as Where dimension 30 inches or over, No. 20 gauge smooth Brass one was through the pipe and fittings. passage metal was eleanout plugswere 12 inches or over, installed at the base of all risers, and used, and where they were No. 22 gauge metal was The ducts were used. with made they were set so that they pointedin the direction of the flow of air. All horizontal pipewas surface in the direction of of joints, a smooth slip presenting by means supported the flow of the air. Each fitted with a mixing duct was adjustable pipehangers, spacednot less than 10 feet apart, and all risers were secured to the steel floor beams. The damper, controlled by a pneumatic thermostat located in the room the ducts lead. These thermostats were inlets were of nickel-plated with self-closing to which brass, covers, with compressed air from a small hydraulic in the baseboard in all cases, and were air and they were supplied placed located in the sub-basement. located that a 50-foot length of hose would reach to all The compressed so compressor air was carried to each thermostat of a small pipe and each cleaning the adjoining radius overlapped by means points, concealed in the wall,and a branch pipe connected radius. the thermostat with the damper. The registers cleaners were The located in the sub-basement. The were placedin the walls, of the centrifugal exhausters were fan type, with 10 horseand in the front of the marble bank screens, boxes power the direct-connected to the shaft of the fan. A motors beingprovidedat the ends' of the duct for attaching which were of cast 5-inch exhaust and was bronze, finished to match the registers, pipe was run from each cleaner, bank fixtures. All register boxes were carried overhead the sub-basement closed up with boards into the pipe on ceiling until the completion of the building, dirt and shaft,up to and throughthe roof,and fitted with a galvato keep out rubbish. nized-iron exhaust muffler. The motors with were provided When the system was all of the installed, completely one 75-ampere double pole,singlebrake, knife switches, in the basement, the main riser, circuit breaker, and starting rheostats of proper and the distributing exposedpiping double-pole mains were covered with sectional magnesiacoverThe cleaners had dust ing, capacityto control the motors. all fittings and flanges being covered with magnesia separators to prevent dirt and dust from passingthrough blocks and magnesiaplastic, the vacuum erings smoothlytrowelled. The covproducers. finished with an 8-ounce canvas After the cleaners were installed they were were tested out jacket, put on follows: All of the pipingwas over to 7^ heavy sheathing as subjected mately pounds paper, and well sewed with approxithree stitches to the inch, and held by means of the tightness of the system. We to determine air-pressure, then had an operating four outlets, test made japannedbands, and then giventwo good coats of lead and by selecting oil paint. All pipesand fittings which were each riser, attached 100 feet of hose of two to which was not on covered, and all hangersand other ironwork,including the system, with the ends the boiler the size which was to be used on of best black Japan varnish. The exhauster was the specified coats two were fronts, painted to maintain required open. All radiators and all of the exposedpiping when and vacuum was runningat or under the specified givena coat speed, of yellowochre, and a coat of special the power consumed 14 kilowatts. As a and bronzed not to exceed was primer, with liquid of the whole system and the effectiveness where bronze, test of the tightness they except in the toilet-rooms,

in the sub-basement

connected

time installed at the same installed. All of the pipe was

steam

were

enamelled

with

white

radiator enamel.
over

of the the
tractor con-

vacuum

the exhauster control, and the power of that made consumed

at

was was

run

with

all outlets
to

Before
were

the system turning

to

the owners,
The
a

closed exceed A

not

allowed We

tested it out tested

in our thoroughly before

presence.

boilers

by

the makers

to delivery

hydrostatic

50 per cent final test was

the full load. selected

of the separators.

pressure of 100 pounds to the square inch. The boilerswere filled with water, and the entire started under system was The condensation allowed to pressure, to clean it out. was
waste

into the sewer,

instead of

to returning

the

boilers, a

under globevalve beingprovided

was were

the strainer for that purpose. This was continued for several days,until the system cleaned of grease and dirt. Then the safety valves

each riser. four outlets, near two on points then spread the floor, The contractor the on evenlycovering of 24 pounds or four spaces 7 feet square, a mixture surface, of dry, sharp sand, that would pass through a 50-mesh 12 pounds of fine wheat flour, and 4 pounds of finely sieve, charcoal. Fiftyfeet of hose was then attached pulverized four convenient
to

each

of the had

four

and outlets,

all of the surfaces

were

temporarily reset, and the pressure was run up to 15 pounds,and kept there until all piping, valves,and joints, connections could be examined, and those few which we found defective were made radiator sectwo one tight; or tions be found to cracked were and were replaced by perfect
ones.

cleaned charcoal and

When simultaneously. been

was

all of the

and sand, flour,

taken removed

the dirt

up, the exhausters were' stopped, from the separator and spread the until repeated completion than the

and the operation was upon the floor again, the floor had been cleaned four times. On of this
test

The

boilers
were vacuum was

were

blown and

off and

the interiors of the

sylphontraps
cleaned.
vacuum

removed

The

control

the traps were thoroughly then started,and the were pumps the pump to start regulated at from

95 required
to

the cleaners 'were examined, and was per cent of the dirt removed the system

more

found in the
turned

separators, so
over

the owners'

was acceptedand it was employeesto be operated.

Announcements
A 512

CORRECTION.

"

In

the

at alteration of the building

architecture,with

offices

at

514-516

Phelps Building,
to
announce

Fifth

Avenue, shown
Co. should that

in the have of the

May number,
credited
to

the

store

of

Binghamton, N.
Messrs.

Y. Burke wish that

the A. Sulka Starrett " H. H.

been

man, Alfred FreeCo. offices

York, Regan "

formed
a

and architect,
to

National

City

they

have

Van Vleck. known by the formerly at 1323 North Whiteley,of Los Angeles,California, the openingof new engineers. at 429 StoryBuilding, begs to announce Cabana offices and studio,"La Charles W. Azul," 520 South Western Deusner and Helen nounce Dupuy Deusner anof architecture, of landscape decorating, that they have resumed the practice building, Avenue, for the practice He wishes samplesand catalogues. and furnishing. architecture in Southern the firm name under California,

March 13, 1920, to be partnership, of York, Regan " Burke, located firm name architects and Clark Street, as Chicago,111.,

Beverly S. King
their offices from New York

and

Shiras Avenue

Campbell
to

have

removed

103 Park

36 West

40th

Street,

of C. W. " H. D. Deusner, with Avenue, Pasadena, California.

an

office

at

15 North

Euclid

City.
Merrill C. Lee

Roy
desire
to
announce a new

A.

Benjamin

and

Harry

M.

Prince

announce

the

and Clifton Lee, Jr., the formation and of and engineers, have

Lee " Lee, architects partnership, opened an office at 918^ East Manufacturers' Main catalogues Street, Richmond, Va. and samplesare requested. of the New York At the annual convention Societyof held at the United Engineering Building Architects, Society unanimously rewas on May 19, James Riely Gordon Adam elected for the fifth consecutive term as president; Edward W. Loth, of Brooklyn, firstvice-president; E. Fisher, Frederick C. Zobel, of of Albany, second vice-president; New York, secretary; Henry Holder, of Brooklyn, treasurer, of New York, financial secretary. and Walter H. Volckening, The seriousness of the building, housing,and labor committees discussed at length. Many situations was ported, rethese others were and many to investigate appointed conditions. Warren W. with

establishment of offices under the firm name of Benjamin " Prince,architects, Dallas,Texas. 2003^ Main Street,
Indiana Limestone ford, BedQuarrymen's Association, the establishment of a metropolitan Ind., announces of George Bangs the management service bureau, under McGrath, 489 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The

Benjamin Howell Lackey announces Camden, opened offices at 509 Federal Street, for the practice of architecture.
Mr.

that New

he

has

Jersey,
and

George

O.

Rogers

announces

that

on

after

1, 1920, he will be located in Suite 608-9-10, Penn 706-8-10 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. Office Building,

May

The StanleyWorks, New Conn., has purchased Britain, manufacturingbusiness of The Stanley Rule " Level and operate own Company. The StanleyWorks will now located where twelve different plantsand properties, some the for years
to

Day
Mr.

announces

that

he

has

formed

the workmen the

exact

have

partnership co-

grown
are

up

and

become

tomed accus-

Clark

Champaign,
is a architect, Bullard and M. A "

111. Mr.

of Wesley Bullard, architect, is a State licensed Bullard, who of Architecture of the for several years architects of associated with

needed requirements that with these

in the

production
in these

of the hearth timber material

articles particular In connection steel lands

manufactured
are

graduateof the School

factories.

of Illinois, was University

Bullard,well-known

has, for the last four years, been architect of the White, supervising

111., Springfield, with Professor James of Illinois. University

under

operated openmills,foundries, works, hot and cold rolling of the raw much and sawmills for furnishing
Book Reviews
CONSTRUCTION

used.

of architecture generalpractice of Day " Bullard, the firm name at

will be conducted 527 Main G.

"HOW

TO FOR READER

USE
TOWN AND TO COLIN

Peoria,111. St.,

Sanford O. Lacey and

of

Gerald

Schenck, of the firm

CONCRETE CEMENT FOR AND INCLUDING FARM, SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FARM AND CONSTRUCT

FORMULAS,
TO ENABLE
"

INGS, DRAWTHE Villet Co.

TOWN
Stanton

EQUIPMENT."
Van

that George announce Lacey and Schenck, architects, Bain Cummings, formerly of New York, has been admitted The firm will be known to as new Lacey, partnership. of Schenck and Cummings, and will continue the practice

By

H.

CAMPBELL, C.E.

Chicago:

This is a practical book, written by an authority of wide experience in his subject. The photographs and drawings 250 illustrations from of cement uses admirably supplement and make clear the various particular dealt with in the
text.

DO YOU WANT

UP-TO-DATE
,

DETAILS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

? SP"CIHCA"NS

DATA

AND

Above
are

Illustration

1-22

actual size, showing

some

of the eighty "Service

Sheets"

published to date.

Data Sheets showing the corA complete Cross Index accompanies each edition. detailed of users, let us send you names typical of the thouand most FOR efficient uses of up-to-date JUDGE rect YOURSELF, and in the employ of Railroads, buildingmaterials. They are prepared by expert draftsmen, under the supervisionof sands of Architects and Engineers in privatepractice, -'-"-*:located all Architects and Engineers who are specialists Industrial Plants. Contractors. in iU-; their line. Builders. Municioalities and Governments Each sheet covers Industrial Plants, Contractors, Builders,Municipalities a subject of details carefully write tod Save time, trouble and expense or phase of a subjectby means drawn to scale. Sample specifications over the world. Dday for full particularsand and other useful data are presented on the backs of sheets. listsof subjectscovered.
"

ARCHITECTURAL

SERVICE

CORPORATION,

164

N.

6th

STREET,

PHILADELPHIA,

U.

S.

A.

192

REREDOS

AND

CHANCEL,

ST.

THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

Bertram

Grosvenor

Goodhue,

Architect.

194

ARCHITECTURE
lesser

by its own sculptured doorway. Behind this chapelrise the delicately of the Parish House, capped arcades and mullioned windows tourelle. Above these buildings runs a long by an octagonal of the finest windows that forms one range of clerestory dings and
features of the The of evinces Mr.

ceremonies, that is entered

rated

by

slender its

columns

or

by

delicate buttresses

mented orna-

with Toward

detail. exquisite reveal windows

that openings,
to

summit, the reredos is piercedby three which, though not intended of be permanent, are glazedin the rich, tones jewel-like

fabric.

interiorof St. Thomas's

producesa and harmony of proportion, and again dignity Goodhue's conspicuous talent for creating living

pression profoundim-

Chartres. at glass Immediately above the high altar,which in itselfis in a deeplyrecessed porch, stands a group simple, extremely he recognizes of figures that depict St. Thomas as kneeling the Above
a

the

though for alarchitecture, church, a new has the it already

tone

Risen this

Christ.
ers porchtowmounted sur-

great cross,

of

an

edifice that has

existed for many The

stonework,

years. of

of
a

by a crown thorns,capped by
diadem,
and
rounded sur-

Kentucky sandstone, is warm and ingratiating the joints in color, with emphasized being dark-gray cement.
The
nave

by adoring angels enclosed in a flatpanel whose frame

is embellished scrolls and the with

foliations,

is broad and
so

ing and with shields show-

and lofty

arranged
a

implementsof
the
cross

that
seats

all practically command and pulpit of view altar.

the Passion. Above

of the

Its massive

piersare

devoid

capitals.
in

Engaged
from

them,
broken un-

slender ribs rise

again, in a glorified calvary,appear lifesize figures of Christ, St. Mary, and the Beloved Disciple,
while in niches these and about appear

to

the floor the springof the

vaults

above
them

main

poised highoverhead. Along

each side of the
run narrow nave

and apostles

saints, missionaries divines and reformers,

of the Church and these in

aisles,
the

whose facade the

placesin
are two

Episcopal England
All

marked by picturesque little doorwaysat each side of the main portal. The north aisle is bordered

America.

have been figures carefully studied in their relationship .t6 each other and
to

the

by

the

simple

of the great masonry blank wall to which I have into which

"

whole, and
that

produce
pression imof richness

wonderful
with

alluded, while
aisle opens combined of
Through the
nave,

the south the

order,

chapel

to looking toward chancel.

I have

referred

dignitycombined with grace, that quite

the beholder chapel with its overpowers in the storied retables of Italy its own aisle and pews, and with low and Spain. own polychromealtar, The work of the sculptor the vaults that support a gallery that adds materially forms no mean to part in the of this accomplishment, of the main church. in much of the latesuccess as for, seating capacity overshadows that art almost But, from the very entrance, the eye is immediately Gothic work, the stonecutters richness of the chancel,where of the architect. attracted by the exceeding the great reredos When I asked Mr. Goodhue how far his plans went of art only just comwork a pleted gigantic itself aloft,piling the actual detail of the sculpture, its niches, its sculptured toward for rears determining from the altar to the topmost curve and its pinnacles figures, reply he showed me the three-quarter-inch-scale drawing of the main vaults of the church, a height of some eighty of the reredos, a vast drawing on which are plainly feet. the indicated positionand attributes of each figure This reredos is, I believe, of the greatest accomplishand a clear suggestion least of all of the ornament. at one ments
a
" "

in modern architect and

ecclesiastical

art.

The

union

between

He

also showed
at a

section of the entire work number of different

as

well

as

seems sculptor quitecomplete. Its several tiers of niches, with great peopledwith saints and prophets, reformers and dignitaries of the Christian Church, rise one

plans made
the the and
too

levels,at

indeed, where height,

of profiles the

upon

another,cut
rest

in

stone

of the

same

warm

character

as

the

of the church
are

These

niches

formingan integral part shaded by richly carved canopies and

and

of it. sepa-

the plan changed mouldings,the depths of the niches, all the complications diminishments of the buttresses in short,minutelyworked He dwelt intricacies, out. of the work of his assisthe zeal and the quality upon
"

every with materially,

ARCHITECTURE

St. Tho

tants,

Messrs. their

Jago

and

Murray,

to

whom Lee O.

he

unselfishly
have

These
ornament.

are qualities

equally apparent
fit their spaces actual

in his

sculptured
in proper
was

much gives From

credit. Mr. plansthe sculptor,

His birds and

to designed

his foliations and traceries, beasts, and nicely the

stone

Lawrie, took

been

one by one, and for each problemhe modelled up his problems his figure his ornament. He has,I think, succeeded or to a remarkable the Gothic spirit to his work, degreein imparting as

the amazing richness with their varied detail, scale, enhancing, of the whole. The of cutting done

by

Ardolino

Brothers, who

have

seconded

the

architect's

their work in the rough,so to speak; intention by leaving reproducedwith this articlewill show. His that is, surfaces that devoid of those finished and polished earlysaints and martyrs St. Francis or St. of the spirit of Gothic sculpture. Athanasius, for example have that suffering, out are so pect asmystical view of Gothic statues, their thin draped the reredos for a nearer When so characteristic of true one approaches treated with the elongations that the sediliaalso,as its manifold details, figures one so loved by the mediaeval perceives who sought, of them, to tie their statues the pulpit, the lectern, well as the stalls, and the organ case, sculptors, by means lines of the architecture about them. have been elaborately enriched by a wealth of wood-carvings to the perpendicular In his more modern of the prelates of the English done under Mr. Goodhue's supervision figures by the firm of Irving Church Canon York. " Casson A. H. Davenport Co., of Boston and New Liddon, Bishop Selwyn, Bishop Payne he has individualized his personages, from the nave The choir is separated by a parapet or basinghis portraits reliable data without departing of inlaid stone from the proper At one end of this on made and marble. too much railing decorative spirit, each figure rail rises the pulpit, the to at the other end the lectern. The pulpit adjusting successfully in shape,each of its It is octagonal shape of the niche in which it belongsand to the general is unusually ornate. Gothic spirit of the reredos. (Continuedon page 198.) of figures the
" " " " "

the details

ARCHITECTURE

Fronts

of Choir

Seats.

Parapet

over

Choir. REREDOS AND

Bertram

Grosvenor

Goodhue,

Architt

CHANCEL,

ST.

THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

ARCHITECTURE

197

Fronts

of Choir

Seats.

ClergyStalls.
REREDOS AND

Bertram

Grosvenor

Goodhue, Architect.

CHANCEL,

ST.

THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

198
(Continued from
page

ARCHITECTURE
ters

195.)

and

Jerusalem, other episodes

of the

exposed faces beingdecorated with three figures

of
ed renown-

On great war. the parapets of the rector's and curates'

are

churchmen

stalls
the of
arms

separatedfrom each other byslender tresses butthat uphold of canopies boyant the richest flam-

carved of

coats

the
the

Allied nations, while

mosaic of the

Rheims
on

dral Cathe-

style.
The

hood pulpit
with carved and

chancel-rail is
made that
were

is also decorated

of

stones

ornament
a

actually brought
the
tyred mar-

particularly
ing. crest-

from

beautiful

cathedral. In the
screens

It is tied

the

cove

of

by

arches

and

parclose
the ribs in
a

crocketed
to

nacles pinthe

terminate number trait among may the be

organ case, that rises highabove it enriched with also elaborate Each of the

of por-

heads,
which
nized recogthose of the

carvings.
side
chancel
The doors of the aumbry.

donor, the

organist,

is lined with stalls for the choir and

wood-carver, and the rector,

Doctor M. of who Stires,
most

clergy. ot with piercedcanopies Those alongthe wall are provided tastic flamboyantdesignand with misericordia carved with fananimals and birds. The backs of the book-rests in front of each with and the Biblical
seat
scenes are
"

Ernest

of the

for the final choice of subject responsible detail. There is, indeed,a wealth sculptured of incident quitebeyond description, surpassing anything
is of the kind recall. And all this is quite as it historic epoch of that I can^

carved David kindred

the Crossing of Goliath,

Red
"

Sea, and

should be,marking for future

the generations in which
art
was

subjects the little wooden figures beingtreated with the naive simplicity and exaggeration of proportions so common
in the work But
not

this great work

created,stamping it
the of its day, history tion utilizasemijocose

with
even

the
to

of the

diaeval me-

sculptors.
all of the from the
scenes are on

of such the

motives (carved the misericordia) as and

drawn of

the

tions tradithis the

movement prohibition

church
and

past. As furniture and

were

the

ultimate

consumer

crushed between
Labor. But made of those of mind. The these

and Capital
are mere

great reredos
executed

designed bulent duringthe tur-

tails de-

War,

years of the World this fact is commemorated in

a

for the edification

a

turn literary

of

number

of incidents.

dominant

effect

Portrait reliefsof the

produced by
Church has upon

St. Thomas's the beholder

Allied commanders

"

Foch,
of the
and

Joffre, Pershing and

"

Allied

rulers

"

Wilson

nothingto
When
one as a

do with these. considers its gets for-

Victor Emmanuel Poincare, and George V in the occur

"

interior

whole, one

stonework, while in the panels

carved appear in the woodwork the
_________" _^^_

details and

remembers

the Sinking of ia,Allenby as he

en-

One

of the bishops" panel

on

back of sedilia

of vast impression and harmonious proportions, arches and strong of soaring

only

an

ARCHITECTURE

199

The

assistant rector's seat.

Ends

of choir

seats.

of alignand perfection restful atmosphereof quietand tranquillity. perfect windows, creating a proportions ment the stately of and ordered decorum surfaces of bays and walls with a the Anglican Church. But even It bathes the simple taking these facts into of the great that go to make soft effulgence in which, as in the compositions account, the elements up the beauty of this edifice are more bly admiraloves so well, whose work Mr. Goodhue complex. It is,for instance, Spanisharchitects, the great reredos forms the one and so its light gleaming lighted, playsa conspicuous spot of rich detail, part in the in medium like a costly down at the end of the chancel jewelset in its generalharmony of the whole, sifting from the huge glazed spaces of the clerestory plain intensity setting. whose pillars accord well with

Courses

in Architecture
this
summer

at

Columbia
more

University Summer
"

Session

will givetwo courses in A. Harriman in one of which he will be assisted by design, the army methods of training in both Courses in elementary sign, intermediate deMr. Allen. men design, for practical work. and advanced designwill be givenunder M. Maurice The courses have been so arranged and A. E. Flanagan. as to be of particular Prevot value in view of the evident portent of the coming building For students beginningthe study of architecture a for practical in architectural drafting tects. archias seen boom, which will make a great demand course coveringdrafting H. V. Walsh of will be departmental of view, visualization, for from the architectural point use representative the work, which will count in architecture standard drafting toward the degree and lettering, instruments, alphabets practice, for students who have satisfied the entrance struction, symbolsand indications of frame,brick,and stone conments requireand are all qualified materials and fixtures, to students without examination. working drawings, largeopen sizes architectural and structural details, scale drawings, The elements of free-hand drawing,lettering, and space allowance for fixtures will be givenby Mr. Allen. drawing from dictation or diagrams, in charcoal drawwill givecourses ing, Professor Harriman geometrical figures ornament forms in outline, isometric prosimplearchitectural details, drawing,and Joseph pen-and-ink drawing,and pencil jections, outline sketching in from flat casts and from models Lauber will give an elementaryand advanced course will be taughtby George Marcus water-color drawing. Courses in shades and shadows and Allen,instructor in graphics which covers be the requirements perspective will also be offered. Surveyingcourses at Columbia, in a course to of the College Entrance Examination Board in free-hand given at Camp Columbia, Litchfield County, Connecticut, will be open to students in architecture. drawing. offers Professor Charles
courses,

architectural school, which THE than twenty intensive

has

adopted many of theoryand practice

the elements

of

2OO

ARCHITECTURE

SjftscL/si-t
JCINf footi.
in IN

f,
TMt

Ufftt

ftatn.

2O2

ARCHITECTURE
Bishop Mackay Smith,
sylvania. On Pennarms

of Bishop's and

Priests'

On

: fronts

St. Paul of

seats :

Consecration

Four

St. Stephen, St. Deacons: St. Lawrence, St. Francis. Philip,

Moses, Aaron, Timothy, Titus, Ignatius, Polycarp.

Consecration of

Bishop White. Bishop Seabury.

Bishop
stone

Bishop

layingon hands. Greer laying foundationof St. Thomas's. Greer consecrating St.

Charge

to St. Peter.

Thomas's.

and List of Statues,Symbolism,

A-i. Two Our Lord. wounds. Blessed VirginMary, in tunic, mantle, and veil. Shield, gram. lilycombined with monofive shields, 4. Church ARTS Ten
AND
"

Heraldryfor

the Reredos
of Panel of the of
cross:

Ship over
CRAFTS
OF

crossed keys.
THE

CHURCH

A-2.

figuresubjects
"

upper

part of

reredos :
1.

"Settingout"
stone-carver.

the stonework.

A~3.

St. John the beloved Disciple, mantle. and tunic in Shield, chalice with protruding serpent. St. John Baptist, holding lamb on book, clothed in camel's-hair rug. St. Paul the Apostle. Shield, three fountains.
St. Peter.

B-l.

The 3. The 4. The 5. The 6. The

2.

secretary.
donor
rector.

of the reredos.

terbury.
Cross

Shield,arms Canterbury.
Bede the

J-5. J-6.

of Jarrow. in mass vestments. Wycliffe,

St. monk

Venerable

"

shield with

the vine rising from cled containinga chalice cirof thorns and by crown text, "This do in
brance remem-

Shield, morning

star

of

of me."

J-7.

Reformation. CanCranmer" Archbishop of terbury. of Shield,arms

Cross

crowned, and below angels bearing superscription with

monograms I N R I Ribands

B-2.

7. The 8. The 9. The The 10.

architect. draftsman.

J-8.

sculptor. plasterer.
stone-setter.

Canterbury. bury. Laud, Archbishop of Canterof Shield, arms Canterbury.

scription: angels containing incircling

tree
were
"

"The leaves of the of the for the healing Rev.

22 : 2.

nations." Lower

Missionaries:
K-i.

6-3. 6-4.
C-l. C-2.

Shield,two

keys
on

crossed. St.Thomas.
square. St. Matthew. St. Mark, lion. St.
a

Shield, spear

of Our Lord circled by Six emblems wreaths in lower part of buttresses, leftto rightfacing:
1. 2.

portioncontains six panels modelled of angels as originally by Selwyn (George Augustus), Saint Gaudens, separated by the
Sometime Primate

Zealand. Shield,arms Christ Church. K-2.

Patteson

of New of

words

of the Te

Deum,

from
to

"We

Shield, angel. Shield, Evangelist.

Flaming
I. H. S.

sun.

C-3C~4D-i. D-2.

Luke, Evangelist.Shield,
bull. gelist. John, Apostle and EvanShield, eagle. Bartholomew. Shield,

St. St.

3. Dolphin. 4. Three fish. 5. X. P. S. 6. Phcenix. Two small shields, at one end in lower portion: Cross Seven and The
extreme

K-3-

K-4.

knife and book.

St. James Major. hat on staffand two

Shield,
shells.

candlesticks
"

ing, left fac-

Church.
"

M"

I.

D-3. D~4E-i. E-2.

St. Andrew.
cross.

drew's St. AnShield,

candlesticks -branched The Synagogue. rightfacing, St. Stephen, protomartyr, cipal Prinvested as a deacon.
dalmatic shield, five stones. Twelve with minor S

M-2.

St. Matthias.

Shield,book
tween be-

G-i.

and scimitar. St. Philip. Shield, cross

two

M-3M~4. M~5.
M-6.

St.

James

loaves. the Less.

Shield,
G-2. H-l. H-2.

dalmatic,letter shields,
and three dice variants. Deacon. St. Philip the
three Shield, St.
crowns.

(John Coleridge), to all believers." Melanesia. of Bishop At the foot of the cross, lambs of Melanesia. Shield, arms representing drinking from rivers, Bishop of Cape Payne (John), of grace. the means mitre and Palmas. Shield, of the Evangelists Four emblems staff with "Palmas." of cross two at at the ends of arms Williams (Channing Moore), Shield, each end: Bishop of Yedo. staff with Matthew, angel,and Mark, lion and mitre (top),Luke, ox, and John, eagle "Yedo." (bottom). Hooker, rochet and chimere. At each side are twelve emblems Butler, rochet and chimere. Left side facing, of the Passion. and stole. in surplice J.Wesley of beginningat top: Canon Liddon as a canon St. Paul's. with not 1. Cock, motto, "I know Shield, 26 : 72. the man," Matt. Gladstone, over. trayed," Gladstone arms. and bag, "I have be2. Money necticut, Matt. 27 : 4. Seabury, first Bishop of Con" "

praise thee, O Lord," didst open thy Kingdom

"Thou

of heaven

saw.

rochet

and

mere. chi-

"-3. E-4.
F"
i.

St. Simon. St. Jude.

fish. two Shield, boat. Shield, St. JohnChrysostom.Shield,

_

3. Basin 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

and

ewer,

"I

wash

my

Shield, Seabury
arms.

F-2.

beehive. St. Athanasius.

columns. St. Jerome.

Shield,two

ing Polycarp. Shield,burnfagots.

M-7.

firstBishop White (William), of Pennsylvania. Shield,

arms

Savonarola.
St. Gregory the Great. St. Francis of Assisi. St. Ignatius. St. Cyprian. Angels holding innocents. Text
across

of diocese.

F-3. F~4.

lion. Shield, ing flamSt. Augustine.Shield,

heart
arrow.

pierced with

H-3H-4H~5.
H-6. I-I. 1-2.

M-8. M-o.

his arms. Washington. Shield, PhillipsBrooks, Bishop of

hands," Matt. 27 : 24. Column, "With his stripes." Scourge,"He was scourged." Lanthorn (no inscription). Coat and dice, "They cast lots,"^ John 19 : 15. of thorns, "They crowned Crown
""

REREDOS ACROSS EMBLEMS EIGHT EMBLEMS ABOVE BELOW OF THE DISPENSATIONS: NEW OLD AND
1. 2.

Massachusetts, rochet and of chimere. arms Shield, of Massachusetts. see M-IO.

him."
9. Hammer
10. 11.

group.

1-3.
Two

Angels holding innocents. Angels holding innocents.

cent": central "innoshields flanking

Flood

"

Ark.
"

Tuttle, Presiding Bishop and (Missouri), rochet of chimere. Shield,arms

Missouri.

12.

and nails, "They nailed him." be lifted I "If up." Cross, and "They Ladder spear, side." pierced my Pincers.

Ark of the Presence Divine Covenant. Brazen serpent. 3. Crucifixion Jonah and whale. 4. Resurrection Four New (Right)
" "

Arms

of

see

of New

York

(left

Emblems
"

in central

of portion

dos rere-

arms facing),

of parish(right).
abbot

main panel:

J-l.
-3.

Restitutus. St.

1.

Annunciation.Nativity Lilyand
"

star. 2.

Columba, }-2. Augustine of Canterbury.

St. font. Shield,

of lona.

Crucifixion Three
" "

crosses.

from the Scene in the upper room from St. John's lifeof St. Thomas Gospel, 2Oth chapter, Christ ing showing his wounds to the doubt-

Shield in middle of central panel of parish. above altar, arms of face of mensa Shield in centre j_C-X-C" N-I-K-A, with cross.
In the two curves at the side above of the windows representations are and Annunciation;2. Adam i. The Paradise. from Eve expelled

3. Resurrection

Open

tomb.

J-4.

St.

Theodore, Bishop of Can-

Apostle.

Shields of the Allies.

Industrial

Housing
T. "

to

reduce

to are Ley pamphlet preparedby Mr. Leslie H. Building for Wage-Earners." In it we

WE

indebted

Fred

Co., Inc., for

Allen find
on

labor turnover, to increase production, mainto tain health and efficiency, and to make contented. men in a condition of industrial unrest "We are now where low production, low efficiency, and industrial and happiness. menacing national prosperity that were used to allaythese troubles measures Good housing was war are equallyneeded now.
are

"Home

high turnover,
discontent
"The in time of
one

summarized the

with

great clearness
of homes and and

the

result of wide

experiencein

construction

for industrial workers, both

for the

government
"A Financial

The largeprivate corporations.

Economic

subtitle, Problem," best expresses the

of the chief remedies. "Until think of he can every citizen has a placewhich affection as 'Home,' we shall not be enjoying the aim. We
want

and to this aspect of what is pointof view of the discussion, probablyone of the greatest human problemsof modern times of tried methods. the writer brings clear vision and an analysis in the country where the There is hardly a city town or has not become welfare to the general a menace congestion of tryingto of the community, or where varying methods been considered. Housing solve the problem have not the and shortageand labor shortage are bound together, solution of the first seems the essential step in making possible the resumption of production so needed, if we vitally of the prevailing to find a way out are high prices. Our population has grown apace, our building tion construcThe

with
to

prideand

the fullthe Life,Liberty, and

national

that is our
a

America

of Happiness pursuit to be not merely

but 'melting-pot'
"Home And

the Home
turn

of every
men

citizen.
that

the feet of

seek

home

the hearts of children turn."

Good

for

Detroit
a

WE
Plan

have born

been
of the

readingwith
text
a

mood
on

of

cheering optimism
"Building Zone

pamphlet

the
us

old
a

of
of

in the way of homes has been almost at a standstill. days when a laborer would put up almost any sort hovel where he could sleephave gone with the coming The workman of

pause for thought, and brought pictures of certain localitiesin many of our Eastern cities that are even zation. to so-called civiliyet a disgrace
sentence

for Detroit."

One

gave

Perhaps they
but

are

not

as

bad

as

they

used

to

be,
the

and expects to-day demands home for himself and family, and goes a comfortable where he can find them, for he is no longerat the mercy of local employment, but may choose the placeand work mere that best providesthe most favorable living conditions. Former speculative buildingprojectsno longer even begin to meet the demand; in fact, they are no longerpossible of everything and uncertainty at present high costs cerning con-

high wages.

beyond words they are even of population some present congestion

apt
to revert to

bad

yet, and
of them

with

will be very

the

worst

conditions of the old

is

days.
say:

No

wonder

Detroit

proud

when

she

can

"This

building.
Is a Fair Rent?" "Resale and Repurchase," ods "Meth"Renters,""Financial Plans," "Loan Associations," of Selling," "The CopartnershipPolicy,""The Best Type of House," "Economy in Large-Scale Operation" are of the very pertinent discussed by Mr. Allen. some matters We commend these last two for especial consideration: extracts is to be really "Management. If a housing enterprise much be laid on the importoo successful, emphasis cannot tance of good management. One untidy or disorderly tenant of a whole block. Destruccan spoilthe surroundings
"

"What

free from the character of slums and tenementcityis now house development existing in many Eastern cities." Detroit has always been spoken of and looked as upon of the use of the land" a cityof homes, but "the intensity is even there an increasing question. The manifest need for the multiple house will raise the intensity of population per the intrusion of the multiplehouse is apt to be, acre, and
as

the intrusion of the store, the garage, the factory, tive destrucof the character of an entire neighborhood. of the

one

Detroit has, too, her own very serious traffic problem, of all cities, most pressing owing, no doubt, to its

tiveness if not checked built premises.

at

the

outset

will

soon

ruin the best-

be prevented by proper tions restric"Overcrowding must in the leasing of the property, and a district or selling rent-collector should make periodical nurse or friendly tions inspecthat the premisesare to see kept clean and that the tenants are living decently." "Conclusion. lions hundred milover one During the war were housing. The evidence collected by spent on officialsproved that good housingwas government necessary
"

being such a great centre of the automobile industry. the are being established all over Zoning regulations country, but the dead past will have to bury its dead, and with the present criticalneed for placeswhere people may would call it living there may exist be an inevitanot ble we tendency to foregomany of the gainsalreadymade. intensive residential citygrowth causes more "Increasing development,which should be curbed in the interest of public health and safety.Studies of new multiple-house construction built under the pressure of a rapidly increasing discloses in some of 1,000 cases a density population persons and alarming condition. If Detroit an astonishing per acre is to retain anything of its former pride as a city of splendidresidences and homes, its present average density of population should be maintained in so far as possible."
" " "

203

204

ARCHITECTURE A Great Ecclesiastical Monument

is intruders like myself operation, years' their creed,"one man, one theyexplain howmuch he may have broughtto vote, no matter money from the the enterprise." different misnamed How tive co-operaapartments which are springing up all over, and in

Now, after
them

few

discover

and

LARGE
to
a

part of this number of presentation

of ARCHITECTURE

given

of St. Thomas's under

work the great reredos and the woodcompleted Church, New York, recently Mr. Bertram architect, that
most

the direction of the We

us

Grosvenor readers will

which

Goodhue.
think with is itself

feel quite sure that

we are

of

half of the- occupants with

a

are

stockholders and
to

the other

our

showingof a
one

work

in making this tive justified representaof such great distinction. The church Gothic
structures

half tenants, And so it came

one

real-estate firm in the South

about

"manage" them. Brooklynapartment that

as

of the notable

of the present
a

chap
the
as

with

about times
answer:

day,and we know of few great churches in Europe where reredos of such magnitude and beauty and such woodwork
may be found.

only five hundred dwellingas another

When charm of these asked he
not

dollars had who

much

say

had

suppliedtwelve

much. is

about ?" this

this,the co-operators

This, we

is believe, sincerely

number

of
a

"Why should
There
a

about souls

ARCHITECTURE

record of Mr.

that every subscriber will value Gothic monument really great modern
we are

highlyas
of
art.

that multifamily dwelling

mortar. trust

is

not

discernible in the bricks and character the that

It and

comes

from

the

has been writing, of Nebraska. Out chosen as the architect for the new capitol who submitted of a list of ten competitors lected planshe was seWaddy B. by a jury of three disinterested architects, of New York, Wood, of Washington, James Gamble Rogers,

Goodhue,

advised

at

this

respect their

friends and
like lightly there any one's

be assumed cannot neighbors.Co-operation of a mantle, nor can it be superon flinging imposed. It is a deep and fundamental thing. Where is individual castle in one's own even beauty in life,
own

and

Willis

Polk, of San

Francisco.

The

choice

upon
our

individual the the

lot,if there is
left and
our

not

accord
rear

with This

was

firmed con-

by
Governors. of Grand

the members

of the

commission capitol

William H. R. McKelvie, of Lincoln, William E. Hardy, of Lincoln,Walter W. Island, Head, of Omaha, and George E. Johnson,state engineer. architect for the board, asR. Kimball, advisory Thomas sisted the

comprising Thompson,

on neighbor

and right
case

front and

is all wealth

too

seldom

in

suburbs, with all of their

and

exterior

beauty.
were

These It would if we

co-operators
not
seem

land, and foreign

should

for them
to

be

in a trained in co-operation is akin to religion. co-operation of Americanization sound policy

jury in

its decision.

Co-operation
To
THE

arrivals into recent attempt to turn these more will sordid individualists. The future greatness of America into from them and by incorporating be built by learning
our

EDITOR

OF

ARCHITECTURE:
or so

national life much

In the past year of the architectural in New York

it has

throughto percolated

some

of their spirit. Very truly yours, HENRY ATTERBURY SMITH.

that- there profession

exists somewhere

multiple dwelling. City a model co-operative of lifting has been hailed as a means This enterprise out us Announcements of the present money shortagefor housing. The writer time Buren desires and visited this group of buildings of a letter from Mr. H. Van to in We some are receipt ago, his of the impressions which are given credence correct some regarding Magoniglefrom which we quote the following in our it. the Bahai Temple published comment on concerning reported that it would be masterfully Assuming,like other architects, June issue: and set in a parked space, we passedit by "I did say that I had never seen anything quitelike rt; designed number returned to the street without referable to no style but finally with which I am familiar, that it was notice, similar to the Louis Sullivan We entered an ordinary but it seemed to belong to the school of which building givenme. is the leader and chief exponent; I also said that I should Manhattan, and the Bronx are type with which Brooklyn, and when like to see 'how it would work out in execution,' too profusely provided.Upon beinginvited to enter one of of the place became the apartments, however, the spirit advised that the upper part be revolved executed I strongly evident. The ideal that had been in practical operation on the central axis so as to bringthe apparent thrusts of the then explained of the lowest story instead was by three or four of the co-operators. upper buttresses to the angles
First essential. The

co-operators had

inherited

the

of

over

the voids."
." .

Jf

' , ,

and desired to co-operate in the realm co-operation, do this of home They did not by any means production. for the monetary savingalone,but they did it also for the and which is so obvious engendered, peace of mind that was ? to a casual observer. even Next, how did they proceed tions They took the building plansto the usual loaninginstituabout how much and found out they could borrow, they borrowed from a justas any of us would do. Finally Then theymade up the rest of the equity very usual source. themselves. This was the interesting part, for some among of them had not sufficient capital to supplythe fund necessary But others to enclose the space they were to occupy. them were better supplied with money. a Finally among

scienceof

G. C. office from Bank

announces Freeman, architect,

the removal of his the

1111

North

llth Street Court

to

Reading Liberty

the opposite Building, Brentwood

House, Reading,Pa.

316-317 ers FarmRooms S. Tolan,architect, that he Fort Wayne, Ind., announces Building, has re-establishedhis office at Fort Wayne, Ind., and that and samples. he will be pleased to receive catalogue Trust

Grosvenor
announce

and John Tompkins Stowe Phelps, Atterbury, of their architectural York offices
to

the removal 53d New Street,

are

139

East

City.

group concurred that could aggregate the necessary amount. element. lars, Here is the co-operative All had five hundred dolso a

they each put

Some had the additional
amount
at

that in without others

a

interest and deal

to more.

called it

share.

more,

good
cent

They
up the

hired needed

"capital" necessary
rate

make
annum.

the

of 7 per

per

Book No. Dunham Hand of "The receipt ence a littlereferChicago," Heating Service, problems, service to all interested in heating of practical that architects will be glad to have available. and one of the booklet the receipt We also wish to acknowledge on "Quarter Turn Padding Lock Valves," publishedby York. Gorton " LidgerwoodCo., New We in

114, The

Dunham

)JU(t~ Xe
JULY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

XCVII.

St. Thomas

Our Acknowledges

Lord. REREDOS AND

Bertram

Grosvenor

Goodhue, Architect.

CHANCEL,

ST.

THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

;\

H u w

H
h- 1

a
u

"

p
H
U W

JULY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CI.

m
v
Our Lord with St.

"

u
"

wVk-i

^
Bertram

**""

w"
Grosvenor

Mary and St. John, Immediately Over the Cross.

REREDOS AND

Goodhue, Architect.

CHANCEL,

ST. THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

u
W

ffi
U

V)

JULY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CV.

The

Pulpitand

Rector's Stall. REREDOS AND

Bertram

Grosvenor

Goodhue,

Architect.

CHANCEL,

ST.

THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

JULY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CVI.

The

Lectern. REREDOS AND

Bertram

Grosvenor

Goodhue, Architect.

CHANCEL,

ST.

THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

B
fa

.2

JULY, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CIX.

"-"

Front

of the Kneeler,Assistant

Rector's Stall.

Back

of Assistant Rector's Seat. REREDOS AND

Bertram

Grosvenor

Goodhue,

Architect.

CHANCEL,

ST.

THOMAS'S

CHURCH,

NEW

YORK.

1
"

w K

P H
U

w
H

CJ

H
O

ffi
u

ARCHITECTURE

205

J-rECDEHICK.-K.ELlT
PILAWH-BT

The
From

Module
a

System
the author
on

in Architectural
"Economic

Design
Houses"

book

in

by preparation

Design

and

Construction of Small

By Ernest Flagg, Architect

by the DESIGN of very evidently
use

of

modulous,

or

ancient

but origin;

is fixed measure, much used not

the system its use. For the

for all

sorts

of

and buildings,

my

in experience

now,

and

one

hears littleof the module

except in connection
to

the last

two a

or

with the architectural orders.

of preparation

book
"

three years I have the economic on field.

been

My
on a

own

attention
of

was

first called

the

of desirability
While ing work.Arts in and number

of small houses

this method

planningalmost designwhen a pupilat

to me to once. so save

by

accident.

experimentin

that

the result of many The will consist of work

engaged in struction designand conyears of study

a

the Ecole time and that

a

des Beaux trouble

Paris,it occurred
was

by drawing

of essays, each dealingwith a particular point in construction or design, of which this module ning system of planis one, used and There and also of of drawingsexplanatory the processes the results obtained.
are more

in the axis lines all at covered This

When

by
to

what would hapsee pen. changes in the slight seemed which to my to improve it; greatly surprise design, that perhaps this uniform and the thoughtsuggested itself, plifying and simall parts of the composition, pervading measure, like time in music used, serve it,might,if properly wise otherfor which I was to give that harmony of proportion groping. And is it not reasonable to suppose blindly but harmony be so, for what is artisticproportion that this may that the slight of dimensions ? It seemed to rection corme determined uniform number and of necessitated
a

squares, them make

nearlyof

done, the paper uniform size,that I

was

than
a

different type of
common

or plan,

each representing a sixtydesigns, very importantmodification of a

a

type.
small house

Here, then, in
with the

restricted programme,

that there is

of

accommodations, ordinary

great

of what which
now

had

been drawn,

to

fit it

to

the fixed unit

was same

and lacking; work. subsequent be offended by a

cause;

governed,added charm which noticed the I have repeatedly

As in

otherwise effect in

module varietyof treatment; yet the same governs both horizontally and vertically. throughout, I have used the module so longthat system in planning well acquainted with its properties. I think I have become Like I realize both the advantagesand danger in its use. The it is a good servant, but a bad master. fire, danger lead to a cramped and mechanical is that it may design. become do things One may easily a slave to the module, and because of

it,which
The

his

taste

or

reason

would

not

wise other-

the unskilled ear may music, even the in time, without mistake discerning
a

may

not

also

mistake
us

in the

harmony

of dimensions

offend unconsciously Having become I determined That

came

in

? design that the

as an was principle

convinced it
as soon

right,
offer.

advantagesin its use are great. It is sions the easiest and surest harmony of dimenway of obtaining in all parts of the design. It is and commensurability convenient of designing, the simplest and the most and way the danger in its use How economical in execution. can
commend. be avoided It
was

to

use

occasion

should

and

the benefits secured

tect archifor which I was in the very first building calculations I York. From New St. Luke's Hospital, be in this instance would module found that a convenient that unit the entire plan depends,from 2' 2^", and upon of the modillions of its layouton the ground to the spacing
"

while examining Laloux's only quiterecently, restoration of Olympia, that the thought flashed on me as to what might be the true meaning of the Greek triglyphs. Did they not indicate the module used ? Were they not the record these of the harmonic scale of the the
monument
same

Had I had

not

marking the modules by the modillions,I pride and satisfaction that they might thought with some scale of the plan,and show to indicate the harmonic serve which I fondly the good proportions how I had obtained but the in some believed the buildings measure possessed, module not used for heights. was the able to use in which I was The second building of Art, Washington, D. C. the Corcoran Gallery system was
the cornice. In Here the module
was

been designed by buildings so long been using? And had not scale on the work, just as I had
same reasons

method

for

the builders marked marked

their for the

mine, and

3' 6".

I marked

the module

lines

on

the structure, by the points the cheaneau, and the short on between the piercedpanelsof the claustra mark pilasters every what second
a

module. estimate

At

that of

small

would

be

time, before I had learned placed on my work, and

whether
some

filledwith

the enthusiasm harmonic

meaning of this recognized.

and

record

youth,I wondered might not

the be

day

Since then I have used the system in buildings, public for hospitals, ings, churches,warehouses, office-buildprivate, for tenements it and cottages. Even hotels, mansions, has worked well,and plansfor several large groups of model in this way. made In the Naval tenements were fireproof Academy at Annapolisthe module is 8' 4" and that unit themselves and their governs both the plansof the buildings arrangement on the grounds. I mention all this simply to show the adaptability of
206

the plans of several of these When I had drawn out buildings, having firstruled the sheets with the module lines I had no doubt that this conindicated by the triglyphs, jecture as What and satisfaction correct. was was surprise my found which I had by longpractice to find that methods the very ones used; and also to to be best,were apparently find that the one danger,which I had always recognized and supposed inherent in the system, was, by a very simple removed. which I had never completely thoughtof, expedient that when from my own I know one uses a experience module in architectural designin the manner described,the ble. is almost irresistitemptationto indicate it on the structure stinctively One does it almost inIt is the natural thingto do. work I find and in lookingback over own my that in every instance where this system was used, in some and of the module the imprint appears on the building, firmlyconvinced that a Greek architect of the great would
no

way, I am

epoch
was

more

have

thought of omittingthe
on

mark

of the harmonic

based,

scale of proportion, the composer than would harmonic scale of his

which of music

the

design
of

think

the omitting

composition.

ARCHITECTURE
If Doric
one

207

will take the

the

temple and

draw
centres

plan of any ancient Greek lines through it in both

directions from
see

of the triglyphs, he will undoubtedlyformed the basis of the design. He will also see that in general the lines has been taken by the designer to use care that the lines
so

made

rather

than

their intersections. With Thus the all

While

the module for the

not a

lines govern, their most part avoided.

of intersection are points

Greeks it

was

danger of a cramped mechanical removed. or plan was completely the outside of the lateral In peripteral buildings follow very closely the walls of the cella generally
system of ordinates.
third module
at

lines.

The such

main

columns

never

stand it the In
was

the intersection of the module avoid the

and lines, that others.

at

probably to
most

intersections

end the

intercolumniations differ from

ancient

example,the

Herseum

Olympia, the
inside the cella
an

module

lines of the main

order govern

but in later buildings it often happens that also,

is used for the interior, which coincides module auxiliary with the main or at points onlyat a certain point
one.

In the Parthenon
one row

there

seems

to

have been

more

than second
some

of of

these

method line.

the scales,and even auxiliary columns at the ends are arrangedby which is not clear. Apparentlythe
runs on

inside face of their architrave module the Most

the

fourth

by

Doric temples may peripteral and endingof the lateral placing

be classed walls of the

cella, as follows:
Placing:
1. 2.

Face Wall
:

of wall centred

on on

module
a

line.

module

line.

Ending
1.

Both

ends

terminate
on
a

about

in line with

columns
or

in antis

centred NOTE.

module

either line;
on
one an

transverse

dinal. longitu-

"

If centred

apparentlyto
are 2.

avoid

often off the other; intersection. Sometimes they

they

are

off both.

3.

ends terminate line. on a module One end terminates in the first of these two and the other in the second. ways

Both

last-mentioned

This

permits of
on
"

six

possiblearrangements
ends
""
"

of

wall, as follows:
A. B. CD. E. Face
a

module

both line;
" " " "

stop on
" " "

module line.
" "

Centred
Face

withcolumnsin
" "

antis.
"

Centred
Face Centred
: at

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

f
]

onecnd

stops on

module line and

columns module in
a

F.

"

"

"

end tne.other antis centred

with
on

line.
A A A A A f} j)
'.

Examples
Heraeum

Metroum

at

Temple Temple

of Zeus
at

Olympia Olympia at Olympia Selinus (designatedC by Koldeway)

at
, .
.

Athens Temple of Nemesis at Sunium Temple at Ramnus A and Temples at Selinus (designated

Parthenon

by Koldeway).
.. '

Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple
*

at

Paestum

(Neptune)

C p_

at Paestum (Basilica) of Theseus at Athens of Hera, Selinus at

(f
g j? .".

of
at

Epidarus Jupiterat JEglna

Bassse.

j?
*p
Q p_
'

of
at

of of
"

Juno, Agrigentum Syracuse (Cathedral) Concord, Agrigentum Hercules, Agrigentum

in that irregular
nor at

j) j.;

C
the module line is its centre, but 6 inches inside

NOTE.

neither on the face.

This temple is the face of the wall

MODULE

LINES

OF

THE

TEMPLE

OF

ZEUS

AT

208

ARCHITECTURE About
one

hundred
at

of architecture known
as

Durand, professor years ago the Polytechnic School,Paris,well

the "Recueil
et

L. N.

L.

the builders way In

seems

the

compilerof

Parallels des

took to mark invariably show that they intended making the plan and layingout
to

the the

in this buildings
to

this fact

be known. which

work, they probably

Edifice de Tout forth setting

the

Genre," wrote his "Precis d'Architecture," of planning, advantages of this method

used

the module

lines in

some

very

simple way,
the

be might easily their vain

discovered
to

would if investigators
to buildings to

abandon Vitruvian

deal with the danger in its use, and so far had any bearing that the triglyphs realizing that he refers to them as the theoryhe was expounding, on useless, havingno meaning and no resemblance to anything, at least to anythingreasonable. or the ends Vitruvious tells us that triglyphs represented of beams, but if so, why do they appear at the ends of the the buildings tells us other thingswhich He ?* building

but he did

not

attempts
turn

fit the

was

he from

module,and
As has

their attention

this.

been

said,the
lines.

outer

face of walls generally

follows the module

easier and simp'er to lay out work in that way than to centre the wall on a line. which were also marked on Perhaps the half module lines, the building the metopes, were also by the mutules over used. I have It will be

It is much

of the says the modulous ings order liesin the lower diameter of the column; but the buildshow this to be a mistake. Acting on the information

themselves do

not

confirm.

He

determined
lines. details it
comes

found it convenient to do so. from all this that the plan is certainly seen in its most important parts by these module
other be if any, they affect its minor way, determined by further study. When

In
can

what the

givenby him, many but it cannot theory,

agree, but vary, the
not to

attempts have
be

been

made
no

to two

done; not only do

of the columns
the other

apply his examples

same row seems

only

to

order,however,it is immediately apparent

lines govern The spacingof absolutely. the size of the metopes, which were which the size of both

the diameters

of the

that the

the module

angleones
known.

being larger;a
On

fact which

he each

fixes triglyphs and upon

have

of hand, the principle

square,

frieze and

trave archi-

depend. The cornice must, of course, bear a proper the columns to what to these members, and relationship of the whole order Vitruvious lived four hundred years after the great they support; thus the proportions dred of the triglyphs, the spacing and that on depend absolutely epoch of Greek art, and much may be lost duringfour hunIt is only one be changed in the slightest hundred spacingcannot degreewithout years in a time of decadence. national style of architecture changingevery dimension, both of plan and order. It is years since we had a true and living the first have been forgotten therefore the primaryunit governingthe design, in this country; but how completely which enabled the housesize of the building and methods the principles dimension to be fixed after the general has been determined, and the one which all other and carpenters, who acted as architects, to produce wrights upon dimensions that it which the the beautiful specimens of architecture with natural,therefore, depend; it is most
the in uniform spacingof triglyphs practically never changed.

men speci-

country

It may well have been that time abounded. at one in the time of Vitruvious the ancient art of the Greeks had

should

appear

on

the* work. is triglyphs

If this is all true, then the meaning of the

rules of thumb which of the measure or they mark constitutes givenplaceto mathematical formulas, clear; perfectly but that the method the harmonic scale of the design, and as such is most the kind he explains, used by not was tant. importhus abundantly the Greeks in the time of Pericles existing Their presence and prominence are buildings prove. unit A building on some dependingfor its proportions explained. have all parts proportional. of measure must And necessarily why is not this hypothesisreasonable ? Has in be said,ever been advanced find modulous almost ? It is therefore possible to a any any other for which this can from a second these strong markings invariably the on member, but whether a similar modulous Why were placed with the first depends have meant will agree in its application ? They must something everything building buildings of the parts so taken as a whether the proportions has its meaning. Moreover, they must else in Greek art upon obtained by the same method in both cases. have had what the Greeks thoughta very important modulous were ing, meanVitruvious and the architectsof his time,if theyagreed that the Greeks know and we thought nothing more unfortunate with him, were in the selection of the peculiarly importantthan harmony of proportion.So true is this that umn, and the use of triglyphs with the main order is invariable, part chosen as a modulous, because the shape of the colstance, than that of almost any other feature, omitted if for any reason underwent elsewhere,as, for inmore they were band the of sculpture, constant to permit of a continuous change, from Corinth to Cora. In other indicated by the obtained by the same where they belonged were not were carefully words, their proportions places base and guttae. of the uniform spacing of method, whereas the principle the triglyphs in every building Could there be a more or never amusing contrast striking changed. of this use between Greek and subsequentart than The use of a fixed measure in design art the simplest, is at once of and most natural way of obtaining use triglyphs by the Greeks and the senseless ape-like easiest, tionality proporof whom Vitruvious was them by their successors; a shining and commensurability. Such a system is in direct ? light harmony with what we know of Greek art, which was direct is not and simplein all its ways. Whatever methods the Greeks This theoryof the meaning and use of triglyphs the minor proportions of the but is so founded on elaborate mathematical calculations, may have used in determining of order,after the main ones had been fixed by the spacing simple that any one may test its truth. Little respect the triglyphs, whether by the eye or by a mathematical tecture. is due to theories of the other sort when to archiapplied Vitruvious would have us believe, it is certain, as formula, much and are too to find. too They easy prove from the testimonyof the buildings that the themselves, Many wonderful thingsmay be found in almost any geometric main proportions, both for plan and order,depended absolutely took the elevation of an ordinary design. I once the of the spacing triglyphs. They constitute, upon been designed New York tenement-house, which had certainly for the design, which never therefore, a modulous varies in circ'es elaborate theory, and tried fitting no on its application. very which Moreover, the extraordinary ,pains deductions and triangles to it and drawing mathematical This theory evidentlybelongs with the which finds the origin of Gothic piersand almost limitless and therefrom. I found the possibilities arches in the trunks and spreadingbranches of
"

one

trees.

2IO

ARCHITECTURE

A
By
architecture is developing domestic OUR style trulyAmerican, due interesting
to

Colonial
A.

House

Raymond

Ellis,Architect
a

a
a

strong and
clearer and

butler's

of some of our and expression forceful interpretation more architects early Colonial types which have filled so many the charm with an and to strive to maintain inspiration of plan and design that the earlyColonial possimplicity sessed. of this was Much and gained by good proportion simplearchitectural detail. The architectural publications for this, because the in a largemeasure are responsible improvement and certain characteristics are to be seen who evidently have in the work of the younger plainly men, from these published works. drawn ideas and their inspiration shown This is clearly by the rapid development of the plan,with extended front or with a wing at each elongated of these wings is noticeably end or at an angle. The treatment of the newer in many houses of Colonial interesting of the front elevation is accented by type. The simplicity front entrance, which is the simple and well-proportioned of an old one. exact an reproduction usually In the house shown

ing
Off the kitchen with refrigerator
can a

sink, glazed cases, cupboards,and drawers. the north,containing is a pantry 5' x 6', a on
door the in the wall The
to

the

porch so
is 11'
x

that

it

be iced from
an

porch.

kitchen

13' and

contains range;

enamel'ed has
a

iron sink with drain

boards,an electric

and

chair-rail 3'
a

paintedand
between the

the floor has kitchen and

walls are high. The plaster base. The rear hall is sanitary front This

the

hall,and
is very in

contains

the

service stairs and

broom

closet.

convenient,as
cellar
or

they may be used by familyor maids attic without entering the kitchen.
as

going to

second-floor hall is planned so in. to sew or a place sitting-room, forms a gallery that makes it attractive The
a

be lised that it may The open stair well and unusual.

two

here,the front hall is 10' 6"

15'

6",

painted cream-white, with a low wainscot and the walls case stairabove laid off in panelsformed by mouldings. The with its slender balusters and ramped is very pleasing tory. mahogany rail. Under the stairs is a coat closet and lava-

large English arranged hob-grate. This side of the house is quiteconveniently which the piazza for the owner, and the chamber over chamber. is 10' 6" x 18' 0" is used as a sleeping-porch or from A small dressing-room separates the owner's chamber the bathroom, and throughit a small east chamber, 10' 6" x
The owner's
a

chamber

is 14'

20'

6", with
and

closets and

with fireplace

Colonial

mantel

an

11'

0", can

be reached

and used

en

the or shut off from suite,

a

owner's The air the

be very convenient for windows are so placedthat sleeping-chamber

rooms.

This would

nursery.

plentyof
over

Throughan
the

arched

entrance

at

the end
room,

of the while

hall,
necting con-

can

be

obtained Both

without 13' 6"

are x

draft. The
the

chamber chamber

den, 10' 6"

with been

10'

6", is reached.
to

This with

dining-roomis
x

14'

0"; the north

is Off

hall and decorated the

is essentially a workroom. living-room, harmonize brownish

are

10' 6"

18'-0".

near a

bathroom. guests' closet and

a

It has and is

the other The the

painted a beige or
across

color.
to

group
are

rooms, ot

the second-floor

corridor is

linen large

door

to

the service staircase. In the attic there and the the

are

windows
one feeling

east

end

used

avoid

confining
cases book-

two

largechambers,
In the

two

rooms, store-

gets from unbroken

doors

walls.

At

each side

maids' bathroom.

cellar there

is

glazedwith mirrors,making this end of the of beinga deep bay window. The have the appearance room a at the rightof the hall is 14' x 27' 6", with living-room This room has a low wainscot, the south wall. on fireplace with the window-sills, and the walls above are laid off lining has in panels formed by mouldingson the walls. The room mantel the whole and the fireplace covers a simplecornice, the breast with panelledsides. French doors open onto which is enclosed with glazed sash; and from the piazza, the flag-paved doors open onto pergola. piazza, 14' x 15', the left of the hall is the dining-room, On
with with
an

heater,and coalcloset, toilet-room, vegetable laundry, bins,and hatchway to yard. The heater for the garage is carried undergroundto it. also in the cellar with the pipes
The house is of frame with construction, the exterior walls covered laid about 10" split cypress shingles, ing. in order to carry out the earlyColonial feelthe weather to The blinds are painted green. The interior of the and buff house is paintedold ivoryin the principal rooms, in the service portion;the floors in all principal are rooms hard pine. are oak, and those in the service portion This house is the residence of the architect. The plan of affording a was developed with the particular purpose with 24"

alcove for the sideboard.

This

room

has

wainscot,

with the window and above, the walls are laid stools, lining off in panels formed by mouldings,repeating in fact the of decoration the scheme in hall and living-room.From there is a serving-room 6' 9" x 10' 6", containdining-room

house, without
times when

tures, feaornamental any wasted space or useless in these that could be built for a reasonable amount the
cost

of

is at building

its highest and

to likely

be stillhigher.

JUB10I-JHUT1

211

The
By

Certosa
Frank

of

Pavia

Jewett Mather, Jr.

II

OUR
he

that gognone, Otherwise Mother.

Certosa of Pavia, not Ambrogio Borincomparablepainterof the divine Girl I should tell you how, outliving ael Raphthe exuberance of the high Renaissance, and witnessing make those lovelypanels, continued timid, reserved, to
theme is the
tone,

and and

corridored
austere

detached four clean

rooms,

dormitory, unfavorable to contemplation had his discipline. Accordingly each monk cell, an independent establishment comprising well, and a garden all deliciously a loggia, a
"

and

comfortable.

in devout, perfect

which
one

Gallery. At the Certosa in their original doors, placesover besides precious ferred fragments transfrom cells
some to

best in the Brera now one sees bits of him has still refreshing

contacts, concealed

his food
the

was

needless talk and spare him passed in through a turnstile that His

To

caterer.

duties,aside from

those

of

the

frequent prescribed prayer,

were

ritual and

to

cultivate

his such

garden,pursue
studies
as

the

he the the

redeem
worst

chose, and
business monastery.
the life was
more

do of

of the

The great chapels. frescoes in

the
the

Surely self-denying
seldom led
A agreeably.

transept, and

important altarbrose piecesof St. AmEnthroned and the Crucifixion

host
were

of retainers

to necessary ics guard these ascet-

hardly
But is

represent

from
of the

the

cares

his intimate the

ity. qualloss

world

nobody guarded
them from the

for, by slight, ing magic,defyand analysis, with a power only given to the great
some

deceitfulness
riches. We

of

imagine
which

may the bland

satisfaction with

decorator, he has
diffused this mate intithis spirit,
serene sense

they walked

the great cloister,

of

gravely saluting each tify other, identhemselves,

the saints and the of this conquerors world proudly

worship, through
the monumental of the spaces

temple.
To many the of

wrought

in

cotta terra-

finer bound
work

meaning

above

the
livened en-

the Certosa

will be

arches, and
loves in the
taste

all

up with the of the Lombard Fra

by flying
tiest pretof the if such

Angelico.
be
sure

We

may

time.

And

the
monks such would

easy-going
took view. If
no we

recreation savored
too

much

of

the

world and the it might corrected

The cliurch from the littlecloister.

flesh,

realize their
we too

attitude
not

must

be readily by pensive

dwell the

upon where

long place

consideration
of

they mumbled but must perfunctorylitanies, rather consider the cells in which they lived and the routine of their contemplative days. Like so many of the offshoots from the great found the parent order of St. Benedict,the Carthusians monastic the necessary of refectory life, sociability average
212

velvety ready alquadrangle

the

spottedby the funeral tablets of earlier inheritors of To such thoughts the incessant picking about the workshops and the fafademust have played a grateful their monastery The undertone. nearing when day was the most should seem splendid in Europe, and the day
this
ease.

ARCHITECTURE
as

213
the

and

goldenspurs, the brocaded sleeve, the reliquary necklace which, we

base fellows among the

read, certain

fore. Spaniardstook from him the night behave envied for a Surelyhe must the quiet,opulent dignityin moment hosts rejoiced. which his Carthusian At of so much least the spectacle unforfeitable wealth
must

have

struck

his

ever-

eager imagination. He could hardly have

foreseen
as

the

day
and

when their

fate would
as

play

with the monks stand become

with

ruthlessly their royal guest,

cloisters should the

and halls, cells,

mody, empty, their temple devoid of psalall as

mere as meaningless

trophies,
the peror's Emthe Most

which curiosities,
torn

had hirelings Christian King. And

from

the philosophic spirit impersonal significance when but profound, even nowpsalmody no longerfillsthe church nor prayerful humble the cells. The ployees emhigh-living

yet

to

Certosa

retains

of
The

the

government

who

have rather much-

church, from the

great

cloister, upon

which

open

the cells
"

the libraryand other monastic

buildingsbetween.

replacedthe proud monks, the of a well-kept and neatness painful

national monument, plate has the
sense

when

Gian

Galeazzo's

ducats
was

must

be

distributed
at

to

the
of

restored of

that the old wealth

distant, unappealing poor

beingindefinitely postponed.
its features the Certosa

Surely the
Pavia. The

ascetic life had Sieur de

Montaigne, who enjoyed its hospitality in 1581, was chiefly impressedby the number of "servants,horses,equipages, workmen, and artists" about the place.
Since that time guests, but none than Francis the Certosa

and and to remote museums pictures gone melting-potsall this does not blunt the intuition of some the zeal of a monk, the meaning, one transcending larger the prideof a prince. For fears of a gentlewoman,and
"

the is
an

Certosa, in the strange dualism

authentic

we

have

noted

in

it,

has received
had

many

famous

that the

more imagination

revives willingly

He I, captive.
most

hoped to
Bourbon. Constable

seize his
A

formidable

beset Pavia, where he Constable foe,the Viceroy

mutiny among the unpaid mercenaries of the suddenly reversed the situation. The sortie into confusion. took place at night and threw the French Swiss, the Through the cowardice,or worse, of his hireling unhorsed and was King, after a gallant struggle, From that captured in the Emperor's name. night Charles V of Hapsburg' fulfilled Gian of an Galeazzo's Italian overlordship. dream of imprisonment not to suffer the chagrin Pleading at Pavia, whose conquest he had confidently promised himself, Francis,so tradition asserts,
was

of Lomspirit bardy. We have noted how, about a temple simple, cious, spaadorned by an discreetly excellently proportioned, of loaded has been there an mass artist, appalling exquisite all of it ingenious, and incrusted ornament, carved, painted, of it superfluous. but most of it charmingly some picturesque, That contradiction is Lombardy. took over the Milanese readily From Rome a paradoxical tradition: a love of spacious, .monumental building, logical,

embodiment

of the artistic

led

to

the
"

Certosa.
to

As

he

entered

the

monks

happened
verse
. .

chanting that most propriate apCoagulatum est, sicut lac, cor

"

be

."; and he,with the readiness that never forsook him, joined in the response, Bonum mihi tuas." quia humiliasti me ut discam justificationes
meum

nighthis captors, captivated by his bravery good humor, served him at table with royal hear of him honors, and within a few days we playingcontentedlyat handball in *his prison miles away. One would be glad of tower some his reflections during that brief stay at the this proud Certosa. How would he have regarded to and a dynasty monument a woman forgotten
and that

That

had

run

its

course

It may
as

be

that

its
Terra-cotta reliefof the little cloister.

famous

embellishments

seemed

unsubstantial

2I4

ARCHITECTURE
which
must as many as possible costly objects be crammed. Florence perceived

behind the originals furnished her, examples Rome while Milan outdid Rome herself fairly in purple feats. In this,as in many other regards,Milan proved herself heir. Rome's legitimate florid The be
matter
reasons

the reticent Greek

for this
a

contrast

would

for

book, not

for the last

paragraphsof a sketch. But may we not imagine both in the stately piles they raised and in the decoration they lavished unconscionably the reaction and the monotony protest of the Milanese against of their vast alluvial plain ? Nature for much in surely counts these matters. We may tine fancya Florenarchitect dreading to cast a line less crispthan the outline of the distant
Carrara

mountains, less

suave

than

the

buttresses of the Apengently falling nines; to fearing arrange a space more than the overlapping of crowded plains the Chianti hills. And architect
at

Milan

we

may

the tameresenting of the green, unbroken and ness plain, emulation by the stung to a hopeless of the distant Alps, serried confusion himself against both in to assert striving

imaginean

such Milan

structures

as

the

Cathedral

at

and

the Certosa I should

seem

of Pavia.
to

Lest

depreciate

this potent people, all times the poat litical of Italy, and industrial bulwark I hasten
are ours.

I
as

and York
The
nave.

ings say that theyand their buildlike ourselves and strangely could show you fifty mansions in New publicbuildings many
to
are

that

Milanese, but

will

not.

And for inordinate decoration craving

owe

if you will breathe the aesthetic air of a sea voyof Milan without the pains age,

and To and

as

an

end

in itself.

the first tendencywe Gothic Bramante's To the

those admirable and sublime second

churches, domed
space. the

Romanesque which basilical, merged

invention of
a

into naturally of enclosed

poetry
was

which tendency,

have but to visit the Congressional Library at you Washington. In both cases great pride and wealth and a of the more reflective and precious common impatience of art have produced analogous effects. Even in qualities natural tendency in a nation that can our eclecticism, a afford Milan
to

reinforced by greatly Renaissance, we owe of the Certosa, the mouldingsof its cloisters, the
ornamentation northern
are so

the facade external of

had

are pay, we the good as

the
sense

followers of Milan
to

and

Rome. and Milan

send

for

Michelozzo

of the Cathedral

of

Milan, in fine hundreds

Leonardo,

Boston

did

for Puvis

de Chavannes.

which tone and churches, and clay to adorn by a palaces produced a Borgognone on her own account, and born one of us and found here that the poor similar miracle Whistler was so insistently paint applied harried from the spot. In other words, the Lombards, for his exquisite talent. Milan culminated eye is fairly encouragement for effects as than literally in Bramante, and I trust not by a whimsical fate, were are more ever we striving which of that would contain most in the sky-scrapers weakened stroyed culminating dearchitects, they straightway or even his buildings. as decorators. Go to Florentine Michelozzo's lovely As have drifted far from Certosa. But we chapelin St. Eusmemory its dissonances,the buoyant vaults seeks to harmonize Milan, and study the wise subordination of its rich torgio, and characterful decoration to the general and you traced with blue, the ample cloisters with slender columns effect, will realize not merelyhow impossible it was that fair but that the Milanese and finally under heavy mouldings, straining should have done so fine a thing for themselves, of that but also false miracle the fafade, all seem a proper expression certain radical distinctionsbetween the Lombard can Lombard which drove men build noblyonlyto decorate to and Tusspirit The Florentine artist came memorial taste. it all appears a fitting random at erence profusion; naturally by a revfor a fine space. It seemed him aching so preof the pride of a monarch to der; by an aristocratic orinterpreted cious in itself that he must beware of obscuring it even since happilythe finer impreseven by perhaps, sions more, tortured and the
most

beautiful addition.
a

To

the Milanese
was

artist before
to

are

the

most

permanent, it declares itselfa

who started the

monument

Bramante

fine space

too

often

merely a pocket into

the

architects sagacious

work

and

to

ARCHITECTURE the admirable littlemarble

carved like

215 door,
the

who so loyally painter their respected intention. last view in of For

a

the

ivory frame of a leads jewel-casket, to Borgognone's

realm,
spot
the In
nature sept. tran-

Certosa

epitome

the little to go cloister and pass to the far side,where

across

such

has
a

the

garden
see

brought
fusion.

about The
con-

close you the church

may

drawing
nade, colonthe

fusingly
terra-cottas

ornate

onnade colitselftogether,

sink

into flicker of and into of

by

light

behind

shade, the graven

door
an

lightbuttress pinnacles.
Time dealt all. has it
on

changes ivorygaie
the

dreams,

with gently The

moss

the
and

cloister the rank below

tiles age herb-

a temple becomes warm towering athwart thing, which twinkling

deepen
reds of and
of Lodovico Effigies Grazee, Milan. il Moro and Beatrice d'Este

arcades

draw

ety velv-

the mellow the bricks

of shadow, strips the green of moss and lichens binds it all be Lombard if there

mouldings. Deep
shadows
to

by Andrea

Solario

"

brought

to

the Certosa

from

S. Maria

delle

the

give relief loves and whose of the

and, together, happens to

monks From
to

heads enliven the cloister arches and Gothic corbels

a

spandrels.
listens Toward

one

fascinated woman's

monk

the

him

of the fiend in a promptings swings elatedlythe lichened

centre.

form.

cupid who
Giovanni

guards the
Amadeo's

fountain in the

In the far

corner

sky,that givesto all the colors their with a curious mystery harmony, investing the big, the touch of time and nacalculated pile. Under ture, those great reconcilers, the Lombard seems no spirit twain, but one. longer
a

gray

most

sonorous

Book
"HELLENIC

Reviews
ITS GENESIS AND

Amherst
GROWTH."
New York:

By
The

EDWARD

ARCHITECTURE, BELL, M.S., F.S.A.

Co.

London:

G. Bell " Sons.

He

rial College.Last year he won the Stewardson Memoin Architecture in the State of Pennsylvania. Scholarship in the Aviation Corps. was a lieutenant

Macmillan

The author of this littlevolume has done a service to the students of classical art in presentingin a brief form much of the information only available in special o f societies and the results of recent archaeological publications research. It is a logical and clearly written analysis of the origins of the classic orders. One of the best and most readable discussions of the read. of and of a more racial influences is one or question origins less individual pointof view, and the relative value of the influence of other civilizations upon Greek art must forever rest largely As the surmise. upon author well says: "An the history of architecture between to trace attempt the two are representedby the survivingmonuments great periodswhich

tects archiBlack, Burris " Fiske,Inc.,consulting landscape that they have and foresters, announce opened an office at 317 Broad Trenton, N. J., Street,Bank Building, for the of landscapearchitecture and landscape practice forestry. They would be interested in catalogues. The McLanahan the firm The architectural and business conducted under

subjectthat
The

we

have

whole

by

M.

Hawley
name

Ralph

B. Bencker " C.

the firm

of

Price " McLanahan

name

will be continued from of McLanahan of

of

Egypt

and

Hellas

is

difficult undertakinginvolved

the preceding pages as necessarily, in an obscurity which can never

have be

shown,

der July 1,1920,unPa. Bencker, Philadelphia,

altogether address have

penetrated."
"THE
New STUDIO York: YEAR OF The

Rodger
1012

McCarl, architect and engineer,

BOOK, I92O" THE SMALL COTTAGES, John Lane Co.

FURNISHING

AND AND

ORATION DECFLATS."

should N. The

been

Murchison

Building, Wilmington,

HOUSES,

C., not

Del. Wilmington,

on

In addition to the interesting text and attractive illustrations in color the main interest on topic above, there are other chapters of especial "Country Building and Handicraft in Ancient Cottages and Farmhouses," with sketches and plans for the architect; "Concrete article an Homes," on also with elevations and plans, and very illustrated chapters with fully colored plates "Decorative and Applied Art." The volume should many on
be of interest
to

firm of

Lee, MacEwan

"

Turnbull, architects and

of Charlotte, N. C., is now Lee " Turnbull, Mr. engineers, MacEwan time ago. some havingwithdrawn A. L. Thayer, architect, New Castle,Pa., and R. M. with Walker " Weeks, Cleveland,Ohio, Johnson,formerly their association for the practice of architecture announce of Thayer " Johnson,with offices at under the firm name 5716 Euclid An

architects

and

all interested

in the allied

arts.

Announcements
Prix Prix de Rome. that this de Rome Pa.
nounces anAcademy in Rome in architecture for the year's competition has been won by James Kellum Smith, of The appointment is for three years. He
"

The

American

Avenue, Cleveland,Ohio, and

valuable article

New

Castle,Pa.

Towanda,

will report in Rome Mr. Smith is

October

1, 1920.
of age,
a

twenty-six years

graduate of

"Industrial discussing " Housing,"written by Emile G. Perrot,of Ballinger of General FirePerrot,that appeared in the May number has been widelyquoted. Mr. Perrot trial proofing, says induslies in the eyes of industrialcaptains. housing

and interesting

2l6

ARCHITECTURE

s-y

"

K.NO\kO/fOrT

y/*~

CSLiUAM.-,

APARTMENT-HOUSE,

INDIANAPOLIS,

IND.

Bass, Knowlton

"

Graham,

Architects.

Modern

Building Superintendence
By
David
CHAPTER

B.

Emerson
XI

INSTALLING

OF

FIRE

PROTECTION

AND

FITTING

UP

TURKISH

BATH

A with a three-quarter-inch strictly hose connection. drip-valve drain line was being placed at the bottom of this riser. Each in the first story), the fitted with a gate-valve, used except for the cabinet work was stand-pipe placedjust above of it of the offices was the ceiling. This valve was All of the contents furniture and most kept strapped open. the valves used on the stand-pipes fire protection had Babbitt metal seats, was combustible, therefore some necessary. in all buildings which allowed them to close tighter than those having hard local ordinances The requiredstand-pipes metal seats and preventedany leakageof water. and by making these and all of four stories in height, over with the regulahose-valves The each in hose the equipment comply as nearlyas possible on tions story terminated
was a no

of the fact -that the building DESPITE construction (practically wood fire-resisting

of the National
rates
on

Board the

of Fire

Underwriters, low

surance cabinets, inwhich them. with These in baked the

were

set

in the walls and

were

finished flush with

was buildingand its contents located in made were possible.Four six-inch stand-pipes the corridors and stair towers, so arranged that any point foot 'length of be reached with a fiftyon any floor might taken off the The hose. was supply for the stand-pipes and it was cross-connected end of the fire pump, discharge

both

cabinets doors

made

frames and

formed
doors

steel, up of No. 18-gauge of No. 14-gaugesteel, all finished

had

enamel, which matched

building. The
fitted with the cabinets

they

were

of

the steel trim throughout plate-glass panels,and bullet catches and pull-handles. side Inwere swinging hose racks, each one two-and-one-half-inch
an

so

that of

either the could

pumps
were

fire pump in supply water

or case

the house

both or pump, of fire. The stand-pipes

fitted with unlined

feet of fifty
with hose,

Underwriter's

with

pipe, galvanized, puddled wrought-iron extra-heavy cast-iron fittings. extra-heavy oughly thorA steel tank made plate, up of one-quarter-inch
riveted and

caulked, and

set

up

fifteen feet above

full of water kept the stand-pipes could be and provideda temporary supply until the pumps from the supply line for lines were Branch started. run stand-pipes, through the basement walls on both streets and the roof
on

steel supports,

play-pipe. This of aluminum bronzed iron,as brass play-pipes was play-pipe rendering are thereby constantly being stolen in publicbuildings, linen hose the fire protection ineffective. Unlined rubber-lined hose, as it is not affected used in preference to was less occupiesvery much by heat, is much lighter, and also does not deteriorate, testing, space, does not require
it
a

linen

Underwriter's

costs

less.

At

each

hose

connection

on

the roof

was

set

made hose-closet, fireproof

a

terminated

with

Siamese-twin
from

connections the
street

on

the

walks, sidethe

with iron, and

a

up of No. 20-gaugecorrugated steel angleframe, and fitted with slatted shelves This closet
was

through which water could be forced fire-engines

connections
were

hydrantsor

door. rain-proof
cotton

providedwith fifty

into the system. These Siamese of brass,with two-and-one-half-inch outlets,

feet of rubber-lined
a

Tabor

hose,one Underwriter's play-pipe, and a pick. pattern spanner, a lantern,a fire-axe,

was

the same as those used by the local couplings fitted with fire department. They were swinging flap valves, which closed one opening when the pressure was appliedto the other and stood open when water was forced tions through both openings. The caps on the Siamese connecof the liability of of galvanized were iron,on account brass caps being stolen. The fitted pipes for these sidewalk connections were with iron body,soft seat, straight swinging checkway from which was valves,which preventedthe water supplied one source being lost through the other outlets. Another check-valve in the line connected to the tank preventedthe from filling the lines the tank when and overflowing water the Siamese connections were or suppliedfrom the pumps ort the sidewalks, and a check-valve was placedin the pump pipe to relieve the pump valves of the pressure of the water fitted with in the system. The system
was

The both
coats

hose-closet
on

painted one
the oil of
a

coat

of red then

lead

the inside and lead and

was

outside,and

and oil, painted two

of white The

with a capacityof five turbine pump, gallonsper minute, direct-connected to a seventyat five horse-powerelectric motor, with a gasolene-engine of any trouble that in case the opposite end of the shaft, so could the coupling-pins with either the motor the wiring, or from the motor be removed placedin the opposite coupling end and the pump operatedby the engine. men's The buildingwas equipped with stations for watchclocks, portable having one station in the boiler-room,
was a

fire pump three -stage

located

gray shade. in the sub-basement, and

hundred

the

rubbish-room, and
on were

machine-room, and
floor. The

one

at

each

end

of the corridors basement Those in the

to
soon

each

key-boxesin
flush type, of

the subcovers.

of

iron,aluminum
were

with finished,

lift

corridors

of the hardware. work

bronze,
was

provided with emptying pipes threeto

finished As

match
as

the door

quarters of
and

an

inch in diameter

drain

were drip-pipes provided to empty in the pipe between the check-valves freezing

the entire system, and prevent water and the

the construction and

in the basement had

and finished, work the Turkish

the marble

tile workers

commenced

Siamese

connections
were

on

the sidewalks. each

Two-and-one-halfment the base-

the work of fitting in the other parts of the building, up The commenced. bath in the basement was constructed
a

inch outlets and

providedon
hose

in stand-pipe The the the

swimming-pool was
lined with overflow the with tile, drain formed

of reinforced concrete,
scum

and

in each

fitted with story of the building, valves.

opening, gate-type
valve in the

short horizontal line directly under

with line,
a

long stem,
From fitted with

quickhad a stand-pipes roof,with a gatewheel handle being

line
a

combined in the

and gutter, life-rail,

a

and with tile,

tilecurb around

placedabove the roof. and was throughthe roof,

the horizontal
a

riser

ran

to

edges to prevent splashing.The scum gutter was vided prowhich connected with oblong bronze gratings, were two-inch wrought-iron pipesprovidedwith running traps
(Continued
on

two-and-one-half-inch

page

220.)

ARCHITECTURE

219

220

ARCHITECTURE
into the discharging and
on

and

shell for the

drainagesystem. was swimming-pool poured with

was

The

concrete
crete, con-

the other

it

with water-proof
to

membrane of

proofing waterwater. cement

the inside inch

of the prevent the leakage

coat given a protecting
was

The
mortar

was water-proofing one

thick,which

scratched
was

to

receive the

the ultra-violet lamps generated projected rays, which were into the water it passedaround the quartz tubes, and all as bacteria were killed instantly. izer The sterildisease-producing divided into was switchboard, equippedwith a special four panels, for the main control, and one for each of the one three lamps. The switchboard was with switches, reactance equipped resistance controls for each lamp, telltale coils, lamps,and
as pilot-lamps,

coat. floating

scratch metal The and

coat

coat floating had thoroughly set,

The

and

lath bedded tile was

a

in it, to prevent the laid with ceramic mosaic tile, used in

to preference

appliedbefore the had an open-mesh of the tile. cracking

a

white

field,
and
as was

The

well as the necessary sterilizer required 220

volt

metres

and

meters. am-

the current by supplied set alternating generating current, a 3^ K. W. motor perviouswas whereas biscuit tile are only iminstalledfor the purpose of rectifying the current. A are impervious, absolutely behind the tile the face, four-inch supplypipewas carried around the pool, and any water with twoon getting inch valved branches, with reducers connected would do serious damage. to one-inch with built-in ladders of reinforced brass inlet pipes, of which were The poolwas provided located at the shallow two in the sides the bottom, and four were located at and set into recesses end of the pool near concrete, covered with tile, into the pool. the deep end, two the of the pool, that there were the bottom, and two near at near no so projections of vitreous bath were drain with bronze strainer The floors throughoutthe Turkish top. The poolhad an eight-inch the rooms, ceramic tile. The wainscot around partitions and valved so that the water might be held for recirculating, tables in the the partitions when it was and allowed to waste desired to rearound or new to the sewer dressing-rooms, the water. shampoo-rooms,and the enclosures around the showers, of the horizontal, the same The which was all of structural glass, used for the as was were recirculating pump, of 175 the building. toilet-room partitions direct-connected, throughout centrifugal type, with a capacity the Tepidarium The partitions around and the Torrigallons head,was connected on per hour, with a fifty-foot with an air space between, the suction end with this drain, between of plate the pool and the dorium were double, glass, of the The filterswere of the vertical pressure type, steel frame work. The heating set in white enamel gate-valve. of with a combined capacity of from 10,000 to 13,000 gallons done by means was Tepidarium and the Torridorium The filtering concealed pipe-coils, from the high-pressure per hour,with a cast-iron coagulant tank. terial mataking steam the silica quartz in three grades, boiler at ten pounds pressure, which gave a larger amount was placedin layers, of heat than low-pressure would have given. Live coarsest steam grade at the bottom and the finest at the top. in conjuncfrom this boiler. which was also furnished to the steam-room The barber-shop, steam to be operated tion was with the baths, finished with tile floors and strucThe baths were fitted with a hydriatic tural was douche-room, with sides and top, the same control table made as described for the baths. wainscoting, glass up with structural glass fitted with mometers; It was and therand fitted with thermostatic control mixing-valves equippedwith vitreous china lavatories, static fittedwith thermocontrol-valves for supplyingicenozzles and and shampoo fixtures, faucets, self-closing with vitreous china manicure-tables, mixing-valves; water, hot and cold water, or steam, to the various fixtures with pipe-trench fitted and waste six-inch bowls,supplies and nozzles; needle and shower-bath, beinglocated under the of knee-action valves; and bath with tables and operatedby means with perforated brass cover; and a porcelain seat which were towel sterilizers taken wave operatedby live steam spray, built into the wall. for the steam which supplied from the high-pressure bathroom An electric-light included in the equipboiler, was ment, until electric cabinets, the baths. The work on the baths was made and it had two forty-six not completed light all of the rest of the building finished and occupied, as was up with white enamelled exterior and the sides and back of and installing the interior lined with mirrors. These cabinets were fitted the unavoidable specialties delaysin getting this class of work progress very slowly. with thermometers them alwaysmake and had separate switches to control the of this work in each section. The shampoo-room had shampoo fixtures, With the completion pleted comour was building lights ended. fitted with thermostatic mixing-valves, and our duties as superintendent thermometers, rubber hose with cloth insertion, and nickelspray nozzles, AFTERWORD with bracketsand stops. The platedcopper tilting basins, will say a tale is finished, with filteredand sterilizedwater. our we as was Now, kind reader, swimming-pool supplied have All of the water, before entering the pool, Some who have read these pages may word in parting. was heated, usinga water-heater of the same the where this building wondered used for heating some is, might wish to visit type as was for use in the building; it is merely a creation of it then went I will tell you: It never water so it, througha pair was; of vertical pressure filters, then throughan ultra-violet-ray the writer's imagination, designedto illustrate the various of sterilizaand then into the pool. This method described in the various chapters, tion materials and methods sterilizer, from many is particularly drawn all forms of bacteria and incidents were and the experiences efficient, destroying in the water. It adds no taste and no odor to the water, and with which he has been associated in his fairly buildings The various conditions irritation to the bathers. no gives long and rather varied experience. which The which drew the be appliedto any modern described may building pool had a recirculating pump, from the pool, water tion, delivered it to the filtersfor clarificathe reader may have to do with, and if any lesson has been of them, the mission of these pages and then to the sterilizerand back to the pool, that learned from the reading so the entire contents of the pool were recirculated, clarified, has been successful and the purpose for which they were of in every twelve hours. of the younger generation and sterilized The sterilizer that is,the helping written once fuller understanding consisted of a cast-iron shell, made to a better and up in three sections, the architectural profession construction with proper baffle plates and a cylindrical of the problems of modern clear quartz tube building inserted in each section. Inside of these tubes,were has been accomplished. placed t havinga normal current consumpmercury vapor arc-lamps, tion
the

depth marks, lines, etc., set

in in black biscuit

tile. The

volts direct current, the local lighting company

ceramic

tile was

as tile, they

"

"

of

about

three-and-five-tenthsamperes

each.

These

THE

END

The
A

Gleason
Planned W.
for

Works
the Future

Plant

John
is Gleason Works THE industrial plantswhere and where lines.
a

Vickery,Architect
in the

While elevation. expansionwas typical first units. made not on was provision built with The original all sections where were expansionwas probable plant was of the old type, in a congested section of the city, drilled for future connections, and where of steel columns and girders out any material growth was with sand lime brick walls and pierscorresponding closely question. There was a vision of the future in the management, far beyond the and a tract of land was concrete to the standard pierwall and piers. so purchased, of the first shop unit in 1910, other After the completion needs that the sale of a portionof it was sidered. conprospective this was not done, and the original additions followed rapidly. The office or administration Fortunately, has been end of the two-story erected in 1914, forms one tract considerably building, enlargedby the purchase of of the most front building, and is, and will be, the dominatingfeature of adjoining property. The site selected is one with desirable in the city of Rochester. It is on the main line of the entire front. It is a reinforced-concrete building the New Central Railroad main A wide stairwayleads York and is between two precast-concrete walls and cornice. with good street-car service. While in from a ground-floor entrance-vestibule to the office proper not thoroughfares, it is beyond any possible the second floor. The offices and drafting-rooms the outskirts, adjoin on congestion. The first building the foundry. and extend erected in 1905 the second story of the two-story front building was of future building scheme into it. The At this time the general mined deterwas remaining portion of the second story is has been closely and followed. The foundry is a seatingnearlyone thousand by the dining-room, occupied with brick and concrete-block largestructural-steel building completely equipped for cafeteria service. people, the high centre has a separate walls. The heat-treatment and case-hardening Originally bay had a gableroof with This has since been altered to a monitor of flat skylights. building. This has a truss roof with a Pond-type monitor the Pond and ous-steel top-hung continuous steel sash. Lockers and toiletoperatedtop-hung continutype, with electrically sash. in this building installed on a mezzanine floor at rooms are A three-story reinforced-concrete buildingfollowed in end. one 1907 for pattern-making The and pattern storage, but now used unit of the power-planthas had several original for pattern-making, with a separate building for storage. additions largely along predetermined lines. The boilerThe maintained until floor is on level with coal-bunkers extending down-town room a lower original plant was from This below 1910,when the firstunit of the main shop was erected. out grade,into which coal is dumped directly low level of powerAll buildings consisted of a two-story reinforced-concrete and concreteconnected to cars. are block front building, the front designedto harmonize with plantby a system of subways. the front of foundry building, with the main shop one The addition the main most to structed recent shop was constory of steel and The in 1919, details of which are shown concrete. on largerportion has saw-teeth drawing. It of all the saw-tooth but there is a higher section for erecting skylights, floor, is typical construction,but contains with gable roof,but subsequently The saw-teeth minor improvements over units. altered to saware originally teeth original 8' 0" centres with constructed of steel trusses a skylights.The second floor of the front building was poured without used as temporary office. The first unit of the power-plant gypsum roof spanning from truss to truss purlins. built at this time. The erection of these firstbuildings section has a lower 3' 0" stationary The glass steel sash and was the of of all umns col4' 0" continuous-steel sash, operated in developed desirability a system an planning top-hung upper and pierson about 80' 0" lengths. All sash are glazedwith ribbed glass. centre lines,a standard design and a for end walls designed for expansionand additions. which are 16' 0" cenThe trusses tres, provision girders, span from I-beam The scheme of centre lines is a most carried on H columns,40' 0" cenfeature. and the girders tres, are interesting It might be said that the entire plotis divided into rectangles umns making panels 16' 0" x 40' 0". Brackets on the col16 to front-lotline and by a series of lines runningparallel nal girders.Wall sash in the origicarry travelling-crane feet apart, and another series at rightanglesto the frontadditions recent were buildings wood, but in the more lot lines. These of various are spacings. The original are solid steel with pivoted ventilators. They are glazed lines of foundry which determine where with clear glass in lower lights, and upper those on the longitudinal lights, and in a east were not designed on any particular multiple. The exposed to sun, with a sand-blasted rough glass, firstunits of main shop were walls few exposedplaces with ribbed-wire glass. The outer of 16' 0" on designed multiples and later additions on multiples of 20' 0". all of the standard designpreviously mentioned, with reinare Practically forced-concrete piers and lintel and a simple precast-conpiersand columns are on the intersection of these lines. crete Difficulties encountered where this scheme was followed not coping. The piersare relieved by small horizontal have it is probable that about 8" apart, formed and emphasized its desirability, by attachingtriangular grooves future expansionswill be along these lines. This work. feltroofs without slagare to the form brings strips Built-up each other and makes has been given to any one openingsof parallel opposite buildings used; no preference type. their connection The floors are of planed and matched maple i%" thick, at future times. possible While for architectural effect The made subfloor. with wood some nailed directly to no sleepers attempt was the front, for the office-building, is shown on particularly as (Continued page 224)
"

notable exception large among made for expanwas provision sion expansion took place along predetermined

illustration, a simplestandard
for the sides and rear,
as

designhas
on

been

oped devel-

is indicated

of

drawing cient suffiexpected, Subsequently,

detail

on

221

222

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

223

224
are sleepers

ARCHITECTURE
with rectangular, cleats instead galvanized-steel
are

has been found

hot weather. General with

cool to materially possible

the

in building

of the usual dovetail section. They subfloor with a cinder-concrete fill.

The
even

laid

on

concrete

illumination is used in

all places, nearly usually

interiors of

white, including are buildings painted

trusses.

150-watt

lamps

and

enamelled way.

sheet-metal reflectors,

the structuralsteelof Minor

spaced about
sheet

16 feet each

steel.

around locker-rooms, etc., are of partitions wood is used. Aside from floor, no practically

has been found necessary, floor. on erecting A from siding Railroad

little local lighting used are though a few portables

Very

There is a completesystem of fire-service pipe with yard hydrantsand hose houses,also connections with small hazardous sections are Certain more hose in buildings. but there is no general by automatic sprinklers, protected

the main

line of the New

York

Central

system
A

extends into the property and a most complete of yard tracks has been installed, extendinginto

under buildings,

protection. sprinkler
is used system, steam-heat fan system in the main a combination. shop. This is found to be a most satisfactory tions. condiradiation for heat under ordinary There is sufficient The fan is used to raise temperature quicklyearly in the day and later to circulate and introduce fresh air. Direct
vacuum radiation,

and over coal-bunkers. travelling-cranes locomotive makes it possible to steam-storage fireless transfer and placecars very quickly. There is also a complete

throughout, supplementedby

all buildings and system of concrete pavements joining electric trucks are used storage sections of yard. Elevating these pavements for transfer of coke, pig iron, on castings,
etc.

The

property extends

Avenue along University

over

The

cubic

content

per occupant is so

high that

ventilation is

100 feet high in front of 1,000feet. There is a steelflagpole

The introduction, and the 70 feet of lawn between buildings serious problem. however, of a not a office-building, in mild weather, of fresh air,particularly tained, mainand sidewalk is beautifully certain amount plantedand excellently all forminga most attractive feature on that thoroughfare, has been found desirable. Although there is no air-washing from the north side, it the result of foresight fifteenyears ago. or device, as the air is drawn cooling

The

Right Way
to

to

House

the

Worker Single

AM
and

of example
will be

the right way in the exemplified

"hotel

worker house the single club" for men which

the General

Motors

in Flint, Michigan. is erecting Corporation that in the

matter

It is interesting to note

of

sanitary

is following other structural standards the corporation which did pioneer the lead of the U. S. HousingCorporation for the last year in the establishment of standards work worker. housingof the single A seven-story fireproof costing dormitory approximately ties and havingrecreationaland entertainment facili$2,500,000
to

It is interesting the motives which prompted to note into such a project. These have the corporation to launch been set forth as follows by Vice-President Walter P. Chrysler: is a far cry from "We realizethat such an undertaking of automobiles, the construction which is our business. Nevertheless we feel that the best interestsof the corporation are beingserved when we step out of our beaten paths and spend our to providecomfort, entertainment money for our employees and pleasure and theirfamilies. By bringing and happiness to our contentment employeesand their ourselves with the highest surround families, we naturally and workmanship. Their best interests type of workmen
are our

accommodate

2,759 persons is under

course

of

struction. con-

will be 280 feet long and 214 The main building and six fullstories and a partial feet deep with a basement All of the upper seventh story between two elevator towers. floors will be devoted for
a a

to

make

best interests. Their welfare is our welfare their aim." our

aim

if we

seek

to

modations accomproviding sleeping-rooms,

total of

1,168 men.
hot

Each and

bedroom

will be and
a

providedwith
clothes closet.

with lavatory

cold water,

Announcements
in school work, specializing Knappe, architects, N. J., of their offices from Palisade, the removal announce N. Y., June 1, 1920. to King Street, Ardsley, Stork " that J. Association announces District Engineer in charge of the Association. Cement Milwaukee Office of the Portland Mr. Johnston has been with the Association since July, The

toilet-rooms on There will be four general each floor, each with shower baths. There will be two light above the first story, each measuring86 by 142 feet courts
to

and light provide 25 feet from

air the

to

all bedrooms.
on

The

will building fronts and

stand

line building

all street

Portland

Cement

ing will be 10 feet from the south line of the property. The buildwill be of steel frame construction and brick walls with floors and partitions The throughout. fireproof will be faced with red brick with limestone On the main floor and in the basement

W.

Johnston becomes

exteriorwalls

he had been City 1916. Before joining our organization of MinneS. D., County Engineer Engineerof Sioux Falls, haha County, S. D., and had served in various engineering the publicrecreation-rooms and other amenities for the work. For railroad and general contracting on and their workers and of married men both of the single capacities use the past two years Mr. Johnstonhas been District Engineer with families. These will consist in part of a large library W. Va., office. of 6,000 volumes, a billiard in chargeof our Parkersburg, a stock-room havinga capacity that J. H. Riddle, who since 1916 and game smaller exercise room, They also announce a gymnasium and room, W. Va., office of with instructor's office, together examination-room, dressing- has been connected with the Parkersburg, District Engibecomes Cement neer the Portland Association, with a capacity and bathroom; classrooms of 180 room in charge of that office, succeeding J. W. Johnston, of 1,279 scholars;and auditorium with a seating capacity trict office as Dishas been transferred to the Milwaukee who a cafeteria, a restaurant, a Turkish alleys; persons; bowling in bath establishment, Engineer in charge. Mr. Riddle is well known a drug-store, a tailor shop1, a shoe shop West Virginia, and a men's furnishing and the largest having been for a time County Engineerof swimmingstore; tion with a spectator's Roane 25 x 75 feet, County, where he was identifiedwith the construcpoolin the State of Michigan, roads. first concrete of West Virginia's of some gallery accommodating184 persons.

trimmings.

will be located

FOURTH

CONGREGATIONAL

CHURCH,

HARTFORD,

CONN.

Davis

" Brooks, Architects.

ARCHITECTVRE
PPJi
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XLII

AVGVST,

192O

NO.

The

Modern
By
E. M.

Theatre
Mlinar
should
It is which
outer

present activities shown THE States in theatre construction

known in the is so great for

throughout the United

are

thing, and
of
an

such

as

never

before

overflow

crowd

of the modern theatre. The demand history good plotsfor theatres that in many instances are planned with a theatre adjoining, largeoffice-buildings in some Western cities hotels and department and I note stores aregivto ing way space for the construction of the theatre of portions the building. in Since advance made in
mov-

planned so as to permit the handling awaiting the end of any one formance. perentrance-vestibule to provide an necessary
ticket-office
on

be

contains

the

the

outside, then

the

lobby to provide for the overflow, having also a ticketbooth, then the grand lobby. The grand lobby has the stairs leading
to

the

zanine mez-

promenade, and very careful considera-

tion isneeded
in the of staircase
to leading

the

ning planthe

ing-picture productions
and the interesting
ner man-

the

mezzanine. There certain

amount

is

of

presenting the

ot

psychology
connected with
,

to the picture publicwith a

this detail since

varied

sort

of

entertain-

ment, large
corporations
outside theatri have of
An li;t.xt's study

peopleare Bi
of interior for theatre,Los Angeles, Cal. Thomas W.

clined into

avoid
Lamb,
Architect.

the
of

climbing
if

cals taken

ever, stairs; howfully care-

interest in the instance such

theatre,and
a

am

well informed
to

that in build

one

theatres, of about

corporation is planning 1,600 seat capacity,to

towns are

1,000

be

distributed

throughout the
At the

smaller there

of the various three the

States. theatres:

present
as a

types

of

first,

legitimate playhouse;
house.

concert-hall;and

ranged motion-picturetheatre arthe combined picture and

be overcome. Some chitects arplanned, such a feelingcan have this condition by attempted to overcome of ramps the However, use leading to the mezzanine. this is not it mars the not satisfactory, only because beauty of the lobby, but ramps are very tiresome, and by staircase, centrallylocated, it providing a well-designed has the tendency to draw peopleto that part of the building
.to

vaudeville The

which

the stair leads. in the

This

is evident

in New

York

with

of each and every requirements that the to note a credit to the profession are givingproper study to their plans to The concert-hall

one

vary, and it is architects engaged these

the

largesttheatre
the staircase of the overflow In the

where
care

world, having some 5,000 seats, leads to the mezzanine, which takes
the orchestra

meet

ments. require-

crowd

of planning
are now

most

and vaudeville type of theatre being seatingbetween 2,500 and 3,500 persons, the conditions various' requirements for the proper and far more intricate than in the handlingof the theatregoers are and exit house, owing to the continual entrance legitimate of patrons. The lobby in this instance is a very essential in

that This

architects

balcony. it is interesting to note sufficient standing-room. providing

of the

demand,

is very essential. the However, in this connection of these people must be considered when sight-line standing,
as

in

some

in the

rear

instances it is very of the orchestra

annoying
cannot
see

when the

one

ing stand-

top of the
to

picturebeing presented. This, of

course,

is due

the

at-

225

226

ARCHITECTURE

I*

Architect's study for section of theatre, Los Angeles, Cal.

Thomas

W.

Lamb, Architect.

seats are not to be had in the balcony. Here should be made for men's and ladies' provision toilet facilities, which should be calculated to of the balconyseating.The entrance .from the proportion the mezzanine to the balcony must of the orchestra, In connection with the planning be located carefully. ful careconsideration must be given to the sanitary ments requireUsually two such passages, one each side,are sufficient. of the balcony the men's and ladies' rooms and toilets adjoining. These passages lead to the lower crossover of fixtures also from this mezzanine This seems and the loges; stairs are required and the proportion to be neglected, level of the balconyor the second crossover; taken. of patrons is not properly to the higher to the total seating required these also should be placed each side. In the type of theatre described, the mezzanine promone enade is most it is very essential. It should be spacious and carefully Enteringthe balconyof this type of theatre, with facilities the differencebetween this type house to handle a crowd. designed, easy to note at once

in height, which could be down to keep the building and would eliminate the squatty effect so otherwise, theatres in back of the balconyoverhang. evident in most authorities on Owing to the new laws of the municipal it is very difficult the proper to provide gradients permitted, for patrons in a house havingmore than 25 rows, and sight and steps under necessitatesthe use of a differentgradient, the seats to givethe proper sight. This matter is of great and needs very careful study. importance

tempt

very

in interesting point of provision

a

the

of planning

the

nine mezza-

done

is the

centre, which serves effect over ceiling and the when

many the patrons in the rear of the orchestra, permitsthe patrons to hear the orchestral selections in

so-called well-hole, located in the It avoids the crowding a purpose.

case

also proper and rooms

"

(' f," :.-

:
-

'

sr

..

Detail of ceiling Texas. panel,theatre in Dallas,

Thos. W.

Lamb,

Architect.

Detail, sounding board, theatre in Dallas Texas.

Thos-

W,

Lamb, Architect

ARCHITECTURE theatre; as
omitted
"f

227
a

matter
new

of

fact,the second
of

balconyis being

in the

of planning

witnessed

this in several

the modern theatre. I have the large vaudeville-circuit

to

theatres in the The

East, and it

seems

work

out

most

factorily. satis-

of the

in most in the rear is placed cases picture-booth in some where the cases balcony. It is interesting architect has placedthe booth entirely the ou,tsideof on the building, cantilevered out from the rear wall of the it does not break as balcony. This is a very good solution, the seating in the rear of the balcony, does it interfere nor with the ceiling treatment. interior treatment of the auditorium The general is the item worthy of note. Credit is due the architect who next the balcony gives patron a treat on the side-walls rather than allhis architecture to the orchestra and proscenium confining
treatment. not
now

Somehow,
the taken

too

much

enough for beingwell

treatment

but from other,

care

of.

for one and my observation this is In connection with the ceiling theatres
not
now

has been done

of the
a

most auditorium,

being

erected contain
as

central

dome, which should

be

dwarfed,

the acoustics, not to on a subject tamperedwith. The dome is mostlyused, however, for there being installed from three to four color effects, lighting in coves. This eliminates a lot of ceiling fixtures, lighting and also gives the producer for effects to suit his a chance As for acoustics, the curved sounding-board production. dome the most or seem prosceniumand ceiling practical, has givenequally treatment good yet the flat-beam-ceiling in this particular of the most one results, although possibly be

it has certain effects

beautiful theatres in the United States has been of acoustics on this account. the sense

failurein

Jffti
Design for State Theatre
New and office building, York. Tnos. W.

Lamb, Architect.

much lower, shalare steppings whereas in the inches, in some theatre they are cases as high as 21 legitimate of building The inches. can readily savingin the height be seen by this comparison, and the theatre: legitimate the and

should

not

be

over

13

is a subject The stage, a prime essential, also greatly the relation of the working parts not neglected, being considered. In the vaudeville house dressing-rooms properly which in relation with should be placed proper are required, the working side of the stage, the working side being that also side providing pin-rails, space for switchboard and another. scene one They should be placedopposite space. The gridiron is the subject also neglected. In this type of if placed 60 feet above stage, it is sufficient to take theatre, of all conditions provided that onlyvaudeville acts are care to be handled; however,if the stage is arrangedfor any This 80 feet is better proportion. features, spectacular of course, on the use of the stage. depends, In the vaudeville and this
a permits

concert-hall type 60 feet is sufficient; 30 feet highproscenium opening.

28

Two

balconies should

not

be

used

for this type of

or

":

i
*"

'V-"

-U"
.

..

" M.

"^' 'T'

."

""

orchestra Detail,

stage

theatre in Dallas, Texas. setting,

Thos.

W.

Lamb,

Architect.

Detail, side wall

treatment

Texas. .theatre in Dallas,

Thos.

W.

Lamb, Architect.

228

ARCHITECTURE

permita

the minimum for ballet and a regular set; therefore, this in my judgment should be 5 feet. of the theatre,and In the heatingand ventilating

in this type of building looked nothingshould be overespecially the success of to service, as give the best possible the theatre is greatly dependentthereon,owing to the same It is hoped that being in operation during all seasons. of theatres will permit the installation of such a owners of expense plantas the architect suggests, though for reason this is often neglected. Special patentedand speculative schemes, of which there are many, should not ventilating in this respect have taughtmany be used. Sad experiences
an owner

and

architect

lesson. which the theatre is what determining

to be put is ing system of lightbe employed. However, all theatres have a great must of the small movingdeal in common, and with the exception

The

use particular

to

the first consideration in

CapitolTheatre, Sounding board and proscenium treatment, also showing balcony side walls, York. Thos. W. Lamb, Architect. New

The
on

concert-hall type of theatre has the orchestra

the stage proper,

ting sit-

arid the in
one

dais for the soloist havinga higher I was to see surprised picture-screen. very much
that the architect had and
rear

toriums, house, all are providedwith a stage, all have audipicture either largeor small, and all have some kind of lighting. lobby,and a facade which require in is concerned,it is unfortunately As far as the fa"ade for For adverinstances used tising most advertising purposes. is required electrical display to announce a lighting particular play or production.It should be the objectof that a sign the face of a building the architect to design so all of the architecture, could be installedwithout hiding or himself to design the take it upon the architect should and sign at the same time, so that architectural building unitymay result. in the exThe marquise is a very importantelement terior its original design. This not only serves purpose as has an indirect adverwhen tising lighted a shelter but properly value. It is not unusual to outline the marquisein panelswith as many as four or five hundred lamps. The of lighting is to make of this style a bright object particular In addition spot in what might otherwise be a dark street. and that of light its utilitarian purpose traction, atto performing into service for the marquise has been impressed tire attached Attraction signsare direct advertising. to and projectors to illuminate the facade may sides and front, also be hidden
on

instance of this type house

left

it. erected in New

but 2 feet of space back of the screen for the soloist. This special setting in the

wall for any

In the latest house which there

are no

York, the facade,on

back,much
raised.

lessallowed

a pashardlypermitted sage in back set to be placed

of

screen

when

Space should

be

so provided

as

to

whatever, is lighted by flood-lighting signs The only signs which emphasizes the architecture. on of the small ones this particular (the name are building

Inner

theatre lobby,

in Brooklyn, N. Y.

Thos. W.

Lamb, Architect.

Detail lookingtoward stage, showing effectof Thos..W. Lamb, Architect.

cove

footlights.Theatre in Brooklyn, N.Y.

ARCHITECTURE

229

marquise. the building is a changeable tion attracmarquiseand against attraction for the week. the signgiving The and anterooms lobbies, halls, require very little their problems are simple.As a rule these as comment, of the house constitute justso many each portions rooms, have its lighting of which must to meet equipmentdesigned the views of the architect. Considerable cove-lighting isdone
Underneath the

theatre)at

either end

of the

Ladies' retiring room,

theatre in Brooklyn, N. Y.

Thos.

W.

Lamb, Architect.

the heightis sufficientto at present, and, where is particularly dome, this style to be recommended.

erect

PanelGrand lobby and Architect. part of main

is also used. This consists of diffusiveglass lighting panels behind which the lamps when set in the ceiling properly effect without the of a spaced give light source revealing be exercised in the design light.Considerable care must of panel-lighting. For the auditorium,there are quitea number of lighting

Capitol Theatre, New staircase,

York.

Thos.

.Lamb,

cove

and

reflectors should There

are

be

properlydesignedfor
from
to

the the minate illu-

purpose.
cove.

domes

to practically impossible

great extent illuminate them entirely

a

of such

that it is

systems and combination

two
or

systems

to

select from.

Direct

In such

fixtures, combinations of any or cove-lighting panel-lighting

all three may
cove

it is necessary to use the surface that cannot be reached

cases

fixture the

by
one

in lights

be used.

the

cove.

the Preferably,

fixture should

be

of indirect

If the the

the shape of the cove is important. cove-lighting type. alone should never be used in an torium, audiand dome will not be Panel-lighting too flat the light are jected proof illumination does not permitenough far enough to the centre as this style and in this system of lighting surfaces to properly illuentire dome surface should be evenly flooded. The to reach the wall and ceili-ng light

In

Third

act

of "Tannhauser," CapitolTheatre, New

York.

Settingby John Wcnger.

First act of "Lohengrin," CapitolTheatre, New

York.

Settingby John Wenger.

230 minate the decorations. In

a

ARCHITECTURE number
of houses that
are

it has been found that the effect so exclusively equipped, detail on which a great deal of thought and of the plaster lost. Therefore in planwas ning expended is entirely money of lighting sufficient wall-brackets or other this style should be providedabout the auditorium to sources light
accentuate

the architectural details. combination

of cove, panel,and fixture lighting usually producesa very happy effect. The main ceiling be lighted with coves, some illuminated panels dome may also introduced into the installed in the ceiling, and some the with brackets installed throughout soffitof the balcony, of light effect. The quantity house to help in the general careful be used in both the coves and panelsrequires to study. have a littledifferent probIn multicolored lighting we lem. of white light introduced in color-lightThe amount ing should be the same as though white lights only were to be used, and where colors are introduced they should be with the white lights. used in sufficient quantity to blend The With which the the stage, effects can be obtained of various combinations in color-lighting by means
use on

Ideal Theatre, New

York.

S. B. Eisendrath,Architect.

B. Horwitz, Associate.

of dimmers

the auditorium is arranged to open More than half of the entire roof over fit steel tracks so that in summer time the audience has the beneon by sliding of being practically out of doors,and therefore enjoys not only almost as much fresh air as a roof garden audience, but owing to the largesize of the roof opening,the sky above is in full view from all parts of the auditorium. in a the of art-glass windows for lighting Another feature is the skilful use In a moving-picture house these effects are used in concert of a_series of oval shaped windows interiorby means placed in the frieze as with with the less a nd this subdues and colors the in the In the orchestration, more or light daydaytime seen picture. glass conjunction while the picwithout artificiallighting, so as to give the required ture light tableau on the stage. They are used in vaudeville houses admit the same windows is on; and again at night these art-glass ing pleaswhich also show pictures. of electric lights concealed behind the glass. In this lightby means terior the picture is on, the inThe one both during the day and night time when thingabout the auditorium-lightingmanner important free and is entirely receives this beautifully diffused colored lighting This the architect must bear in mind is emergency-lighting. and which which are so annoying to the audience, from local electric lights, double circuits which are placed consistsof lights on usually more lighting. or less interfere with the effectiveness of the picture the walls in brackets, on havingone circuit controlled from

and panels. to the effect of the dome materially shall be used The question to whether color-lighting as which should receive considerable thought. house is one add

the

panel board
from the

in the

and box-office,

another

circuit controlled

effects.

The

stage

equipment will
The

vary,

depending on

the

stage switchboard, the

auditorium of accident.

the beingto light

an

particular object for a dismissal of sufficiently

character of the house.

audience in

case

vaudeville house should have a each of of three colors with three or four borders, footlight either side and in addition incandescent pockets three colors,

is not very different Stage-lighting to-dayin principle from what it was There is usually a a footlight, years ago. number of borders, and certain spots. The footlight serves backward and upward, and the borders throw to throw light the stage. In addition downward and backward on light for special have pocketsfor strips and for spotlights we

Design for theatre on West 45th Street, New Realty Co. Eugene De Rosa, Architect.

York

(under

construction), for the Walk

Design for Victory Theatre, Nev

Scheier, Architect.

Brunswick,

N. J. (under

construction).

John H

232

ARCHITECTURE

Arena

Theatre, New

York.

S. B. Kisendrath,

Architect.

B. Horwitz,

Associate.

Auditorium, Arena

Theatre, New

York.

S. B. Eisendrath, Architect.

B. Horwitz, Associate.

houses have been made usually well handled, though some too light in color, which is regretted. selection of draperiesis important, as they must The be of various color that will permit the use lightingeffects a the careful handling thereon. It is very interesting to note

is

not

an

essential,however,
a

as

good

results

have

tained been ob-

with The
are can

cement

floor.

structural

problems
are

confronted

in

theatre

design
a

most

and difficult,

items where

considerable

of this item
be
not
a

in

our

most

recent set

theatres.
a

The wood

carpets should
floor.
same

dark

color

and

on preferably

This but This

for only gives better chance surface satisfactory gives a more

the
to

fasteningof

fasten the chairs.

be saved in steel tonnage by having the of the the subject. It is hoped that one on specialist many men capable will later provide the readers of ARCHITECTURE wherein the the with article points most subject, an on for economical steel design will be stated. necessary

money services of

Making
/^^ONVERTING
^^ small the
a

Over

the

Old

Theatre
The

for
necessary

the

Movies

picturesis
cost.

matter

theatre average of little trouble

building to motionand comparatively placed

in the back the

The

projection-boothshould

be

top end

of the balcony and, if possible, suspended from

and for supplying machines feed-wires The carried easilyinstalled. into every theatre buildingare of ample capacity to take care where the usual scenic lightof all requirements,especially ing

feed-wires

other

equipment

are

construction the gallery. With booth thus under ceiling a If the space suspended, there is generallyno loss of seats. the balcony and galleryis not sufficient to permit between projecting the pictures without interceptionby people in the balcony, the booth be placed at the back can top end of the gallery. It is much better, however, to project the picture from the balcony, even of a few seats, as the at the cost times screen image is many badly distorted by wide angle from and throw the gallery. necessary The 8 feet in law dimensions of the booth need
not

is dispensed with. regular theatrical purposes courts required in using a Aisles,exits, and outside need for the showing of picturesin most theatre no cases ing incomfor handling the outgoing and than other attention between shows. audiences forming Any legitimatetheatre conquate and adeis equally satisfactory to the buildinglaws for for Where various

picturepurposes.
a

theatre

is

to

be used
can

for motion-pictures, largely be added

on

decorative
the
screen,

features
as

either

side

and

be

more

than

to

above
theatres

it is done

in many This
or

permanent

picture
between

6 to 7 feet in construction, and although the height, it can be of light construction. requiresit to be fireproof, Metal lath plasteredsolid 2*4 inches thick with PortlandThe cement plasteris best for the enclosing walls. screen be placed on should the stage, hung from above. It can if a drop is not either by sliding used easilybe removed side as with ordinary be made in the to one scenery, or it can of a roller-shade and readilyrolled form up.
" "

in the

largercities.
to

is

desirable particularly
acts

if it is inte-ided

have

musical
a

vaudeville

the

as pictures,

it affords

pleasingbackground duringthese
effects involve
are no

intervals.

These On the

decorative contrary,
or

structural
to

change.
install
screen.

most

stages

of ample size
around

landscape special

architectural

effects

the

A
Submitted
is proposed IT in the Great War,
to

Design
"

for

National
the

Memorial
Mayor's Committee,
New York

by Armstrong
erect
as a a

De
the
of
men

to Gelleke, Architects,

memorial

to

who

served for their

national token

esteem

of the particular with tables at service, trophies together of battles or campaigns heights, bearingthe names existence. Its location would be central from all parts of in which the particular The served with distinction. arm Manhattan section of the Bronx district, obelisks are to be cappedby gilded frustrums which would DeIsland,and a large flect and visible for many miles by day, or when the first rays of the morning sun illuminated at and the last rays of the setting night. sun. The is a hexagonal Over the central entrance, which faces south, there is to generalscheme of the monument be a large and to be flanked on both obelisk, the cityor State of symbolizing immortality, representing group of figures sides by two Greek-like temples; these buildings New to contain York, and above this group is the Dedication Tablet and war in sculpture, flanked trophies records,and to be connected by a by two huge figuresin bas-relief semicircular colonnade of entrance leadingto the principal symbolizingPatriotism and Courage. The principal trance enrecreation grounds, and public admits to a huge central domed whose walls are a large open-air amphitheatre hall, which would be in the basin or sunken of the contain inserted bronze or marble tablets recording the area large to reservoir. The semicircular between the tion upper town, county, or State in the erecpart playedby any city, space colonnade and the monument be of this monument. This central hall would to contain a a garden or hanced grove, enbank of elevators to take the visitor to the observation-room by small sculptural, groups, and planted with fine the top of the monument; trees and flowering also from this central hall at shrubs,which would create an atmosphere similar to the famous templeand sanctuary erected to Apollo would start an inclined ramp, or walk,to the top, with various in the Sacred Grove at Delphi, erected by the Greeks in the views. to giveinteresting landings various first century B. C. We believe the In
a

should patriotism.We believe such a monument largein its idea,daring in its conception, simplein its and purelyAmerican. architecture, It is to be 1,000 feet high, situated in Central Park, at the head of the lower reservoir, the surroundingin and which it is to be situated would lend itself to a huge garden and would lay claim to being the highest edifice in effect,
be

valor and

as it would givea reflection that would mirror monument, the changesof color and sky throughoutthe day. is to be supported The main monument its diagonal on faces at the base by four smaller engaged obelisks, each to a

be The of

monument

in itselfto

the four

arms

of the

service,

namely:

the navy, the marines, and aviation. army, faces of these obelisks are to have sculptured ornaments

the

chamber

above

the observation-room

it is proposed

station that to establish a permanent advantagesof its proposedlocation are wireless-collecting in that the city is to abandon these water-storage might at some time serve the country in the same priceless many way of water, together with their retaining that the Eiffel Tower served France duringthe Great War. areas, and these areas walls and terraces, would be available and adaptablefor a The monument in its itselfwould be purelyAmerican rare The American contribution landscapeand architectural development,such as the symbolism and construction. Gardens of Versailles or the Royal Italian Palace at Casertta. has been the sky-scraper to the world architecturally officeThese sunken levels would lend themselves to such a treatand in the constructive fieldthe steel shell. Both ment building, smalt cost, and with this thought in of these would at comparatively be incorporated in the monument, which view we have designedthe monument nucleus would be built with a steel framework,veneered with white as a start or of the suggested marble. Its cost would structed development. The illustration on page 234 not equal that of any steel-conshows the monument at the head or narrow end of a longpool but, on the other hand, would be office-building, and sunken garden, and would be an excellent setting for such less because of the absence of interior furnishings.

Book
"OLD

Review
By AYMER
Charles
rare

and describes many

of the best-known called of

on

types of the

developedcrosses

in

England
CROSSES
B. T.
200

and

Wales.
so

AND

LYCH-GATES."
York:

Batsford; New turningof

VALLANCE. Scribner's Sons. With

don: Lonover

The it stood

lych-gatewas
at

the

entrance

the

(the word lick meaning corpse)because churchyard, a place where the bearers
into the church.

illustrations from
a

photographs,

old

and original prints, drawings.

might
screens

rest

their burden
over

the way

Many

of them

had

built

them.

Even one's
cost

casual

thoughts the admirable

the pages of this interesting book bringsinto and appropriate material it offers for moderate

To

THE

EDITOR Sir
:

OF

ARCHITECTURE:

memorials soldiers. There abundant to and beautiful examour ples are of these old monuments found in England and Wales upon which might be based especially suitable memorials for small communities. This applies the crosses, of which to sign particularly a great varietyof form and deshown. are Many of them could be built of the local stone available in nearlyevery section of the country, and they could be simpleor elaborate with suitable tablets either engraved in the stone or appliedby means of a bronze tablet. "In older times these
crosses
were

Dear

The

Architects has called my made in my article, "An In American of fees

to

Institute of secretary of the American attention to an inaccurate statement

AccountingSystem for an

Architect's

Office," publishedin the April issue of ARCHITECTURE.

the

At Chester the High Cross was the scene here proclamations againroyaltywas received, read with due formality. were They were a recognizedplace for publicproclamations." No one who has visited the smaller English towns off the beaten track will have failed to carry of an old cross some remembrance or lychaway with a picturesque little English church. gate connected There is a fund of suggestionin the illustrations from both many photographs and drawings. Most of us know both the stone soldiers and the more less plainor or

the centre for various celebrations. of all great civic functions. Here

third paragraph of the article I stated: "The Institute of Architects has established a schedule which we adhere." are to strictly obliged
is in
error. a

This

statement

Institute has laid down

I should have said that the schedule of reasonable minimum

charges which
standard

conditions.

it is customary to employ under certain From careful readingof the Institute's a it is quiteclear charges, mandatory, y ** "! Very truly yours, way H. P. VAN ARSDALL.

decorated shafts put

all know The how bad

schedule of proper minimum that the fees established are in no

up

as are

memorials with the

very

to

our

Civil War
crosses

veterans,
to

and

we

they
text

few

exceptions.
these back the

author's

traces

of origin

menhir,
233

234

ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN

FOR

NATIONAL

MEMORIAL.

(From
Submitted

renderingby \V. T. L. Armstrong.)

Architects. Armstrong " De Gelleke,

to

Mayor's Committee, New

York.

The

Architects

of St.

Thomas's
number

his article in the July IN and Its Reredos" "St. Thomas's in his
statement

other country in the world has the theatre become essential part, such an intimate part, of the lives of ARCHITECTURE on of millions. ing One of the recent tendencies is in the combinadvertently, Mr. Peixotto quiteinof the theatre with a great modern office or studio building,
"

Correction

In

no

such

an

that "the

church

as

we

see

it

and

the economic

value

of such

combination

seems

to the Mr. Goodhue's," did an injustice obvious too to 'need emphasis. to-dayis essentally of the firm who other members were There istoo often much equallyassociated in to be desired in the decoration of the result of the co-operation of our its design. The church was and there seems reason no why we playhouses, many " of the firm of Cram, Goodhue between all the members should not have less of the garish and overloaded ornament and distinction based and more so ornament Ferguson, and credit for its great success prevalent quietly appropriate of the firm. either some should have been givenalike to all three members franklystudied period style, or, if we upon asks us to state that the paragraph be modern, governedmore Mr. Goodhue must by good taste than the mere personally and than justice to desire to express the fact of unlimited expenditure. in question did "distinctly more me, former partners." Now then we small provincial to both does very grave injustice and some come my upon theatre devoted restful the movies that is delightfully to tive by its very absence of the customary stock-theatre decoraTheatres

properties.
of a of the mood sign of the times, an expression there is nothing more people,the taste of a public, of theatres, and small, than the multiplicity large significant the country. that are Hardly a small going up all over but has its playhouse, usuallydevoted to the town now investment movies, and that they are proving a profitable than any other kind of is evidenced by the fact that more The movies have driven financed. building they seem easily that were famous old houses once out plays from many of the new the largest the homes of the legitimate; and out houses are given over to the movies, either with or withment. musical entertainaccompanying vaudeville or some

AS

Some

Comment

on

the

Competition for

the

"Nebraska

State

Capitol
comment

WE

were

much

interested in the

and

discussion

of the

the Nebraska

EveningPost.
feel warranted whole

questionof the selection of the architect for State Capitolby a writer in the New York There are some pointsso well taken that we in quoting this extract that may find a responsive
in the

attitude The

minds

of

many

of

our

readers. will be

questionof competitionhas been, question. always,a moot

The Nebraska of the way,
most
at

and

In New the
amount

York

there
more

are are

more

than

650

theatres

in

had the great merit of avuidleast,

and greater city,

under

construction.
amusement

The

ing some
As

features of objectionable

old methods.

houses

for new of money alreadyappropriated in New alone amounts, York are we architecture the

informed,

to

something like $25,000,000.

The

of the theatre

seems

and specialized, in needs of the of

problems involved

to be very much call for trained experts

this particular field. The plans vary but and purposes, localities particular

with the

the

mental funda-

the using of spaces to permit consideration seems "That unobstructed direct selection of the architect has been apseatingcapacityand the easy largest proximated with reinflow and exit of changing audiences, combined quirements by these innovations is plainenough. Not a solution but ability for ous variof safety. We have had requests from but onstration to solve, not a design use a demin of ARCHITECTURE of power, the plan but the man the not was quarters asking for a number and of a design which might be shown theatres of to-day, eliminated some was as far as goal. The obtaining typical possible
our

three radical departures from made precedent. No predeterminedconcept was disclosed; the in the dark as left as much were as competitors possible of building No jury was selected to wanted. to the kind mitted. judge the designsuntil after the designs had been subNo limits,beyond ordinary considerations of of cubage and cost. set in the matter were reasonableness,

the Post says: "The programme

readers

will find

shown

of architects trained authority with Mr. Mlinar's admirable involved. questions One of

herein types that have the in this special field, together

discussion of
the

from the
"What is What

test.

practical

to-dayis the

factors in theatre construcof the great contributing tion Some of reinforced-concrete arches. use

of the spaces covered in this way are amazing in their and knowledge of the engineering problems involved.

daring
23S

be lost in eliminating it altogether? the competition The at all ? gained by retaining for all its breadth of vision, is hazy as to these programme, impliedquestions. If a publicdemonstration is needed of the superiority of leaders and the inferiority of inadequate talents and experience, under almost any plan a competition will yiejdthe object-lesson. The old dilemma meanwhile

would

236
the competition is persists: solutions and
a

ARCHITECTURE
of

The student is no longerrestricted to one dimensional obtaining faultymethod function architecture, portrayedwholly on paper, but is requiredto adjusted only truly models which skill and volves construct has. So far as the Nebraska which a competition bring into play the same plan deof the architectects archiin the actual practice tural demanded perspective ten designated upon the jury a selection among for construction the basis of their ten solutions of a vaguely denned profession.Model-making as a means on in architecture is a long step in advance, according to problem,the jury being cautioned not to relytoo much on the Columbia who also say that the war has prove authorities, the solutions themselves,it may to be moving to imseem of art. standards of existence. A few the architectural competition out changed American "It has long been appreciated that the student of architecture find the architect more steps in this direction and we may is trained largelyin feeling for one the dimensional selected selected as other professional servants on are evidence of past performances." architecture, entirely presented tangible upon paper, and in the form of a plain elevation drawing,"H. Vandervoort Walsh, of the Columbia said in describing the system of teachingstaff, As to Advertising architects. model-making now used to train Columbia attention was attracted recently "The has the opportunity which the student by an attractive never and our architect finds of observing his designcompleted city alteration, among practising eyes focussed upon, of the builders other things, in all three dimensions. This privilege two announcing the names signs only belongsto the that We couldn't help feeling and those of the architects. architect who has secured his commission and has had his there was sufficient reason of his client. Many such erected at the expense no why the architects shouldn't building the man the street, or see themselves make known to architects have been astonished and surprised on at mistakes there in the fact. Of course of drawings to fully in their design, due to the inability dignity any lack of professional resent repthe solution is the
"

OUR

are

certain
a

reservations of

in the

conduct

of all

professional
to

men,

code

ethics,a gentleman'sagreement

play

When

in three dimensions. the truth as it would appear of is completed he has no the building opportunity
must

but even not bringcontumely upon one's calling, themselves in gentlemanlyterms gentlemen may announce that most and in the good taste men worthy of the name of architect would prefer. likely The of any profession by are quicklyknown big men their works, but the man with a reputation yet to make finds it mighty hard in these competitive days to justsit tightand fair and
trust

changing the form, and his mistake fault through many generations.
"The of student of architecture

stand

as

glaring

who

has

the

opportunity

of buildings, first on or a designinga building, group the same in the form of a model, paper and then completing of his of observingthe mistakes has all the opportunities the building. Moreover, designwithout the cost of erecting he has removed

in Providence
we saw a

to

be discovered.

In

an

upstate
a

paper news-

the malicious

influence

which

pure

paper

advertisement large display

now

of
has

local firm of

and architects,

that
see more

the

Institute architects

modified

its

rules, maybe
men

we

shall

doing as
and

ness other busi-

do who

seek the

publicinterest

ready
who offer.

and

to qualified

selves declare themaccept commissions from all

designhas upon his imagination. "Many a designerwho has unusual skill in drawing is blessed with an extremelyfertile and rendering, and who himself with his picis often able to mislead tures, imagination, and regard the thing he has erected on paper as in three constructed while if it were beautiful architecture, in the form of a model, it would dimensions, appear entirely
absurd and ridiculous.
manner

Of Especially Timely
\ RCHITECTURE
-ZX
a

Interest

series of of the

member

begin in the September number value to every articles of great practical profession.They will be written by H.
will

Vandervoort

School University "THE Articles include

Walsh, instructor in Architecture,Columbia of Architecture, and will deal with

OF THE

CONSTRUCTION

SMALL
one

HOUSE" of which will

alreadyarranged for, each

illustrations, are:
I. Troubles. Present-DayEconomic General Types and Costs. Essential of Quality Standards Materials. Construction of the

II. III.

in

Building-

model-making is carried on in tremely Universityis exsimple. A squad of students is given a problem, of the member Each as say, 'A Club Colony in Florida.' to squad then tries to solve this problem on paper according his own ideas. These sketches are then judged by a jury of the critics in design, and the best design is consisting then assigned The. students to selected for the model. are various parts of the model, some to making the landscape, of the group. others this building and others that building constructed of the buildings models "The entirely are of heavy illustration board. All elevations are drawn upon it,and minor projections, mouldings,windows, doors, and
"The in which the School of Architecture in Columbia ornamental features usual architectural
manner,

IV. Others

Masonry-and-Wood Dwelling.
later.

of this type are but with features

rendered
a

not

in the

will be announced

technic,so
and

that

these

ing very hard, contrastwill stand out strongly

Teaching

Architecture
of

by

Practical

Methods
remove

NEWmalicious
would
are now

methods

teaching, designed to
which and

"the

influence" the student

imaginationof
stand
as

the pure paper has upon avoid mistakes which to

in the completed model. Large projecting realistically members like cornices, columns, chimneys and dormers, etc., from made anything that the student may be clever are enough to use. "In fact,the ingenuitydisplayedin the construction features of the work. of the fascinating of a model is one from stained sawdust, As for landscapegardening, grass made picks, tootha

Columbia

from made from sponges, colonnades made trees glaringfaults through many generations, from glassare water-falls and fountains made being employed in the School of Architecture of in these models." ideas of the possibilities suggestive University.

few

X
u
a H

H
U w

AUGUST, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXV.

AUDITORIUM.

LONGITUDINAL

SECTION. ORCHESTRA

HALL,

DETROIT,

MICH.

AUGUST,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXVI.

AUDITORIUM.

FOYER,

FIRST

FLOOR. THE C. Howard GRAND

DETAIL

OF

BOX. PA.

THEATRE,
Elmer

PITTSBURGH,

Crane, Architect.

George Kiehler,Associate.

1DQ rn

X
u

S.1? "H a-

O
i"

H
U w

o
K"

H
"" i

ffi
U

Pi

o
:^;

"
c. -"

"J

" 3
a

Efl H

UJ a:

" u
E
o"

H Q 2

i
o

AUGUST, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXIX.

THE

DAYTON

THEATRE,

DAYTON,

OHIO.

Schenck

"

Williams, Architects.

"ss

*"

li

u
id

ffl

C/J

g
H
U W

CJ

b
o

"

I
X
u

03
"u o o

I
JD

H CJ

w H
H-l

a
u nnn

V c

5
""

"

" ac

o
z o

u, u u

""-

I
"

So

AUGUST, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXIV.

FRONT

ENTRANCE.

GARDEN.

Wesley Sherwood
RESIDENCE,
FRANK

Architect. Bessell,

YOUNG,

HACKENSACK,

N. J.

AUGUST,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXV.

VIEW

IN

ROSE

GARDEN.

RESIDENCE,

FRANK

YOUNG,

HACKENSACK,

N. J.

Wesley Sherwood

Architect. Bessell,

X X
u

ffi
U

AUGUST, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXVIII.

AUDITORIUM.

VESTIBULE. FOURTH CONGREGATIONAL

Davis

" Brooks, Architects.

CHURCH,

HARTFORD,

CONN.

ARCHITECTURE

237

SIDE

OF

BUILDING,

FOURTH

CONGREGATIONAL

CHURCH,

HARTFORD,

CONN.

Davis " Brooks, Architects.

The

Fourth
Old

Congregational Church
Traditions Embodied
F. in the

of Hartford
Building

New

By W.
new

Brooks, Architect
able of

Church of for the Fourth Congregational building THE has certain Hartford, completedjustprior the
to

porch

and

handsome of

spire for

so

war,

the

landmarks

Hartford, and

many years that with these

one as

historical as well

as

architectural

work of the past may

even

portant the dominant and shows how imadornment interest, they would design a modern in itsmain features, be preserved auditorium in keeping, agreeingthus to produce far richer and
more

in

though the upheavalsincident to modern development cities make our a change of location necessary. of Changes of residential centres and the encroachment
often make
the abandonment of
an

important results
new

than Their

the

money

at

hand

could produce in

business

old location

which has become necessary, but if an edifice has character, associated with and a part of the lifeof the users, it should
not

suggestions prevailed, the new church corniced to and built,proportioned was receive its predecessor's moved adornments, which were part by part, and the accompanying illustrations show
the result. well adapted as a setting site was new especially porch and spire. Here there was ample space, with well-formed elms about streets making an obtuse angle, the of which made favorable setting for centre a particularly have been the original the spire. Whatever color of may this architecture, it had, in common with so many necticut ConThe for the churches brown" white. its commercial side this solution proved wise of discarding the folly what forcibly was so valuable to those who could properly make use of it. When the architects made their proposal the sale of the old property fact and there were was no alreadyan accomplished Even
on

work.

preserve it. If,also,there are characteristic parts of the old building which not only help this association of ideas but are

be lost in

making

the

to change ifit is possible

worthy
not to

of preservation for their own beauty,it is ruthless in the new edifice. attempt their incorporation Fourth Church is
a case

The

in

point.

It

occupieda

North Main Street on building 1913 its congregation lived far

built about
to

1850, and by the northwest, and the

its

of the

become period, the detriment color

"two

shade

of

affair, obviouslyto
detail.

of the
was

encroachment
seem spire

of business had

made had

dignified porchand

effect and

the Naturally,

general changed to

but incongruous,
so

increased the value of its

to
move.

real

estate

that it could afford

All that is known

of the earlier
went

is that building
to

in 1848 and

and

showed

committee the congregation's

were so

New

Haven,

Church
on

the

of the Centre with the general pleased appearance of that city(the one restored so beautifully recently green)that they gave instructions to their architect, reservations

in the

deed.

So, in order

to owner

carry
to

out

the

church in for the new build their new scheme, it was necessary fine building Hartford like it. Accordingly, edifice which there arose to return a a portionof the with a Corinthian pedamentalporch and well-proportioned consented to paid for. This he readily S. M.

Stone, of New

Haven,

to

consent

he

had
as

already
his chief

do,

of superposedorders, ingeniously varied spire

manner

after

the

concern

was

with

the

of

James

Gibbs.

The

carved of

pineand

in excellent

were capitals preservation.

all of hand-

into

"movie"

auditorium,which he proposedto convert to house; the porch and spire, him,

cost

the simplyrepresented
to

of

removal,which
would that have the

he

was

glad

After the sale pf the property in 1913 and the purchase the comsite in the northwest residential district, new mittee
considered the selection of from
a an

be relieved of. While the

cost at

that

time

no mere

interest

architect

by

means

of vis Da-

or

significance now,
erection their
cost

it is obvious

moving

an

informal submission

few invited local firms.

"
were

and

of these

features

was

only a

fractional part

Brooks

of what
new

among stead but inthese, of submitting ings drawof

a new

would

have aside

been,

from allquestions of their in superiority workmanship

or

church, they

proposed
tee the commita

to

their sentimental value.

scheme preserved the

a

which

[Herewas
fine opportunity appreand the church its
new

character and best features of the old archie x

-

ciated,
with old be
of

church. These
tects

fine
must

front

plained
value,

the toric, his-

source

not only pride to

the the

gregation con-

mental, sentiand
to

but of city
"

real, of
The old church, built about 1850. removeasily

the

Hartford.

The

new

church.

238

240

ARCHITECTURE

MEZZANINE.
J"
C. A

"

FLOOK*

"

TLA*
.

1/B

M.

TO

I ft

ARCHITECTURE

241

44"4

-HALL"

HOWAP-D
"

-CRAHt
SSO L
.

A
O M
"

L
"

C J"

O
C.
A

.N
I

Y
B
"

"

P
A ?-t TO

34-4I A T fc
"

T *~O

"

"

!/"rH

F
"

C *

^CHLtY
w i x t./'o *_

Bi.rn.oiT

242

ARCHITECTURE
(Continued from page 239.) in gold-leaf, and

dome large the

centre

which

is decorated

of this is a

No

expense has this theatre in every

hangingfrom fixture. huge polychromelighting been spared in furnishing and equipping

detail. of

has been used in the lighting with very elaborate fixtures which are auditorium, together equipped with diffusers that are used to illuminate the auditorium shown. The are during the time the pictures theatre is lighted and separately by different-colored lights

Concealed

system

controlled from

switchboard

on

the

stage which

is

so

be dimmed and the colors can arranged that the lights unusual effects. blended, givingthe most The organ-chambers located over the boxes on either are side of the theatre. This arrangement makes it possible the best effects, the thought foremost in mind to procure beingthat the organ shall be one of the greatest features of
Promenade, Mezzanine, Grand
Theatre.

the theatre.

House Proposed Fraternity

By
and plans THE reproduced

for Small
Ellis

College

A.

Raymond

sketch herewith floor beingprovided with two general This type bathrooms. perspective (page 243) house dethe average requiresigned of building for a proposed fraternity to represent about seems ments for the present-day life. The building and at the present is to architect, college by A. Raymond Ellis, with because has said be in much been built brownstone trimmingand heavy time is of unusual interest so brownstone, lege house best suited to colTudor sash of fireproof and leaded casement about the type of hallor fraternity struction. conslate, effort was life. Before the war an beingmade by some the scale of living It will be noticed that some of the study suites are Eastern colleges to reduce as established bedrooms have a common by many of the wealthier students. Since the war the style arranged so that two single bedroom to contain two and the above plan has been for simpler accommodations, study-room;others have a single for the prevailing has been worked out to meet beds, the adjoiningstudy-room being shared as in -the requirements The of the above arrangement. latter plan seems case a small college. be the most billiardThe first floor contains a largeliving-room, to popular with the student and is at the for which may be used by the members time the most ing economical from a building and housand library, same room, in addition there is a and recreation purposes, large standpoint.The study bedrooms are arrangedfor ^one that with with a kitchen and helpers' person be seen and serving-room two only, as it can readily dining-room is the same and also obliged A women's room to study reception-room persons occupying quarters in the basement. which are occasionally in that room, for their use at socialfunctions, crowded or a atmosphere results a stuffy provided for situation not at all conducive to rigid concentration. fore, Thereare given. Above the firstfloor the rooms arranged the basis of one and study-rooms. In some to each room cases on chambers, sitting-rooms, student,the opinion with conditions is that is also used as a study and is called a study the chamber reached by those most acquainted with the study adjoining In other cases where wish to live tothe double bedroom is the ideal bedroom. two gether men The result is, in their estimation, neither too there are two bedrooms and a studywhich can also be arrangement. luxurious nor too crowded. There used as a living-room. are no privatebaths,each
are
"

Is

Electricity Dangerous?
electric inexperienced safety switches. In order
to

if properly Not if the safeguarded. NOTrealize and understand its danger.

reduce

to

minimum

A great many and State departments, municipalities the necessity for compelling the careless user will refuse to approve altered electrical realizing to or any new have officially with the following ruled that no installation requirements: protect himself, equipment unless the same complies shall be made in their jurisdiction unless approvedby city State authorities. Some or that even the service switch be of the enclosed safety 1. That go so far as to specify certain types of protective devices must ing be used. The followtype. taken from a general extract order issued by the Depart2. That it operate outside of enclosure. ment of State Fire Marshal of Ohio shows this tendency. be marked. "3. That the 'on' or 'off' position "In an effort to safeguard the lives and property of be locked in 'off' position. it can "4. That the State of Ohio, I hereby make lowing devices on motors be of the enand promulgatethe folall starting 5. That closed with reference to the installation switch type." ruling of approved
" " "

the loss of property by fire, caused throughthe utilization of knife switches and automatic cut-outs, this department open

ARCHITECTURE

243

Architecture Philippine
By
architecture MODERN Islands. There that does
not

Carlos

P.

Romulo

is is
or

its way finding

not
one

in the

pine Philip-

and

also in their and

before inspection the years

most

use.

The
structure

San

Augustin
of its kind

town

boast of

two

more

structures

in that country in accordance designed

art.

church

convent, in the Islands, is 321 laid in 1599. It is the

solid

old,its foundations having been

in the known Philippines
to
a

with modern Governunder whose

ideas of architectural

The

pine Philip-

only church

ment,
auspices all of the public ing beare buildings
constructed,
is

be built with

crypt.

table no-

feature

in

the construction of this edifice is the massive

stone
a

doing

with standards

away old the of

ceiling over
metre

thick.

quake terrific earthin 1645

government
and folbuilding, lowing a more and picturesque attractive style

opened a crack into in the ceiling

which could be but shocks it that
a

hand

inserted,
closed

of architecture.
The
costs

subsequent
so

of

the different public

buildings vary according to

their size and A the sites where

to-dayit is almost impossible

to
Provincial building, Lingayan, Pangasinan.

insert

sheet The church is the

of San

paper. tian Sebas-

they are

located.

and modern facilities where transporwhen built in one of the inland towns more tation facilities not are as adequateas they are in the city, the materials for more expense will be involved in transporting

built in Manila,with all labor building for construction, machines cost may

most

unique church
is a "knock down"

in the
one

city. The
constructed where ruined

present Gothic
in sections in it
was

structure

Belgium and shippedf.o.

on

b.

to

Manila

erected

the site of the

ancient

structure

Pangasinan amounting to about $185,000. Over 8,000 barrels of cement, nearly 1,100,of reinforced steel, 000 kilograms and approximately 50,000
and cubic Of
was

necessary for the work. built at an expense was building capitol the machines

The

by the earthquakes.It was completedin 1891. The cupola in height; the stained glass is majestic windows broughtfrom in the lifeof Christ,are the events Europe,and illustrating rich in tone and in the wonderful finest in the city, variety of the figures theycontain. There are about ten more ancient
churches interest The Manila Manila in Manila
are

metres

of crushed

stone

were

used in the

concrete

work.
cost

and

the

total amount

spent in the

the building

labor

all of which
to

of others all over the couna score try, of great beautiful structural antiquities

$54,000.
While

tourists.

that abound the ancient ecclesiastical structures in the Philippines tectural be considered to be types of archicannot art, when compared with Europe,they stand as monuments made skilled by conscientious unfriar craftsmen
were

the cathedrals of mediaeval

to

the

untold

sacrifices

the Temple and the Uy-Chaco building, built during the American ministratio adwere skyscrapers, owned, just as the They are both privately Hotel, the Kneedler and Lack and Davis buildings, the La Campana, and many Masonic others.
1

who
tion crea-

The

material iron The

used and tion directhe

for responsible in

the

is

concrete

with

in the face of difficulties unknown

our

steel framework. and work is done

times.

These

of supervision

of are buildings masterpieces that have defied the solidity and some of them elements, have have

survived

even

the

structive de-

so

earthquakes that laid low frequently

them. Roman
was

by privately employed engineers, the taking government engineers charge only of the public constructed by the buildings
government.
All of the

all around The

present
as

crete con-

present Catholic cathedral

December is noted

cated dediIt

8, 1879.

as public buildings were only after the

well

private

constructed establishment

for its exceptional height. Its roofing timbers, those of the dome, especially
were

of American the

in sovereignty Manila, the Philippines. of the proand many capital, vincial

the
more

best

to

be had
usual

in

Luzon,

than

care Catholic cathedral, walled city,Manila.

towns, boast of scores of the of beautiful structures modern

244

being taken

in their choice

type.

ARCHITECTURE

245

246

ARCHITECTURE

248

ARCHITECTURE

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ARCHITECTURE
(Continued from
was

249

light the from the sky particular angle at which it shines down called crystal-sheet, 26 ounces. the window. onto are It, however, has all the capable Anglesfrom 70 to 40 degrees defects of waviness which characterize the cylinder-blown of being deflected inward, and different prismsare made for different angles it cannot be between. and aside from its heavier appearance, glass, from three increase of light In a room 30' or deeper, an glass. compared to plate of plateglass The very finest specimens would enter has been used for to fifteentimes that which are ordinarily in the upper sash of because the use of anythingbut the smoothest mirrors, face suraccomplished by usingthis prismglass is quiteout of the question.Small mirrors made from the window. has been In certain cases, an increase of fifty of deep courts, where the angleof At the bottom the sheet glass tions sold for the cheap trade,but the distorrecorded. are of prismglass which they produce bar them from any other field. down comes daylight canopies very steeply, In the endeavor in satisfaction. and more used with much to secure more are daylight the building, There are two kinds of prism glass.One so-called prism glasshas been developed a type comes the conditions of the lighting of offices and stores in small squares of about four inches across, and these squares to meet located in the heart of our of glass consider the dows store-wincities. When set together to form are areas over we large fact that the amount of daylight is from them together with copper and such places a window entering by fastening This 40 to 75 per cent of that falling the fa?ade of the building, bands which are electrowelded into one solid frame. on of the use of several different and that 25 to 60 per cent of this is cut off by the system of small units permits window-frame the conditions, and also that the thickness of the wall and also makes itself, a prisms to meet possible of the building and the height the street or the depth across higher gradeproduct. of the court off justso much the need of The other type is made in large and can be placed cuts more sheets, daylight, form of glass which will bring in one This includes the light from the sky as some piecein the upper sash of a window. much into the building is quiteevident. all those ribbed glasses which as possible approximate the principle For purposes of presenting these needs clearly, look at of the true prism glass. Imperialprism plateis polished the following tables: on one side,and has a number of differentprism patterns
page

247.)

prisms which

are

designedfor

the deflecting

at

on

the market

which

heavier

than

the

and ordinary,

for the other.

ILLUMINATION
NUMBER WHICH IS OF A STREET POINT ON TOP OF WIDTHS THE AT CADE FA-

It is made

in sheets of 54"

72" and

cut

to

OF

THE
PERCENTAGE

STREET
OF

FACADE
LUMINATION ILFOOT-CANDLES LEFT. ILLUMINATION.
OF

smaller Board

sizes.
x

18" plates

60"

Imperialskylight prism glassis of the and follows the requirement

has

made

in

National

BELOW

ING BUILD-

OPPOSITE. O.

243.3

5319.2

128.9

46.6
22.9 13.2

9-4 5-5 3-5

8.6 6.2

i-S ILLUMINATION
NUMBER WHICH IS THE OF A COURT POINT BELOW WIDTHS ON THE WALL. I 2 THE TOP AT CADE FAOF END-WALL

ON

THE

COURT

FACADE
OF ILLUMINATION.

FOOT-CANDLES

OPPOSITE

SUE-WALL

103.9 34-3 14.2 7.0

109.9 25.9 9.0 4.0

2. 1.2 I

3 4 6

3-8
2.3
at

If we what Here

look

the

following ordinary example we

will

see

There is an ornamental prism qualities justenough of the prismatic it effect. make the diffuse semiobscure and secure to a light of ribbed and Another pattern, showing a combination and also a pattern showing this same bination comprism design, sion runningcrosswise in squares have shown highdiffufor use in industrial buildings. and deflecting qualities have been developed sidewalk lights Along similar lines, Some to give illumination to the basement. patterns use the principle of prismatic deflection in its pure form, but satisfied with a good infiltration of light, most are practical is subjected merly, Forto and tear that this glass the wear to. in with used connection were sidewalks, glass lights, which contained a concast siderable or simplyheavy pressed glasses of manganese that gave a purple tint, amount of light and prevented to pass through. amount a maximum This glass also brittle, and it scaled off or chipped under was the wear. nealing, To-day, however,with a careful process of anwhich plateglass and

of Fire Underwriters.

effect the thickness of wall has upon the light entering. the windows are supposedto be without frames to shut One light. of them is2' x 4' and
cent set

tough and
It has

the elimination of the manganese, resilient glass is manufactured. been

brilliant,

off the and

we

in

wall 12" off

thick,

wall.

and the setting must framework, be easy glassis broken, it must of constant size the percentage of light loss is proportional to replace, be made. and an allowance for expansionmust to the thickness of the wall, and for a giventhickness of wall Of course the glass used ought to be clear and tough and the percentage of light increases with the height entering non-chipping. and width of the window. of failureof sidewalk lights The causes due to poor are It is quite evident,then, that if we can secure a larger ture, frame, vibration of the strucglass, expansionof concrete will secure of light, and a greater proportion of the adjoining glass sidewalk or street. To area, we and expansion that if we can which will deflect the daylight secure a glass of these difficulties, the walk should be designed meet some of the wall openinginto the room, around the corner will we to carry greater loads than those to which it will be subjected, also secure more light.These two factors have developed and waterproof should be used. expansion joints solutions: is of the use steel factory where two one sash, There are two large used in sidewalk lighting. patterns of glass the entire wall is made of diffusing and the other is the One is the square type -which allows from 60 to 75 per glass, of prismglass which deflects the angleof daylight, it use as cent glassarea, and the other is the round pattern which shines down the facade, into the building.This prism on allows from 30 to 50 per cent glass One make of the area. has one side flat and the other corrugated with small glass (Continued page 252.)
area

4' x 4',set in a 12" thick big, the percentage of light loss is only40 per cent. On exwall, tended observations it has

find that it has 53 per For a window twice as

of its light cut

by

the

that any sidewalk found by experience be designed alongsuch simpleand adaptable lines that its use is unlimited. It must givea minimum glass
must lighting

for the

of strength

the
a

been found that for

window

be

When waterproof.

on

250

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

251

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"-"

ffl

J
tt

O-i o

E
o sc

OS

x o

Q
tn

b
z

2
OS o
u,

IX

252
(Continued from
page

ARCHITECTURE
249.) bubble into

colored glass, and then making a bath of molten from it in the ordinary glass Opalineglass way. is made by pouringcolored glass glass, upon white opaque other Anthen inverted and t he in section like rollers. them look under Stained an cross pineapple. pressing same together bottom is the the and is 3"^" square on soluble metal oxides to the surmake sists conglass secured by applying face top, of these square sidewalk with a brush, and then burning them of one into the glass to four prisms. Most from from "!/%' in a kiln. Painted glass is producedby enamels 2*4" to to \y"" in thickness and by placing run lights The which are then fused to it. round to the surface, make, althoughnot capableof applied 5yt" square. easier to replace. Some other glasses, used to a certain extent in conas great a glass nection giving area, are, as a rule, in the with art glass, differ on of their method One manufacturer has a metal rim that is embedded account of making and composition. and when it breaks, For instance, and acts as a holder for the glass, concrete crown glassis be replaced it can a relic of the past, but for ornamental by another. Still another is based easily purposes is often used. The glass is blown into a spherical the screw on bubble,and then this pattern which permitsthe removal of the old of it by the new. Most of them are 2^i", bubble is opened and made to revolve at great speed. Cenand the replacing trifugal the glassto take the shape of a flat force causes 3", and 3X" in diameter. merly disk,but the centre nodule alwaysremains as a lump. ForforThe material into which the sidewalk lights were merly, it is reinforced conbut now all the glass it is this embedded was crete cast iron, used, but now except this was

square-glass pattern is 3%" square on the bottom, making the concrete on

the top and 4" square which supports beam

the sheet

which of
cement

has been
to
one or

A waterproofed.
one

mixture

of

one

part
c.

centre

nodule

which

is used for the ornamental

effect. Lead

and

half of sand
are

is the

general
o.

is used in all the finest cut flintglass

formula; with these

"I" bars.

bars of Some

1H"
and makes

reinforce the

longbeams,
rods.

average the cross have

set

4J4"
are

to

beams

reinforced
and forms,

W
use

sheet-metal

onlyW
usual

The

load which

sidewalk
foot
or

is supposed to light
a

carry is 300 of 5 tons on

pounds per
one

square

concentrated exceed

load this

point.As

most

of the makes

the stronger although strength, theymay be considered safe, traction they are the better they will resist the squeeze from conof adjoining sidewalks. For 6' spans some are ble capaof sustaining 1,000 pounds per square foot. of light used for the diffusing are Among other glasses and rough Florentine or figured, rippled, ground glass, maze, as prism plate. They are not intended to deflect the light but to givea translucent effect and diffused light. glass of the developmentsof glassis the use Another one of plate for structural of an opaque milk-white variety glass which is fused at a temThis is a polished perature glass purposes. of 3,000" Fahrenheit and thoroughlyannealed. non-absorbent It gives a brilliant, sanitary, non-crazing, surface which is impervious to stains and has alwaysa fresh appearance. in It is excellent for wainscot and

and is made from glass, lead and potassium silicates. Bohemian is made from glass Venetian from sodium, potassium and calcium silicates; and calcium. potassium, for invention in glass far-reaching Probably the most the development of wire glass. When was buildings an the first thing that ordinarywindow is attacked by fire, and the falling of the glass. out happens is the shattering Wire glass age, invented to prevent this dangerousbreakwas and its use as a fire-stop was an afterthought, although

believe the many Fire Underwriters

reverse

is

true.

The

National

Board

of

glassas follows: glassnot of wire fabricreinforceless than }4" thick enclosing ment a layer than %", and the size of having a mesh not larger
the wire Shuman this
not

defines wire

smaller 1892.

secured

than No. 24 B. " S. gauge. Frank the firstreally successfulpatent for making It is The
or so.

glassin

cast

on

steel

gas flames
a

beneath.
a

molten Wire

tables, kept hot by glassis poured over it in

mesh is also heated wire
to

of quantities

ton

temperature

nearlyequal to

glass.The

it four rollers passes over firstroller smooths

glass. A the then, feeding

out

the

vehicle with into the

next

the molten

the glass,

structural titions roller presses the wire deep into it, and the last two rollers parit out again. The glass is then in the rough-plate smooth toilets, office-buildings, entrances, apartment for reand is often sold like this. It is generally frigerators, condition, swimming-pools, hospitals, polished, tops of counters, linings

the sanIt has a distinct advantageover itary etc. and to tilein that it reduces the jointing a minimum does not show any signs of crazing. The
use

though,or its surface is stamped with one of the many such as ribbed, to pressedglass, figured patterns common sizes are The extreme cobweb, etc. maze, customary
720 square of inches and
not
more

of colored

glassin

the

is building

now

only

than 48" wide. there

are

A standard

dled for very choice decorative treatments, and should be haneffect for nothing a cheaper by experts in this line, gives than colored glasses used crudely. Only the most expert makers of

of Xe" thickness is

adopted,but

also thicknesses

X"

and

Wire

%". is practical to use glass

in any

window, door,

or

have survived the gradual enclosure where it is desirable that,in case of fire, it should windows leaded-glass ing. elimination of the general of this art in the average buildIt should be shattered. however, be used in use not not, The so-called art glassis of great variety, however, dumbwaiters, or vent elevators, over stairways, skylights, and a few of the important will be mentioned. ones or lightshafts. In these placesa thin glassshould be Most colored glasses which are inherently colored and with wire at least 6" above is protected used which it, of not more No stained or paintedappear as the richest, and they are than 1". not and having a mesh glasshas metal than this given their colors by the presence in them of some the safetyof buildings influence on had more oxide. The same oxide will give, at different temperatures, wire glass.It has made possible changesin plan that many different colors. Oxide of iron will giveall the colors of the modern have been thought of if this distinctly would not rainbow, but the
commonest
are

green

and

orange.

ganese Man-

givespink or amethyst,but at highertemperatures and green. brown,yellow, Copper affords the cheap ruby and at highertemperatures purple, blue, and green. glass, Cobalt affords the blue or black. Gold makes ruby,violet,
and of
or

amber, where

one

part is used

in

one

thousand

parts

Along placed upon the market. are beingdevelopedfor nonwill resist which shatterable show-windows plate-glass will mean Such glass them. the shock of objects striking of large insurance the elimination on plate glass and
invention
a

had

not

been

similar

new line,

inventions

is formed by cryolite, arsenic, glass.The opalescent glass tin. Flashed glass is made by dippingthe original glass

reduce every

the year.

vast

wastage

which

goes

on

in this direction

Notes

on

Steel Construction
Clinton

By DeWitt

Pond,

M.A.

MY

last

two

articles form

were

about

theoretical

tions considera-

Cambria

book

the

same

tables

are

listed under
elements

the

general
listed in
or

culations. calthe basis for many heading of "Properties." engineering of these In all the tables the properties In this article the practical or applications which be

are

will principles

later will appear and will be written this type of

given. Although deal largelywith

for architects
one

the

articles which

will

much

the

same

manner.

First,the depth of the I-beam

of

concrete

construction,
in steel
as

or channel,

the dimensions
are

anglesare given.
the various of

In the

next

who

will be interested
to tion, construc-

column I-beams
two

in Cambria and channels

tabulated

work, this

will be devoted
are

and

the thicknesses

weights of angles. These

which in buildings even as of reinforced concrete entirely steel shapes will be used. Formulas enable in and methods
to

considered will be

there

beingbuilt places where

have the

been

the architect
a

determine

if this tendency is has been considered resisting tendency in the beam only in the case of a wood beam, and this formula derived formula was S X kbd"1. This given as M was from a more formula, and complex one, known as the flexure forms the basis for the design of all steel beams. which is M is the bending The flexure formula S X I/c. M which be found by the formula M \Wl, moment, may or by the methods given in the last two articles. .51is the of the material in the beam. In the safe working strength this was of a wood beam taken as 1,200 pounds per case this is universally In the case of a steel beam square inch. tect considered as 16,000 pounds per square inch. The archiof his should consult the building code, or ordinance, cityor State to verifythese amounts. of 16,000 It might be noted in passingthat the amount steel bar, having a crossa pounds is arrived at by pulling It is found that sectional area of one square inch,apart. the force necessary to do this varies from 54,000 pounds to 67,000 pounds, with the average force determined as 64,000 pounds. A factor of safetyof 4 is always used for steel, the safe working stress of steel is considered 16,000 as so pounds, or 8 tons per square inch. beam load.

given which will ing tendency toward bendcaused by an external

The

might be considered as index columns, as always referred to by their depths and weights, also channels, while angles are referred to by the are as lengthsof their legsand their thicknesses. As an example of this an I-beam is referred to as a 24-inch, 100-pound I-beam, and a channel will be known as a 15-inch, 40-pound channel. An anglemight be designated 6 X ^-inch as a 6 X angle. By lookingthrough the tables the reader can find all these shapes listed. Among the other headings listed under "Properties"
I-beams
are or

columns

"Elements"

will be

found

one

listed

as

"Moment

of

Axis 1"1, and in the next / in Carnegie, or Inertia," column, "Section Axis 1"1. This moModulus," or S in Carnegie, ment of inertia is the "I" referred to in the flexure formula, and this
to can

be found

the

handbooks, and
A

for any steel the same

ring shape by simply referis

true

of the section
term

modulus. be
out

of this last brief explanation that the section

c

might

not

of

however. place,

It will be noted

by
of
a

the

fraction

I/c.

is known

in

modulus is designated engineering parlanceas the

most remote

the distance

from

the neutral In the

case

axis of

to
a

fibre

cross-section.

beam
of

having a section
axis,c will 24-inch,100-pound

that is symmetrical with regard to equalone-half the depth. In the case

its neutral
a

The This

next

factor is

in

the

formula

is the

fraction

I/c.
of of
more

fraction

given

the /

somewhat is known

mysterious name
as

"section inertia."
to

modulus," and
The author has

the

"moment do

or c girder, or, for that matter, any 24-inch beam of inertia of a 24-inch, equal 12 inches. The moment 2379.6. As 100-pound I-beam is given in the handbooks as c has alreadybeen found to be 12 inches for such a beam, the fraction I/c becomes 2379.6 -f- 12 198.3. By referring headed "Section Modulus" in the Cambria, to the column S in the "Pocket 198.3 is found or Companion," the amount

I-beam,

will

found

that

these

names

to

of the hard work encounstudents than much tered discourage in the study of engineering. -One could take a large ing of space in deriving the flexure formula,in discussamount but of inertia of different cross-sections, the moments the limits of this article will not permit of this. The actual of rinding the of the formula and the methods application of inertia of steel shapes are very simple, and this moments discussion When
must

be this property for the beam under consideration. Such calculations are simple for I-beams and channels, these sections such
are

will be confined

to

these items. he
or

the architect desires

use

make Cambria also

of the handbook.

to designsteel structures Carnegie "Pocket Companion"

the
which
are

There

are

tables

in The

"Kidder" handbooks

symmetricalwith regard to their Axes channels and are only occasionally Axis 1-1 is the one that is usually laid flat, used. With either leg might be turned regard to angles, up, it might be well to determine and the section modulus both axes. around As an example, a 6 X 4 X ^-inch angle will be selected, and it will be found by referring the table to that the distance from the 1-1 Axis to the back of the longer leg is .99 of an inch, and from Axis 2-2 to the back of the shorter leg is 1.99 inches. The distance from Axis 1-1 to
as

1-1.

As

beams

give the
and
to

necessary

information.
or

the

most

remote

fibre will be
to

found
most

to

be 4

"

.99

3.01 1.99
two

revised
to

refer

year specific pages, but

edited every

so,

as

it will be

sible imposto

inches,and from Axis 2-2

=

the

remote

fibre 6

"

reference will be made

4.01
are

inches. 6.27 and

The

moments

of inertia around

these

headingsin the indexes. Referring to the index of the "Pocket Companion," of Sections" can be found, and the the heading "Elements dimensions and to tables giving the various pages devoted of I-beams, angles, elements and channels are listed in such that the architect can find them. In the a manner speedily
253

axes can

and the section moduli 17.40,respectively,

be found by dividingthe moments of inertia by their respective distances, or 6.27 -f- 3.01 2.08,and 17.40 -H 4.01 These 4.33. be verified by reference to the results can
= =

tables. The

question might properly be asked,

what

is the

254
value of all this ? practical

ARCHITECTURE

By

back glancing

at

the flexure

on

the pages

listed in the index the safe loads for different

for various spans are given. As in the problem, the be seen that with 5 always regardedas angles formula, it can with their longlegs in a vertical position, were placed 16,000 pounds,and the section modulus given for any particular angles

beam, the

bendingmoment

can

be

determined. easily
all the

the table The load used

Usuallythe
Let

process is used, however. it be assumed that in a storage warehouse

reverse

with the neutral axis

with unequallegs angles legwill be used. total load of brick was found to be 7,200 pounds. The will be 3,600 pounds,and the span carried by one angle
to parallel

givingthe

safe loads for

the shorter

is 15 feet.
to

In the tables of safe loads the first columns these

to

are

list the

columns

spans in feet. Looking down for spans of 15 feet,and then across

first

the safe

that will carry 3,600 pounds are the ones loads,the angles given above, and only the last two will have the safe loads listed above These below
most

the horizontal horizontal lines will

cause

black line.
are as important,

any

load listed is givenin of determining safe-load

them

too
as

which great deflection, will be the

as use

codes building The reader

TJ-eof the span.

that
same

Methods

the deflectionin beams

can see

givenlater.
of the

by

tables he arrives the flexure

at

the

result

he did is much

formula, and

the process
not

by the use of simpler.He

ask why he should may in preference the more to uniform involving of the safe-load concentrated loads loads

alwaysuse the safe-load tables In problems complex method. the use such as the one justgiven,
to

tables is
are

be

recommended, but where

these tables
cannot

encountered

be

used,and the flexure formula is the onlyone

FIGURE XEL

that will answer.

of In some walls are to be built of 8-inch brick. partition it is desired to insert metal sash,and in some the partitions that this sash is 15 feet long. It will be assumed cases there
are

6 feet of brickwork
two
case

above

the

sash,and this

must

be carried on In this load 15 X This span

"

lintels. angle-iron the span, / in the

formula,is 15 feet. The

W 6 X "/"

"

can

be the 60

brickwork

by
f
=

the cubic feet of by multiplying or by 120 pounds. weightof a cubic foot, cubic feet. 60 X 120 7,200 pounds.

found

As an example of such a problem,it might be well to of the beams in the floor panelshown the design investigate The architectural plan for which the steel is in Fig.XIII. In this panelthe columns in Fig.XIV. is shown designed and there is an openingfor a are spaced20 feet by 24 feet, stair-well. The floor load will be considered as 200 pounds The both dead and live loads. per square foot,including load on the stair panelwill have to be taken as 100 pounds York code, and as the dead live load,according to the New the weight of the stair construction will probably load
" "

load is the "W"

in the 180
=

formula

or equals15 feet,

be found to be M can bending inch-pounds.All this is worked out in accordance with the methods given in the last two articles. Once the external it tendencytoward bending is determined in this manner, is only necessary to equate it with the flexure formula to mula, determine the size of the angles. As S, in the flexure forbecomes the equation is alwaystaken as 16,000pounds,
=

\Wl. As the the tendencytoward inches, 162,000 " X 7,200 X 180

M
=

162,000

16,000 X I/c. It will be noticed that I/c is the

and quantity, be found

the proper out by carrying As there will to equal10.1. be two lintels used to carry the wall,each angle angle-iron will have to have a section modulus equal to one-half this, in the table for "Elements" or or 5.05. erties" "PropBy looking of angles down with unequallegs, and by glancing the column "Section marked Modulus," Axis 2-2, three more angleswill be found having section moduli slightly than 5.05. A 5-inch by Sj-inchby }jj-inch or a 6-inch angle, or a 6-inch by 4-inch by f-inch by 3^-inchby f-inchangle, anglemight be used. The second one, however, having a section modulus of 5.19 and a weight per foot of 18.9 pounds,

only unknown

this can calculations,

FIGURE

XIV

should

be selected.
seen

It will be
or

that there is

cate intrinothingparticularly

be about

100

pounds per
as

of Another method involved about this work. the above problem is by use of the safe-load tables. solving the index, the heading"Safe loads,tables of, to Referring for angles used as beams," in Cambria, or "Angles,safe in Carnegie, will be found,and in the tables loads,tables,"

will also be taken

200 the

Fig.XIII
e, and

will have and

20-21 and

31-32. beam

foot,the load on this panel pounds. The diagram shown in beams as designated a, b, c, d, and will be designated The girders as
square
can

32-21

31-20.
on a

The

load

be found

very

easily by

deter-

ARCHITECTURE
The unless he which
case

Modulus

of

is alwaystaken Elasticity
to

as

29,000,000
about it of

the allowable

deflection.

It

might

be noted

that the span

for steel. This is all that the reader has

know

happensto
An actual

be of
to

an

turn inquisitive

mind, in
on gineering. en-

and that the moment inches, of inertia of the angleis taken around its 2-2 Axis,and was

in the above formula

is givenin

he is referred

any

standard

text-book how the

found

to

be 6.6.
formula
to

example will show

formula

The be found

looks difficult to work

is
at

but through,

it will the the

can

be used.

Suppose it is desired to use a 5-inch by Sj-inchby angleto carry a load of 1,000 pounds over a span ,5,-inch -load table it is possible of 15 feet. By looking at the safe but to determine that the anglewill easily carry this load, the safe load for a span of 15 feet 1,380 pounds falls as it is doubtful whether the angle below the horizontal line, will carry 1,000 pounds without deflecting too much. in the formula the actual deflection By substituting
" "

simpleif one process of cancelling. This articledeals only in a

steel but construction,

be very

all familiar with with

has been subject discussion in the original extended more given a much for Architects," this is all the space articles on "Engineering that can be givento it here. The
next

of subject

cursory this as

manner

articles will deal This

with

reinforced-concrete
treated in in 1916-17. If the
to

construction. reader is

subjecthas

already been

will be obtained. D 5 384 The 360

=

in ARCHITECTURE articles appearing

not

familiar with
over

it would these, before

be well for him

1.000 X

180 X

180 X 6.6

180

.39

glanceback
the These

his old volumes

X 29,000,000

will deal
one

allowable

.5,so

the standard

deflection is ^|T of the span, or 180 -5anglewill carry the load within

design of

in the problems presented with actual problems encountered in the of the largest reinforced-concrete buildings

vestigate attemptingto inarticles. following

erected in the country.

Announcements
and acknowledge with pleasurethe handsome Interior and comprehensivecatalogueof "Architectural Exterior Woodwork Standardized,"published by The and admirable illustrations Curtis Companies. Its profuse of correct architectural woodwork, designedfor all types tect's of homes, should prove a welcome reference in every archilibrary.It covers every detailof various type houses, both exterior and interior. Doorways, windows, mantels, china-closets, sideboards, stairways and stair panelling, frames,porches, mouldings,etc. parts, door and window direction under the general The work shown was developed of the well-known architectural firm of Trowbridge" Ackerof the in collaboration with other leadingmembers man We

with

61 office,

125 East 46th Street, and down-town offices, general Branch York. offices are Broadway, New and Dallas. Chicago,Cleveland,Pittsburgh, Bollard "

in

Omaha, Webster, architects,

removed 521 Paxton the well known Block.
recent

Nebraska,
303

advise

us

that they have

their office from

to McCague Building

We

regret
Mr.

to

announce

death of Russell A.
Pole pany. Com-

Griffin, generalsales manager

Griffin
was

of the National

He

was

for many and

years connected

telephone people. among with the American phone Telelater with the the Western

Electric

TelegraphCompany, and Company, before going into

polebusiness.

profession.
The

filing purposes are requested. Department of Civil Engineering at the Universityof of inquiries, gineers, take pleasure In answer and past president of American Association of Enwe to a number Illinois, of the reredos and months in sayingthat the beautiful photographs as directorof fieldforces duringthe summer Church of St. Thomas's woodwork of the most constructive measures was one publishedin the July passed at the number made were quarterly meetingof the lioardof Directors of the American by Kenneth Clark. Association of Engineerson June 19. Doctor Newell will of his time in travelling, and will spend a large proportion assist the chapters in solving their problemsof organization States that Lead to Accidents Three Mental and expansion, and assist them to prepare for rendering ^
greater service.
The
to

of appointment

Doctor

F. H.

Newell, head of the

Mitchell " Company, Ltd., Norfolk, Rossel Edward Va., have moved their main office to 817 Fourteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. for Manufacturers' catalogues

AHERE

are

three mental

conditions which

have

vital

national
a

formulate

of expansion

employment card and personnel employment service.

offices 15-17

committee prepare

was

instructed the

plans for
that he is

Samuel
located York

A.

Hertz, architect, announces

new at

now

in his

West

38th

New Street,

City.
Mills,Rhines, Bellman

Ohio

" Nordhoff,architects, 1234 the admission to Building, Toledo,Ohio, announce of Chester B. Lee,July 1, 1920. partnership The

consolidation is

announced

of"

Westinghouse,

and Dwight P. Robinson Church, Kerr " Co.,Incorporated, " Co., Incorporated, of Dwight P. Robinson under the name " and Company, Incorporated, engineers constructors,

of accidents. The first is bearingon the prevention which may taint of epilepsy cause a the widelyprevalent to lose consciousness momentarily and put his hand man into a placeof danger. The second is the curious effect of habit noted by Doctor D. H. Colcord, in the Scientific the levers of a for June 12: "A American man operating lathe in motion, driving automobile, or an a oiling crane, at a dangerousmoment a crowded thoroughfare, crossing may continue to act as accustomed by habit,thus occupying the nervous machinery with habit-chains which present mental third is another The twist, conscious control." the fear of what would happen known to all of us, by which off drive an autoshould jump mobile if a man or a high building, uncontrollable impulse to into a tree, becomes an do that very thing.

."
-

y.-v

" .

*""

ri%"
'
"

'

-"-

"",

"

i
':

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"-

.-':'"
'

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Kill

s
t

:K"

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/'
"

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^-

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POPLAR

HILL,

PRINCE

GEORGE
From
a

COUNTY,

MD.
"

photograph by Albert G. Robinson, author of

Old New

England Houiea."

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTURAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XLII

SEPTEMBER,

192O

NO.

iMi'wiiiM^^^

Post-War

Impression
By
Kenneth

of the
John
huge

Cathedral

at

Reims

Conant

of the cathedral long towers pulls into the battered station at Reims, and the traveller who is approaching the cityfor the first time since the beginningof the war cannot help regarding the old pilewith an anxious interest. The barbed wire, the trenches, the halfnewly-filled effaced have their shell-holes, elsewhere,but the counterpart

ONE before

sees

the

buff-brown

the

train

still very much in place in spite bulk of the building ot and enforced neglect. It towers five years of bombardment it as mightily ruined constructions around the puny over catches of it through breached as ever, and the glimpsesone walls the and

collapsed houses
assurance

are

best

that

the old

giant stood
The

the ordeal very well. in front suffered extensively square from shells and fire; it bordered booths. with The

fascination in its way

of

the

old

church

is

is

now

flimsypostcard
itself

unique. Standing high

town, it all the curious
too
kempt un-

cathedral

above

the broken
look which

is

closelyinvested
which
stone

by
from about the of

evidentlyshares
countries

fence
broken

encloses taken round

are

picket piles of
a

all the devastated

a

the
as

ca-

have:

curious

air quite different from neglected

what
out

is usual of the

in France.

Once

Ithedral
visit
to

and

well.

Visitors
to

not

in allowed with-

except
in

make
care

regulation
a

station,it is the first

lies past way fringe of habitable The

the

didactic

thing to
the
narrow

seek.

guardian.
little

This

more

reallyamounts than a glimpse,

about the station buildings and into

a

square, district of melancholy

hopelessruins. Their silhouette the sky is the crazy zigzag against of roofless gablesand fallen walls, interrupted here and there by
smokeless
a

being limited to the first nave bay, and from there much of the important damage is invisible. The sensation is therefore again of relief, in spiteof the calcined
aisle

the punched portals,

and
cery, tra-

chimney-pots.Where
has
two

discolored and

vaults,the scarred
the

house

blackened
will show debris and and

terior, walls, its inand tenantless,

dismantled

choir.

nothing but scattered perhaps a few sagging

iron beams. The
lanche ava-

Though obviouslyin no condition that the impression for use, it gives

its rehabilitation
a

be after all, will,

rusted of

broken
the

rubble
streets

which

once

blocked

has been

piled waist-high to either side, resembling(forthe stone, like the

dust

inch-deep underfoot, is white) the piled-up after a snow

The

north

tower.

tourists The simple matter. are properly impressed by the collection of shells to be seen just of them one beyond the railing, the which entered a large one but failed to explode. It building the exterior, and is on larly particuthe

heavy fall. Curiouslydull and unreal,the occasional foot passengers

It is therefore with
a

exterior of the

chevet,

add
,

very

little cheerfulness.

that this

the

work

of the the

portionof
to

While shells is apparent. examining is sanguine optimist building the most

kind of reliefthat

one

comes

upon

sure

cool
a

little. of
true

the

very

which is still tolerably cathedral, complete and not so first glance, at from what it was different, in happier There broken shafts and pinnacles;there is the days. are

As

matter
a

fact,the
"

casual

visitor the

does

not

get

anything like
are

idea of the

injuryto
cannot

building. There

two

reasons

for this

he first,

realize its colossal

tell-talestain of calcination that the

and

at

the

north, and
"

one

mediatelysize,for the scale is feels imsurrounded of the

and second, because, being deceptive;

whole
it is

freshness.

But

is bruised has lost its crispness undeniably a great relief to see the
257

by all sorts of ruin and destruction, he thinks of thickly-scattered to the cathedral in terms injuries

258

ARCHITECTURE
The shells leftno
corner

of the exterior untouched, and

their
traces

the

interior is scattered

with

(thoughmuch
some on a

more

from portalto sparsely)

estimate, a
had

count

was

To get apse. made of the marks

been liberally cut up part of this buttress had no

by

basis for an buttress that flying fragments. The lower

less than
a

1,115scars

on

the

outer

surfaces, rangingfrom There can a pie-plate.

and all, the The
extent

the size of

to thumb-print

that of

10,000 of these of
the
nave

therefore be no less than 100,000 in size. Another some example of of this small damage is furnished by the parapet.
walls had

over portion

of which five breaches in for

most

hardly 50 remain this portion, but that

on

of the

stones

the inner

nearly200 small pinnacles, complete. There are is not allof the damage, face were or cracked split

roof. Of all the great wooden by the firewhich destroyed the coping-stones the battlements which crown on the continuation of this parapet around the choir, only two are still Small perfect. will take several
as

this parapet appears

stone to

from

the

ground, it

Looking

across

the ruins.

of the slow, work shell-burstsrather than in terms patient in the carving of new which will be required to take stones of the shattered ones, and the tedious labor of the places of broken details. one remaking, by one, all the multiplicity To arrive at an understanding of the sum of the damage
calls for intimate

relief and
to

the

study. And curiously enough, the first optimismfade away as one returns againand again A sober realization of the immense task building.
"

of the

amount

of effort in detail which

will be

needed

to

of damaged items is the thousands upon thousands repair The writer enough to abate the most ardent hopefulness. had entirely unusual privileges about the building and was allowed to study it bay by bay, inside and out, freely and is the second such fire at Reims. the old roof been of Had at leisure. As the basis of this articlea completedetailed of the damage was the damage to the walls, and to the stained drawn up; a copy of this catato the vaults, steel, logue, catalogue would the first such listto be made, was side roofs), have been very (from the blazing knowledged glass given to and acwhile the beautiful fleche might have been saved. much less, by the authorities. In making it,the author climbed The heavy high vault,twenty inches in thickness, the was galleries, turrets, and towers, and examined condition of all parts of the structure it close at hand. punched in several places.As shown by its discoloration, The losses the building that stones affected by the fire, have has suffered are so inevitably was unfavorably divided into three classes: first, loosened by the rain. There are continually, essentially unimportant kept falling considerable holes in five or six places.The vaulting now superficial to minor damage and injury parts; second,heavy of the crossing and adjacent bays to the south and east has damage to the essential frame, and third, damage to the but this is no misfortune, valuable decorations. These will be treated in order. fallenin almost completely, as will The
more one

what has been replace blown away: there are eleven breaches in all. Again,most of the exteriorface of the triforium wall was calcined by the fire which destroyed the aisle roofs, and the carving the on was string-course clearstory quite ruined. Many of the bases of the great interior colonnade were calcined by the stored in the building straw and blazing duringthe fighting, by the fire which destroyedhalf of the stalls. Examples like this could be cited from any seriesof details, and it is difficult to insisttoo much the uncanny of on thoroughness the shells and fire in injuring small details. By patient work a great deal of this can be repaired.It is not the kind of work which can be done rapidly and a great or wholesale, part of the surfaces will have to be left as theyare, disfigured. What work is done is likely the patina of the to injure repair building gravely. the heavy damage, the situationis oddlydifAs regards ferent. Most of it can be repaired almost at leisure with little of the building. hurt to the appearance It is confined to of buttresses, and a number severe to one injury pier damage of the vaults, and the loss of the roof with its belfry to most of destruction the and fleche. The is deplnraold charpente documented and can be rebuilt just ble,but it was perfectly unless the authoritiesdecide to replace it was it in steel. as This latter is the sensible thingto do, for any wooden struction conwill giveup sooner later to fire or decay. This or

carloadsof

one

There fissures in almost all of the vaults at of the structure, the more are appear. but few of these are threatening. both levels, Too much miration adof small damage there is be given the original cannot notice but for the appalling which, damage that would attract little construction, of it. Small broken pinnacles, resisted destruction so sturdily. after centuries in place, and crockets, quantity finials, pitted mouldings, plainsurfaces raked by shell fragments, Ordinaryvaults would have dropped like a shot. In spite of the fall of tons of block stone upon them,some of it from and other carvings, dislocated disfigured scarred shafts, capitals shattered canopies feet above, only two of the lower seriesof vaults failed copings, are seen sixty by the hundred, in every direction. They make only a general impression badly. Although cracked and loosened by exposure to in the effect as a whole because of the vastness The the weather, they will not have to be taken down. of the building, but as one is to rake out the old morbecomes more scheme and more fa'miliar with it, to be followed in general tar studies the
state

is amazed

at

the

amount

"

one

is overcome many

How

by the incredibleextent of this sort of thing. shell-scars there are it would be difficult to
say.

from the joints and carefully the them, supplying repoint missingparts as the work progresses. As a great deal of

ARCHITECTURE
fallenstone
The
can

259

be used

over

this work again, the

will be

paratively com-

easy. of the vaults about repair with will crossing

naturally

be linked up

that of the southeastern

the great pier,

what though someonlypierto suffer. It is stillmostly in place, The shells struck it at the clearstory level, precarious.

and in addition to
on sliding

numerous

vertical cracks, caused horizontal that the

five

or

six

so joints,

body

of the

pier,
the

cracked
nave.

free from the main The

is tipped inward toward walls,

fall of the three vaults it

supportedmay

have

its failure. The planof the architectis to put the prevented ribs of the vaults in placeand then reand the new place centring the unsound portionof the pier, working around it bit by bit. That done, it will be a simplematter to renew the vaults, the smashed tracery, and the broken mouldings. It is evident evil many
o

will that the interior far

as

not

show

the effects of its

At the crosingof the south transept.

days
The

as

construction

goes.
means on

of the minor

scars

will be leftas
no

buttresses by flying hits

were

Probably a great they are. escapedtheir share

a

Direct injuries. and nine

were

made

considerable

ber num-

toward

thus shot away. Nothing has been done the bulk and inertia of the construction their repair; it
to

will enable
course

stand

for

some

time without

them, but of

the better. Much work they are supplied time. will have to be done on the great pinnacles at the same that they intercepted shells Their condition shows many vital damage elsewhere; some which might have done more of them are a good deal smashed Something will have up. of the chapelbuttresses below, to be done also for a number the
sooner

all modern, chapelwindows were well be replaced. they can perfectly The same be said of the clearstory windows. cannot of great value, and all suffered very They were all old glass and regrettable damage from fire,from shell-fragments, from concussion before they were taken down. A few finally half of the western of the windows are fairly presentable; still exists, and somethingwas saved of almost every rose
so mostlyof plain glass,

however.

The

aisle and

that

other window.
much is due
to

It has been
was

said that about rescued. and That

half of the substance

we

of the windows

have

even

so

and show

for the The

towers

at

the south

and
to to

west

ends, all of which

There

the Paris firemen

who, suspendedon
dismounted

considerable

dislocation due is that injury

direct hits. the decoration.

third kind of
to

windows climbed about the lofty duringbombardment.

ropes, the frames

is much

be thankful

for the injury is less than is genfor, erally the lost items
are

mented. docuperfectly Nevertheless it is impossible to the to be resigned cause beloss which has occurred. It will always be regretted A it is irreplaceable. multitude of minor carvings, small figures, have been such as gargoyles, and leafage, have and at least half of the more spoiled, importantpieces received noticeable injuries. A good part of this dates from of the roof is due the ruin of the back 1914. To the burning faces of the western towers; to the burningof the scaffold about the north tower is due the most of deplorable injury that suffered by the northern half of the fa9ade;and to all, shell-fireis due the damage suffered by many fine sculptures of the kingsin around the rest of the building.A number the great gallery in a more less hopeless are or condition,

supposed;moreover,

Aside from all the obvious damage some account must of the mass and dislocation throughout be taken of cracking the masonry the result of shock. generally, My attention called to this by the architect in charge. It was particularly is not the sort of thingone notices from the ground. But it
item in the restoration. The scheme is to rake large them very carefully. and repoint This, joints is essential in order to reconthe administration believes, solidate the building.That it will prolongthe work goes without saying. I have tried to make it clear, however, that
a

will be

out

weakened

detail work

of the work to be done about the cathedral is tedious rather than a wholesale of just this character, In this fact is at the same time the hope and rebuilding. of those concerned with the structure. the despair
most

The whose

restoration

is in the hands
en

of M.

Henri

Deneux,

but

their merit

was

very

moderate

and

their loss is

spondingly corre-

A temporary roof at cleaning set to work was prisoners up. 60,000 was a considerable involving supplied, undertaking, much truss-work. juries, square feet of corrugated fifteen have minor iniron and much wooden broken, but still attractive, The effect of the portals The lattercould not be made up on the spot because of the and eightare untouched. from a littledistance is not bad even lack of all things but was and they can be essential, preparedin Paris and now, the numerous finished in August, 1919. made was fairly presentable by supplying missing shipped up by rail. Work familiar with the and other minor carvings, but of course That it took so long will surprise one crockets, no pinnacles, situation in the devastated districts, where the labor and they will never againbe what they were. of the cathedral is another loss of capital The glass importance. situation is so difficult that some begrudge transportation It is perhaps less than is generally supposed, even the small crew at work on the cathedral. Theoretically

less regrettable. Thirteen of the attractive are badlydamaged. Every one knows, too, canopiedangels that the great western have suffered seriously. The portals damage to the canopied groups on the reveal of the arches is rather extensive. Just what will be done about the great below is uncertain. figures Many heads have been picked be possible of to reproduceexisting casts up and it would but whether restoration of this sort a portions, destroyed will be attemptedremains to be seen. Of the thirty-five fine the north statues at the sides of the doors, on only three (all wrecked, four are porch) are a total loss. Five are badly

Chef des Monuments Historiques. He is a grave, unassuming gentleman admired by all who with him. the building better He knows into contact come that any one else, having worked about it for many years and made a splendidseries of measured drawings of it.
titleis Architecte

During the
and

war

he had

works chargeof protective

a

at

Reims

and indeed received elsewhere,

at

while

work

Not enemy

one day duringa long after Reims was

shower of broken stone of the dral. cathebombardment

out finally

of range
A

of the gang

he took

up

the work

of rehabilitation.

of

260

ARCHITECTURE restoration
state

but the by paid while allowance only a minimum whole populationsare still livingin shacks and cellars. Yet of the install the clergy in some effort was made corner to an hall two church. The parish has worshipped in a very modest the will be for

the

Germans,

has
no

charming little leaves,

a

and

bunches

of
are

French

can

give

it

or

three the

in

squares choir for

away.

Excavations

have the

been

undertaken and

mentation
larger than
are

grapes found

franc

piece.

As

the

fragments
a

they
is

laid

out

in the

near-by chapels,where
out

patient man

working day
Next

in and

day

trying

to

put

this

Humpty-

Dumpty

together again.
the
nave

will be of M.

closed

the

investigationof
known
to

foundations the

off, to become
will say.

workshop, long
it
on can

and below

the

slow
not

work
even

restoration Deneux
can

series of old

tombs

exist

begin.
That the

How

pavement.

They
have broken fill.

than was expected, for they accomplished more brought to light a beautiful flamboyant jube that was of pieces at some time and used into thousands as have How any
one ever

will take the spare

will

depend
de

credits and

and upon de

the the

number
success

of workmen of the

government des Amis

Societe under

la

had

the hard the

runs

heart
to

to

smash

up

such The finials

an

Cathedrale

Reims, newly founded

and But

the

patronage

excellent

piece of carving is
the

understand. crocketed

toy
are

of President

Poincare

Cardinal
it
can

voluntary Lucon, in soliciting

vaults,

graceful tracery,
A

tiny

contributions.
or

hardly be

less

than

fifteen

cut. beautifully

vine which

through part of the

orna-

twenty

years.

Housing
A

Shortage
to

and
According
News,
who

Health
to

SCARCITY

-t"^-

quality and
And

housing facilities directlytends induce cheap and undesirable comfort, and these affect the social life,
of
to

lower tutes. substihealth

the editor charted

of American

has

by

years

the

tion Building Associahousing situation

of

the

family.
but

It

may

not

have

occurred
are

to

housing substitutes for food, leather, and clothing. Among for proper be and the substitutes adequate housing may mentioned forgetting, tents, shacks, and house-boats, and not the housing of means either, the doubling-up evil, which where families light,air, and sanitary two or more space, wholly inadequate. are provisions Housing shortage also tends to lower housing standards, in deterioration and unless watched carefully permanent the character, comfort, and dwellings will safety of home
person, there are it is true, that

there

average substitutes as

the

in this country, the a sharp and decided

authority
houses times
were

for

the built

shortage in housingfacilities has shown He also upward swing since 1917. that in 1918 statement only 20,000 new
when
Last

is

there

should

have

been

twenty

improvement with little over 70,000 a according to of the U. S. Building Corporation. This the estimates slight increase in building has by no crease means kept pace with the inwhich of population, is far ahead of any building programme,
until houses A
acute
now are

that

number.

showed some year houses completed,

it is estimated
at

that families
but
to
one

there

least 121
means

100 existfor every ing be provided for. to

situation

like

this

thing
a

and

that

is
favorable un-

follow.
All time

congestion, which
influence
on

is certain both this

have and

direct and
of

this is

prefatoryto
houses

the

statement
so

that

at

the present
so

the health
evident

morals

family
age, short-

evenly the whole that the reallyalarming distributed over country is of the situation is not, it character feared,generally recognized In this connection, and understood. giving almost or at glance the housing situation, the following statistics a Clay, showing the proportionof compiled by Mr. Wharton tell a families to dwelling-houses for the last thirty years, the figuresfrom 1920 1890 While to most significant story. of this article those well worth study, for the purposes are suffice. Here 1916 from must they are: on In 1916 there were 20,263,051 dwellings for 23,292,887 lies; families; in 1917, 20,672,051 dwellings for 23,799,275 famiin 1918, 20,808,562 dwellings for 24,305,662 families; in 1919, 20,829,039 dwellings for 24,872,051 families,and 1920 the proportions are for the year 20,900,000 dwellings This for 25,319,443 families. means an existing shortage for family dwellings, and basis of of 4,419,443 houses on a in this country five members to a family, 22,097,215 persons to-day are not being properly or adequately housed.
the

shortage of

is

wide-spread and

life.

In the

order

to

meet

and

wide-spread
that
at

authority already quoted estimated be constructed must 2,139,000 homes by or

And
even

least
1926.

before
return to

this

programme

will

not

insure

war pre-

conditions

by

dwellings
This
must

will
mean

any have

means.

To built
town

to

be in
a

would be

that every

bring this about 3,340,000 during the period named. of 25,000 people 150 homes
years;

built

year

for

five

and, of

course,

in

this housing proportion for cities of larger size. That situation revealed by the facts and figuresgiven has an as life and health is quite important bearing on community like

apparent.
menace

It in
to

fact constitutes
and the

serious

and

ever-present
under normal of any

the

public health
But in

safety even
event

disease of the
menace

conditions.
more

of

outbreaks

dangerous types of communicable be greatly increased then would

and

sickness of

death

rates

and in

in

more

than
to

health

authorities under

their

efforts

diseases,this both affecting as doubling the work bring and to keep

such

outbreaks

control.

262

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

263

U u
4-J

I
OS

X "

Q"
u

O
CO

H
j

fcu

U
X

at

264

ARCHITECTURE

Book
THE ENGLISH
HOUSE A INTERIOR. DECORATION FROM XVIIlTH CENTURY.

Review
detail ? We ask the question because the author has so admirably answered ment, IV of this volume, where he takes up such details as Wall Treatand Plaster, Fireplacesand Decorations in Color, Ceilingsof Wood Chimney Pieces,Doors and Doorways, Staircases. it in Part All of the famous Sir Robert

THE OF COURSE THE TO END TIMES THE Architect. OF STRATTON, By ARTHUR trations Containing Upwards of loo Full-page Plates, Presenting Many IllusPrinted in Collotype, Including a Series of Measured ings, DrawIllustrations Numerous in the Text from and Photographs, OF

REVIEW TUDOR

John Webb,

Sketches, Drawings,
Charles There in
as

and

Engravings.

Large

quarto.

New

York:

Scribner's Sons.
is

keeping
many

with

of the the

beauty subject. Through its pages you enter homes of old England, and follow and development of English social manners
the minor of architecture times and the allied arts that
were

statelydignityin the size and

of this handsome in text

volume

the great as well and trations illuscustoms, in the in the

Inigo Jones, designersand architects are represented" Christopher Wren,'Sir J. Van Brugh, Gibbs, William Kent, and The Isaac Ware, comprehensiveness James Adam, and others. of the many illustrationsin the text, and the splendid full-page platesmake of incalculable value to every architect or the volume a complete reference in interior decoration. specialist The followingis a condensed contents, showing the great scope of the
book:

Section I. INTERIORS
the Interior.

OF

THE

TUDOR

AND

EARLY of

STUART

PERIODS." tion. Decora-

environment various In

developed

of Significance

The

Beginnings

English Interior
Exuberance II. LATER and

discussed. periods

Characteristics of the Early Tudor and Jacobean Rooms.

AND

Type.

of Elizabethan

the Englishman'shome indeed his castle, was and a great central hall, where dungeon-like towers features of the times. In family and servitors might dine in common, were of the hall was and the smoke found its way the centre the fire, out through the periodof the huge timber the roof. This was when the massive roofs,

early Tudor
walls

Early

Interior
"

Planning. Section
Renaissance

EARLY

GEORGIAN

INTERIORS. and

The

and massive

and

Wave
and
OF

STUART Transitional
and the tion EvoluOF THE

Decoration.

Inigo Jones
of the Period.

his

Influence. the

Craftsmen
of the LATER their Reaction

Eclipse of
Section

Wren, Stuart Type

Gibbons,
Gradual
THE

Georgian
"

Interior.

III. INTERIORS

TIME

GEORGES. Houses.
to

oak

beams

served

Various

structural

walls,moulded
In the

utilitarian and a decorative purpose. used as decoration, and tapestried were and great fireplaces marked the best Tudor ceilings, tures. strucboth
a

features

the

Characteristics of the Georgian Period: Its People and Decoration. Splendid Georgian Salons. English Rococo The pire EmDelicacy and Simplicityof the Brothers Adam. Decadence.
THEIR Pieces.
OF

Style and
OF

the Victorian DESIGN

AND

Section
"

IV. Wall

INTERIOR V.

days of Elizabeth began a architecture, no longer influenced by

became freer and
ornate.

TREATMENT. Doors
roo

THE CHIEF Decoration.

FEATURES

more

exuberant need for

manifestation,and
defensive structures,

Ceilings.
tion SecPROGRESS

the

Fireplacesand Chimney
SERIES
OF

and

Doorways.
ILLUSTRATING

Staircases.
THE

UPWARDS

PLATES of London

Walls were more beautifully panelled,chimneyand pieces elaborately carved, ceilingscovered with plaster ornament, filled with leaded patterns on colored glass. windows
in evidence. began to be much It was Inigo Jones who first started English architecture in new ways, brought the classic traditions and the spell of Italian art to bear upon both exterior and interior, and his great successor, Sir Christopher Wren, nobly carried on the good work thus begun. The Georgian Period Mr. Stratton calls "the most clearlydefined and homogeneous periodin our architecture"; a certainlyit was period of great richness and variety,of affectations of the classic, of the reign of the cultivated of social amateur a period of elegance,of building for the purpose occasions,of a sacrificeof the elements of home comfort to halls and salons in which to trained manners. display beautiful clothes and carefully What the principalfeatures of English interiors, considered were in
"

OF

ENGLISH The

INTERIOR
senate

DECORATION.

of the in he has

University
held the

title of For
some

Reader
years

Architecture

Under

the

Stuarts

foreigninfluences

have recently conferred the Mr. Stratton, F.S.A., F.R.I., B.A. in the School of Architecture post of Lecturer
upon

his new at University College,and appointment is tenable at the same college. Mr. work Stratton's other literary is well known. Some years ago he Later he published an interesting monograph on Sir Christopher Wren. work "Tudor Architecture in England," completed the monumental on commenced Garner, and he also edited the most recent by the late Thomas edition of Anderson's "Architecture of the Renaissance in Italy."

ELY

HOUSE.
DETAILS

DOVER
OF THE

STREET.
DINING

LONDON.
ROOM.

Great

Diiter, Northam

Sussex.

The

great

hall.

26S

266

ARCHITECTURE

-1-0

HOUSE,

WINTHROP

WITHINGTON,

JACKSON,

MICH.

Leonard

H. Field,Jr.,Architect.

Editorial and

Other

Comment

Working

Together for
we

Better

Conditions
an

that
to

has

been

for largely responsible industries identified

the

of instability

with

the

TO

preach an optimism
our

can't

is practise

affront

The and

trail of the for

readers,

least unite at sight,we may making the very best of bad have had plenty of time to realize that conWe ditions conditions. are quite beyond the solving of the individual, and in a tide of affairs that no that we ordinary resistance are will stem, and that we can only turn on our backs and float, to bring us safelyto land. waiting for a favorable current failures and recognize It is mighty hard to accept our of doing business, old standards the fact that the old ways that we old standards of morals, have gone, must of living, We do a lot adjust ourselves to something entirelynew. of that bear a strong accent lot of words of talking, use a in useless kicking, lot of vitality condemnation, use a up less placidresignation. and settle down to a more or let us just stand What is the use ! We are so helpless, and wait while the world goes on, while the profiteers grab the the congestion of population, due to the plums, and a a housing shortage,becomes dangerous national menace, for progress in everything that makes disintegrating power
in of and the We restoration
are

understanding candor predict good times in the old Spartan virtue

challenge of our open of actual conditions, but if

an

sincerityand
we

materials the
more

cannot

with

where

profiteer, too, leads home-building are diverted profits are greater and the return
immediate.

and disorganization housing problem. through all things,

into
on

channels

the investment

way and the many and back

Maybe we can only sit tightand wait, and in the meantime to find a practicable pull togetherin the determination of better equalizingthe distribution of both materials labor. of the professions None have felt the stress of times more keenly than the architects as a body, and of them have been compelled to turn their experience temporarily into other fields. There is no going energy
to

pre-war

for meeting the

architect
so

new

be a devised conditions, but there must way for the conditions, of making it possible

take homes other stand

obtain suppliesfor the hundreds of minor to ings buildgrievouslyneeded everywhere. The big things will of themselves, if permitted, but the building of care for people of modest is more vital than means any form of present-day building, and the architects must as one demanding that the problem receive first consideration.
,

New

York's

Housing

Problem

of normal
at

conditions.
of trouble in the ing buildof

told that
is

the bottom lack of

trades

primarily the

shortage of
of
us

cars,

of all kinds

adequate transportation, and yet some rolling-stock,

help wondering why it is that we pass so many loaded on sidingseverywhere and see so many ones waiting days to be discharged. The other day we saw the hundred several representing railroads all over cars, lost and if they were wondered not country, empty, and we to friendlyrailroad man forgotten,and waiting for some home. them wake loaded on a journey toward up and start roads railNo doubt the giganticproblem of resystematizing our will take a lot of time (years,we hope not), and we be as patient as our must trainingwill permit. But there
can't
cars

empty

York housing problem in New probably is typical of conditions that some of the proposed generally, so in that city should be of interest and value relief measures everywhere. That this problem'is beyond solution by any of men has become obvious, and that a broader single group view than is possible under ordinary business conditions will be necessary There can than
on

THE

be

is also very evident. effective arguments no and

or

other

business results,of strictly

demands
costs.

course.

plans based on Capital

commensurate

in these with

days

receives

reward has

increased

Senator

Calder

made

the

ing followof and

proposals:
from

does

seem

to

be

lot of

waste

and now us freight-cars use on they are not loaded and put to some journey. Surely there are plenty of things to coming and going. We the
are

of empty

motion, and then, makes

to

pass a wonder their be

train

"(1) The $40,000 "(2) The

exemption
to

of

mortgages
the

up

to

the

sum

$50,000 from
tax;

of provisions

the State

why
return

federal income

carried,
doubt

inclined

to

believe

that

the war,

while

no

leading factor in bringing real condijtionsto a climax, of unpreparedness, and making manifest a general condition is by no means for all our ills. We have grown to be blamed taught tremendously in the past twenty years, and the war little we had appreciated the us, as nothing else could, how growth of our population and the wide-spreading influence
on our

exemption from all federal and State income for a period of ten years of all profits of builders while tax engaged in actual construction, providing these profitsare invested in the construction of new dwellings; of "(3) The exemption from the federal income tax all new on dwellings,regardlessof the amount; mortgages
and, "(4) The
code and of the

creation of

commission

to

modify

the building

City

of New

York, removing the restrictions

of construction of cheap houses." to inquiry into prices

social and

lated and

un-Americanized

of unassimiindustrial life of great masses aliens. It has been this element

difficultiesin the way

Senator Calder also

suggested an

267

268

ARCHITECTURE
or

determine whether
are

not

material building

manufacturers

monumental
"

group

of

in buildings

memory
"

of the

men

and

combininginto groups to raise prices. is attributable to many The lack of building causes, of materials, and the to a shortage transportation, chiefly of labor. highprice Measures to remedy the situation by tax exemption, editorialin the New York EveningPost,will to an according "greatly puzzlethose at both ends of the range of opinions: troubles to the cussedness of those who attribute all housing
house the
owners,
on

women

and civilians who soldiers, sailors,

mocracy died that De-

to commemomight live. This group of buildings rate of Democracy will be a nurturing victory placefor all the highest ideals of a free people. It will be a home of the Fine Arts music, and architecture. painting, poetry, sculpture, It will be a fitting temple for those ideals for which we waged the war !

the

"

The Arts and and 6

and faculty their

students of the California School of Fine will find in this memorial

a

the

single tax, at improved property why some

Those will rage from The
tax at

extreme, and those who advocate will fail to see the other. Single-taxers
one

successors

home

be provided with

facilities for study. Will

they be
awarded

should

pay

and

other

be

empted. ex-

worthy
out

who

have

it in for

tenement

owners

in general houses

of it ? This year your student body was of 10 of all the honors available to art students Next
out

out throughout

the idea of

exempting any
to

of them.
new

"Actually the drawbacks

extend and
on new

exempting

The

the country. year after 8 In the War

year you

ought to get
true

of 10.

of

10, and thereafter 10

home Art Association

out

of
art.

10, for
its

Sun

A writer in further than at first appears. New York Herald calculates that the tax exemption
tenements

the California is really and truly the Memorial,

of real

will have

the school its ateliers. Students from all the world galleries, If all the housingrequired shall be built, and shall obtain in time, seek this school for instruction rather than will will, well come such great figure. our students go forth for enlightenment.That is, if nature, to some tax immunity, it may But the State and local governments will need a corresponding temperament, and determination are no less strong with us habited than were in order to take care of the added property and inthese characteristics with the Egyptians, sum Greeks, of present-day ization, and other predecessors idealsof civilarea. Italians, shall the ? From where, then, come Perhaps order,and art. money As far as the students, and the faculty, some geniuscould devise a new form of taxation to provide too, for that it will come it. More from an increase in the rates be remembered that success likely matter, are concerned,it must But to of the present realty the obvious proceeding. in any vocation means tax patient, unendingplodding. There is
amount to some

will

$40,000,000.

"

"

exempt other property, to to to exempt his neighbor, tax old buildings already heavilyburdened with up-keepin order to exempt new of unfairness. It ones, would savor would at the same of the added time raise, by the amount tax, the cost of the least desirable living quarters, which by the rule of marginal for the rest." sets the price utility
tax tax
some

property in order
owner

to

no

short cut
but

to success.

cubist Impressionist,

fads

are

taining, enter-

one

tenement

in order

usuallyare uninstructive and detrimental to healthy artistic development. The students must study the methods of the old masters, not to copy them,but to seek

inspiration.
Leonardo, Rubens, Rembrandt, Raphael, Michelangelo,

Velasquezall the
"

masters

"

were

artisans

as

well

as

artists.

BuildingCosts

NO

doubt there are many who clients, clients, or possible look upon the architect's estimates of probable ing buildwith more him with the less suspicion, costs or classing

completein the last detail. of the "Winged Can you match the incomparable finish of Phidias, of Samothrace," or the immortal sculptures Victory
Their work
was

with the works

of Rodin !

I say no,

thousand

times

no

of profiteers. It is hard to convince a would-be the home-builder that the architect, like himself, is simply victim of conditions. The increase in the percentage of cost of building terials marun general

The

Lumberman's

Attitude

Toward

Forest

Policy
lumbermen PUBLIC-SPIRITED that forest policy. They recognize
are

not

opposed
national

to

from labor is the

costs
answer.

140 per cent in 1920,with varyingin their increase from 60 to 300 per cent, 3 per
cent

in 1915

to

both

and

A War

Memorial

for California the Fine Arts

to

be

Home

of

ican industrial welfare demand earlydevelopment of an Amerwhich shall substitute for indifference forest policy and concerted and accident an equitable, practical, intelligent, of the forests: for the perpetuation programme The lumbermen believe be largely, That growing future timber crops must
"

From

an

address by Willis Polk

to

the Facultyand Students of the Arts

School of Fine California

State That

though by no means function;

government

wholly,a government

and

have heard the old story of the bullywho disputed ALL the sidewalk in Jamestown with George Washington.
The said: "I never bully get out of the way of a blackguard." George Washington, with his best smile and in his most amiable manner, with a graaside, politely stepping replied cious of the hand : "I alwaysdo." wave It was said that we were but we did ! too proud to fight, We entered the
war

and States should be permittedto suitable any deforested land classified as for forest-growing, and pay for it at prices chiefly in voluntary transactions. comparableto those paid condemn and land classification studies should be undertaken

That That That

States, and by industry, jointly

the Forest Service should be the

government.

leader of recognized

to

make

the world free for Democracy.

forestry thoughtand public

lines. effort along general

Up to date it appears that the war has onlymade part of the world free for Bolshevism. the war But have no fear, has made several million Americans sit up and take notice. There will be no Soviet Bolshevism, autocratic rule, in this no
of Democracy will country, the spirit earth
"

the determination of wise conservation requires tion and of utilizaof waste better methods prevention have. of the forests we already
than much successful forest policymeans more a in and security It means confidence tree-growing. and commercial phase,to industry and every legal alike. public
.,

That

not

perishfrom

the

the American American

The

Legion will attend to that. Legionis goingto build in San

Francisco

SEPTEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXX.

THE

GARDENS.

PLOT GARDEN

PLAN. APARTMENT BUILDINGS FOR

THE

Andrew

J. Thomas, Architect.
NEW YORK.

QUEENSBORO

CORP.,

JACKSON

HEIGHTS,

QUEENS,

SEPTEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXI.

FRONT

ELEVATION.

-TYPICAL

FLOOR

-PLAN

-ANDREW

-J-THOMAA

-A.RCHITECTNt|3T'EA5r4St* STREETKYC-

CENTRAL GARDEN

UNIT. APARTMENT BUILDINGS

FOR THE

Andrew

J. Thomas, Architect.
NEW

QUEENSBORO

CORP., JACKSON

HEIGHTS,

QUEENS,

YORK.

X X
u

H
U w

H
KH

K
U

75

SEPTEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXIV.

LIVING-ROOM.

Sterner " Wolfe, Architects.

HOUSE,

C. C.

MERRITT,

LARCHMONT,

N.

Y.

SEPTEMBER, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXV.

DINING-ROOM.

Sterner " Wolfe, Architects.

HOUSE,

C. C. MERRITT,

LARCHMONT,

N. Y.

"

X X

8
a H "J

""

iZJ

i=

^"r

3:

u-j

o2
"_]

ol

"=*

o2

r:
^

"c" ". uj hO

"" e* "

"^

lul
^

02
o

S
5

"
O

y_J
^\
"

,u

ex.

"M

S
O3

uj

"""

^*

a! Id n u

"
-

en

SEPTEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXXXVIII.

LIVING-ROOM

WING.

SERVICE

AND

GARDEN

ENTRANCES.

Andrew ANDREW

J. Thomas, Architect.

HOUSE,

J. THOMAS,

SCARSDALE,

N. Y.

X X X u
u

w "*

B
U

s
Pi

1
p

H
U

i" i HH

"
"

SEPTEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXLIII.

5E.CTION-AT-aNTEB.LINC.
'

"

f INCH-JCALL-DLTAlL-or-CENTEE-PAVILlON FRONT-LLLVATI ON"

out. rare STOUT APAHTMHTHOUSLTO RICH

bt utcno MOUNT

AT

SOUTHEAST NLW

CORN YORK,

AVtMUt

AND PROSPLH

AVUUL.

VtUHON

FRIO f rOtNCH-COMPANf. ABCHITICTS

"2^-MA01SON AVEHUt. NtW fORK. N" Clttv

COW.

Nfl

151

SMtll

XjSl

SEPTEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXLIV.

ROOM

A-

AMP

"

I BATI

"

-4

DotlMi

"

AND

"

15*

"

APATtTMtHT
R'

HtfOAt.
"

DJCH

AND

PfcOSltCT- AvtHUtiNYD F FtttHCHCOMPANY-

"MouHT-VClLNOM

Mount

Vernon's

First Large

Apartment-House

THE

Fred

F. French the

structed Company drew the plansand conthirty-two-family apartment-house of

entrances
or

and

three separate

each serving two publicstairs,

are

colonial designsituated

at

the southeast

corner

ProspectAvenues
section.

in the heart of Mount of New York

was

of Rich and dential Vernon's best resiis controlled Mount

three apartments to a floor. The entrances from the curb a'bout 75 feet,in addition to around entirely Avenue and the 130.6 feet Rich 84 feet on

set

back

which

ample

grounds extend
on on a

Macombs-Nelson, Inc.,which
and

which is built building, ProspectAvenue 2-room

by
the

Charles
owner.

L. Adams The

Vernon, is

which operation financed by the Mount partially

completedlast fall was Trust Vernon Company, the owners and permanent who made a conservative building of this magnitude loan. This is the first apartment building
to

The

plot175 feet x 112 feet. typicalfloor comprises two

apartments,

three 4-room the entire

apartments, two 5's and one 6. In the larger suites a large living-room runningthrough

wing,with

windows

at

both

cross ends, insuring

be erected

in Mount

Vernon.

There

are

three distinctive

has been featured. ventilation,

N ?"!-. ;EjrreANCt-VC5TlBULL-AT-5TAlES
"

OHMOUB-SIOtf-APACTllMTHCHUtTO-M-tBtCTOAT-SOUTHtAJT-COBNC.Ror-61CH-AVLNUC.-ANDVtUNONiNCW-XOfcK -.MOUNT-

"lUVATION

or BULKHEAD

OVtMTAIW

N"

"HALT- PLAN-

HALT-RtFLtCTtD-PLAM-

f rftiMcx COMPANY raw .ARCHITECTS 214-MAUSOM-HVLHiJl HVH TOWCITYH" C0"" 1^2 5MLLT N0jg"

269

The

Construction
By
Instructor in

of the Small
Walsh

House

PI. Fandervoort

Columbia Architecture,

School of Architecture University

ARTICLE THE PRESENT-DAY

ECONOMIC

TROUBLES

THE

PROBLEM

of the small house is one of the most designing A of all problems in architecture to the fascinating for economic elusive, young man, and yet it is one of the most forces seem in keeping the first-class to be very persistent architects from this field. Although in the next five years it will be necessary to construct about 3,300,000new homes, of housingto a pre-war expect to reduce the congestion basis, to be about to face a famine of yet the country seems if we houses in filling this building well-designed programme. The general conditions in the profession show that only the very wealthy clients carry out their schemes,while the of people with moderate vast majority means are turning for securing to other channels their homes. Mr. Average Citizen finds that the home he has been saving his money to build has flown from his hand, like a bird. The sketches and plans he had prepared for a nice little $10,000 home,
now

that it is carefully plannedand requires good materials but Mr. Average Citizen cannot this construction; see because he cannot difference, understand the poor quality of materials and construction in the speculative house, nor has he been educated the artistic difference. to appreciate who bids on the plansof an architect Moreover,the contractor in these days of chaotic prices, playswell on the safe
reason

and

side. and

He estimates as near he can as then adds a large per cent to cover increase in wages, materials, costs, and the
same

to

the actual

costs

the risk of

possible

delays.

If he built

house for speculation, after it had been completed he would know the exact cost, and be safe in setting his selling which in most could be lower than an estimate price cases the same house in plan form, since the element of risk on
has been To the removed. show
to

what

this danger of exaggerations well-known architect

risk

ries car-

a estimates,

in New

York

represent

an

investment
upon and
a

of

$20,000
finds he

or

more.

Once of the

having calculated
value of the house about

loan building
now

of 60%
can secure

he lot,
to

only
from

City had bids taken for a small,four-room and bath, frame, for a largeestate gate-house on Long Island. This house was lowest estimate only 19' x 28',and was very plain. The
was

40%, if he

can

manage

draw

the great speculative schemes which attractive so if he expects to build during the last few years. In fact, he must at all, be reconciled to a small six or seven room
house which will
cost

any money have been

$11,000 which
reason

is about

away

$1 per cubic foot.

cost
were was

Now

the chief

for this excessive this architect

that the
exact

of specifications

but the wages

the
cost contractors
was

which

the
were

contractor

had

to

plansand and binding, figure on, and

him he

$10,000

or

more,

or

as

much

of material knew
cause,

as

the largehouse which

On
a

account

of the

servant

had planned originally build. to this may not be so bad shortage

the

proposition. He bringshis trouble to the architect in this manner: "But I can buy a house and lot at 'Heavenly Rest Real Estate Park' for that price, and on the instalment plan, too. I don't see why the cost of a house built from your plans
should be
that is, A much so greater than the facts which he states this."
are

the other
too
own

rising.Some will say that the that the owner and that this was wealthy, but if this was theless partlythe motive, neverthe prime motive, for there have been was
cases.

many

similar

Each

contractor

was

afraid of his

And

the

worst

of it

true.
more pensive, ex-

and therefore played well on the safe side, estimate, yet, if they had built this small cottage themselves, they could have found its exact cost, and sold it cheaperthan the bids which they turned in to the architect. In fact,cheap stock plansdrawn by incompetentarchitects which have a minimum

built from an architect'splans is dwelling to-day,than the speculative house, for

number

of lines

on

them, and

which

are

panied accom-

the

very

will bring in lower bids,because specifications of the fact that they are not bindingand the builder is permittedto "get away with things." Carefully drawn if low not plans and accurate are desirable, specifications bids are wanted, provided the owner what does not care

by

brief

jgt-4- Jf-4-5O

,Mff

Ti a o

"-oo/^%!j^j^^^^

kind of
the

I
ft

Many
cost

house he gets. architects have

but
to

tried conscientiously problem by inventingcheaper methods

littleavail. The estimates
come

to

solve
struction, con-

of

"Hotter*

rs

"""*

1914

1
i

in

justas

high,because the average small contractor since there is too great new innovations,
and small
over

an

is afraid of any element of risk,

he is very
new

conservative.

developed a
the

system

of

architects One of our leading for the construction partition and labor saved about he first introduced As he
was

house which

in materials

iWi'no
.

Con ;crnjchon.

,4.To rrrrr.^atT'lgfe=5Z

wv{

IIVIM

ordinarytype, but when estimates were justas high as ever. tried out, seeingthese partitions
contractor
same

50% the it,

interested in
to

he endeavored
new

get the

to

build them
was

as highprice

way, and received the usual chargedfor the older and more in this
was

type.
to

In fact the architect

.some

showing the
was so

contractor

how

make

money,

but

he

conservative that he

270

272

ARCHITECTURE

FIRST

rtOOK

PiM " it. IMAN

/S-/7"JSr
Me*

JCAIC *"'" t'O-

6U/LP/NG
-fftaJT. rcfx
cirr

CROSS

i CROSS

ELLIMAN

BUILDING,

15 EAST

49ra

ST., NEW

YORK.

ARCHITECTURE

273

MR.

ELLIMAN'S

PRIVATE

OFFICE.

RECEPTION-ROOM.
ELLIMAN

Cross "

Arch!terts. CrosSi

BUILDING,

15 EAST

49"

STREET,

NEW

YORK

CITY.

The

Functions
By
Director

of
M.

Lighting Fixtures
Luckiesh
Research

of

Nela AppliedScience,

Laboratory

IN the
chain

broader the

view
a

of

is conthe lighting-fixture sidered lighting

to
an

It is difficult to

devise

terms

which

scribe desatisfactorily the various classes utilize terminology

ciated assoterminology

as chiefly

means

end.

It is

link in the of in

the

effects produced by lighting

an

but being effect, lighting visible it should be a satisfactory objectfrom an artistic has been a superficial pointof view. The usual view of lighting from
meter to

the final

but fixtures,
use

attempt will be made

to

its shortcomings.In despite with

the

science it is

one,

because

fixtures have been considered too much that progtrue strikingly ress of art and too littleattention has is continually ing revealobjects been given to the results which and misconceperrors they are tions if they are designed of the past. For able to produce in a room The effect in mind. with lighting instance,many clingto the terms and chiefcriticismwhich may be directed toward electricity aimless is that they are magnetism as though lighting-fixtures from a lighting unrelated, as view-point.The designof they were and artistic fixtures has been left to the artist, supposed years ago. or Likewise,when the great supposedlyartistic fixtures have of the designer. been the product divisions of physical However,
as

here is and

art.

field for the correlation of science The fixture should be designed

science
none

were

first

made,
men

of the learned that

for obtainingcertain results, scientifically then the artist should be commissioned to artisticexterior. clothe it in a satisfactory However, in this discussion attention will be

of any

time

suspected
between

relation

givenonly to
of fixtures in
FIG.
I.

of an analysis lighting. there

are

the

functions

Of course, in

many

fixtures used

always continue

for their or predominantly lighting purely will This practice beauty as ornaments. be excelled as decorative because they cannot

objects.

electricity. FlG 6 Hence, light has long distinct as a prevailed division despite the fact that light is now considered to be It is well to reflect that all the electromagnetic energy. artificial and that they have been created for fences are which may not appealto practical purposes and for reasons the more and capablejudgment of later years. In mature it is difficult to find any traces some cases to-dayof barriers
in earlier ages seemed natural and inevitable. Even formidable science of chemistry is fundamentally a into physics. If that is, it merges finally science of physics, it will be remembered that artificial divisions merge .into each other,there will be no difficulty with the terminology. that the A similar condition exists
at

lightand

the present time

in

the

Direct lighting-systems. terminologyused in classifying OPAQUE is fundamentally that producedby a fixture which lighting FIG. portant directs most of the light downward generally upon the imin simple form in Fig. 1. and is exemplified area There are many trated and illusthousand fixtures on display portant Indirect lighting is that in which the light reaches the imin catalogues. One may dealer's store and enter a is usually directed that is,the light area indirectly, the ceiling to and upper walls to be reflected to the places where it is utilized. It commonly consists of an opaque bowl containing the lamps, silvered reflectors surrounding of these in Fig. is a combination 2. Semi-indirect lighting as of a diffusing by means two, and is usuallyaccomplished bowl open at the top. Examples of semi-indirect units glass of in Figs. shown are 3, 4, and 5, althoughthe proximity the bowl to the ceiling in Fig. 5 makes it approacha "directFIG. 5. fixture. Fig. 4 represents a transition between lighting" reaches such lighting-units 3 and 5. From some light Figs. of from hundreds the importantarea, such as the reading-table, see directly FIG. 4. them massed the bowl, and some of the light on escapes from the top to the the floor, and walls, to be reflected. ceiling FIG. 3. but from the standpoint ceiling, of ing be "directCertain fixtures might be considered to lighteffect this vast number dwindles to inverted bowl with a indirect." For example,an opaque bare dozen a those that are purelynovelties. types, excluding hole in the bottom, such as illustrated in Fig.6, emits an The primary function of fixtures is to distribute light and, upward component which reaches the placeof utilization of differentdesign two no although but of the same and a direct component general indirectly, ture escapes from the aperclass would distribute light in exactly the same their in the bottom of the bowl. fixtures are provided Some manner, effects are similar. generallighting that inverted with pendant shades surrounding bowl, as an
2.

274

ARCHITECTURE
illustrated in indirect

275 the appearance of a semi-indirect is illustratedin bowl, but in effect is an indirect fixture, Fig.9. The opaque bowl of an indirect fixture has been replacedby one of diffusing glassor of other translucent
A and material,
a

Fig. 7.

These

are

direct-indirect units.

In

fixture which

has

the primary light-sources are completely lighting from secondary in effect comes and the light concealed, lightsuch as the illuminated ceiling. Furthermore, in sources fixtures in the ordinary so-called "concealed" no lighting are sense used, the lamps being concealed behind a cornice or moulding. This has been termed "cove" lighting. This into direct,semi-indirect and direct inclassification has grown to be quiteinadequate, owing to lighting
art

small
to

lamp ing-unit lightthe

has been added

this bowl.
arose

illuminate
meet

This type of
to

sometimes raised to objection the effect that we expect to the bowl of the fixture luminous and are pointed disapif it is not. In fact,
see

the

tremendous

science and these

terms

of the complexity progress and increasing While it is convenient of lighting. to use of better ones, it is well
to

in the absence
are

reflect
FIG. 8.

that these divisions it would view-point of the upward and

quite artificial. From a scientific be better to classify all fixtures in terms downward components which they emit;
this method involve would
or

however, for the present purpose

because it would
which As could
not

numbers

this is one of many examples demonstrate the influence of habit an'd In this case it is interesting be unthat the objection satisfactory, to note usage. values to the dark bowl of an indirectfixturegenerally off in wears in which lighting time. Luminous and

be visualized except by the expert. to define accurately shown, it is impossible already

bowls can be very beautiful desirable fixtures, but they do

the chief objection cussion not meet to totally a further disor indirect lighting should help the reader to visualize in the predominantly difficulty indirect A home. Some bare amid dark surroundings is desirable, the functions of fixtures. light lamp but direct lightfrom proper fixturesis its beam into space are and a search-light projecting but a bare lamp in a to the best effects in general indispensable extreme examples of direct lighting, in the home. is also classified as direct lightwith light ing. room surroundings In indirect lighting-systems in which the lamp in a diffusing glass spherereduces Enclosing still in an of the lighting^unit the brightness Fie. 9. or lamps are concealed in a cove very much, but we If these units are multiplied is the secondary have a system of direct lighting. opaque bowl, the ceiling If we in the same that there are a dozen or a hundred to light-source. imaginesuch an illuminated ceiling so let us take an inverted contract Now and to increase in brightness until it becomes very stillhave direct lighting. room we small and witness in the mind's eye an we bowl, which would be the basis of a semi-indirect glass very bright, sand-blasted on one side, If we to direct lighting. nearly evolution from indirect lighting system. If it is of clear glass, follow this evolution,classifying downward it the while,at what much will be emitted generally as as light ward, upwill of thin marble very little light but if it is made point does one system end and the other begin? Wallbrackets are be emitted downward commonly considered as direct-lighting by the bowl. However, both these units, but if they are uprightthey usually termed omit an upward comand all the intermediate conditions are extremes ponent because the upper part of the shade is "semi-indirect lighting." This open. fixtures would providedirect and indirect light.In fact, Another example which may aid in appraising nearlyall bowl is suspendeda few fixtures desirable in the home omit upward and downward is illustrated in Fig.8. A diffusing of the light inches below a circular white surface. Some components, and it is safer to visualize their distribution from the of light in terms of these two components of varying directly escapes tions. proporof the rein which bowl, and most However, it is necessary to have terminology mainder which isemitted upto discuss or to classify that the foregoing so lighting-systems, ward from the source will serve the purpose if they are understood to the to be white surface is reflected terms. general of these terms, the final appraisal Thus downward. of lightinggenerally Regardless it is seen that the fixture involves systems must of such factors as diffusion, be in terms tint, the principles of sothe brightness and distribution of light; of the shades and called semi-indirect and indirect of the backgrounds;the relative amounts of scattered and direct light; the character of the shadows; the distribution lighting.However, the bowl, which in semithe importantareas of light of the room; the suitability upon indirect lighting is usually of the intensity for readingor for other purposes; and the general mood of the room. No system is a catholicon. suspended at a considerable is in There is a place in residences for all that is good in lighting. distance from the ceiling, this case hung close to the circular The aesthetic problemsor desires of taste are so varied that for their satisfaction a variety of fixtures must be available. surface, which may be but and indirect lighting, semi-indirect, direct, of this

considered
contracted

to

be

very much

However, there is a need for fixtures with

in

more

definite aims

result, as
appearance by other

The final ceiling. determined by the

of shadows
means,

and

quite FIG. 7. similar to that of direct light- which is to be illuminated and to know the functions of fixtures. from a large ing lighting-unit. the home this fixture In be fastened on the ceiling can is sometimes the first conor it Purely utilitarian lighting sideration, be suspended from it. In large interiors it has the but it is at least a by-product in all cases where may close to the artistic effects dominate. a clean white should control advantage|of bringing "ceiling" Lighting-fixtures is compatible with the desired effect, as light-source. as light efficiently
.

is

meeting the demands occasioned by a broader knowledge of the possibilities of lighting. Light is a wonderful tool, of most importantand useful beyond the conception sons. perTo use it is necessary to study that it successfully

276

ARCHITECTURE
and

involves satisfactoriness.Beauty utility are not obvious from the construction of the fixtures the but efficiency should demand that they be demonstrated in the home. under purchaser they cannot be considered separately overlap; conditions which are favorable to the formation of a judgUsefulness is a part of beauty and therefore a lighting-fixture ment fulfilits intended them. In general, fixture which contains a be beautiful if it does not concerning cannot each providing effect distinctly of the grace of itslines or of its expressivetwo or more circuits, a ness lighting purpose regardless different from the others, is a more factor of art. potential as a work Beauty is the result of harmony the in lighting than aimless fixtures which produce only one when a lighting-fixture accord of all the elements; therefore,
"

If it is a shower a fixture. appraise deep enough,and of such shape that the lamps are concealed. Even fixture of those to a satisfactory this sort, if hung too high, for example, them to see the usefulness of the rose, let us state that over a dining-table, becomes undesirable. Owing to the variation in the heights of beauty is recognized the utility by those who live. this factor becomes distribute lightsymmetrically of ceilings Most important. Many beautiful lighting-fixtures brackets are equipped with frosted lamps, but these cease confined to such is the control of light by no means although in daily In fact, to be beautiful when use are distributions. In fact, lighting-units lighted. they are usually many very which provideasymmetricaldistributions. For example, glaring.This is an excellent example of lack of foresight and slavishness to "art" on the part of the designer. The reflector is placedat the upper front of the show-window if the window, and althoughit hangs in a pendant position fixtures are too often visualized by him only as objects; he visualized them lighted Such units are he would not be guilty of their and backward. it directs light downward been without shades. the candelabra In a similar manner and have even in use for illuminating on walls, design pictures is directed prewith its cluster of unshaded frosted lamps evolved. for wall-brackets so that the light In gendesigned dominantly eral, halfsuch lamps are usually have can glaring and, therefore, away from the wall. On the other hand, If such brackets and portables in the home. shades are in use on to illuminate no placein an artistic lighting-scheme to or or providean indirect lighting fixtures are hung high in largeexteriors with light ceilings pictures ornaments, them with shades they may not be glaring.By equipping by reflectionfrom the walls. The reflectors used behind the annoying condition is replaced cornices in imitation of flower-boxes on the wall should be by a charming restful is directed away of the asymmetrical effect. In general, there is no place in the home for unshaded type, so that the light conditions in from the wall and upward instead of being confined to a under some lamps. They are satisfactory but rooms of the adjacent wall. For the concealed interiors when glittering is desired, large splendor spot on a portion in ordinary homes units of this type the silvered and metal reflectors are usually small to afford escape from the are too but where they are not concealed the so-called of unshaded lamps. satisfactory, glare utilitarian purposes. The If the appraisal of fixtures progresses in this manner, reflectors satisfy prismatic glass for example, in the kitchen, if light in the choice of fixtures. A latter are useful, is to gross mistakes will not occur be directed predominantly of common toward the cooking combined with focussing use sense judicious range or workis essentialto

is intended to fulfilthe double purpose of an object of art the fulfilment of the latter aim and of a distributorof light,

effect. It is not difficultto be the shades should

harmony and hence to beauty. And, finally, which do not peraccursed by miserly dispositions mit

table. It would

be tedious

to

read the detailed uses

for such

the attention upon

the

manner

in which

fixtures distribute

of satisfactory results. But it should will be productive light be remembered that lighting effects do not depend so'ely the needs. concealed in architectural may be utilizedwhen they best serve upon so-called fixtures. Lamps are easily In this general view of the functions of fixtures a discussion construction often and other ornaments and special of details would lead far afield. There are numberIn general, less results which are novel and interesting. yields how many fixtures and it is surprising effects are of primary importance, and, excepting then, lighting designs available, in appearance will produce approximately in those cases where fixtures are purely ornamental, widelydiffering the same effects. On the other hand, fixtures apof fixtures is a secondarythough important lighting pearing the appearance the latter to quitesimilar may produce very different lighting consideration. It is always possible satisfy effects. Herein lies one of the potential the desires as to lighting features of lighting, requirementwithout sacrificing for a desired lighting effect is not limited by the appearance effects. In fact,the uninitiated are likely to be surprised of the fixture. In choosing fixtures the lighting effects which of lighting be obtained effects which can at the similarity from fixtures apparently and if these effects theyproduceare of primaryimportance, differing widelyin construction.

It units, so they will be passedby with this brief mention. that they is sufficient to know that such are available, so

The
idea get THE materials inexpensive
was

C. C. Merritt House
simple,
windows

base and only a a stool. A very small, plain The wide-board floors throughdoor-casings. out There was of stone the premises, a on large quantity way. the first floor are white pine of variable widths. expensive Inand it was laid up justas a foundation wall would be from is used. Plain T hingesand ordinary hardware start to finish. All of the joints slushed and pointed were up littleornament there is, thumb latches throughout. What and on completion roughly, given a coat of whitewash of such as the doorways, and stairs, concentrated was mantels, half of white Atlas and limoid with a of
to
an

architectural effect with in put together

an

except
the

inexpensive mould

at

parts

percentage
that the

waterproofing compound
You The will
note

in it.
are no

on

and

well done.

The
"

service part of the house

more

"

kitchen,

that there and

sillsand
stone

side out-

and pantry laundry, I used steel

were

cause beextravagantly treated,

steps,etc., are

of brick and blue

flagging.

cork tile floors, and considerable dressers,

electrical equipment. the others tile. fortunately, Unthe variations in colors and the cement All the plastering beds throughoutis in the brown these are laid in do not show in the photographs.There is justtrowelled up a littlesmoother than usual,but of trim used throughout a minimum the house to the the trowel marks. none flat roof is tar and gravel,
"

finish,

showing

ARCHITECTURE

277

278

ARCHITECTURE

Concrete
By
on

Construction
Clinton

DeWitt

Pond,
The

M.A.

reinforced-concrete design, the previous articles IN but their practical tion applicainvestigated principles
were ming only vaguely hinted at. For the purpose of sumactual problem in the foregoinginformation an up all and their applications designwill be taken, and all the principles was

thoroughly discussed. ing, the No. 395 Hudson Street Buildbeen used in order to enable known of constructhe actual work tion as building, the floors and columns to is, at the time of this writing,being erected in lower as proceed almost as soon This have been designed. Manhattan. inforced-concrete buildingis to be one of the largestrein the Borough of Manhattan, structures Owing to the very largesize of this buildingit will be of the largestbuilt for commercial the design of all the slabs,beams, and impossibleto undertake perhaps one poses purentire city in the country. In plan it will cover an girders, bands, columns, and footings. Only a section of will be 339 feet 9,%" inches. the floor plan will be discussed, and this will include nine block, and its longestdimension tion Its width will be approximately 200 feet. of plan which is located at the intersecbays at the corner " Gmelin the Voorhees The firm of McKenzie, of Clarkson In these nine bays Streets. and Hudson are the conof the different types of construction architects and the Turner Construction Company sign used in the detractors most author edge for this structure. The of the buildingwill be found. wishes to acknowlthe help which he has received from the architects the architectural plan of the first floor Fig. I shows for this portion of the structure. that the and engineers. It will be seen The One buildingwill be used for several purposes. portion,which will be five stories high, will be used for a all the other the first floor and for a shop on on garage other portion, which will be nine stories high, floors. The with a large two-story penthouse above, will be used as a warehouse the first, sixth, second, third, fourth,fifth, on
will be A and and

employed by the engineers in attacking umn design has been to first determine the colThen loads and develop a tentative column schedule. these loads have been the the footings, to brought down floors have and footingsdesigned, and then the columns been method has This designed from the basement up.
the

method

problem

of

part of the seventh

the

floors. will be
an

The used

other for
a

part of the seventh

eighth floors
as

shop.
the
as a

The

ninth

floor will be utilized the

office
over

floor,and
to
use a

first floor of

penthouse

will be

given

dining-room,
for the there
reational rec-

kitchen, conference
women

room,

and

also
it which

rest-room

employees. The
a

penthouse
is

will be

but large,

will be

fair roof purposes.

area

around It

will be used

for

probablethat

handball

courts

will be

floor of the The second installed, or bowling-alleys. house, penthouse will be used for tanks for the sprinkler, will have total and tanks stand-pipe systems. These a this floor there On capacity of 72,000 gallons of water. will also be elevator machinery, fans,a refrigerating-plant, and other mechanical equipment. Owing to the several uses that the different floors will

have, there
types
of flat slab

will be

variations Most

in of

live loads the

to

as

well

as

in be
a

construction.

construction the fact that

will
over

construction, but
on

owing

FIGURE.

portionof
the

the first floor there this

will be stored

electric

conduit,
as

live load

portion of floor will be foot, and

support
it. beam As and
to

considered

1,000 pounds per square

will be used be used

struction girder con-

nine

the ninth

floor will is

eliminated

for office purposes, it is desirable that columns be much of the columns and so, many as as possible, of the eighth floor,and forty-foot stop at the ceiling
are

bays, or floor panels,measure those along the north side of 20 feet 11 inches by 20 feet.
Above the this
are

court. a wagon will be carried on

feet by 20 feet, cept exwhich building, sure meaIn the centre panel there four crane beams, which 20 the Between will be off will hoists

second-floor construction.

spans

encountered

in the tenth

floor and
to
use

roof

tion. construc-

each

Here construction.
a

again

it is necessary In order to conceal used

over

beam

and

girder
beams

pair of crane suspended. These

trucks be and

beams hoists

motor-operated
will be used
to

lift bodies

these

girdersand

is hung ceiling It will be involved

the ninth

floor. the

unloaded.

seen

that

in the

a study of design of such

very second

complete resume
series of articles

lems engineeringprobbuildingwill furnish of all the information given in the of "Engineering for Architects."
a

toward

platform.
are

court pitches wagon the loading the back, and a gutter is located under first floor In general the loading platformand

into the them carry The floor level of

where building, the

they

3 feet and will

mean

6 inches that

above

the

level of the and

wagon

court.
at

This

certain beams

girderswill be

280

ARCHITECTURE
different structural This

281 The and

west.

levels,as
structural

noted

G5-below

and

S40-top, in the
and and

beams The
one

run

north

and

south the

plan,Fig.II. plan shows the spacingof beams by the letter S, beams girders.Slabs are designated

beams beam

divide in the

there is
are

centre

by

beams

spacedfarther apart, but

girders panel into four parts, of the panel. Usually the live load is so heavy
and
east

the

on

that it is better to space in the present case in order to avoid thick slabs and centres

them

closer

The
span shown

spacing shown
and

on

the

structural

deep beams. plans gives a

of 3 feet 10 inches for the in

slab,17 feet 3 inches for the

structural plan 20 feet for the girders.The structing Fig.II is the actual one used in the work of conthe regular the building, and it is obviously not the when of procedure the plan before one method to have It is something like having actual designis worked out. the answer given to the problem before the problem is stated. However, the author will endeavor to approachthe

beams,

To/a/

m.
337
JJ8 O 41

ffo

Hear

J/ah
itref

Cat.

"Spac/rtq
Bar
Car per
f"e.r

Red:,

joaac/
pane/

70

"

7*

c.

/-

546
347

|10a"/"
H

-5'

o.c.

Bar

/per

/.we./

FIGURE!
of design and the structural members the reader
can

ET
in the

'B, and
Ill the

girders by G. The lists which are shown in Fig. of and Fig. IV give the depths and other dimensions structural members, and it is only necessary to refer

-5/ie/cA */

of a new spirit lem, probto by referring the dimensions and sizes given in the plan. The engineer in first layingout his work would probably his beams 5 feet divide the bay in four parts, spacing The beams would then be considered as being centres. on The typi1 foot wide, leaving a span of 4 feet for the slab. cal slab would then be 1 foot wide and 4 feet long. of the slab will be the deThe next step in the design termination check the results of the load upon The usual it. the slab will be The the and the live loads. live load

load per square

of dead

foot upon

combination

To fa,

Mk

near a /"z
1

No

has The

d
z'-t"
Z Z 6, O

J/r

P/a/r,
to-

Co/. 60

dead

alreadybeen given as load,or weightof

of the

1,000 pounds per square foot. thickslab, dependsupon the ness

as

slab,and this will be assumed

the first article
on

5 inches.

By
that

Z'f

14 so

60 S3

to referring

concrete

it

can

be

seen

J55

/-/i 4k
1-1*

-f

of the cross-section there for every square inch in the area foot of will be a pound added to the weight of a square floor slab. slab In other 5 inches by measuring

z-i
as /53Z

/-/i Z'6"

words, as there are 60 square inches in a 12 inches, there will be 60 pounds

of weight square foot of slab. the flooring. This total To this is wood

Z-l*
Z4

77

of dead
must

weight
added

for every the will be

be

3-8 cz O3 Z1 Z-3 Z-1 GS

1-0 3-0

(,/*

674

14-

5"
"3-8

t-tmt*i*iK
/-*

i'
61

3-4
3-43'-a~ 3-/B

z-/*.

ZO

J^r
934

70

14-

FIGURE:
to

nr
of steel be

as having a weight weight per square foot of floor area will be 1,085 pounds,and the total weighton the slab will be 1,085 X 4 4,340 pounds. Applying the M formula / as 4 feet plus 5 ^ Wl, and considering will be fa X 4,340 inches,the maximum bending moment X 53 19,168 inch-pounds. To find the actual effective depth, equate this with 1"9.7 "P.

block

of 25

paving and pounds per

considered

foot.

The

19,168
these lists to find
out

1,279.7^2.

the

amount

used, or

any be

d1 d

14.9. 3.8. assumed 5

other bit of necessary information. The first problem in designto the

will investigated

slab. It will be noticed that the designof a typical of the panels framed alike. The panelenclosed are majority by columns 68, 69, 77, and 78 can be considered as typical.

inches is found

the thickness Allowing for fireproofing, to be satisfactory.

on (Continued page 284.)

as

282

ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING

AT

RESERVOIR.

RAILROAD

STATION. BUILDINGS FOR WATER

Study " Farrar, Architects. DEPARTMENT,

CITY OF SAINT

LOUIS,

MO.

ARCHITECTURE

283

PUBLIC

COMFORT

STATION,

COMPTON

HILL.

DISTRIBUTION

STATION,

CHESTNUT FOR

STREET. WATER

Study DEPARTMENT,
CITY OF SAINT

" Farrar, Architects.

BUILDINGS

LOUIS,

MO.

284
(Continued from page 281.)

ARCHITECTURE
Shear
M
=

must

next

be
to

The investigated.

load

on

the

The

next

step is
-T-

to

find the
=

stress

in the steel.

beam will

has been

found

be

and each reaction 100,187pounds,

S X | X d, or, by transposing, 19,168 inch-pounds.Also M S M (J X d). By equatingthese two tions equa=

will be 294

of the beam area equal 50,093 pounds. The effective for b and d, this expres| X b X d. Substituting sion becomes

the

result following
S
=

is obtained:

f
a

=170

19,168H- (J X 4).
=

pounds
too
to

S 19,168 X f 5,479 16,000

=

5,479 pounds.
.34 square inches. inches. 12
-f-

only allows
above is
be better

294 square inches. 28 50,093 HAs the Building Code per square inch. unit shear of 150 pounds,the result obtained
X 12 X
=

large. Rather
make the beam
=

than

increase the

depth,it will

-=-

wider.

The .34 1.74

=

area -H

of

a
=

J-inch round
on

bar is .1963 square

.1963 inches

1.74 bars in 12 inches of

centres.

slab,or

|
b

X
=

The

slab rods

will be 5 inches inches

on

b The

deep, and
centres.

will have

J-inchround

spaced7
a

b X 28 X 150 50,093. 50,093 (f x 28 X 150). 1 foot 2 inches. 13.6 inches, or approximately

-r-

increase slight
to

in width

will

cause

the dead

load
to

The

next

of step will be the design that in the would the

to to

will be remembered that the beams wide.

beam. typical preliminary study it was

centres

It cided de-

on

the beam The

increase
over

and slightly,
to
see

it

might

be well

check In

the calculations

if the steel will be

to

over-

be 5 feet on

and

1 foot

stressed.

steel will be found with the

be strong

Owing

to

will be assumed will be assumed may If the

unusuallyheavy live load, the beam be 2 feet 6 inches deep,and the girders
be 2 feet 6 inches wide. These

accordance

calculations

enough. already carried

sions dimen-

be modified

after calculations

are

carried

through.

2 feet 6 inches wide, the beams are girders be remembered that feet 6 inches long. It must givenso far are only tentative. As the load be in the
on case

will be 17 all figures

to

of the

slab,it will be necessary

load on the slab was foot. To this must
the 300
area

find
to

beam will have a width of 1 foot 2 inches a typical through, It will have for reinforcing and a depth of 2 feet 6 inches. Ij-inch double-bent square bars and againstbending two bars. two l|-inchstraight of checking, the next gated As a matter item to be investiwill be the compression in the concrete. The beam being a T beam, the cross of the T will be 74 inches long, and the distance from will be below.
no

the beam.

The

found

1,085 pounds per square

25 project
to

be added

There

the top to the neutral axis 10^ inches. the calculations to explain attempt made
can

the weightof the beam.

it will assumed be 1 foot

If the beam

is 2 feet 6 inches

deep,
low be-

given

They

be

checked

to by referring

the

inches below

slab,and

as

it has been
concrete

earlier articles on Arm Total Area of the T of

concrete.

wide, the weight of the

25
=

the slab will be 12 X square

pounds.

foot of superficial floor

load per will be 300 -r- 5 60

=

The

6 X
cross
=

30 inches.
=

width of
cross
=

pounds. Adding this to the load of the slab, the total weightper square foot of floor area carried by the beam will be 1,145 pounds. The total weighton the beam will be 17.5 X 5 X 1,145 100,187 pounds. M 2,003,740 100,187X 240 X ,V the equation S M (| X d), and inch-pounds.From the stress in the steel takingthe effective depth as 28 inches,
= = = =

74 X

30 + 14 + 30 74 inches. 5 370 square inches.

= =

Distance

to

neutral axis
=

-|X 28
=

10| inches.
square inch.

Compressionat top
at Compression at Compression

650

pounds per
0.
=

neutral axis

lower side of slab

310.
=

-r-

can

be determined.
S
=

above lower Average compression Total compression in cross pounds.

=

side 480

480. 370 77
=

177,600
=

Total
-H 2,003,740 (J X 28)
-T=

in compression in compression is much

as

stem

of T

155 X

11,935

81,656 pounds.
inches of steel.
concrete

pounds.
Total This beam
concrete
=

81,656

16,000

5.1 square

189,535.
in the the

to By referring

the table in the first article on

greater than the

far
as

stress

steel, so the
is
cerned. con-

construction
can

or

be found.

of bars any steel handbook, the areas If it is decided to use four bars, each bar
to

is safe In

in compression

concrete

must

four

have an area of \\ square inches. It will be seen that will be If-inch bars will be sufficiently strong. Two
two

up,

as

well

of stirrups will be taken articles the design following in the floor dethe designof other members sign. as

bent up and

straight.

Announcements
Mr. Clarence E. the W.

Wunder,
Peuckert

announces

increased business
started
to

architectural in

by

Mr. "

Kurt

that owing to firm engineering 1894, changed in 1910 and Peuckert's 310 Chestnut

Coffin their office

"
to

522

announce Coffin,architects, Fifth Avenue, New York

the

removal

of

City.

Peuckert

Wunder, and
on

since Mr.
at

in

1914, continued by Mr.

Wunder

death, Street,
more

will move Philadelphia,

and July 21, 1920,to larger

Elmer C. Howard Crane, architect, George Kiehler, cago the opening of a Chiannounce associate, CyrilE. Schley, of Mr. office at 127 N. Dearborn Street, to be in charge H. Kenneth Peacock the Franzheim. "

convenient offices at 1415 Locust Street, where the business will be continued with the under personnel present efficient
the
new

Frank, architects and

at

firm

name

of Clarence E.

Wunder,

architect and

engineer.

opening of offices Milwaukee,Wisconsin.

520-521

announce engineers, Colby-Abbot Building,

The
is IT world;
not

Road

Back
into this

to

Human
of the have
exact

Ideals
working
on

enough
we

to

be born

healthy and happy

be nourished and

and which

of the
to
our

dynamic forces
use.

of

nature

must

in addition

order

of
our

maturity and to Without lack judgment, and without training we perience exshall grow we incapable up warped and narrow, fellows and unable make best the of o ur appreciating to
to
own

reach

trained in self. enjoy the fulness of" lifeit-

been harnessed

Our

mental
even

forces attach jectively ob-

exhaust ourselves

themselves
to

research. objective
processes and
we

We

the natural

regard ourselves
have solved
none

and

Yet dispassionately.

of

lives.

It is unfortunate

that modern

education

fails to enlargethe vision; indeed, in its general fect efutterly it seems and impair the faculties to narrow definitely of perception. The old humanistic touch has gone; terialism mahas thrown and places, How of its dull shadow
over

the greater mysteries of life; have resolved none we paradoxes which are involved in the passions and in implanted and
our

of the sires deep degood

hearts.

The

desire

to

reconcile

the ancient

sunlit

and the yearning for immortality, evil, fied satisare not by the deftest of mechanical devices, is the principle nor selection
a

the fruit of the mind

can we

otherwise

does not ripen as of old. explainthe lamentable shortcomings

of natural

touchstone

which

will

transmute

the

ment, achieveto-day? In an age of marvellous mechanical of perfect and unparalleled artistcan technic, scarce an be found, save who painfully search in the track one two or of the acknowledged masters of the past; and the multitude who take our and museums for grantedare content galleries to leave their faculties undeveloped, and are not even turbed perto appreciate discriminate the by their inability or who lived in life'sfulness and work of men spent their days in interpreting its joy. Yet the men of to-day are not without and women the full tide of life in their veins. Joy and sorrow, the divine well as its attendant beauty of human as character, foils, and the lines and color of human and natural beauty, engage their lively and even interest; passions, impulses, tion, inspiraare yet strong and insistent. But judgment in the is Ideas in largersphere strangelylacking. are disarray. The wildest theories gain currency. Fantastic opinionsare All that is expressedin the word uttered. thoughtlessly and creative genius which is instinct "design" the synthetic in the created universe the very breath of art, seems this, aloof and distant from the modern mind. The masterpieces of mankind are tolerated, bought and sold for largesums, the occasion for fashionable parades of dress, made even and honored by the dry and incomprehensible disquisitions of eminent but never the people to a passion virtuosi, arouse of admiration or a frenzied attempt to rival their beauty.
" "

riddles of daily life perplexing into goldenharmony. But music and when poetry, painting and architecture, loved and fashioned by men and women of all classes, act like a charm and bind the broken fragmentsof our ence experiinto a thing which satisfies the mind and heart. For in these arts man is not merely exploiting for his manature terial advantage,nor seekingknowledgefor material ends; he is using the divine instinct of creation within ing him, formand devisingin his handiwork the harmony which he believes and wants to believe to be the underlying principle
of all life. To some it will seem that a considerable mental effort is requiredto gain that simple, attitude toward life trusting which makes for beautiful craftsmanship for its own sake. But nothingof the kind is required.The road back to human ideals is by the study of the work of the artists of the past, of a time untouched by the particular disease that vitiates modern production. Many people are obsessed with the notion that the study of old work can only lead to the fettering of originality and the enslavement of the mind. Let us student

thousand

dismiss the idea utterly. Good craftsmanship to the yields innumerable secrets of the means of expression, and
him inspires

to emulate, not copy, the artist. In the days of will have a great following, apprenticeship a giftedmaster his pupils there and among be some who will never may

rise above
even

The

labor

sickness

in the country
to

at

the present time

causes

the standard of competent journeymen. Yet these will not be servile copyists;they will content themselves with the discoveries of their master, and
the of principles
a

petuate per-

is not held
to

traceable in the main

any

of the

commonly

of our means measure symptomatic of a lack of interest in of expression is largely dependent on our knowledgeof the no longerthe natural outlet for that of work the of that cries for expression. the past, for without the language great artists part of his nature It is so strange a circumstance that the most inarticulate. The essentially built up by them we must remain largely human church,it is true, in ten centuries invented and broughtto should cease that most functioning people organs of art which we refuse to believe it and seek refugein an a language call Gothic; but this perfection attempt to prove could not become permanent, and the Renaissance that the whole condition of life has altered. That the conditions proved the necessity for the world-wide conventions which of life have changed there is no question, but these know we of the classical style. If we by the name would people deceive themselves if they judge that any change of invent a new however language we must will in the condition, postulatean entirely tion, civilizaapparently revolutionary, new and one smallest degreemodify the need which men feel for art and superiorin staying power to the Christian all that it means. community of the Middle Ages. Moreover, in order that should have the benefit of the vast experience We have said that education we has lost* of the race, its old potency, has arranged that all human nature and there is very little doubt that the paralysis of the artactivities should be of time, instead of providing interest is largely due to the completelychanged orientation governed by the convention that everything should happen in life caused by natural science. contemporaneously. So the records and monuments It is not that modern of each science and modern able art are tagonistic. through anare age we the result of lifeunder all conditions, to know and gain wisThey are of the same dom blood,and there is too and judgment by their comparative much of a family compact between them to admit of antagonism. study. The analytic From an article in The Architectural Review,London, on geniusof a century has been busy craft. A man's work is
on a

explainit; it is

It is not

his technic. fanciful theory that the

minute

examination

of the

structure

of natural

forms 285

"Should

London

Preserve her Churches."

XX11

ARCHITECTURE

'

GMtlJN.

At':;

"9
I

I S'H

ra

Artist's Drawing

of the Big New

Warehouse

and

Loft

Building Now

Under

Construction

at

395

Hudson

Street, New
Turner

York
Co.

McKrniie,

Voorhees Architects

t3 Gmclin

Construction Builders

This be

building, when complete, will occupied jointly by the Western

Co. and the New York will occupy the surrounded by Hudson, Greenwich The and

could

not

be used

for loft and

office

buildings and
With the

apartment
the

houses. and in is
so

Electric

present cost
reinforced

of labor
economy

Telephone Co., and

entire block West Clarkson

material, however,
favor of

concrete
are as now

Houston,
Streets.

big that
out

many

owners

ing turn-

building furnishes a most interesting side-light the trend of building design in on

Manhattan. been For
to many
assume

to this material

the only way of their difficulties. In this time office and

of building shortage many

years

it has forced reinideal

popular
for

that
an

loft buildings 12 stories and less in cally economiheight could be efficiently, and

concrete, although
material industrial

expeditiously built of
concrete.

inforced re-

structures,

Turner
ATLANTA

Construction
BUFFALO

Company,

NewYork
CLEVELAND

City
PHILADEL PHIA

"OLD

NEW

AMSTERDAM"

(BETWEEN

SOUTH

FERRY

AND

THE

BRIDGE).

Drawn

by

G. A.

Shipley

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTVRAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XLII

OCTOBER,

1920

NO.

"i"iiiiuiiiiii""iHi'.mnuui"n!uuMniiunumufli'

Making
A Edward C. Modern William

Over

Old

New
in Turtle

York
Bay
Associate Architects

Development
Lawrence

Dean,

Bottomley,
Peixotto

By
of the ONEarchitects and been
most

Ernest

in

connection

domiciles

interesting problems confrontingour with the scarcityof apartments in New York City has, undoubtedly,
of old residences needs of
to meet

in West added

23d

Street for the New

School

for Social Research

has
work
most ut-

as greatlyto his reputation, a

in this able the

pieceof
use

he has achieved

remarkable

result with

of the

the

remodellingof blocks

the life
" "

modern

of design and materials. simplicity In Turtle Bay, however, he has found

that has thus far
come

the

best opportunity

houses, dating for the

most

ous part from the hidebrownstone

and

his way, and it is in the garden in the interiors of the houses that his talent has found its

period,

best

bought
to as as a

in groups of ten and treated twenty unit to single co-operative

centres.
serve munity com-

expression. plan of each house has been reversed, so to speak. That is to say, the living-rooms, and the more dining-rooms, bedrooms face into the gardens,while the kitchens important
The
and
rooms

of lesser consequence

front upon

the

street.

The

In my opinion the happiestsolution of this particularproblem, to

date, is that
Turtle

known Turtle

as

Bay.
of the is
so

Bay
an

takes its name inlet

from East

large interior garden is the unique feature of Turtle Bay. and been removed The high "back-yard" fences have placed rewith low stone copings that mark the limits of each privateyard. But down the centre of the garden a broad passageway has been left that is common bellished ground, and this has been emwith of charming features: pergolas, number a

River

that
on

nated desigIsland.

the old maps face

Avenues 48th
"

Detail

in garden, Turtle

Ba

of

Manhattan

Its houses and

on

49th
on

Streets each

between

Second

and

Third

ten

houses The

street.

fronts have been scraped and stupid brownstone the 49th Street facade,with iron relieved, on balconies and tall gables that recall the old houses of Antwerp or Bruges. The 48th Street front has been treated in a with simple rows of windows surmounted more severe style, of by a long cornice and an attic story suggesting some row Georgian houses in London or Liverpool. Both facades are enclosed by iron palingsof simple design,whose spikes are, in places by turtles that recall the however, surmounted of the place. name The architects associated in the remodelling of Turtle Edward C. Dean and William Lawrence Bay were Bottomley. Both for the picturesquequality of their work. known are Both love color;they both love the unexpected in design, the accidental. Mr. Dean's in the work remarkably interesting Women's Cosmopolitan Club has already been presentedto
stuccoed and readers of
a

of ARCHITECTURE. of Neo-Greek

His houses

more on

recent

reconstruction Terrace
:n

group

the old London

Turtle Bay. ,Ioggia,

287

288

ARCHITECTURE

Loggia of dwelling,Turtle Bay.

Detail in Cosmopolitan Club.

Edward

C. Dean, Architect.

that face into the garden are

in pale colors painted pastel

"

pink, gray,
fountains, water. gate-posts,and runlets of flowing
of the gay The individual
with cedars and also been planted with pools and fountains and with stone and terra-cotta pots placedalongthe wall tops, of brick and stucco, already which,by a clever treatment look quite old and weathered. In order to cut off the view of the adjoining houses, have been built at the east and west ends of the garloggias den, of sturdy arcades surmounted by terraces consisting These backed with high walls adorned with flower-pots. have been stained a warm salmon pink that recalls loggias the garden walls of the Italian Riviera, while allthe houses handsome
trees

mauve,
streets

ochre" blue, and light

that remind

one

of Nervi
too

or

Rapallo.
out

of these features, Yet, strangely enough,Turtle Bay, in spite does

not
seem

gardens have
and

exotic nor
some

of
most

in busy New place due

to

decorated

York

City. Perhapsthis is in who live in it, for they are,

rather than

measure

the people
politan cosmo-

for the

part, well-known

writers,architects, or

artists whose

background is

provincial.

isalso indelibly of the owners The individuality stamped Some of these are quite the interiorsof the houses. wall spaces and for their effectupon plain simple, depending old-fashioned furniture. Others are treated with the most while others again are and hangings, of colorings modern with Chinese carvings and decorated in an oriental manner who ocand with rare, exotic bibelots. One cupies owner, stuffs,
upon

chamber
beams

a lofty houses, has created a great living-room, is supported whose coffered ceiling by sixteen-inch of the Italian and corbels and decorated in the manner

two

on (Continued

"page 290.)]

Alterations

to

rear

of dwellings, Turtle Bay.

A wall fountain,School for Social Research, New

York

City.

Edward

C. Dean, Architect

ARCHITECTURE

289

go

ARCHITECTURE
(Continued from page 288.) Renaissance.

ized
columns

antique
and

The

frieze

is

lar treated in simifashion and the

walls
are

gilded capitals, caryatids, painted panels

and caded icons, broquins lambre-

partly with superb and tapestries

hung partly built
with that
in cases tall bookcommodate aca

with
"

fringed gold galloon yet using

tures feaable not-

all these with

restraint,
contrast

in g

library of
volumes. effect

eral sev-

their richness with

thousand
The

perfectly
wall
faces sur-

plain

of these

of beautiful texture;

rich
and

tapestries
handsome
of his

suggesting
tions combina-

in

bindingsand

the stained and

of richness
and

paintedceiling
and
comfrieze,

simplicity
of the

the work
who
to

b i n ed

with and

ers Hispanicbuildloved their display

beautiful

ed selectcarefully is furniture, cent, really magnifiand

can one

elaborate bitsof detail

Spanishbalcony,

Turtle

Bay.

against

The

central garden-path, Turtle

Bay.

lieve bescarcely

perfectly plain and simple walls.

This, indeed, is the key-note of the work at Turtle Bay: with the beauty of unusual of simplicity things;a that would make artist want to and picturesqueness an run and an atmosphere of get his sketch-book; a personality of "rus in urbe" that quiet charm, combined with a feeling
a

that this great room,

and
was r"repatina,

with

its Old

World

atmosphere

created

within only-

The With

produced a remarkably that cannot series of apartments, be classified interesting the well-known under "styles,"yet constantlysuggest any of in European houses,for in them he has utilthe rooms

be said of Mr. same may his love of the unusual,he has

the past few months. Dean's residence. own

union

will make

of each

of its inhabitants

lover

of his

own

ticular par-

home.

Study for

French

farmhouse

to

be built in Maryland.

Edward

C. Dean,

Architect.

The
A Fine

Fletcher
of the Use Frank

Building
of Reinforced Helmle Concrete

Example

By

J.

The

Fletcher Building.New

York

City. Helmle

"

Corbett, Architects.

REINFORCED material standard

warehouses. It has in the South general

concrete

has for several years been the for the construction of factories and used than for hotels, extensively has been in New much
more

Reinforced

concrete

has

probably been

the

most

also been

but this use and loft buildings, offices, and West

since it of fireproof construction ever economical form passedthe experimental stage. Prior to the present period of inflated prices the margin in favor of reinforced concrete
as

York.

structural against
or

steel

was fireproofed

probablynot
per cent in the

over

for the backwardness of New There are several reasons York architectsin adopting reinforced concrete for the above
uses.

15 per cent building.This the total

cost

10

of the
was

cost

of the structural frame of the

of
case

One

reason

is that in the

case

of

over buildings

twelve

of the

5 to possibly equivalent and was, except building,

architects and owners, sufficient of the most not heightreinforced-concrete columns, if used in the progressive the inertia above referred to. At the present would be of excessive size. Another reason to overcome stories, if not impossible, is that it is difficult, to obtain for the exterior time, however, the margin in favor of reinforced concrete the absolute perfecof the cost of the structural 40 per cent surfaces of a concrete is approximately building tion be obtained with and alignmentwhich of texture frame. This increase in margin is partlydue to the concan stantly is that structural steel of the reinforced concrete brick. A third reason cut stone or tractors' conwideningexperience in buildings has been the established material for use in and their workmen, partlydue to organizations for a great many the metropolitan area Architects, improvements in standardization of methods, and partly years. have all been familiar with the and due to the high cost of structural steel and brick as comcontractors pared owners, details of structural-steelconstruction, and with reinforced-concrete materials. considerable a in in changingfrom It has therefore become of inertia has had to be overcome that architects, amount necessary the of construction the interests of their clients, method should consider seriously to onej standard and satisfactory

storiesin

lower

another.
291

(Continuedon

page

293.)

2Q2

ARCHITECTURE

05 O

O
u.

O O (x,

o o

I H 55
H U

a!

IP

o o
"

O
U "

(d U

"

"

Alterations of
a

for Commercial Buildings

as

Uses

alteration is always special problem, AV well interesting study for the architect
as an

who

likes to take from

of advantage
a new

difficultand unusual
are

The opportunities.
those of in
a

details involved The

and building,

ferent quitedifare really

"Mr. it

class

by themselves.
an

client says:
to

I have Architect, and I do Q Street,

so

old ramshackle
know how

on building

not

make

over

that I may get the proper income from it." He the question over to the architect and, if the turns
a

result is He

failure, only the

architect

is

to

blame.

be either incompetent careless of his or may client's interest, both. To some tects archior sometimes
a

job is merely a job they work

"

only for
Others

the money who have

that
an

they may
a

make

out

of it.

of work particular piece take pride in doing their utmost to produce a finished and successful building, not only for the of the archiclient'ssake but for the reputation tect and the profession If a client has generally. definite object the problem requires to obtain, a very careful consideration. The costs, of course, are

interest in

alwaysa
to

serious

item,
the
pensate com-

only careful attention ultimate profitable rental of

and

essentials and
can premises are

the

for these.
who will undertake almost

Too such

often work

there with

architects

the idea that

is good enough,not realizing that anything they have fine opportunities for originality and manifestation of their builder is ususpecial knowledge. The speculative ally anxious only to get the job finished. The architect with a proper sense of responsibility will consider financial returns based on right carefully values and planningthat make for better renting of space. The radical, a larger use usual queer, and unbut the conservathing is not to be tried, tive and dignified with everything styles carefully and proportioned to the character of the designed
even

in alteration work

New

York Galleries, 419 Madison

Avenue, New

York

Geo. Mort City. (Alteration.)

Architect. Pollard,

one

The successful architect of to-dayis building. who not onlylooks at the money end of it,
also takes the

but who

broader view

of

the

of interest, public

In the New hand had

advantage to the of the properlydesigned and building. 419 Madison Avenue remodelling
York

the

munity comstructed con-

for

taken and
to

Galleries every detail was fully careinto consideration. Materials on

the materials considered. the

available in the market

attention was Special of the old buildings adaptability for their new and special use, and for an agreeable attractive fa?ade that would and have commercial value in its appealto the interest of the public. The building and the taste is founded on Italian models, with broad clearly of relieved by the placing masses attractively the doorway and the windows.

be

given to

It is intended the in building

a

to

carry

out

the interiorof

studied for the

A
room

carefully displayof furniture groups,

rooms

series of

in New

York

Galleries.

(Continued on page 296.)

294

ARCHITECTURE

295

I
V

f III
'

2Q6

ARCHITECTURE

Doorway, New

York

Galleries, 419 Madison

Avenue, New

York

City.

(Continued from page 294.) such backgroundsadequately to providing with various periodic styles.The express
room

and shown

monize haris

Egyptian Lacquer Co., 5 East 4Oth Street,New Geo. Mort Pollard, Architect.

York

City. (Alteration.)

one

of six in course below of construction. The basement the sidewalk is to be in Caen stone, with flooring of broken in
cement.

set flagstone

There

will be

of fireplace

aiti-

ficialstone, with fifteenth-century fire-tools and implements. The space will have an area of 58 by 50 feet. On the top of the
a

solarium No.

back of the balustrade, will be building, for the display of garden furniture. 5 East 40th which Street,
was

constructed

done

for the

tive execu-

a very EgyptianLacquerCompany, required different study for the special The needs of this business. old house was remodelled from top to bottom, alwayswith a view to the future developmentof the company and to the of its outgrowingthis building and the need of possibility it advantageously. Both these buildings or renting selling consideration for stylistic therefore types showingspecial are

officeof the

details.
is a refreshing and pleasing aspect in the result and in time promise the almost complete alterations, of buildings passingof the old brownstone era, rows of uniform ugliness, the and inefficient planning. We owe offered by present needs and the change to the opportunity fact that architects are given a chance to show that merely from a commercial pointof view an attractive and individual There of such
Doorway, $
East 40th Street, New York

City.

the best of investments. exterior is.

Our

New
any
to to

Architecture
in the of

rather of the York's the

than in

the their
matter

exception
attitude of
course,

that toward
our

workers work

IF
or our success

there the

was

ever

doubt
the

minds
New upon

profession quite
new ing zonas a

honest everywhere are disand employment,

is
not

public as

wisdom

system
liberal

'threatened,'
will
are

laws, with
and and There
are

regard

their

influence

with

quality

of

decay
"The that

but

already

is

crumbling.
and the economist
plain ex-

architecture, it is being dissipated rapidly by the obvious

distinction of the
new

labor-unionist
the

business
under its

been

being
have

constructed
new

buildings that have wise provisions.

to

blame.

scale and working wage There is involved something

more

conditions
more

chiefly
is involved

than

this,something
There

tects problems presented for the archiwith the them to solve, and they have generally met that might be expected of them. intelligenceand good taste in most had the sympathetic cases Fortunately, they have co-operation in their problems of the business concerns which have supplied the capital. of straight walls reaching skyward, that The great masses

been

vastly
an

fundamental
code wage and may
a

and

dangerous.
of honor
or

ethical
that
a

concept
too

and

honesty.

Granted matter, for task else

high for that specifictask without a specificwage, accepting the wage doing the of his abilityis a dishonest to the best thing and nothing
low,
too

be

when

an

individual

has

agreed

to

do

can

be made attitude

of it. is
not
one

broken into always been so difficult to handle, now up certain element of height, add a new a separate planes above of light,air,and die picturesque, as well as new elements tection profor neighboring buildings. There is every promise of a great bulk size and development in which new mere will be subservient for both to a larger consideration beauty fitness. The and high building will make a new appeal to the artistic sense, well as the practical one, of all concerned. as have

"The
means. on

limited finds
to

to

organized labor
of least
a

by
for

any

Everywhere
the

evidence the

determination service the

most

pay "Are

which

producers doing the service agreed on. we reaping the results of an educational and measures overemphasizes material success
part
without in
terms

of

render

system ability respectas

of

bank is
to

rolls ?

The low

law
as

of business

it is
as

taught everywhere high as possible,and

attitude of and

buy
that

as

possible
our

and

sell into

when

formula
to

is translated kill

the

Taking

It

Seriously
to
over

producers

it is bound

pride

of

manship work-

ideals of service."

WE
long
of words

have and time

awakened need of

dire the

apparently housing all

with

the

increasing menace
country.
For

the

A
a f

Grave

Question
present
seems

shortage,
has been

dangerous remedying beginning

unrest, have

been

its consequent congestion and much in evidence, and lot a very and
means

AHERE
lation and

is in

one our

aspect
cities

of the

congestion
to

of

popu-

that
of

need in

the
the

spilledin discussing ways

taken and the the

of

thought
The
at

consideration

what

it

means

gravest future.

conditions; but it has

of
a new

imminence prospect
of

of the
sands thou-

renting

season

the

is again wide the officials and gate of our country open, Ellis Island Immigration Station literallyoverare whelmed

of evictions, the consequent legal complications and downright hardships, not to say possible riots, involved, to action. real, concerted bring about legislative any New York has decided against mortgage exemption on has decided let savings-banks mind to building, and new
their
own

by
thousands

aliens

who

are
"

upon

thousands

coming to us a large part

in

of them

great hordes destined

"

to

already congested centres, where they will swell the dangerous and unassimilable groups of foreign-language-speaking people that segregate in their own particular sections and
stop
at

business. of the minutest

The

part

of

the

discussion is the

that of

seems

add

to

the it
we not

already seemingly insoluble

be well the for
us

problem
put our have
with American of
no

of

housing.
in order for ?
to
our we

worthy

examination

question
with the

teering profi-

Would before

to to

first try

to
we

house
room

in essential

There
laws and that of old has

has

building materials. much been too meddling

demand,
been the
at to

open
war

doors

guests

natural times home had words

The

supply
ways

and have

but

these
in

are

abnormal insatiable kinds of

affairs first in
to
our

taught us no greater than that, in making

teach thousands the

lesson
our

regard
the

army,

forgotten
of
a

the

greed
when
chant mer-

meaning

simplest

governed Competition has been there is not enough

can

control

certain

business.

standstill,for why around,

one

compete
smallest his lead

go

and

the

vie

with of

the

general
No "Get
a

game
one
"

making
to

big hay
told

and the the

follow
sun

in

the

while that

shines ?
of the time

needs mind

be

mood The

is:

it

never

how,
The

but

get it."

recent

editorial expresses

in

American attitude attitude

following, from of Chicago, Contractor

of workers: the effort

admirably
"The that of

the h
'
"

of thousands toward

'go
those

to

job is
is the

so

versal uni-

have language primer; and need we a greater and regarding the character quality of a such horror the Wall new immigration than a recent as Street not explosion ? Do we owe something to the people already here ? Is not our problem of making the world safe for democracy the dependent first upon regulation of our affairs ? Is there justice or charity or own right in permitting the of steamship companies to profit at the expense thousands of deluded led by their specious people who are land that ready alto propaganda to forsake Europe and come a lesson in caution needs time the
to

who
cannot

realize

productive

tion founda-

absorb of

and aliens
a

educate

in with

our us

own

ways

society
of this

future

and

other

the keenest anxiety for the escape nations. it becomes When the rule
297

of thought
We

millions
at

already

?
our

should

least

be in

positionto

select

associ-

298
ates

ARCHITECTURE
with
some

regardfor what
must

on,

It is a of ours. but a freedom that with

a

is good for this loved country of freedom that we should pass heritage respect
our

boards

or

and While

committees vited throughoutthe United States are into send representatives to this urgently requested St. Louis.

laws and

our

ditions, tra-

meetingin

of the registration ing or licenslegally appointed representatives authorities of States havingregistration license laws, or the council would be glad to welcome the attendants at the council meetingof committees of architects from States having laws. no or registration licensing committees from States having laws pendunderstand nor us Legislative ing try to. in an article upon will find the proceedings and of the council very helpful said recently One of our newspapers will be a reinstructive. Among the papers to be presented port the conditions at Ellis Island: ican of a committee appointed "The State Department may send instructionsto Amerat the Washington conference ous consuls abroad to exercise greater care in givingperanalytical, comparative study of the varimission to make a careful, laws now in force in the various States. Efforts to aliens to come to the United States. The registration sitic parathe recent arrivals than will be made element is more noted among to harmonize these various requirements culty diffitransfer from State to State heretofore. The consuls are not having very much to make so as easy reciprocal but it is the shiftless in halting element and and therebyfacilitate interstatepractice. radicals, A desirable outgrowth of the conference will be the the destitute that will be stoppedbefore they embark." of information with formation of some and should The labor problem is already sort of clearing-house one a grave reference to the records of architects askingextension of be sure there is work ahead for all those here before not we of peoplewho with present from one State to another. It is hoped that the we registration go on addinga greater mass be able to recommend of solution greater ? council may conditions only make the difficulty a uniform law, which be adoptedby the various States. may officialsare urged to make Committees and registration Home-Building and Labor date at the earliest possible arrangements for representation and is labor in the guiseof carpenters and masons the names the secretary of the council, and notify furnishing for thousands impossible. others who are making home-building
"

regardfor our languageand the thoughtof either native or made national unity, our up of Americans who too often can the adult alien, We permit foreign-born. in to become a voter neither speak nor write our language, too short a time. We keep open house for those we cannot accommodate nor beginto assimilate for many who neither

membershipin

the council

is restricted

to

the

IT

There of and those who

is

an

evident

downward

trend in the

and

cost

credentialsof their officialrepresentatives.

materials, lumber,cement,

might build are day'swork. If labor worked with the zeal of honest craftsmen in honest work, the day'saccomplishment in speed might offset the heavy tollin the cost per hour.
calculated in But how the conscience of labor in the
mass seems

but labor stands pat, brick, appalled by the cost of labor

The

Money
Treasures
most

Value and

of France's Historic

Loss

in Art

Monuments

to

come have be-

of the items in the latest inventory interesting ONE of the losses of France through the is that which
war

which The official estimate for this loss, historic monuments. with an honest day's work honestly done and as far belonged Service of the has been obtained by the Paris Information the inefficient, Bankers Trust as itcould be done, no longer at over governs; the lazy, $125,000,000. Company, is placed who would live as the lilies and the trouble-makers, of the field, calculated for the This figure, which has been recently of real skill and special at par with the men are knowledge. information of French minister delegates to forthcoming In figuring the cost of building has been arrived at after an exinternational conferences, haustive any sort of a house in these days, should beginwith the cost of labor, and add one examination of the ruins of historic monuments, estimate of before-war times anywhere from thirty to any The irreand their contents. statues, churches, museums, hour for every man to fortycents an member of employed, and reof these losses is indicated by the sum nature placable also to deduct about the same ratio for inefficiency. francs which is set against moral injury." ^ 600,000,000 It is labor that must be awakened to the need of greater the official text?" of 600,000,000,"explains "This sum within a given time,if wages tained to be mainproduction are have of the loss the French "is an people approximation and the work of rehabilitating the world, _of making value of peculiar sustained by having lost forever works lifeeasierfor labor and for us all, to be realized. are because of their beauty and historicassociations." ginning There are already wise heads are besignsthat some of values might be made In order that a fairstatement to see association to be known as light.A new of both prethe art commission sets forth the losses in terms war "The National Industrial Commerce struction" of Building and Conand post-war currency as follows:
,

It is no longer how much be done, but can atrophied. in good work, the self-respect and the old pride that little;

tells of the

extent

of the

damage

to

her

art

treasures

and

"

both

in Chicago, was organized recently representing and labor, that they would "pull in capital pledging Historic of one harness until the shortage million homes in America Historic Museums is filled." Verily in of balm in be we Gilead, sight yet may and
as

1914

value francs

1920

val""
francs

(750 in all) buildings

.

300,000,000 25,000,000 15,000,000 300,000,000

1,200,000,000 50,000,000 30,000,000

monuments

the sound the Go it!

of the hammer

on

the million homes

may

be

Moral

injury

600,000,000
"

of glad bells. ringing

to

Total

640,000,000

1,880,000,000

The

National

Council

of Architectural

the basis of pre-war The 640,000,000francs of losses, on which then prevailed, values,are equalat normal exchange, to about $128,000,000. An

Boards Registration

estimate of the loss in stolen

is

stones precious

and or damaged jewelry placed at 1,119,000,000francs,present

values. chitectural meetingof the National Council of Arof art owned Boards will be held in St. The loss in personal Registration property and objects Louis, Missouri, November 18 and 19,1920. on individuals has been placed at 4,500,000,000 gold by private All architectural registration or licensing departments, marks.

THE

firstformal

OCTOBER, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXLV.

.*'

.*"-'"

LAWRENCE

MEMORIAL

CHAPEL,

LAWRENCE

COLLEGE,

APPLETON,

WIS,

Child* "

Smith, Architects.

OCTOBER, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXLVII.

AUDITORIUM.

PLANS. LAWRENCE MEMORIAL

Childs " Smith, Architects.

CHAPEL,

LAWRENCE

COLLEGE,

APPLETON,

WIS.

OCTOBER, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXLVIII.

\lzJCALE

PLAAU

Or

TOWE.IL.

"

RIAL

CHAPEL

LAWRENCE

MEMORIAL

CHAPEL,

LAWRENCE

COLLEGE,

APPLETON,

WIS.

Childs " Smith, Architects.

X
o

"

2;

OCTOBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLI.

LIVING-ROOM,

RESIDENCE,

E. C. DEAN.

DINING-ROOM,

RESIDENCE,

E. C. DEAN.

Edward TURTLE

C.

Dean, Architect.

ALTERATIONS,

BAY,

NEW

YORK

CITY.

H
U

I
-

OCTOBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLVII.

LIVING-ROOM.

BASEMENT

PLAN,

GARAGE,

ETC.

Wa.ddy
B. B.

B.

Wood,

Architect

RESIDENCE,

JONES,

WASHINGTON,

D.

C.

X
u
w H

w " H
u "-

w H
i" i

ffi
=C u-l

_J

'

uJ

*,

UJ

o2
"

rt !="
H U

ARCHITECTURE

299

o(

rfiZTTE O

"

StCONP

RoOtt.

PLAN

TIB3T

floon,

PLAN

-ALLrNDALL-N-JlUCIAN

Competition
Including Nurses'
Van

for Milwaukee

County
De

General

Hospital
and

Home,
and De

Laboratory Building,Power-House, Garage,

Gelleke, Armstrong and
Associated Gelleke,

Laundry

Ryn

Architects

is to be plannedto take care of hospital building beds,with a view to future extension to take care of an additional 500 beds. The departments in following of this building that they are be planned at once must so of a 1,000-bedhospital: sufficientsize to take care tration adminisdepartment, operating department, culinary and dining-roomdepartment, and check-room. Nurses' 100 home is to be planned to accommodate and 36 graduate nurses, with a view to future pupilnurses extension of double this number to take of pupil and care The large sitting-room amusementor graduate nurses. hall on first floor,toilet accommodations, gymnasium, and trunk-room to be privatelaundry, are swimming-pool, the additional nurses. to accommodate planned at once The power-house and laundry are to be planned at once

MAIN 515

COMPENSATION

TO

COMPETITORS
to

The
as

owner

agrees

to

pay

the successful

competitor,

by the jury of award, within twenty days after the said sum of $5,000, such determination, being the amount If said competitor is in said competition. of the first prize shall be the said sum selected as architect of the building, of his total fee. In case of delay considered as part payment such delay the part of the owner, in building on operations
determined
shall
not

rescind any
future been has full

former

action of the

owner

as

to

the

selection and
the work In agrees: To

employment of the architect

to

whom

awarded. the
owner

to them dischargeof his obligations

to

take

care

of

1,000-bed hospital.

JURY
The
owner

OF

AWARD

to the next the following to those ranked prices design: to the design placed second, $1,500; to the designplaced third, $1,200;to the designplaced fourth, $750, within ten days of $1,000; to the designplaced fifth, the judgment.

pay

successful

agrees

of nine consisting

selected from
A. I. the chairman

names

there will be a jury of award follows: 3 architects, (9) members as as suggestedby the Wisconsin chapter,
that 1 of superintendent
nurses,

REQUIREMENTS
The

OF

THE

BUILDINGS

1 surgeon, A.; 1 physician,

of the county board, 1 member of the board of administration, and 1 other member of the county board. The personnel of the juryof award shall be as follows: architects, Arthur

to be built of good available materials are buildings with a view to rigid with good practice, omy econin accordance and sanitation, consistent with good lighting, ventilating, good taste. A compact design is desired.

IrvingPond,
of
nurses

William
member

L.

Peabody, A. I. A.; Elmer Jensen, A. I. A.; A.; physician, ent surgeon, and superintendnot board of administration, yet selected; Coffey; chairman of county board and 1 other
A. I.

The
or

exterior should be

combination

of brick and stone,

Sheetbe
ceptable. ac-

brick and
or

metal

terra-cotta, or a combination of the three. will not exterior architectural treatment wood

The
should

entire
as

should buildings
noiseless and

of county

board

to

be selected.
300

be made

dors and corrifireproof as possible. soundproof

be

Town

Planning for Convenience

By Louis
Lott
due

and

Health

is community in the United States that THERE contained of the problems analysis cannot, by scientific
not
a

within its cityplan and

so

in its industrial and future

commercial

pansion, ex-

its regulate

ments developmentsand improvepermanent

assets.

that

these will prove

Problems

and well solved,by takingthem up in the order of definitely of than others, these are first undertaken work toward the definite goal and contheir importance, pressing tinued gradually fast as available funds will permit. as beautiful community. an orderly, of all less the diversified Some communities awake their A comprehensive or to town being more plan co-ordinates future possibilities, within a community, both pubinterests and activities or having been forced into it by necessity, lic have in recent the lead of European It provides for adequate street and traffic, years, following private. undertaken corrective plansfor some to prepare and safety. It groups all business and other cities, transportation, ticular parevil or for some immediate necessity. Some have a of a kind in given districts. It protects the home activities which is explained It provides for others have a park-andlater; and private zoningplan, property from depreciations. and for boulevard plan,or a civic-centre plan, railroad plan, a and a playgrounds, play-fields, parks, boulevards, for cityextenstreet-correction plan, but only a sion or sites. It also provides school and building a city-extension plan, few have to date undertaken and protects a community a "comprehensive-development and increased population, caused by the from such losses and shortcomings were as plan"that combines all of the above, and which embodies of a city's both as regards a lack of such a plan in the past. It furthermore does away completeanalysis problems, its future needs and its immediate requirements. In some efforts and waste, proand private of public with duplication vides from for maximum, intensive use of all community facilities, these improvements are steadily proceeding year to is being done, to their plan;in others little tie of all interests, as a guide to public serves as a common year, according because there is no team-work, which is mostly due to the establishes definite and finally officials and private investors, while the plan all efforts fact that the public and goals. Thereby it co-ordinates was kept in ignorance objectives toward a better, was more more beingprepared,and therefore there is no enthusiasm, healthful, prosperous, and more should team-work. co-operation, Consequently the public attractive-looking community, creates order where there is be enlightened be made chine and, furthermore, chaos, and in the end will make as smooth-workinga maupon this subject, that comprehensivecommunity development to understand of the physical to make, for, being cityas it is possible with" of the is not a matter of a spurt, "and have it over it takes all features and questions our comprehensive, favorite way of doing things but is a steady, determined, to their degree of according community into consideration, conscious effort for cityimprovementthat goes on through and harmonizes them with each other. The importance, a being practically generations, perpetualeffort toward a plan beomes homogeneous and lop-sided developmentis
" "

is subject to amendments consideration, unforeseen conditions arise. After the planhas been prepared, then follows the approximate of the cost of execution of the features computation of the plan, this a budget is made; then, it and upon being obvious that some things are more importantand
and

and

deliberate

changes when

avoided.
ple, community, for examwill receive the utmost for such features as assistance, docks, streets, traffic, railroads, etc., that have a bearing and recreational housing, upon them, as well as the transportation, for their employees are facilities studied: not only in relation to the community as a whole,but also to those their overhead to enable them to reduce so as industries, and therebyeffectively to a minimum compete in expenses

definite end.
the industries of
a

In this manner

New York City is several times referred to in the course of this article, because this cityfurnishes the most striking

town-planning examples for comparison that can be found. True, New York presents an abnormal,unique case, without a parallel, yet its conditions and the evils of its cityplan to a lesser degreeto every try. community in this counpertain
As
an

its surface example,

a

traffic conditions have

at

the

world's markets.

It

must

be borne

in mind

that

if

stage where they have gotten almost in spite of all efforts of the authorities to beyond control,
this time reached from and worse them, and will become worse regulate increases. to year as the densityof the population eternal that within jam,especially the down-town and district, but
term

defects in the city physical planprevent such industries from economical and efficient doing their business in the most if the lack of housing, the quality of the same, or or manner, such firms in procuring etc., handicap adequate helpof the then all of this is not merely a matter best quality, that concerns these industries only,but it is also vital to the community is more as a whole,since its welfare and prosperity less dependent upon the welfare and prosperity or of its industries and
It efforts
must

year This

financial

also within the hotel and

theatre
a

districts, may
week
or

fascinate the occasional visitor who

as an

remains

two,

no sane experience perfectly every-day person could such conditions as normallyhealthy, conducive to a or

maximum of

commercial

activities.
our

New

that both follows, therefore, public and private be correlated, and that there must be teamwork of the highest order that will work toward the greatest benefit for all, which can only be accomplished by having definiteplan to work by that will take care of all intersome ests and secure their support and co-operation.

ties. of lifeand its bounconservation and enjoyment York therefore serve a warning to many as may smaller and younger communities, acteristic not to wait,in charAmerican fashion, until an intolerable condition is in cost, but prohibitive

upon them and has obtained a is attempted that will then be

now

before a remedy strangle-hold, to plan in future years work

ships hard-

to

avoid conditions that may

the

In these fast-changing times it is not wise to plan for than about thirty years ahead, and then the plan should not be considered as an absolutely ble immutadefinite, after law,but as a sort of community constitution that,
more

community. Chart No. I (p. and shows the subcharts 304)is general in their order. At the base of the preparation of a comprehensive be the desire and necessity for a bettertown plan must
upon
on (Continued page 304.)

302

ARCHITECTURE

303

"ALLEY-

TLOOJL-PLAN fi.ii.5T
"

"

"SECOND

MUNICIPAL

BUILDING,

DORMONT,

PA.

Harry S. Bair,Architect.

3"4
(Continued from page 302.)

ARCHITECTURE conditions. Second, to make your community a better place in which to work, live, in which and prosper. A better place because of better street traffic and to work, for one thing, that are afforded through an adefacilities quate transportation street system, that will allow the fastest and most and direct traffic, effort, therebyconserving time,human of the community. The appalling losses of time resources and energy from this source to surface-cars, pedestrians, will foot up to an and vehicles of all descriptions busses,
enormous

lookingand
effort to make
in

more

efficient Then

community,

and

by collective

it such.
a

follow the charts of arguments

then those of the comprehensive plan, with their various and of zoning, comprehensive planitself in detail, then that of the local problems features explained the chart be solved, and finally of the community that must of the goals to strivefor. This chart deals with the reasons why a comprehensive to provide First, present and cityplanshould be prepared: favor

of such

total in

most

communities
CHART II

in the

course

of

year,

CHART

for a Desire and necessity and better-looking, better, efficientcommunity. more To with wellprovide present and future generations to guide development thought-out plans and principles

CHART

II
.

CHAR

III

CHART
v

IV

Reasons

for

The

comprehensive plan.

comprehensive plan.

Zoning.

CHA

RT

CHA

RT

VI

Local problems.

Goals

to

strive for.

future

with generations
document and

sound

entific sciwell-worked-out, thoroughly that will guide them principles,

in their effortstoward developmentof the community from documents every angle and from year to year, until such revision in order to meet and principles changed require

MAIN

STREET,

DAYTON,

OHIO.

some

York streets down-town New to-day. The lower floors of the buildingsliningsuch streets will inevitablylose renting value, undesirable working conditions will be created as a result of the lack of direct daylight. In the following the approximate percentage figures of available direct daylight isgiven for buildingsof various heightsupon streets 60, 80, and 100 feet wide. Assuming the windows to be within 8 inches of the ceilings, the clearstory height! to be 10 feet,and the rooms 25 feet deep, the lower three floors of a five-story building facing a 6o-foot street will receive 65 per cent of direct daylight;in an 86-foot street, 86 per cent; and in a loo-foot street, over loo per cent. In eight-storybuildingsthe lower three floors will receive approximately 30 per cent in eleven-story respectively; 40 per cent, and 50 per cent buildings21 per cent, 27 per cent! and buildings, 13 per cent, 17 per cent, and 20 per cent, etc. 35 per cent; in fourteen-story The curve^of according to height of buildingis parabolic, whereas direct dayper cent_ light increases in direct ratio to the width of the street, for the widths here assumed. These figuresapply only to direct daylight,and do not take into account reflected any which varies according to color and texture light, of outside walls,and of floors, walls, ings, ceiland furniture used. The relation of the width of streets to the height of buildingsshould receive the most careful consideration fiom city-plan commissions, architects, and property owners. Cityplan commissions should likewise remember that each additional story allowed upon a given width will increase the tenancy of the buildingsand consequently add to the burden street of traffic. and

because of definite

goals to strive for.

will increase from year to year in proportion the to increased use of motor and trucks,and again be it cars that such losses are not only of concern remembered to the but to the entire community as well, since he is individual, and any reduction of his earning a part of it, power is a loss of potential wealth to the community. and In and number

planningfor an adequate street system, the width of major through-going, arteries traffic-bearing

ARCHITECTURE should be

305

determined to take care Can the nation, of a peak with all its resources afford and wealth, scientifically load traffic at maximum with to rebuild a large speed that is compatible buildings percentage of its ill-considered will and that the least amount of confusion, every fifty cause safety, years or so ? of such majorstreets, of ultimate widening The guidance and private throughprovision investment in givento public
and take

openingup,
care

if necessary, of parallel streets to properly of this traffic. This may also require the breaking
some

throughof
The
a

actual

connecting-links. wideningof such streets can

most
cases

be

spreadover
not cost

great number

of years, and in
penny. In
some

need

the

community a ground needed

communities the strip of for street-widening has been donated by the where this voluntary adjacent property-owners; in others, be had, the improvementis either cannot co-operation
and near-by that directly chargedagainst abutting properties benefit throughsuch an improvement, the taxable values or of these properties raised in proportion are to the increased value caused by the development, that the increased income so from taxation will ultimately the cost and interest cover of the improvement. charges Besides the difficulties and handicapsof traffic and New York also presents the worst transportation, working conditions in many of itsofficeand loft buildings, far as as and sunshine are concerned, that can be found. In light be used upon the brightof these artificiallight must est many days,not a ray of sunshine beingable to enter into many of these buildings of the rooms because they have made in the down-town financial canyons of the streets, especially the zoninglaw of 1916 district. However, as far as possible, has put an end to the further spreading of thisevil. such conditions cannot be considered satisfactory Surely,

a comprehensive planis extremely important. It conserves business in various ways, and stabilizes assists capital, realty values. As later shown under zoning, New York City has lost untold millions because of the lack of zoningordinance, and has saved this and future generations perhapsbillions throughthis ordinance that went into effect in 1916. In attacking this problem the community must make

that present standards will soon clear to itself become out of date and that badly planned, and poorly unattractive, constructed housingbecomes,from the start, not only a but to the community as well, since it to the owner liability will soon into low-class property and eventually turn slums, of society and human a endeavor, and a blot scrap-heap the community, and, furthermore, source justso much reupon and effort gone to waste. will your Accordingly, be satisfiedto accept as a standard the comcommunity monly seen long, drearyrows of detached apartment-houses, like the other, without any individuality merit in one or to looks; or will itaccept as a standard regard spaces between detached houses that will not even let in sufficient and light will it allow air,let alone sunshine, or or permitprivacy; in apartment-houses; will it insufficientcourts or dingy, allow skimping that does not afford suffiin construction, cient from temperature changes that cause protection discomfort and waste of fuel, such construction that or fallsinto decay and soon easily presents a dilapidated pearance ap?

standards under which to work or to expect this and future generations their duties to the best and to discharge ! Other American cities fullest extent to a degree are ually gradthis same evil in their business sections, and acquiring will eventually be as bad in this respect as New York's financial if they do not protect themselves throughthe district, laws against the possibility of such conditions.

of construction and sufficient of quality questions be solved by ordinance regulacan easily tions, but the remedy for bad planningand ugliness can services only be secured by engagingthe best professional and since the low-price obtainable, property-owner or speculator and will not go to the legitimate cannot expense of such be these must furnished by the govservices, engaging ernment, The foregoing should prove the necessity for a comprehensive either national, such as the State,or municipal, for citydevelopment plan,because it provides States Government furnished in its war-housing activities, better working and business conditions, therebyassisting United the State of Wisconsin is doing in furnishing or as business and attracting industries and people. new small-house plans, the chapter members of the American or as In every community there is much useless duplication Institute of Architects of various citieshave recently of effort. For example,the statement is made by experts done, when each member donated a set of well-worked-out, that an average of thirty of streetcar per cent of the mileage low-cost house plans to the public. However, the latter lines is wasted because they have not been comprehensively be looked upon in the light that "every must little bit helps," planned. and not as a remedy. In the absence of governmental or t he and Furthermore, protection guidance giventhrough initiativeit must devolve upon or individual, municipal the comprehensive and private investments in planto public to furnish such services responsible citizenship upon collective, ance permanent improvementswill be a great factor in the avoidif we are to have betterto the low-cost home-builders, of waste and in the stabilizing of values,for, are not and in the long run better investments residentialdistricts, looking in every community improvementsconstantly undertaken of such property; and here again to the owners in that they have been planned that are ill-considered, out withbe answered, Can the nation, with all its the question must due consideration or good judgmentas to the probable wealth and resources, afford to rebuild a largepercentage of the community, and, in the end, generaldevelopment of its housing every fifty years or so ? to be only in or

The

air and

sunshine

prove

temporary,

subsequently depreciate
in the

value because the improvement is not renting location?

right
to

The

proper

consideration of all of the above

local team-work

items

not can-

Eventuallysuch
more or

that buildings

were

intended

served

'wreckedand less permanent are prematurely in some only a fraction of their possible usefulness, instances less than ten per cent; in others the buildings remain,and make the corrections in the plan or a public
more

be have

because improvementimpossible, makes buildings expensive

case

the the
and

of wrecking
cost

one

or

either wasted.

community

resources

In prohibitive. are opportunities

the of all classesand interests in the community, and ought to be one of the answers that is prevailing all to the solution of the social unrest the land. It will prove a material factor in lessening over and the floating population consequent labor turnover. The ultimate attainment of the goals by a compreinspired hensive that a communitysets for itself plan and principles be had the closest can operation, coonly through communityspirit, and team-work.
of co-operation and spirit (To bf continued.)

help but increase

and prideand patriotism

Tau

Chapter House, Hamilton

R. E.

Clinton, N. Y. College,

Architect. Sluyter,

"

"

'j
' . .

?J'
-":

"

"-'

""' """
--^

i
t;',

i^igiSfeg";
-' (
''

^li
-"*.
.".
'

'"'

*"'"*'?"' V -:'|
'""';"
",' ;

"

rasLdll:

I
4fc
"!
V
,

:'"*"..

-""J"O^

I
"".', ,-^="-^Pr?"l"SSfe^^"S;^^
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,-r

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'

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'f ~", .f
:

n'"-n
'"
.

i^t^^i=-iw^^_
/^\N
floor main floor ON from the hall
note

'.'"'..'."'^"Ife.
to

._'

-":'

"

ing The third floor isdivided into small dormitories accordern the generally adopted and most approvedplanin modhouses and the plan approved by the active fraternity quarters as run-way; concentrated facilities are coat-rooms, etc.; enclosed stair-shaft for fire protection, chapter. Showers and wash-room ventilation will be secured this enclosed stair-shaftbeingmost economical this floor. Ample cross on effectively in control of heat; the two-front porch which can be glazed This floor will be kept cool for sleeping, throughtransoms. without utilities accessibility of all rooms and utilities accessibility using any of generalliving the adequateand convenient entrances,
"

the unobstructed view from the living-room ifdesired; bays; though ample heatingwill be provided.Finish and floors the ample sun down five feet to be as economical as judgedproper. The enclosed staircan terrace; the dining-room in level with kitchens, of the sleeping-floor shaft is a great addition to the safety etc., and thus avoid put it on same time the third floor will be dumbwaiter service; the economical but convenient recepof fire. At house-party event tion Bed equipment will be partly be used as sitting-room occupiedby the men. to single nook; the ample library

excellent wall during dances; the well-arranged axes; spaces; lounging spots in bays; ample windows, etc. The second-floor plan calls for two-man studies of modest dimensions but carefully ture; plannedfor special study furnia sitting-alcove at the head of the stairs; alumni an with bath, so arranged that two with bath, suite, rooms,
can

double-deckers. Sleeping quarters so cots, partly will also enable alumni returning to Commencement housed adequately
The
room

arranged
to

be

in

numbers. larger
one

and the

basement floor includes on service with sufficient room

level the diningfor live storage; on

the other and

be shut off from the

rest

of the floor for

"

house-party

etc., ample coal and provision storage,heater-room, nished which can be decorated and furLodge Room large
" "

or to allow an alumnus with his familychaperons, even suitable lodging.Wash-rooms intended to be sufficient are for needs of house-party guests, as the second floor would be

The enclosed stair-shaft, to them. over in addition to makes a second stairway itsfireprotection, to the third floor
turned

at house-party time. It is intended that really unnecessary individual living and not arrangements be distinctly luxurious, site one that will givelight but simple, much-needed adequatesanitary facilities. and basement. plus dining-room,
"

with separate stair from main floor. convenience Some of this floor could be utilized for billiards, etc., ifdesired. low service The sun level, terrace, lowered dining-room wing will keep the house to the slopeand hide artistically This general the great drop on which the house will stand. this the only whollysatisfactory one on arrangement seems
at

air

to

the service quarters,

306

ARCHITECTURE

3"7

55
u
-2

I
""*

_:

w"
o

I
" td O tt!

Construction
By
H.

of the Small
Vandervoort
School

House

Walsh
of Columbia

Architectural Instructor in Architecture,

University

ARTICLE GENERAL TYPES TYPES HOUSE

II AND COSTS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

Type I

in excessive doubt

to proportion

other

there is materials,

no

ALL
commonest

small

be classifiedinto four types, achouses may cording their construction. The first type is the to This has and is the wooden-frame structure. built of interior partitions
wooden light

exterior walls and

framed with wooden studs,and the floors and ceilings

yet the architect should joists. slightly,

creases
that this type of house will be the commonest. there is much that can be done to make them ever, Howmore

fire-

and resisting,

builders

to

use

look to the speculative althoughwe cannot such methods, since they increase the costs
not

overlook

them.

Type
The second

II

in vogue type of dwellingwhich is next has exterior walls of stone, brick, concrete, or terra-cotta, and interior floors, and roof of wooden-frame struction. conpartitions,
These
are

wooden-frame
in the

structure,

than the more fireproof very slightly and as a class they are more costly in

but require less expense beginning, from

external fires better

up-keep. They
the wooden-

resist attack frame

than

but if the fire starts within, building, they will burn justas readily.Although the fire loss per year of this class is not be nearlyas great as for the first type, yet it must
that appreciated

there

are

not

so

advantage

of the
cost

in the lowered

type lies of up-keep, ing-fuel and saving of heatlonger life,

masonry A

house

of them. many of this second

The

chief

in the winter.

great deal of literature has

and hollow
terra-cotta

been tile

circulated

by brick,cement,
the been lieve be-

manufacturers

by which has public

educated
Typs

to

that this type of

ture struc-

The

exterior walls may or stucco, brick veneer

covered and
most

be covered

with

shingles, clapboard,

is much
fire resisting than
course

more The roof is generally stone veneer. asbestos, shingles, althoughslate, tile, Of often used. These houses are the are shingles asphalt

with wooden

it is. this of
was

numerous,
so

because
less than

the
other

cost

been
to

much

in the" past has materials that they appealed of wood

sense.

campaign

education intended

the average

builder's financial

However, the
been

cost

to

of such

they are
than

the country to dwellings extremely dangerouswhen

has

attacked

very high, for by fire. More

terest instimulate in their

and product, it

in fire each twenty-two millions of dollars are wasted also cost us a great These dwellings year in these houses. deal in up-keep. It would what be interesting to see was

had
is h

no

unself-

the total
in order. wood has
to

cost

per year to It certainly would

them repaint
run

into the

keep the roofs millions. Although

and board pre-war from the

motive back of it. The result of this

increased from
the wooden

about

$30.00 per thousand

markets
as

propaganda
evident

is

feet

about

$85.00 in the Eastern

house

in the

days, yet
for the from
cement

is still listed has also

cheapest,
brick

public
that
houses

belief
such proof fire-

cost

of other

materials

increased,as

and $10.00 per thousand to $25.00 until very recently, from $2.00 to $4.50 In any comparison per barrel.

are

houses,
while
ter
as a

is taken as the base or cheapest building expensivein type of construction,althoughit is the most of wood inup-keep and fire-hazard of all. Until the price

the wooden-frame

mat-

of
are

fact
.not. Tuft. I

they

Masonry

and

Il)oo4

308

3io
vanced in almost similar and proportions, that

ARCHITECTURE the comparative values between the differentkinds of exterior walls before the war. almost the same as
APPROXIMATE COSTS 2. Wooden
costs

frame building covered with brick veneer from 44.5 cents to 49 cents per cubic foot.

are

Type II
the relative costs between know Besides desiring to different kinds of houses, the architect is constantly up before the cost against the problem of approximating he
starts

his
wants

plans.
a

His
to

client
cost

comes

to

him

and

tells him
costs

about $12,000,and then asks In order to be had for this sum. how much of a house can the cubicthe architect must this figure, use approximate this system foot system of estimating. Now, while formerly
that he house
to give fairly accurate, to-day it is almost impossible judgment as to cost on the cubic-foot basis. The onlysafe way is to take the cost of last month's houses and
was a

blocks concrete from 45 cents to 50 cents per cubic foot. 2. Exterior walls of monolithic concrete from 48 cost cents to 55 cents per cubic foot. If any elaborate work is designed for the interior, the
cost

1. Exterior walls of

hollow tile, or brick,

snap

will run and up as high as 75 cents per cubic foot, houses often as high as $1.00 per cubic foot. It is large almost impossible to judge the value of a house design out withhaving a few recent examples to compare, since there is required of common a considerable amount in using sense the cubage cost. in FACTORS From
as that, a

Others say contractors. about 20 per cent, say some be done at all. make the Not only does the constant change in prices but there are cubic-foot system of estimating inaccurate, variations in cost due to the difference in interiortrim and
add it
cannot

INFLUENCING
what

THE

SELECTION

OF

MATERIALS

has been previously it will be noticed stated, the architect in selecting the kind of material rule,
on
"

arrangement
the four-room
as

of the

same

type of building.For

instance,

with which he will build his house is limited expense to the first two types of construction The

account

of

namely, the

frame dwelling and the masonry house with wood interior. latter two fire-resisting types are better fitted to the mansions where expense is not so important item. larger an Undoubtedly the comparative costs between the various kinds of exterior walls will have much to do with the selection; but more often the local conditions will outweighthese considerations. In some will a house built of stone places, be the best and most in others, where there is economical, abundance of good sand, the cement house will be suitcubic-foot system of estimating. an able, while those located near brick centres will find this ESTIMATING SYSTEM CuBic-FooT OF material adaptable. The ideal method, of selecting of construca material tion uniform system of determining It is necessary to have the same purely from an aestheticpointof view,is not always if the same results are desired. The the cubage, the most abundant localmais not But, after all, possible. terial method: is the generally following accepted the most harmonious to use for any one locality ? Nature of the ground floor, 1. Determine the total building area adapts her creations to the soil and the scenery into from outside wall to outside wall. This extending which she placesthem. All her animals are marked- with all offsets and projecshould include accurately tions. colors which harmonize with the woods fieldsin which or and in they live. In fact this harmony is their protection, 2. Determine the average heightof the building from the war imitated it in our we camouflagepainting.It is the cellar floor to the average heightof the roof. in the New York Museum of Natural astonishingly evident, Where roofs the
of plumbthe same amount ing cottage requires the eight-room house, both having one bath,and the in each case, yet will be the same for this equipment cost the differencein cubage will be double in the larger one over built-in furniture, has much the smaller. A house which like bookcases, linen closets, buffets, etc., is goingto cost without them. All of these more per cubic foot than one be taken into consideration when factors must using the
B

gambrel
to to
a

are

used,

is taken

distance one-half the

average height heightfrom the

how History,
are

far

more

beautiful

are

animal

tableaux which

top floor
3. 4. Porches

Multiplythe

peak of the roof. above together for the cubage.

the added
at

set

in

their painted accurately scenery, representing

one-quarter of their but if the second floor of the building cubage, jects proin with the porch,it should be figured over should be
the

building.

than those which exhibited alone in are habitat, of their surroundings. Their a suggestion marks and colorings ridiculous when they are sepaseem rated from their natural surroundings. The same principle the material for the small house. A holds true in selecting stone house, built of native stone, in a stony, ruggedregion

natural

the

cases, without

which are given here for the cubic foot are section of the country, and cover ing builda basement floor, cement having hardwood floors, tered plassteam walls, heat,modern plumbing,electriclights, and an unfinished attic. It must also be appreciated that the figures for a two-story house, and theymay be slightly are reduced for a one-story. This is because the two-story house has proportionately of its interior finished than the more
The
costs

is the

most

harmonious

of all. A

cement

house

in

flat,
A

for the

eastern

in accord with the sandy country always seems brick house in hills of claymost certainly appears and
a

scene.

the

best,

house, near the great outskirts of the timberpicture.Why are so many part of the inspiring of the old colonial houses so charming? One of the reasons is the careful use of local materials.
wooden
a

land

is

one-story.
PRICES
PER

SOME CUBIC FOOT

FOR

PRINCIPLES

OF

ECONOMICAL

DESIGN

TWO-STORY

DWELLING

In this with

(June 1,1920,near

New

York

Ci(y)

of problem
some

the first architectural studies of the house, since is ever with us, it is well to be familiar cost of those broad and general of economical principles
lower
we

Type I
1. Wooden
costs etc.,

design.
with
cents

frame building covered from 40 cents to 45

siding, stucco,
per cubic foot.

The

will be the expense

keep our house to of labor, when for,

the

ground, the
must

less

work

be done

ARCHITECTURE the construction hands, it means of scaffolds and the lifting hoists of the materials. by special This is not so important wooden a consideration with the light frame building house. it is with the masonry Wherever as exterior walls, for the sake have brick, we stone, or concrete of economy Ernest Mr. they should be built low. Flagg has found this to be so that,in houses which he very true is constructing Staten Island, he has careat Dongan Hills on fully limited the heightof all walls to one story, and starts
a

above

the reach

of

man's

this

of designsave principle
one

considerable money,

lows but it fol-

in naof those great laws of beauty,so prevalent ture. in the landscape, the house low and nestling It makes

therebyharmonizing it with the surroundings.The house and is stares at you blatantly speculator isolation and difference from the landscape; proud of its complete
of the uncultured
but in the with house the of those who have

harmony

surroundings.The
close connection nature's

into the air without the that

Of course, at the gable end of the house,it is to carry them necessary up much of the roof from the top higher. Now, the starting of the first floor makes all the second floor come within the and this heretofore has been impracticable, roof, account on of the great heat generatedunder the roof and the inability
this level.

the construction

of his roof

from

comely one cuddles in this principle of economy

There
are

is modestly taste ugly house thrusts with the ground, while lap. Is it not strange

is a law of of economy
more

beauty?
in

other features
The

should

be observed.
in the hands

simplerand
the

design which straightforward

it can

the cheaperit is and the design, made of the

more

beautiful

be

of dormer
ventilator

windows
which

Flagg has solved

the purpose of has this been, that the space which in most houses is called the attic, able. and is wasted, has been made available and livhe has accomplished What by these ventilators is
the thus
to ability start

ventilate the rooms properly. Mr. problem by inventinga simple roof of the roof, and serves islocated on the ridge both lighting So successful and ventilating.
to

highestart,
the
to
a

this

cost

square the minimum.

is the good artist. Simplicity it is also the most economical wise as thing. Likeof a house can be reduced by shaping as nearly and reducing the outside walls to as possible, The

this accomplishes
structure

semi-detached house in the group plan in the best manner, and givesto the whole that is so very pleasing. This that low, longsky-line
one

also makes
a

soil line and economy.

one

chimney
was

do for both

houses,

the roof
make

at

lower

the exterior walls floor and

the top of the first floor, and and set the attic in the place

great
to

pointin
the

As

some

architects believe

of the second

it very

livable. Not

only does

problemof

the small

these group house.

said in the last article, tion houses are the only solu-

The
We Willis "To
"

Nebraska
are

State

CapitolCompetition
letter following from Mr.

The

Boston

Varnish

Company

is

a progressive following

in

of receipt

Polk,of
THE

San

the Francisco:
OF

detail sheets idea in having had prepareda series of practical showing the use of their products in colonial architecture.

They
ARCHITECTURE:
comment
on

cover

EDITOR

and the petition ComState^Capitol conclusions in that

drawn

to Referring

your

in your
comment
seem

August number,
coincide with

your

of subjects measured and are carefully a variety TECTURE by Edgar and Verna Cook Salomonsky. ARCHIwill reproduceone in its adversheet each month tising section. The series of twelve,enclosed in a folder,
to

of the late D. H. the opinion Burnham, as expressed by him in a letter twelve years ago: 'We ourselves believers in the value of comnot are petitions
to
'

will be mailed
same

any

architect Varnish the

who

will make

request for

to

the Boston

Company.
of practice and " architecture has

and

it is our
an

custom

not

to

engage

in them.

Our

for partnership

been

in Architect, properlytrained by experience the class of buildings he is called upon to undertake, when conditions of the once fullyinformed as to the particular problem,can produce as many different sketches as could be and that in any case produced by a number of Architects; the real solution can be arrived at only by the process of successive elimination through a series of studies in which the Architect and the Owner work closely together.'
'

beliefis that

formed
under

by Henry
the firm
name

T.

Barnham

Charles

L.

Hoffman,
Va.

of Barnham of Commerce

Hoffman, architects and Richmond, Building,

Chamber engineers,

Japanese Old-Timers

in Electrical

Industry
the

STUDENTS Far East will be

the

of the

growingAmerican

in enterprises

Nippon

interested in the statement issued by Electric Company of Tokyo, the Japanese subsidiary Western
American

of the

Electric Company

of

New

York.

Announcements
located Dahlstrom, architect, formerly Building,is now occupying offices at 305 Nicollet Minn. at 10th Street,Minneapolis, Building,
Arthur
at

Organized under
612

Andrus

Essex

less than a generasupervision tion the telephone and many of the other ago to manufacture electrical requirements of Japan, the Nippon Company had when its fiscal year 1,340 native employees in its personnel closed recently.Of these,143 had been employed by it over

Harold Holmes, architect, announces located in his new studio building, 151

that he is
East

now

nue, Chicago Ave-

justeast
Mr.

of the drive.
of Chicago,announces Jobson, architect, the name of Jobson " offices at 225 -North Michigan Boulevard, under incorporated

fifteen years, while 11 had seen over over of service. All of these Japanese electrical with the exception workers of 7. were men Following the system used by the Western Electric
ten

years,

29

twenty

years

C. Frank
now

his office is

Hubbard, Chicago.

with

rewardinglengthof service among its employees, the Nippon Electric Company gave a dinner to itsold-timers at Sanyentei. Gold buttons and certificates of service were presentedto all those who had passed the
ten-year mark.

Company

in America

in

Book
OLD

Reviews
of these square a whole row Many visitorsto old Mystic will remember boxes on "Skipper Street" (we protest against the reportedchange of such a of the street to such a commonplace one as somename thing quaintlydescriptive avenue), on top of which may be observed "The Captain's or other Walk," a little square or round observatorysurrounded by a railing. The architect will find these Old Houses a useful and suggestivebook their many variants of the Colonial style. as a reference with him a very comprehensive presentation With the "Doorways" it gives of the AN dealt period
OF

ENGLAND NEW "Old New England

from the author's

HOUSES.

BY

Doorways."
York.

ALBERT G. ROBINSON, author of illustrations With nearly a hundred

Scribner's

unique collectionof photographs.Charles

New Sons, publishers,

and enlarged Mr. Robinson's former book on doorways, of which a new England Houses" has been made edition uniform with "Old New tect instant approval by both archiwith wide met demand, to meet a necessary and layman. In the new volume, for which he writes an introduction that is a brief but review of the development of the various architectural types illuminating of New England,are included nearly one hundred examples of old houses from all parts of New England. These represent not only some of gathered but as well many of the simpler of the well-to-do, the stately old mansions that line village streets perch here and there on the or smaller houses f arm hillside. of shoulder far-seeing some warm be divided into four groups, The author says that these old houses may ings, the difference being marked by the roof. One group includes the buildroof of equal length in with sloping two stories, whether of one or with sizeand boxes of proportions, varying front and back,mere rectangular These are commonly known as "gable" or "pitch" cover. a doubly sloping b ut in show attached most this ell, few Not a of an cases, roof houses. type this is a later addition. A second group shows the "lean-to" if not in all, While much more common with the extension of the roof-linein the rear. stories in front,the long back roof appears occasionally of two to houses A third group includes the "gambrels." In houses of a singlestory. on Holmes "Parson Turell's Legacy," Doctor givesthe originof his
poem the term:
"

with.

EPITOME

FOR TECTS, ARCHIPHYSICIANS, HYDROTHERAPY, BY sulting NURSES. SIMON BARUCH, M.D., LL.D., ConKnickerbocker and Montefiore ing Consultto Physician Hospitals,
AND

Hydrotherapeutistto Bellevue Hospital,New York City,formerly of Hydrotherapy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, lumbia Coand of 205 pages, illustrated. Philadelphia University. I2mo W. B. London: 1920. Saunders Company.
Professor

The
to

institutions existing architects who the best and A

"Hydrotherapeutic Instalments,"includingplans of will be of interest observations on common defects, who want to be informed as to or planning hospitals portance modern methods in hydrotherapy. The author emphasizes the imschools of hydrotherapy in the curriculum of the nurses' training

chapteron

and

are

of its great usefulness

in

our

reconstruction

hospitals.
American
Face

MANUAL
Brick

OF

FACE

BRICK

CONSTRUCTION.

Chicago. Association,

'Gambrel ?" Gambrel ? ' Let me beg You'll look at a horse's hinder leg,
"

to serve

First great angle above the hoof, That's the gambrel; hence gambrel-roof."
"

A book intended to show the value of brick as a buildingmaterial and ing for the builder. The introduction includes an interestas a manual above all, times. It is, a book of practical story of brick from primitive with plans and details of construcvalue and the many fine platesin color, tion, should prove a useful reference in the architect's library. BRICK HOME. A Selection of ThirtyAVERAGE MAN'S FOR THE Designs for Practical and Artistic Homes, including Cottages, Brick facturers' ManuBungalows, Houses, and Apartments. The Common Cleveland,Ohio. Association, book
attractive drawings of service. Its many of practical of brick with working drawings and specifications belong in with the book referred to above. library

am

not

preparedto

say

whether

autocrat's fertile imagination. But product of the genial gambrel roof are abundant in New England. The form mansions like the "Dorothy Q" cottages and in stately and
the
a

this is reliable information old houses

or

with

is used in quaint house in Quincy

five

from design appears to have been borrowed in New England as early as the last quarter of While the use of the dormer-window, common occurrence enough in the South, was unusual in the North, it is of frequent both one and two storied. But there is a houses with the gambrelroof, on difference between the New England material and not fully explained Its graceful. gambrel and its prototype. The latter is quitethe more shorter and its lower slopeless steep than is the New upper slope is much in area of the New is Englander roof. While gained lost, England grace The fourth group consists in what was, in effect, headroom a second story. boxes with the roof roof,usually of the pyramidal "hip" or square type This also shows variations centre. slopingfrom the four sides to a common in roof angle as related to the wall of the house. Also,while in many cases at the walls of a largecentral the four slopes met at a central peak, or stopped other terminated in at the edge of a flat platform they cases chimney, many if not usually, or was a low railing around which, frequently fencing number of others. The
it
was

Dutch,

but

used

Another

the

seventeenth century.

typicalhouses
the architect's The
two

books

admirablysupplement

each other.
ized Author-

FORM

PROBLEMS American

BY W. WORRINGER. GOTHIC. OF THE New York. edition. G. E. Stechert,

to arrive at the

built.

of This book may well be called an attempt principles psychology. Gothic by way of aesthetic theory, a study of art as human but of technical development?, The historyof architecture is not a history of the ways and means of the changing aims of expression, by which a history this technic conforms and ministers to the changing aims through ever new and different combinations of its fundamental elements." accordingto a This edition is translated from the third German edition, written in Berne in 1912. preface
"

Wooden

Doors
of

Dating Back
the carved

to

Middle

Ages

AMONG wooden
in These
are

the

famous

doors from

historyare

doors of the church of the

of Santa

picting,in the Middle Sabina, Rome, dewith

scenes relief, one

most

the Old and New Testament. remarkable examples of early

generally planksplacedside by side and in dwelling-houses simple, Ages the doors were small and fairly and often provided for strictly meant practicable purposes
some means

extant. sculpture In the earliesttimes,as in Babylon, doors swung on sockets instead of hinges. In Roman doors days wooden decorated with bronze and inlaid, and throughoutthe were Middle Ages richlycarved doors of wood adorned the churches. In the Gothic wooden doors were orated decperiod, with wrought-iron which were often elaborated hinges into intricate ornamentation coveringa largepart of the

Christian

periodwere
came

of defense. The doors of the Norman round-headed, while with the thirteenth century
the

the doorway with

arch. In the
case

pointedarch

and

tened later,the flat-

doors

homes, and

old polished of interior doors, splendid hogany maold English importantfeatures in some old oak doors of wonderful beauty, there were
were

door.

The

doors

of the cathedral
are

of Notre
'

Dame France

in Paris rately elabo-

of the thirteenth century During the Renaissance carved of wood Some doors
were

the finest examplesof this class.

in

Germany
the
most

and

among

beautiful products formed

of
narrow

sculpture.
of the old

when found in oak-panelled rooms. especially Haphazard selectionof doors of the ready-made variety of a fine home, but the should not be allowed in the building builds the doors should be designedby the architect who be in keepingwith the general that they may style structure of the house. Upon the attractiveness and distinction of first impression the door and doorway depends the visitor's of the home he is about
to enter.

Englishdoors

were

312

ARCHITECTURE

313

Important
The 2O-year Barrett

Notice Type
the "AA"
most to

Specification
Roof

Bonded

represents
it is

permanent
construct, years this

roof-covering
and
we

possible
twenty

while
can

we name

bond

it for

only,
type
years

that and
the

have
are

been

roofs many in service over

of

forty
does

still in

good
of
the

condition.

Where
not

character
a

building
extreme

justify

roof

of

such

we length SpecificationType

of service

recommend "A" Roof

the

rett Bar-

bonded

for

10

years.

Both

roofs

are

built

of the

same

highthe

grade waterproofing
difference

materials,

only

being

the

quantity

used.

'

When

The

Definite
Editorial

it

comes

to

writing
"
"

Specification
A

from

Page,

merican

rchitcct, N.

Y.

Roofing
Our enables and has
to

Specifications
in

"r

^HE

physician
* *

who

made

practice of
others
whose

J_ prescribing
*
*

certain

drugs
were

or

properties
confidence effect
in the what
outworn

similar" his

would
and

sixty years' reputation

us

the

roofing
of the

business architect that

soon

lose

the is in

of the

patients,

to

place
a

at

the

disposal Roofing

yet who

that

architect

is doing discredited the

his been

client

"definite"

Specification
in the

persists
of of
a

and
after
*
*

proved
those

by

the

most

exhaustive advocated

experience
ican Amer-

practice

writing given

'or

equal'
*

fication speci-

material.

give

"better editorial

results" herewith.

"Unless

he and
sooner

entirely neglects
leaves
or

to to

perform
the what is

his

Architect
This

function

the later

decision

builder,
to

"definite" It is
a

specification
formula for

is

The

Barrett which

fication. Specimost

he used

must

determine
from his
own

be

built-up
the
year

roofs

and,
the

considered interest
to

both and

the

standpoint

of

client's
seem

reputation,
he
* *

architects
can

endorse.

Any

reputable
and
per
owner

roofing
of service.

contractor

it would

be

desirable
the
contract
* *

that

fill the with

prescription,
the lowest
cost

is assured

of

make rather "The

his

decision

when the

specification
is let.
* *

is written

roof

than old

after

Full

details the

regarding

these

Bonded
sent

Roofs free
on

and

copies
request.

argument,

that has

definite
ually effect*
'

specification fosters
disposed
It is evident
of that

high

prices,

been
*

of

Barrett

Specification
1

by leading architects.
no

manufacturer take increase

of

standing
of
a

New
St.

York

Chicago
Cleveland
New

Louis

Company
Nashville Milwaukee Toledo Buffalo Denver LIMITED: St. Salt Lake

Philadelphia
Cincinnati

Boston

and

responsibility policy
is but
the have
one

would
to

advantage
his

Detroit

Orleans

Birmingham City
Seattle

Pittsburgh Kansas City

Peoria

definite do
so

specification
as a

price.
*

To

Minneapolis
Atlanta

Dallas Duluth

Bangor
Columbus Baltimore

Washington Syracuse
Torot

Johnstown
Latrobe

would
article

be
or

business
material results
to

suicide.
that than

Lebanon Hethlehem
' i,n,,

Youngstown
Elizabeth Houston BARRETT Vancouver COMPANY.

"If

there

ha

Jacksonville
Montreal B.

THK

opinion of
Winnipeg Sydney.
N. S. S.

architect.give better
the moral courage

will, in the other, any

John.

N.

Halifax.

N.

he

should

specify it outright."

The

Competitionfor

New

York's
to

Memorial
serve as a

Army

and

Navy Club

mit subarchitects of the country will be asked EADING drawings of the $3,000,000club-house competitive

not

home

who died but also to the men only as a monument for living in the army, active or retired, officers,

Army and Navy Club of America is to build in New York officers who in memory of the three thousand five hundred cated will be a national one, dediThe memorial died in the war.
the in all branches of the service the commissioned men the supreme who made sacrifice. Rowland Charles Dana Blashfield, Gibson, Edwin Henry Bacon, and BenjaminMorris, with Admiral Bradley
to

navy, or State militia. Civilians interested in the nation's defense are also eligible for associate membership. The committee on design will decide the rules governing competitive drawingsthe club will request of allthe leading architects. Only tentative planshave been decided on, but interesting features of the new included in these. are building The memorial feature will probably take the form of a central court hall with bronze-panelled walls where the or the
names

A.

of the club, form Fiske, president

to

the

committee

pointed ap-

select the

designfor
members

the

building.

of those who In the

made

the supreme

sacrificewill be
at

graved. en-

Notable
and

contributions have

architecture Rowland

by

been made art to American of the committee on design.

the dome great'central

new

club-house there will be

least four hundred with cots, will also when the city is

Edwin

Blashfield decorated

bedrooms.
crowded There

of the Libraryof Congress. His war recent attention. His most

posters attracted

national, be inter-

furnished largedormitory, occasions provided for use on special

A with service
men.

importantwork was the certificate of honor issued for every for the government's design in service during the war. who died or was wounded man Lincoln Memorial at Washington was The impressive He formerlywas of a member designedby Henry Bacon. of the " White. He is a member the firm of McKim, Mead Institute of Arts and Letters, and National the National Academy of Design. the architect for the Junius Benjamin Morris was at Hartford, the Westchester Spencer Morgan Memorial of and is the designer County Court House at White Plains, York. He the new Cunard Buildingat 25 Broadway, New of the Society of Beaux Arts Architects. is president Charles Dana Gibson is known throughoutthe world as illustrator. He has a wide personal an acquaintance among artists and architects. Life was recently by Mr. purchased its publisher. Gibson, and he is now club-house will be centrally located and will The new

for

a large assembly hall and small rooms societies. Women friends of members, meetingsof patriotic or women

also will be

relatives of the deceased

men,

will find
use.

dining-room and
Other

reception-roomfor

their

exclusive

features to be found in a modern club-house will be included in the plans. The club recently broadened its scope so as to include in its membership all officers, sioned and all commisex-officers, with the Allied armies duringthe war, numbering men approximatelytwo hundred thousand. elected to life membershipare: Among the men recently tee; Henry P. Davison, who is chairman of the civilian commitVincent Astor, lieutenant in the navy during the war; Elmer A. Sperry,inventor of the gyroscope; J. P. Morgan, Arthur Curtis James, Charles H. Sabin, Brigadier-General Samuel Guy E. Tripp,Brigadier-General McRoberts, and others of equal prominence.

Mortgage

Tax
to

Exemption
sufficient capital only called into play. tariff To encourage American manufacture, a was imposed, and increase farm loans and municipal improvements, to exemption from federal income tax was inaugurated.
their reach
a very the construction

question: vitally interesting "The construction industry has been worried about the but the minute that the banks were situation, transportation road activities stopped and railto float loans,building unwilling conditions and coal became only incidental. "The banks were to stop construction loans,not obliged of materials, but because because of prices they could not dispose of the real-estate mortgages to their customers. This was largelydue to the federal income tax which, with its heavy surtax makes the larger on incomes, mortgage Exactly how this buying at 6% absolutely impossible. works against the larger of most of the incomes the sources
statement
on a
"

WE

are

indebted
clear

to

the Metal

Lath

News

for the following

force to powerful of homes

attract

if it is

"No

one

can

blame

the

man

with

an

annual

income

of

investments that will yieldbut to make $50,000 for refusing $412 on $10,000 when he can get $600. It is good business
for
most

rich

man

or

poor

to

make

the

investment

that

looks

in Congress member so a unified appealto every profitable, for the tax exemption of mortgages is now the only solution. logical from for mortgages must come new money funds as are not individuals having such excess of $20,000 or over available until incomes reached. As are an example, an income of $30,000 is subjectto a federal

"The

bulk of

investment "The

money

"

is seen

below.

estates

and

to make present agitation mortgages on homes be thoroughly from federal tax should,therefore, understood and by those who are in the building business,

exempt
who

are

now are

powerlessto aid
not

in the

cause behousingshortage,

loans "No
one as

available.
as

factor is
the

vital

to

the safetyof the whole

the and it is, therefore, with the connected as well as the duty of every privilege one who understands this situation and whose building industry construction activity, cate to advovery livelihood depends upon which will releasevast sums for home-building. legislation "The that means the people have within government

country

of homes, building

come 21% in addition to the insurtax, totalling levied by several of the States. This income tax be deducted the mortgage from the gross return on must before the net return to the investor is found. "To bond which is compete with the 6% municipal normal and
taxes

exempt
investor
or

from

income

anything less
come

tax, the banks than 7.6% With

cannot
on a

offer taxable than

$30,000
and

mortgage,

to

the him

$50,000 investor
out
even.

anything less
sold
at

8.7%
tax

have

mortgages

"

"

be could readily however,.they

5%

exempt, and 6% bases."

raffiffliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

A
-THE
vol.
"

ILCH
PROFESSIONAL
^

I T E CT
"

V
"

ARjCHIT.ECTVR.AL

MONTHLY'
No-5

XLII.

"

N
1920

""

NOVEMBER,
TEXT GENERAL THE PRINCIPLES
OF OF

PAGES
----------

SCHOOL DESIGN

PLANNING
IN

AND

IMPORTANCE

GOOD

SCHOOL

CONSTRUCTION (Illustrated) Tooktr y Marsh, Architects BUILDING (Illustrated) Architect Ernest Sibley,
_____ ______

Pages 315-318
_----

Pages 319-323. Page 325 Page 326 Page 327 Pages 328-329

EDITORIAL AND SOME PRACTICAL WASHINGTON'S THE RIDGEWOOD A THE THE TOWN NOTABLE

COMMENT: OTHER SUGGESTIONS FOR SCHOOL HIGH

"Our
THE

School Architecture,""Graft" DRAUGHTSMEN By David

-------_--_-----

B. Emerson

SHORTAGE (Illustrated) SCHOOL (Illustrated) SCHOOLHOUSE

By Edgtrton Szvartvjout
ONE-STORY HIGH
_._

Page 329 Page 331

By David Knickerbocker
SHEBOYGAN FREER SCHOOL
AND

Boyd

(Illustrated)
IT WILL
AND

Childs y GALLERY
FOR

Smith, Architects
-

WHAT

CONTAIN HEALTH

(Illustrated)

Pages 33^-334 Pages 334-338 Pages 340-343 Page 343 Pages 344-346

PLANNING
OF

CONVENIENCE SMALL
-

CONSTRUCTION

THE

HOUSE

Architect Charles A. Platt, PART II (Illustrated). By Louis Lott III (Illustrated).ARTICLE By H. Vandcnoarl Walsh
___-

.._

ANNOUNCEMENTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.

-

(Illustrated).ARTICLE

II

By DeWitl
BOOK REVIEW
-

Clinton Pond

Page 347
PLATES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
-

THE

BUTTER
FOR

TOWER,

ROUEN From the lithograph by Howard Tooker y

Frontispiece Page 316

Leigh

DESIGN HIGH GRADE

SCHOOL, COHOES,
N.

N. Y. N.
-

Y.

------------------

Marsh, Architects Page 315

.

SCHOOL, NORWICH,

Tooker y

Marsh, Architects. Arthur W

Coole,Associate Page
317,

SCHOOL, HARTSDALE,
GRADE
AND

Y.

Plate CLXXIII

COMBINATION

HIGH

SCHOOL,
-

Marsh, Architects, Arthur W. Cootf,Associate PORT HENRY, N. Y. Tooker y Marsh, Architects. Arthur W. Coote,Associate
Tooker "
--

Page 318 Pages 319-323 Page 324 Page 338

HIGH SCHOOL, HEMPSTEAD, N. Y. PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP CONSOLIDATED EVANDER HIGH HIGH DUNBAR HIGH BANKS GRAMMAR MEASURED CONN. PUBLIC CHILDS HIGH SCHOOL, Wis. N. NEW
-----

MONTGOMERY SCHOOL, Co., PA. Associate Architects C. E. Schermerhorn, Watson K. Phillips, YORK CITY C. B. J. Snyder, Architect
-----.--.

Plate CLXI,

SCHOOL, SHEBOYGAN, SCHOOL, RIDGEWOOD,

HIGH

Plate CLXII plates

Childs y

Smith, Architects
----____

J.

CLXIII, CLXIV,
-

Page 328 Page

327

Tracy y SCHOOL, WASHINGTON,

N. Y. MASS.
-

Architects Swarttvout, Plate CLXV,

-

D.
-

C. Snotvden

Ashford,Municipal Architect
Plate CLXVI plate CLXVII Plate CLXVIII, W.

SCHOOL, PELHAM,

Tooker y

Marsh, Architects. Arthur

Kilham y

Coote,Associate
......

SCHOOL, WALTHAM,
SCHOOL

-----

Hopkins, Architects Page 330

BUILDING, ROSEMONT,

DETAILS, EARLY
------

RADNOR TOWNSHIP, PA. D. Knickerbocker Boyd, John L. Coneys, Victor D. Abel, Architects IN ARCHITECTURE PARLOR, WEBB-WELLES HOUSE, CONNECTICUT, PANELLING OF Measured

WETHERSFIELD,
-

Plate CLXIX Plate CLXX

by J. Frederick Kelly. Drawn

-

by Lorenzo

Hamilton
-

SCHOOL, LITTLE
GRADE GRADE
AND

FERRY, N. J.
HIGH

COMBINATION FERRIS HENRY SCHOOL SCHOOL CENTRAL ART LODGE AVENUE K. No.

SCHOOL, GREENSBURGH.

SCHOOL, WHITE

Architect Ernest Sibley, Y. Too/t-r y Marsh, Architects. Arthur W. Coote,Associate PLAINS, N. Y. Tooker W Marsh, Architects. Arthur If. Coote,Associate N.
.

Plate CLXXI Plate CLXXI Plate CLXXII

....

BOYER

SCHOOL, LOWER
Mo. N.
-

PROVIDENCE Co., PA. TOWNSHIP, MONTGOMERY Associate Architects C. E. Schermerhorn, rVatson K. Phillips,
-------,-------

64, BALTIMORE,

-Plate
-----

CLXXIV

Mottu

White, Architects
Plate'CLXXV Plate CLXXVI,

BUILDING, CRANFORD,
HIGH

J.

Hollingsworthy SCHOOL, WASHINGTON, LYME,

ESTATE
TO

Bragdon, Architects
-

D.
-

C. Wm. B. Ittner, Architect

"
-

Page 327 Page 335

GALLERY,
ON THE

CONN.
OF

Charles A. Platt, Architect EMORY HILAND

WINSHIP, MACON,

GA.

Page 339
"
-

ALTERATIONS

HOUSE

OF

PORTER, MONTCLAIR,

Nisbey y Dunwody, Architects N. J. Lucian E. Smith, Architect

Page 341
SONS

is published the fifteenth of every month SCRIBNER'S by CHARLES ARCHITECTURE, edited in the interest of the profession, Scribner,President),Fifth. Avenue at 48th Street,New York. in advance, jil.ooa number; to PRICE, mailed flat to any address in the United States,Mexico, or Cuba, $5.00 per annum foreignaddress,$7.00 per annum. to any per annum; is an art in itself, and the publisherswill be The writing and displayingof Advertisements RATES ADVERTISING request. upon the Advertiser the benefit of an Expert's experience in this line at no additional expense. SONS. All rights SCRIBNER'S reserved. Copyright, 1920, by CHARLES York, N. Y., under the Act of March Entered as Second-Class Matter, March 30, loco, at the Post-Office at New 2,

(Charles

Canada, $6.00 .pleasedto give

1879.

XV111

ARCHITECTURE

BISHOPRIC
OLD HOMES Old
Send THE

SUGGESTIONS:
NEW
"

BISHOPRIC

SHEATHING-

MADE
Exterior Frame

NEW
use

HOMES
in

MADE

BETTER

Details for

Buildings on

Overcoating Bishopric Stucco Base

Cincinnati. O.

soundStrengthening, insulating, deadening, weather-proofing unit; for exterior walls, suband flooring sub-roofing. STUCCO BISHOPRIC AND PLASTER BASE-Interlocking dovetailed key, insulating and waterproofing unit ; creosote treated and not treated.

BISHOPRIC

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THE

BUTTER

TOWER,

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From

the

by lithograph

Howard

Leigh.

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTVRAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XLII

NOVEMBER,

192O
iUH|it1i"irinJit'iui"(

NO.

svssKssri

General

of Principles
Tooker

School
and

Planning and

Construction

Marsh, Architects

High School, Norwich, N. Y.

Tooker

"

Marsh, Architects.

Arthur

W.

Coote, Associate.

of standardized number combine a units,sufficient only for the immediate needs of the community. In recent
to

IT

was

formerly the

custom

in

planning a school-building
(a)
The

of

the

years

the
a

is

one

volving broader aspect, ina tendency has been toward The ject subcomprehensive building programme. which, through its interesting development, has

vestigat
has investigation
not

such questions,providing following

an

already been

made:

from

percentage of growth of the school population five to ten years.

over

of period
munity. com-

(b) The

geographical

location

of

the

probable growth

of

the

enlisted the services of many

of the best architects, who

With
are

genuinely toward the best solution of each problem striving themselves rather than interesting for the financial advantages solely some the convento be gained by merely complying with tional without thought to future development. requirements, Fortunately,the development of school planning has
advanced which have

versed in the reknowledge he is more quirements properly of the community and better able to meet itsneeds. If his own should dictate the wisdom of investigation

this

change
as

from

he should he

the plan outlined to him in placebefore the proper authorities have for betterment,and thus may
not building

the

ning, begingestions sugwith

such unite

of rapidly

late years.

There

are

certain

features

them

of the

The days proved to be rightand are standard. schoolroom ill-smelling dark, unsanitary, are, happily,
end all of the present era the country over

for the best ultimate results. The architect must create a

merit, but
itselfand
When
new

also

one

which

is

chitectural only of arpracticalwithin

in the past. The sight. Architects in the

of progress
are

is

not

in

in relation
an

to

the system

of which

it is

prove imto striving

approximategeographical location

part. for the

to

intends to aid present standards, and ARCHITECTURE of ideas by publishing, from time to time, interchange

the site itself. The

buildinghas been determined, the next step is followingpoints should receive

:

select

careful

is no greater issues devoted to this subject. There special information the matter of school need to-day than correct on planning and construction. This article will deal with fundamentals only, and will, times repeatedto architects doubt, be an old story many no but there are many who have had experience along this line, who are undertaking now, for the first time, or will shortly their first school commission, and particularly undertake for

consideration
"

The First. Area. plot should be large enough not only to provide for future additions,but also for ample play areas. Orientation. nate Second. Exposures should be selected so as to elimi; north light as far as possible, except in specialrooms. The Sanitation. rAtW." plot should have good natural drainage, or lend itselfto a modification of existinggrades to accomplish same.
"

Each

has locality and It is the

its

differ in the number

the site itself.

own requirements,which varietyof rooms, or may be

may due to

them

are

these

few words
who

written.
a

rather exception, the

same

than
set

the

rule,that

An

architect

receives

commission

from

pality munici-

two

schools

can

be built from

of

plans. There

should not be content to design a school-building sider merely with the requirementsgivento him, but should conit his duty, before proceeding, to make a thorough in-

has

would

but this been considerable talk of standardizing schools, This statebe feasible in the majority of cases. ment not does not,

however, apply to

some

of the

largercities,

3i6

ARCHITECTURE

si
z
"

E
"

"
en

O X O
u

u
en

O
u,

ARCHITECTURE
where
.

standardized
been these
are

plans have In perfected.

cases

the sites and

tangular, reclevel, uniformly

the
are are

environments similar.
now

We

of the speaking
an or age aver-

moderate-size in building
town

city.
in the

The

mistake

past has been, to a great extent, that

the environment the been site has of
not

given proper

consideration, and,
to
Hartsdale, N. Y. Pupils' entrance, grade school, Topker W. Coote, Associate.. Arthur " Marsh, Architects.

the put itmildly,

not

result has
so

been
as

successful have

it

GlL*DE

JChOOL

AT

MAR.VDALE.

might
School the

been.

architecture is takinglong strides to the front, and is beingbenefited thereby. public covered in this article. There are phases to this many old buildings is Frequentlythe problem of enlarging ardization problem,and at present, in many States,incorrect standoften than not, the architect finds that and, more presented, harm as under-standardizais doingfully as much scheme has not been plannedfor this enlargethe original ment, tion in others. An instance that be cited is that of and lack of In considerable the alteration
cost

becomes necessary.
communities these extension,

This
sums.

classroom

floor

area some

has foresight
out

many

for future building laying should receive major consideration:

Stairwaysshould

large points

per

pupil. A
This

may minimum is

feet is allowed
or use

in

without regard to States,

area

of 15 square dent age of stusufficient for

of the classroom.

not

be located so as to be independentof the additions. should be of sufficient size to accommodate Boiler and coal rooms future boilers and coal storage. and ventilating ducts should be run Steam mains to the points of future extensions,of ample size to supply the ultimate demand. should be located with respect to Administration and toilet rooms the ultimate

development, rather wall of

than

the first unit.

Another is the

problem which
stone

confronts the architect occasionally fixed ideas wrongly instilled in

where 18 square feet of high school pupils, seating minimum. be prescribed In some States the as a for primary, have been worked out separately requirements or high school purposes. This point should be grammar, for a competition when is borne in mind a programme which is not framed, so that the best planmay be obtained, held to a always the case when architects are arbitrarily proper should fixed be uniform, but heating should vary with the location. requirements Schools generally are coming into use as community should be givenproper consideration centres, and this point accessible entrances auditoriums with easily and by planning for all types of rooms. area should Ventilation requirements

Auditorium, grade school, Hartsdale,N. Y.

the minds
as

of his clients. This is a difficultsituationto of the clients(boards

come, over-

education)are

posed comusually

of

laymen

who

look

to

their paid assistants

to

minister ad-

the details of the school system and to make recommendations for its improvementand growth. Considerable
tact must

be exercised
an

to

overcome

this

but it situation, mind

should

be

approachedwith
architect's work

the

thought in

that the
boards of
GB.ADE. JcrtOOL
-AT'

result of

will outlive many

education and their assistants. of standardization is too The subject

MAlLTJDAL.h

broad

to

be

fully

ARCHITECTURE exits. A stage,of a size to accommodate should theatricals and dressing-rooms,

scenery for amateur also be included.

with panicbolts. All exterior exits should be equipped where Exterior steps should be eliminated as far as possible
snow

and

ice

occur.

All

such devices possible, fool-proof

as

fire-alarm system, electriclights, key switches controlling etc., should be included. The location of lockers is

generalscheme
lockers each in or floor,

of the
on a

the
row

largely dependentupon the which may warrant tralizing cenbuilding, on ground floor or in separate rooms alongthe corridor walls. Individual

Hardwoods, such as maple, beech,and comb-grained the best for classroom floors. Corridor floorsand are pine, economical stairways may be treated in many ways, the most of which is by means of a cement finish which should be treated with a dust-proofing hardener. cement Terazzo, and tile are more but have composition, plastic expensive, better appearance. a cemented over Battleship linoleum, the entire surface, has proven very satisfactory. It is less than either terazzo tile and has the added advantage expensive or of quiet. The wainscoting in corridors should be either tile or is prohibitive, glazedbrick. However, if the cost of same
Keene's
cement

will prove
to

satisfactory.
toiletfacilities on
in universal
use,

It is advisable
""

Automatic

with with flush valves, where the water pressure tanks and some The material for toilet pressure is within workable range. be Alberene stone, slate, partitions marble,metal, or may
some

have water-closets are

each

floor.

Combination Arthur W.

Port Henry, N. Y. grade and high school, Coote, Associate.

Tooker

"

Marsh

Architects.

the least desirable. Toilet-room floors being should be of cement, plastic composition, terazzo, or tile, with the waniscot of tileor Keene's cement. The matter of heating and ventilation should be placed in the hands of a competent engineer. To economize on the heating plantis a serious mistake. Vent flues should,preferably, be located at the floor, with no grilles, for better ventilation and for cleaning. Heat flues should have diffusers to distribute the flow of air at a lower velocity over the entire surface of the opening, a highvelocity avoiding flues should be sufficiently at the top. Heat to keep large

wood; wood

the air flow

as

near

wardrobes
the
room

are

universally approvedfor "home

seat"

rooms. class-

drafts late in the

fires to This

in order to avoid cold as possible, gravity the janitor allows his day when, usually, in
a a

wardrobes should be located at the rear of blackboard space at the afford uninterrupted of the students while front and to facilitate supervision usingthe wardrobes. Umbrella pans of zinc should be built in each wardrobe. of treatment a simple Sanitation and economy require
These
to

well proven of the board of education is

drop. was point

throat and

where the president city nose specialist.

This is effected by keeping the interiorof the classroom. dows, reveals for winwoodwork at a minimum, by usingplaster and beads for other exterior angles, and metal corner boards, by usingno trim other than scribe mould,except for blackDoor dles sadwardrobe fittings, etc. picture-moulds, between room the classshould be eliminated and the joints of a metal angle and corridor floors formed by means flushwith the floor. Walls should be finished with top of leg with hard rather plaster doors than sand finish. fect peris not should be Classroom

the schools opened he noted the great increase of When with head colds. When children patients a new highschool heat flues and two vent flues were was two installed built, for each classroom, factory. satisbut this did not prove entirely Uniform gravity distributionof temperedair" was the solution, in his opinion. This,of course, was physically When the last gradeschool was however, built, impossible. flues was seriesof four heat and four vent installed for a each room, so arrangedthat they alternated the lengthof the room, that the air was and so designed forced into the of not over 210 feet per minute. This room at a velocity school has in
over now

been

should be

to assure self-closing,

operation for

ventilation and quiet. Transoms for the purpose of ventilationwhen the

in

-movable,

plenum system

of course, is an This, of classrooms is universally lighting approved. tion, constructhus avoiding expensive Groups of windows are advisable, but proves that dows from piers.There are a number of types of winshadows too great a velocity in general and unit,pivoted, use, such as double-hung, is a bad feature. counterbalanced. The latter type has the advantage of The foregoing dents. a partial openingwithout direct drafts on the stuallowing of cleaning article has,necessafrom within the room. It also permits rily, ject treated the subThe most approvedmethod of shadingwindows is by of the window, of school planof two shades located at the centre means ning the other,the lower shade to pull and construction one overlapping up and Shades may be boxed to darken in a most general the upper to pulldown. is in use. while a stereopticon the room Architects manner. Blackboards of natural slate are the most "approved will find much to interest and should be placedat the front, them in the side,and rear of the room. of the chalk-rail is determined by the age of the The height subject of modern than necesschool design.The student. The blackboards should not be higher sary, the larger of black surface means fieldislarge, as amount and the greater of light. absorption problem Varied.

operation.
Unilateral

four years, and the result has been almost perfection.

11

Entrance

N. Y. Tooker detail, school,Glens Falls, Marsh, Architects. Arthur W. Coote, Associate.

S:

The

Importance

of Good
Ernest

Design

in School

Building

Architect Sibley,

the part of the school archion obligation mentals thoroughlyacquainthimself with the fundaof school organization and administration, and to keep pace with the rapid progress of modern school ideas, in shop work not and laboratories, only in study and recitation, but in physical and social development. training The school architect can plan successfully only if he has constantly before him as he works a vision of the completed and in full operation, building, equipped,occupied, and social need of fulfilling every mental, moral,physical, the students within its walls. Then, and only then, does school planning cease be a mechanical to problem, based certain fixed standards, and become teresting, on an important,inand inspiring occupation. While school planning has advanced in considerably the past few years, school designhas not always kept pace, for there is admittedly of well-designed a smaller proportion schools than almost any other type of buildings, standing notwiththe fact that good designis fully in as important
I -^
tect to

'

^HERE

is the

this

periodof their lives, when the impressionable, receptivemind is desire of the Board of Education and the Superintendent color influenced by beauty of designand pleasing favorably of Schools to give to the children of the district the best and natural way may schemes,and in a logical begin their in the scientific, possible commercial,industrial, training education in the recognition of good archiand appreciation tecture, and in academic work, with household arts departments, as that least appreciated of the fine and respected ing and convenience for obtainevery advantage,innovation, arts. such training that could be secured without a building The is a plan of the Hempstead high-school building the plan of vocational school. Coupled with this was natural solution of a problemgrowing out of the expressed well as making the school an educational and recreational, for all the peopleof the community. as a social, centre The first step in the developmentof the designwas the

in any other class of work. as Children attend school during the formative

""'""
.

..

I!:-

'

"

.-."I

!:"'"::;.; -""""

"M d FILL
rv a H/-MVTD HOUR

OTAUO^ JIZL^ONE.
riri/*rir^nr.^ * t.icrr 4 WEtf.REMriONJ

WOW"

'''"'jijr-'T^
"

'-_--_r.

("__

^j

"

JCIODL

"

unrjina

^l'

319

320

ARCHITECTURE

assembly-rooman
element. The
to a

tectural archiimportant

administration, also,being
acter, degreepublicin charto some importance
treatment.

certain

is entitled in architectural The has

location of the schoolrooms

been appropriately indicated by thus expressing subduingthe central motif, the quietand seclusion desirable for study and class rooms. The silhouetted against portico the projecting auditorium wing,with itsenriched doorways, constitutes the more importantarchitectural motif. To secure harmony and express the secondary architectural importance of the administration, the pilaster treatment was employed, and the arches
are

unembellished. The
with

trance en-

is accentuated standards. The

treatment

steps,

and wrought-iron railings,

lamp

simple,straightforward of the classroom windows,

mullions the base and small panes in

with of the
lamtiD- IKI cmll'Of
'

wide

and glass,
stone

carrying throughof
and

cornice,are

..-

IWIIIID ""r- .' 'ItJCJt HftUT'UCft/

.
" .

riit;ip.i:"twJ!Lirr/J

with the style and strengthen keeping the feeling of unityin the whole. Color plays an importantpart

studyof the old Long Island architecture, and Hempstead itselffurnishes many cellent exexamplesof colonial work. It seemed desirable to incorporate of the feeling in the high-school building but the this quaintand charmingstyle, frame construction employed throughout for proper this section was impracticable for architectural Inspiration adaptation. motifs was sought, therefore,in the of homes and publicbuildings stately ginia, the Third Period,in Maryland and Virin harmony with the which are
local colonial the

work, and

in addition

press ex-

and ample proportions dignity necessary in a high school building. the close association of Considering home
to

and

school,it seemed

consistent

ter examplesin domestic characthe key to the design. as fort In creating the design, studied efthe made to outwardlyexpress was three important elements in the plan: the administration, and study, assembly, ments correlate these eleand to harmoniously in a well-proportioned and dignified

refer to

facade.
administration school plan the trally assembly are cenlocated, givingsmall opportunity for appropriate in individual expression the design. But with the movement to make the school assembly-room the community In the

customary
and

becomes

centre, this element of the school in character,and semi-public afforded

to

'

HIGH

"

SCHOOL

"

HEMP

STEAD

"

NEW

-YORK

opportunityis

make

the

322

ARCHITECTURE

CO

trj
O
""

c
"
uJ

D-

S
uj

3:

v.)

c
"

-..

. ..
.

'

'**

ARCHITECTURE

323

V-

..:

'--;

Q uj

O
,

: :

inannnnn

oannannnnoi

324

ARCHITECTURE

CLOAK-ROOMS. Separatecloak-rooms should be and and should have direct outside light, cloak-room should be connected should be heated and ventilated. The the the of under it is that to classroom constantly eye only,so be provided. doors should preferably teacher. Two WARDROBES
AND
"

provided for

each

classroom

IDDDnDDQn
I L"D

D D D D D-"

IDDDDDDDi:
":":":_;,w

Wardrobes may be used where it is desired They should be placed at the side or rear Blackboards
may

to reduce

size of building.

of the classroom.

be

in provided

the doors.

,,
'

PLYMOUTH

TCWOHIP COflJOLlIOTD JCflOOL

COUNTY PtMMlYLVANIAWMJON K BH1LLIP1

MONTCOMttY

ON

,-,

lit S 5-J CtAKi

0 D i?'J'J C D D

'

'_ 1

^*-D DDODnCfci
onnnonnai

STAIRWAYS
over

6%"

HALLS. AND Stairs should be not less than 4' o* or Treads should be n" 5' o" wide for each run. wide and from the carriage. Return to 6J"" high on vision stairwaysshould have diwalls high enough to prevent any one from climbing over.
"

Hand-rails should be about z" in diameter,supported on iron brackets and set about 2" from wall. Ends should always be returned
to

prevent 2' o" to 2'

clothing from becoming caught. 4" above tread at riser line.

Rails
"i

should be

from

An is to
use

of wainscoting inexpensivemethod halls and stairway walls built in at the time the wall is erected. a semi-glazed brick, makes
a

linoleum Battleship

It is quiet, good floor-covering. looks well. Plymouth Township Consolidated School,Montgomery Co., Pa.

easilykept clean,wears

well,and

Editorial and
M'
"

Other
MuT?*
,,i"/.. ii
-"

Comment
ifMmii "-"',"
i

inn .".

r**4trn%. iilimraRuiBllr"ir"lll1(Mm '':

"."" i.tni. Mv..,.,.-

^Mnir"UNItuU4^UHMiHMMnilJlMMWIM

i:

"",.'(,

rir

MI

"flan

."."-..",:' ...
,.,

',.,,,..; I'M

...L

Our

School

Architecture
.

We

class of buildings that has shown the public than architecturally school. can Certainly no buildings that are constructed of good have a greater potentialvalue in the cultivation with adeof good design,combined quate and appreciation taste for and thoroughly practical planning. The demand schools all over the country is insistent, and they are new going up as rapidly as conditions will permit. With very few exceptionsthe new show the desire,both upon buildings the the part of the architect and the community, to make school something of a monument, of local civic pride a source in keeping with the part that education plays in our national of the life. Some of us who recall the old school buildings dreary and illpast, their generally ugly exteriors and of in the way their limited opportunities arranged rooms, folks of to-day, whose ileges privheating,will envy the young of study and placesto study offer, it would only seem, pleasantways in which to acquire an education.

THERE
a

is

probablyno
advance

great
not

greater

of

an

teachingin publicschools to help in the mixed Americanizing our peoples; why the buildings themselves make a part of the teaching of architecture ? appreciation
to

look

the

problem

of

We hold

for the

regret that space limitations have compelled us issue several schools we had hoped to next

to
use

in this number.

Graft
"T^HERE
-*-

is little new

to

be said

to

the

architects

with

The their

wonder

of these

modern

schools

lies

not

alone

in

but in their really able remarkmerely scholastic privileges, things. equipment for teachingpractical The with the growth of problem of design has grown the new certain fundamental needs of teaching,and needs are a part of every school building. In the article by Mr. Marsh these needs are mirably made clear, and Mr. Sibley has adthe care with accented and knowledge and purpose which the purely aesthetic aspect of 'the school building is

regarded.
be well if the pupilswho fortunate enough are schools could be told taught in these beautiful modern to have pointed out something of their architectural interest, the meaning and origins, for instance, of the decorative details, and something of the significance and meaning of the plan. better object-lessons What for the classes in drawing, in the study of ornament, in the history of architecture, than the building in which they daily spend the hours in study. We hear too often that the architect has no place in the world that his positionis only that of a any more, builder of buildings, that there has been too much prating here and there about his training artist and too little as an about his practical These ideas have been expressed sense. by architects rather than by laymen, but the times have been out in general. The of joint for the humanities only back to get old jointsrightis to come to a belief that, way after all,the true, the good, and the beautiful are as necessary in the progress of civilization, in their ultimate as practical results,as some more immediately cashable things. It would
to

regard to the revelation of graftin the buildingtrades. No one is surprised, dare say, at the generalstatement of we that is all-pervasive, that has been perfectly a derstood unsystem and accepted more less as a necessary or part of present-dayconditions. An architect was saying recentlythat some co-operation the manufacturers and sellers of and organizationamong buildingmaterials was necessary to prevent cutthroat competition and But this is quite a general demoralization. different matter from the buying and selling of privileges to actuallydo business at all. We shall all watch the various follow the ramifications of the graft disclosures with interest, other things that and probably, as in many bug to its lair, old way. at the moment seem important, go on in the same in the world and the moderate Apparently all the investigating and then, of some punishment, now specially flagrant dishonest procedure, will not do much good unless we can better of doing business. have We bring to lifesome ways learned better ways, since the not nor progressedevidently,
times of the notorious Mr. Sam Parks. mittee Untermeyer, before the Joint LegislativeComon Housing in New York, said, "There is enough here to keep us busy for six months," and The New York Herald, in an editorial, remarks: "Indeed there seems there is, to be, and evidently enough there to keep somebody busy in Sing Sing prison for six or sixteen New years. Sam Parks York is is awakened
to

be

the

fact that
he

though al-

dead, the infamous

active
as

thing

is still alive and

not

more

than
was

ever.

The

personified is public
ago. strike

in

as

patienta
was no

mood

it

seventeen

years every crime the the

Then

there

that is declared

for

building shortage. blackmailingpurposes

Let
us see

Now is
a

against
ing buildmailer?" black-

public health
business

and

comfort.
town.

who

runs or

of this

Is it the

builder

But

when
a

we

see,

what

are

we

going

to

do
a

about

ting getour

rid of

buildingsas

system that has been as much the materials that go into them

part of

325

Some

Practical Suggestions for the

By
David B. Emerson

Draughtsmen

AT
many This

which the present time, in the general unrest all industrythroughoutthe country, we is

is affecting and hear

complaintsabout the small rewards in architecture. and forced home by the high cost of living naturally the greatly decreased buying power of the dollar;but the will be, fact is,architecture never and probablynever was, the architects who have and made highlyremunerative,
fortunes in the few.
A of practice their have profession and who

will never be writ on the tablets althoughtheir names of the architectural hall of fame, their work can be made of inestimable value in the execution of the design;for, after is the thing." The "the building who come all, men young from our architectural schools are practically all of them able to make drawings,but they very good presentation have no adequate idea of working drawings, and unfortunately underestimate the value this
reason

been

paratively com-

of such young

work
men,

in the who

practice
never

of architecture. For

have

number large

of young

men,

some more

older ones, have

are debatingon tecture working in archi-

leftthe

of late, and profession

many
man

doing so.
if he
were

Now, if any young

more

is

had the advantageof school training, of much are frequently value in routine office work than college more whose men edge knowledge is far greater but who cannot put that knowl-

feelsno

enthusiasm

for his work

than

he would

in the stock brokerage or automobiles, selling he would certainly do well to quit architecture at business, other employment where the monetary and find some once rewards are greater and come more quickly. But if a man can hearingthe late John M. say, as the writer remembers Carrere
est

thingI
a

say, at know

an

atelier

smoker, "Architecture

is the bulli-

of,"then

there is somethingin architecture

which makes

makes
man

it worth
to willing

while make
a

stayingfor, something which littleless money to be happy

nice
matter to

in his work.

Of

course,

it is very

follow how

an

able enjoythusiasm en-

but occupation, and desirous of labor. how

every one, no much he may

great his
to
an

be devoted

all that he possibly in return can getting the purpose of this article is to show Therefore, those who have recently and left college men, younger their life-work, how to best accomplish that. beginning

art, is for his the

are

The

natural is
to

ambition become

of every
an

architecture

young architect and

man

who
have

enters

to

attain this, but all cannot and even practice, attained all cannot continue so always a great many men will have to be "justdraughtsmen." A few years ago the majority of the architects labored under the assumption that all draughtsmen were and paid potential architects,
"

his own after it has been

practical, every-dayuse. of these facts, for facts they are, it is well light of college, for the young man who sees a fairly out just long periodof work as a draughtsman ahead of him, to learn to make and concise workingdrawings, ard usingstandgood,clear, indications of materials and standard ever symbols whenand carefully all materials on the possible, indicating be put on the impordrawings. Too much stress cannot tance of plain, and, above all, lettering, neat, legible legible, which can well-formed figures, be easily read and which are show so at a glance to what placedon the drawings as to properly for more trouble ensues the work from imon they refer, figured drawingsthan from almost any other cause. Also,learn to make letters and figures largeenough to be and to be read without difficulty, and increase their seen size on larger-scale drawings. Make a careful study of, and of plumba good general acquire knowledgeof,the principles ing, and electric wiring, to be able to properly so as heating, the plans and to allow locate all fixtures, piping, etc., on for boilers, etc. proper room
to
a

In the

Visit the put

which
no more

jobs and
how the

the
to

and shops,

learn how

work

is

togetherand
will show and
no

make

contractor

less.

Don't

workable,full-sizedetails exactlywhat is needed and of your pictures try to make

but to-dayit is beingrecognized lots and lots of valuable time that the full-sizedetails and waste accordingly, and without the on professional draughtsman is a necessity, them, and carefully drawing putting artistic lettering be many draughtsman there cannot architects; consequently out all of the details of hardware and patentedspecialties, the condition of the draughtsman is bound to improve. and showing all the various connections for them, when they Inasmuch architecture is a work will be bought and applied as of thought and by the contractor, whether they mental effort, the levelling of the the shown and labor unions can are are on ered covdrawings or not, thoroughly process be appliedto them, and men will always in the specifications. never "be paid for what know what and Careful attention to these few,unimportant-looking, but they they can do; so the more they know, the more items will do much toward improving they can do, and the better they can do it really very important, the better they are bound to be paid. This being the him more of the young draughtsman,and make the position all, it behooves the valuable to the architect. After having done these things condition, man to put himself in the young obtain steady employment at a high salary. and therebybecoming an excellent assistant, the next to position thing How this be done ? The exceptionally can toward reaching brilliant .that goal designers to do is to bend all your energies will alwaysbe paid very well, and will alwaysbe in great decoming bewhich should be every young mand, draughtsman'saim, viz., because there are so few of them. and there are stillplentyof good seats largely an architect, As designers born and not made, are in the front row for those who are strong enough and determined est, good, earnmany devoted be content draughtsmen must follow on, to enough to reach them.

them

326

x
j

u
.M H ""

"

H U

w
u

X
J

P4

p
H
u

w H

8
O2

s H

B B

fc

Q"

I
o Q

I
ffi
o

H) n

Pi!

w H
i" i

ffi
CJ

o Q

CO

"
U
a

NOVEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXVII.

BANK3

SCHOOL

FLOOR.

PLAN

WALTHAM-MA33..

EA5LMHMT

PLAN

BANKS

SCHOOL,

WALTHAM,

MASS.

Kilham

"

Hopkins,Architects.

X
u

" Q
U

O
o

"
tn

""

B .C O

oa

H
U

"
CM

fc"
5

|
0. w

w
t/3

ca

o o K
u
en

"
O

-" "J

e"

c^ ftJ A

^; uJ

s;

p"

oi

"O
t"

I*-.

Pl

"

H
"n

oj

"

-" ^_j

""
S*

:S

NOVEMBER, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXI.

COMBINATION

GRADE

AND

HIGH

SCHOOL,

TOWN

OF

GREENSBURGH,

WESTCHESTER,

N.

Y.

FERRIS

AVENUE

GRADE TWO TYPES

SCHOOL,
OF

WHITE OF

PLAINS,
ALL

N.

Y. DESIGN

Tooker

" Marsh, Architects.

Arthur

W.

Coote,Associate.

SCHOOL

BRICK

(RECENTLY

COMPLETED).

NOVEMBER, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXII.

and
are

ventilation. Shades should be attached to sash, Pivoted sash may be opened wide on warm days,thereby givingmaximum will be excluded, even SHADES. Best colors for shades done all direct sunlight if this is properly though all sash are open. for each window, hung at centre; one to pullup, other down. If pivoted shades should be provided Two buff or gray. light will for both top and bottom so that shades sash are used,shades should be hung on sash with twist pulleys alwaysbe in tension. This will prevent rattling sudden breezes. during
"

HENRY

K. BOYER

SCHOOL,

LOWER
and

PROVIDENCE Watson K.

TOWNSHIP Associate Phillips,

MONTGOMERY Architects.

CO., PA.

C. E. Schermerhorn

X
u

H
U W

H
hH

ffi
U

NOVEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXV.

5CMOOL

f)UIJ.DING

""-

CK.ANroR.0

N.

J.

f IR.5T fLooR. PLAN.

DESIGN FOR

SCHOOL,

CRANFORD,

N.

J.

TWENTY-ROOM

SCHOOL.

" Bragdon,Architects. Hollingsworth

S3
hH

w
u

Washington's

School
It

Shortage

THAT
by

in Washingschool buildings ton shortageof public has resulted of in pvercrowded hundreds group
as

classrooms of

and

breviated abhave

courses

study for

members

of the education

of the
one

is regarded children, City Club

was pointedout that the District's surplusfunds accumulated since 1916, when the revenues received under the half-and-half system of taxation were than larger

of the

most

required. If Congress is
authorities
to
use

serious situations in

Washington,
demands attention

and

diate the immeof

the community.
As
a

result
at

of
a

action
recent

taken

meeting,the will give group tion thoroughconsiderato all plansfor the shortage relieving
of classroom
A

Club to allow school for the erection of muchneeded the a buildings, to have request also will be made add about $4,300,000 federal government to the District's clear that this will only be fair, fund. It was made due to the fact that the surplusrevenues accumulated under the half-and-half system of taxation, and that the federal government should add its share to the municipal government's This would make able availapproximately $8,600,000 money. these
revenues

asked

by the City

for the school building fund. records in the District publicday schools have been broken. Figurescompiledby officialsshow that
Enrolment

60,820 children
than

are

in registered

the schools

or 1,885 to-day,

cilities. famore

member

of the board has

to
at

of education
vited been in-

reached of 820
The

last year. The maximum enrolment last year about crease 60,000, making the enrolment to-day an inover

the

peak

be present

the

next

meeting
such

and

submit

the nightschools, show, has reached 66,868, an increase of 447 over figures the early October registration of last year. tered Pupilsregisin both day and nightschools last year at this time totalled

total enrolment

in both

of last year. day and

Entrance, Snowden

Dunbar

High School, Washington, Ashford, Municipal Architect.

D.

C.

plans as the school governing bodymay

have

66,421.
hundred and

Two The

twenty-seven

students

are

enrolled

formulated for

in the normal

schools.

Definite action
be taken There

to

aid in

tion. remedyingthe situaconditions will then relieving

has reached 9,070,against high school registration

in

8,540 last year.

Enrolments This

by
was

the group.
an

informal discussion of some of the methods that emergency relieffunds for financing ing a school-buildcould be obtained. Use of the District govprogramme ernment

is

an

increase of 980

elementaryschool divisions total 51,186. in the graded school enrolment

are an enrolled, are

this year. In the 41

night schools 6,048

Of this number

increase

of

surplus revenues, amounting $4,300,000,was suggested.

to

approximately

this year.

1,914

colored and

4,134

white.

Central

High School, Washington, D. C.

Wm.

B. Ittner,Architect.

327

The

Ridgewood
By Egerton

High
Swartwout

School

of almost invariable mental picture THE square filled with block of building
a a

high school is largewindows

no

It is ornamented, Heaven
or cornice, more

and with occasional blank spaces where with helpit,

a

there

are

windows.

often it is in local authorities call Tudor.

a heavy of architecture which the style

and pilasters

It may

be, and often is,practical

and all the latest enough, and has unilateral lighting ing it is a crime, and beschool equipment,but architecturally it successfully resists the efforts of a beneficent fireproof, and Providence and remains, until happily it is outgrown turned the than into
a

of exigencies demand
not
a

occasions where there are Of course garage. ity of the localthe site and the requirements

often but more square block of a building, the part on merely due to lack of imagination It is always possible of those in chargeof the work. to get solution to any school problem. Mr. Clipston an interesting has done a great deal for the schools around Boston, Sturgis and there has been some charmingwork done in the Far West. schools in California which There are some are remarkably of the good and show an extremelyingenioustreatment it is fenestration. In the
"

case

of the been

plan would good; one

about

have

Ridgewood high school a square-box absolutely incongruous.The site is

ever on a seen.

of the best I have

It is in

fine residential is

section of the town, eightacres in extent. bordered

main
western

and thoroughfare,

The

half is flat meadow-land,

by

ideal athletic field. Toward

feet and or forty thirty the southeast. It is toward gradual and curves obvious that the gymnasium should be in close proximity auditorium, or a gymnasium under the auditorium, was while the auditorium,which was therefore impossible. The accordingly to the field, to be used for gymnasium was the field, and directly connected with school placed at the foot of the slopeadjoining public gatheringsnot necessarily tension with a future 'exthe main street. connected, though at a lower level, to work, should be convenient of access The auditorium,which with its of the school proper. The .usual arrangement of a combined gymnasium and will seat about one thousand, future galleries at the other end of the building, was placed facingthe main road, and on the axis of This arrangement street. an intersecting is not so economical of cubage as the more but its obvious advantages compact planperhaps, increased than offset its slightly more
hill is
cost.

littlestream, and forms an pleasant the east the ground rises about is very well wooded; the slopeof the

Each
can

unit is where

it should

be, and
without

both

be used
in the

simultaneously
each

with interfering be used

other,and

without evenings the necessity of opening or heating the school proper, which is the connecting-link in between these two units and is irregular with a high central pavilion and two plan, wings forming an obtuse angle with the of central portion. By this irregularity follows the contour outline the building of

each

can

the hill and which

are

preserves

the

trees,

most

of

The character

fine specimens. large, is extremelysimple in building and

almost
it

devoid

of detail.

is always desirable in Simplicity

but in this
construction
war,

case was

was

an

a school, the as essential,

started
a a

in the face of The walls

are

just before the market. rising of comgood quality

328

33"

ARCHITECTURE

TT"
,

"

"..""

"

i JL

The

Sheboygan
Childs
"

High

School

Smith, Architects

of the finest school SOMEmay in the Middle be

recent
seen

architecture in the
and Far Western

try coun-

States.

There there

has
to

been keen

rivalry among
the old-time
to

the local school boards

and uninteresting
ventional con-

get away
a source

from

schoolhouse,and
be both of local the

something that shall provide to the prideand an object-lesson

involved

community
In of

and

pupils.
a

a plan dimensions, has a most happy result has been obtained. The building dignity and architectural character with the appeal and charm of the notable examples of collegiate of some Gothic identifiedwith the great universities. Ample provision for the requirementsof study have been considered and the vital problems of abundant and air. Here is a school light that will remind many of the great public schools of England, of the great universities of England even, and of some of the famous identified with our both own buildings colleges, East and West. Such a building should be something more the community than just a fine schoolhouse. It should to

the Sheboygan high school, which

of building

largescope adapted to

unusual

be

lesson in the traditions that the architects have embodied in

so

mirably adhave

their design. The

architects

to admirably in adapting Gothic elements a school, complete in all its thoroughlyup-to-datemodern manifold appointments. No have a greater educational value publicbuildings in the teaching of appreciation of architecture than our for they make an appealto minds in their formative schools, and impressionable period. Sheboygan may well be proud of this handsome and distinguished building.

succeeded

The
NOTE.
"

Freer
Although
the

Gallery and What

is completed,it will not be opened building time completelyin place;probably some

It Will
to the next

Contain
the collection is

publicuntil
fall.

Charles
founded for the Freer Gallery, building THE Charles L. Freer and presented by him has been
now

A.

Platt,Architect
of the cityand stretching from planned for the beautifying the Capitol down Memorial the banks of to the Lincoln on the Potomac. which the Freer Gallery stands belongs whose own old building at Institution, the neighboring site but is expectedultipresent occupies The

by
the

the late

to

nation,

in

course

of construction
art

and completed, practically the of objects

when

for several years. It is the process of installing

property

on

destined forit has been carried through will be dedicated before anthat the structure it is probable

to

the Smithsonian

other year is finished. The Freer Gallery is situated on the south side of the Mall, not far from Washington Monument. It is one of the buijdings into the grandiose scheme entering

mately to be taken down. for the the fund provided

cost, when

The

has been built out gallery

of

purpose by Mr. Freer. It will have the last detail has been attended to, approxi-

332

ARCHITECTURE

333
as precisely erected, the architect, Leyland in London, for whom Jekyll, it and where Whistler constructed originally gave it

mately $1,500,000.
the Smithsonian will

It will be under The

the administration has

of

Room

has been

it existed in the

Institution.

regentsof that institution

name

appointthe curator, whose

The

not

yet been

drawings, preparedby Mr. Platt,show a building in the style of the Italian Renaissance, a building which,as befits its purpose and the nature of its environment, is of modest height. It is 228 feet long and 185 feet deep,with is some and interior court 60 open to the sky. This court which surround odd feet square, exclusive of the loggias it. The exterior building is constructed of a warm, gray granite The is of court coming from Milford,Massachusetts. marble. Tennessee The floors of the galleries and corridors which the works of art will on throughoutthe main floor, be exhibited, of marble and tarazzo. are entirely thing, Everyof course, is absolutely As the dimensions fireproof. is spacious. There show, the building already givenplainly the court the exhibition are rooms on eighteen surrounding floor. In the basement, in addition to the necessary administrative and lecture-hall, quarters, there is a commodious
there
set

cock
house of Mr.
nounced. an-

the decoration
art

which

has made

it renowned. devoted
to

All the other the works

the exhibition floor on galleries

Oriental that form
a

are

of

distinctive feature of the

Freer

gift. These

Oriental rooms of course, be kept comwill, fortably but there will always remain, as has been filled,

5UILDING
i
.

ron

mt

FREEH
D.
PLATT NEW

COLLECTIONS
C
tt PtBilAN 11 AMEBICAN BAMEBCAN H AMEPJCAN 6 KYDTIAH BUNTINGS UUNTimU
PAINTINGS

WASHINGTON
A CHABJJ.3 AtlCtllTtCT 101 PABK Avr

1 WmSTLLH i VmlSTLtB. 4 WH131LC.lt. 3 cnifirsE. ci CHINtSt r CHINESE. 6 CtllNEM. PAINTINGS 9 CHINLSt 3CULPTUBE 10 cnmrst

YDE.K

ISAMtBICAN
IS JAPANESE IT JAPANESE t"d*PANESE

PAINTINGS POTTERY PANELS " SCEttNS

19PUCOCK

MOM

of storage-rooms. There are also rooms are a number and would be, in apart for study. It is quiteimpossible fact, opposed to Mr. Freer's ideas to exhibit all the gallery's
one

at possessions

time.
a

Quantitiesof these will be kept

with proper tials credenthem

stored, but whenever

wishes The the
to

serious student

examine and

his convenience of the

they will be brought out for placed in the study-roomsaforesaid.

an

lecture-hall, by the way, has

rear

entrance

of its own

at

which building,

will obviate the

an

all bringing

the members

of

audience

of necessity hibition-rooms. through the ex-

The lighting of the main floor is entirely by skylights. consist largely of small Owing to the fact that the collections and the exhibition space the galleries not are objects, lofty Each exhibitionthe walls is kept as low as possible. on This may be temperedby has its individual skylight. room louvers above the diffusing to suit the requireso as glass, ments of the objects shown. of the exhibition-rooms None is at all wide. This is the result of a careful study of the of lighting. It recognizes the fact that for light matter to fall at the proper anglethe distance from the skylight to the be too great. The of must not question objectdisplayed tion. temperature has also been taken into very serious consideraThe Freer collections contain many Oriental objects, which
rangements, atmosphere. Arwhereby moisture be introduced whenever the air becomes too dry. may circulation of air provided above the is a constant There glassin every gallery.This is expectedto keep diffusing
too

riRST

B.

PLAN

would

be injuredby have therefore,

dry

an

been

made

down

the temperature with

in hot weather

and

has been calculated

in view of the climate prevailing care particular in Washington. the Freer Gallerywill be The entrance to principal and vestibule openingupon a large througha loggia square in which there will be coat-rooms and left. to the right hall, which divides this Turning to the rightalong the corridor, hall from devoted
to

the

open-air court, the by American paintings

visitor will find four artists. One W.

a

rooms

will be

given
to

the works of Thomas to entirely those of Dwight W. Tryon, and H. Thayer. The fourth room
to
a

another t)ewing,

miscellaneous

bott third to pictures by Abin the group will be given collection of American art, including

BASEMC.NT
MALL 1 LECTUtt 1 STUDY BOOM '1 3 CENEBAL 3TOCAOF. " ANTE BOOM 3 CUCATOB3 BOON " .vrorAGi: BOOM 'I 7 HtKS TOILET 6 TAN BOOM B A1B. Ct1A.MDt.tt

PLAN
10 LADIES 11 LADIC3 IZSTOBAOE a STUDY 14 STOBAar !5.3TOtA(3E l" VA3KK, n BECEMAKS

BOOM
TOILET '2 BOOM BOOM '2 tOOM '3 BOOM '4 SHOP TDOM
-

paintings by the late John H. Twachtman, John S. Sargent, Willard L. Metcalf, J. Francis Murphy, Winslow Homer, the farther side of and Charles A. Platt. The galleries on will be occupied the building tler. whollyby the works of WhisThey terminate in a space in which the famous Pea-

334

ARCHITECTURE

in the storage-rooms. These of objects a great number said, will be drawn upon at regular intervals to make changesin that the gallery from month the exhibition-rooms, to so month will have alwayssomething the student. to attract new In order to givesome lections idea of the character of the colPlatt has suppliedthe foltaken Mr. lowing together, data:

By AugustusSaint-Gaudens: 2 studies cast in bronze, projected originally

for the
entrance
to

the Boston

Public

brary. Li-

ORIENTAL

ART:

FROM EAST

THE

FAR

AND

NEAR

AMERICAN

ART

About

By James McNeill Whistler:

60 35 100 700

oil-paintings.
pastels. drawingsand sketches. and lithographs. etchings
The Peacock Room.
:

45 water-colors.

Somethingover 1,000 Chinese paintings. 135 Japanesescreens. 400 Japanesepaintings. 35 Chinese tapestries. 700 Chinese, and Korean bronzes. Japanese,
100 additional metal 160 Chinese
"

objects.

350 400 750 225 375

By Dewing,Thayer,Tryon, etc. 85 oil-paintings.

6 water-colors. 45

sculptures. Chinese jades. Chinese pottery. pieces pieces Japanesepottery.

stone

Korean pieces Near pieces

pottery.
Eastern and Egyptian pottery. of Egyptianglass. pieces

pastels.

collection of several hundred

Town

Planning for Convenience

By Louis
PART

and

Health

Lott
II of that must The first "maxim" guidethe preparation the plansis "reasonableness." The idea to be worked out
must
come

THE

chart

on

page 336 shows the subdivisions of

prehensive com-

which the funds for actual execution can be secured,by which,the grit, de corps, enthusiasm, esprit
of a community can be measured. liberality The subdivisions of the plan are largely but technical, are more or less self-evident. To beginwith,there must be statistics upon which a proper analysis of the case for planning be made. Next are the plans of a general can nature, that .which isvery important and legislation, empowering education of the public ticles through arupon this vast subject and
" "

the plannerand from the sources

plan and the 'maxims" that must guide the community in its preparation, and also

within the bounds Mere

of

reason

and

must

ultimately

be

of execution. possible

castles in the air will scuttle

that the the whole plan. However, that does not mean to be undertaken body of,the operations upon the physical community should consist in mincing littlescratches and be and remedies must On the contrary, the diagnosis cuts.
sure

to

go
must

to

the root of the matter even be deferred for a number

in the local papers,

lectures illustrated through

before

and, as a permanent part of the curriculum of high clubs, illustratedlectures upon the principles of town schools, which are seeds planted planningand of good citizenship,
that in time will bear the fruitof moral for this great question. and

after all, does such a lengthof time mean that the infirmities when it is considered community, especially instances from the of the cityplan date in many littleplans but no beginningof the community ? Make
such and
as are can

ifthe actual operations of years. What, in the lifeof a

within the bounds

be executed

of

reason

and

common

sense,

that

wholly or

in part from

year

to

active support

The detail plansexhaust the subjects ing under each headand with due regard to each other. The guiding maxims for the preparation of the plan are as follows: "Local and national patriotism" of its citizenship is the biggest that a community can have when attackasset ing such a proposition. This will enable one community to outdistance another that has greater wealth and resources, but which has not the spirit of solidarity and sacrifice, nor that sense of greater civic responsibility that will prompt its citizensto giveof their surplus wealth in the form of donations and bequeststo this splendid and that will cause furthermore prompt them to subordinate personal opinion and interestsfor the good of the greatest number and stifle such "petty sentimentality" is often displayed for the as retention of this or that building idea that would be in or the way of genuine be brought progress; all of which can about througheducation upon the subject.

other orderlydevelopment plan is also, among be founded and must a "business things, purely proposition," down overhead the sound economic basis of cutting upon provements of waste, and securing permanent imexpenses, avoidance ness busior to the community, for no undertaking is founded

year. An

spend money
efficient
manner

upon in order and

as

sound
to

financial basis that does its business ultimate

our

not

conduct achieve

in the

most

to

economy,
now

and

if

this is conceded

true

then few of

cities are

being

sound principle. developed upon this economically of a city-plan is the first requirement "Practicability" and project,
or

this

must

be considered

in advance

of economy

be considered economical in beauty,since a thingcannot beautiful if its beauty if it is not practical, nor sense a larger does not fulfil is marred by the fact that it is impractical, failure. Too is an economic its function, and consequently is practised makeshift economy much petty, short-sighted, wasteful. in city improvements that, in the end, prove

ARCHITECTURE

335

r.

T,

T;

i,
r

vi
f*

-x
?*
.

Iyy

"

K_

A.

1,

1,

T.

ART

GALLERY,

LYME,

CONN.

Charles A. Platt,Architect.

336
Therefore "constructive economy," in the sense that permitsneither much too too little," nor
nor

ARCHITECTURE
of "neither
narrow

conservation gardliness niga

extravagance

of any

kind, must

be

basic

since in all communities community development, of the comprehensive the programme plan will be so large and the coast so great that no community can hope to carry it out excepting Furthermore, upon the basis of this maxim. maxim in
CHART 111

burban
an

Such a policy will go a longway toward street, etc. of community resources and will make many essential or desirable improvement of the cityplan possible. The "welfare"

The

comprehensive plan.

also rea community must ceive comprehensive planby providing facilities for the proper kind of wholesome recreation, social intercourse, and broadeningeducation. amusement, With such maxims of the plan, it to guide the preparation if "harmony of cannot help but be a complete success for "beauty," is looks," which is just another expression also admitted to the partnership of guiding maxims. Heretofore it has been the right of an owner of a piece of property to carry on any kind of an activity to erect or for such restrictions it, excepting any kind of a building upon as might be contained in his deed, or any extreme nuisance that might be attacked in court. This custom has basic consideration in the

features of

Dayton, Ohio.

A lost opportunity.

produced a hodgepodge of development in our American that has resulted in enormous cities and,unlosses, shiftings, of of realty values. This was true stabilizing particularly York City, where conditions had become so acute and New

City plan
and foundafunds

tion

Alley housing, Dayton, Ohio. to the utmost, the maxim every dollar count of "maximum intensive use" should be applied to everything in which public funds as well as private are capital from the invested, used spare bedroom rarely and the unnecessarily large residence to the church porchof the private property that liesidle at least 80 per cent of the time, to the of 30 per cent of street-car average duplication to

in order

make

and

the

wide roadway excessively

of the

something had to be done development regulate in the future. Accordingly, the New York zoninglaw was Since then framed and passedby the legislature in 1916. the example of New York, have States, following many trackage, passed similar laws that have enabled many of their progressive purelylocal sucommunities and regulations to prepare zoningplans
values realty that would
so

unstable

that

curb

this and

that would

338

ARCHITECTURE considered themselves

balance
over

industries that supborhood, because of the encroaching plied these stores. However, after the stores had moved up and the to Avenue avenue Fifth on to 34th Street and up 42d Street, the cloak, suit, etc., manufacturers followed off of Fifth from their locations in the side streets them below 23d Street up into similar locations between Avenue and evening hours At the noon 35th and 39th Streets. out these shops dumped their workers, mostly foreigners,
upon

lucky that the income showed

ing
cent

put

of such losses to the individual to the possibility him from his own by protecting greedand short-sightedness, the community from loss of resources and thereby able and collectan

upon end

expenses of about $5,000,or about ^ of 1 per the capital invested. The new zoning law has

taxes.

Many
New

pages

could similar

be
cases

written

cases citing parallel

in

Fifth

Avenue

when and

it

was

crowded

with

shoppers,
An

York, and

the blocking

sidewalks

the shoppers driving away.

the country. The in the Middle For instance,

ten

exist in every community in onlydifferenceis in the size of the figures.

West, in

small

town
was

of about

thousand
recent
more

in
not

erected years in the heart of a natural residentialdistrict, than five blocks from the centre of town, and in

a lumber inhabitants,

warehouse

its presence it was emphasize painted a bright True, there were not many houses in the neighborhood settled. become thickly at the time,but it has now these will in Naturally properties depreciate value, especially since a modern subdivision is beingopened up near by. Besides, order
to

orange.

there is the ever-present menace should this warehouse

shows order that
not

of
ever

an

enormous

flagration con-

catch of much

fire.

This in

only largecities are

need this and

in need
as

but zoning,
more,

that smaller communities

to

if not

War

housing,Erie,Pa.

emphatic protest from

with with
a

the merchants

of the

avenue,

panied accom-

prevent losses which since their wealth is mostly very limited. they can illafford, Another in St. Louis there is a blighted district case: of about fifty business cityblocks between the down-town districtand the residence district to the west that has suffered because of the a great decline in property values, in this district, westward growth. The properties largely
retained upon the tax duplicate at were residences, very whereas their income has been nearlytheir original values, This well have been condition could continually receding. had St. Louis had a vision of its avoided to a large extent and a zoningordinance a comprehensive plan, development, thirtyyears ago. The transition would then have been the developmentalongorderly and millions lines, gradual, in wealth the Louis which which is could have been saved be
to

their growth regulate

threat of
new

the

locations for these the avenue is restoring

Another In Wall Street
one

together manufacturers, other zoningordinance,which assigned and eventually shops, put an end to this, to

of boycott

these

its normal
not
an

and instance,

life. isolatedone

by

any

means:

like many of the earlytall buildings, of its light from windows in a party secured much others, its neighbor's wall. In other words, it was light stealing of the latter also erected a tall building until the owner and this caused shut off the source from his side. Naturally vacancies.
an an was

property-owners and

to

community.
one

It should

mentioned, however,that St.

of the few cities that

Just priorto
investment loss in
excess

1916

of about

which building, sented repreat was $2,000,000, operating there of the build-

this

has the support of the

improvements are

has a definite plan, now the basis of and upon public, proceeding right along.
be

annual
a

and in 1916,when of $30,000,

owners

great demand

for office space, the

(To

concluded.)

Entrance, Evander

Childs High School,New

York.

ARCHITECTURE

339

:
-"
-

~L-^
-

T
'

TT
""""CH ;
"

iTm"
^nr'-1

m_:.

(
l.oixir.
I
"oi".i

"

f t:
1 1 su
.

"

""v

Ttir

"! i A

\Vi
i)

\s

iini,

'

'!

"

'

'

1""

r^\

ft

Construction
By
Instructor

of the Small
Vandervoort Walsh

House

H.

School of Architecture of Columbia in Architecture,

University

ARTICLE ESSENTIAL STANDARDS

OF

III IN

QUALITY

BUILDING

MATERIALS

MATERIALS

USED

of the hard
names

FROM
house

the

last article it will be

commonest

that the remembered the wooden-frame types of small houses are house. Now it is
tial essen-

woods, and vice versa. than these, but as

there is
no

Scientists have the what above is

are so

more

curate actablished, es-

well

doubt

as

to

meant.

and

the

masonry-and-wood

of all materials be required that certain definite qualities of these houses, into the building of construction which enter facts covering the standard and although there are many not canand methods of manufacture, yet the designer

the and

to is not only classified according In the market, lumber of tree it comes from, to the species above, but according

qualities
expect
knows those

to

remember

all of them.
mean

It is sufficientif he

which qualities

and building satisfactory

accordingto certain standard grades of the same grades are determined by the presence of defects are knots, shakes, certain defects. The recognized stain, rot, wane, streaks,pitch-pockets, warp, checks, splits, pith on the face of the board, and cupping,mineral streaks,
also kind. These

worm-holes.
Various standard

when appliedto the structure. durability into the of materials which enter Of the largenumber the most tant imporare construction of a house, the following wood, and should be maintained at a high standard: and paint. cementingmaterials,metals, glass, clayproducts, Woods It is
to possible enter

largelumber associations

issue rules

governing

be used in to classificationsfor woods the usual best are the next best and construction. The grades which are used for the interior and exterior trim of sizes and houses. and These

grades have
"A" and "seconds."

many

as designations, or

"clears" "No.

"selects,"or
"firsts" and

"B,"

"No.

1"

and

2,"

into

long discussion pertinentto

house. the

of

the and

or

methods classes, qualities, similar but subjects,

of

conversion,defects of wood
are

these

not

main
are

of woods idea, namely, the essential qualities used in the construction of the small

which There

is

is prevalentimpressionabroad that the supply of wood becoming so depletedthat it will in the future be used only ornamental features. This is wrong, for we still for special have enough virginforests left to supply the country for will several generations, and with the growth of forestry we of supply. maintain a certain source We used have
two

The grades used for the rough framing,such as studs, not so are good. subfloors,and sheathing, rafters, joists, 2 comand "No. mon." "No. 1 common" as They are designated 3 common," is known, as "No. A poorer grade still, structures. sometimes used for cheap temporary For the details of gradingand standard sizes of lumber, every

architect should
concerns:

possess

the

of publications

the
"
.

lowing fol-

Southern West

Pine

Coast

Lumbermen's

Orleans, La. Association,New Associations,Seattle,Wash.

Association
of the

Hardwood

Manufacturers'

United

classes of woods

on

the market

which

are

in different parts of the structure, accordingto their hard These as are commerciallyknown qualities. special tinction, and soft woods, although this is not a very scientific dissince
some

States, Cincinnati,Ohio. Association, San Francisco, Cal. California Redwood Association, Memphis, Manufacturers' Gum Lumber
Tenn. The

of the soft woods

are

harder

than

some

National Lumber 111.

the

Manufacturers'
most

cago, Association,Chiimportant
factor

Next
timber defects.

to

of timber, the grading

of

of the various woods, is the relative durability quality for the choice of them this depends to a largeextent upon is a table taken from a government special places. The following classification:
RELATIVE DURABILITY The
or

for

THE

COMMON

WOODS

Soft Woods

\Y?nev

edges

(Continued on
340

page

342.)

ARCHITECTURE

ALTERATIONS,

HOUSE,

HILAND

PORTER,

MONTCLAIR,

N. J.

Lucian

E. Smith, Architect.

-ALTEI^TIONS-TO-HOUSt-OF-HlLAND
"

Point K-E,

-'155 UNION 5TR.E[T-MONTCLA1R..NJ" LUCIAN L3MITH.AP-CHITECT.NOZW47--3TNYC-

342
(Continued from page 340.)
Hard

ARCHITECTURE
comes flooring

plain and
as

Woods

the

same

strong either way, Maple is also

hard kinds
are

which is pracquarter sawn, tically but since oak is of yellowpine, the wearingqualities ent. differare not very
the
cut
an

excellent wood

for

since flooring,

it is

and Door

smooth.

and window be made frames may from many of wood, althoughthe soft and more durable woods the best. hard Specially and able dur-

as generally accepted

of

should be used for the sills. Doors which are to be used on the exterior should be The choice of wood for interior soft and durable wood.
woods stand
are

doors is limited which winter From

a

best

The doors onlyby the taste of the designer. the warping effect of steam-heat in the
of
cores white-pine

constructed from and blinds the

with

veneer

on

class

are

this table it will be noticed that the soft woods as durable than the hard woods. more relatively
structure

the exterior made Sash

to subject

some

hard wood.

This

is true, because of the fact that the

of soft

durable wood. Sash a soft and require dryingof steam-heat on the interiorand cold and dampness on the exterior. Sash built of yellowpine sap-wood have rotted in a few years, and while soft maple, birch,and basswood have been used, they are not White worked. durable, althougheasily pine is considered
are

to

be the best for sash and

The selection of woods the

blinds.

Fl-t

"rr-ln

woods When
out

much much

is complex. woods expands and then dries is not stressed internally the structure and shrinks, as is that of the hard woods, and they are therefore as more capable of withstandingthe action of the is while simple, that of the hard
wet

the former

becomes

and

for interior trim depends only designer's taste, since neither relative durability in the is a requirement. The harder woods nor strength for interiortrim than extensively past have been used more the soft, because of their supposedly better and richer appearance, for new of but this is not so true to-day, methods such woods as treating cypress and yellowpine have shown them to be fitted for the best artistic places. Of course from knocks dented hard woods not are by furniture as retain their appearas the soft woods, and in this way easily ance longer. upon CLAY PRODUCTS Bricks In used of bricks for the the essential qualities considering be appreciated that those bricks which it must
on

weather. of

Also certainof the soft woods

have natural properties

resisting dry or wet rot. Certain species of woods selected for are, therefore, bility, to the needs of duraparticular parts of the house according strength, appearance, and local supply. that is fairly a wood Rough wooden framingrequires abundant and strong. The soft woods are generally used,
and those which
most
are

small house
are

the exterior must

be able

to

resistthe effects of
while those results, need
not

weather which
are

and

produce the best

artistic
or

in the interior of walls

chimnev

be

classified as durable in the table are

the

used. For and rough underflooring

and

most

abundant
the shingles

local wood

is used.

sheathingthe cheapest is not Durability

must

essential. For
as

most

durable woods

be used, such

of

and should be waste slabs, like spruce or of one of the softer hard woods. should be made from one of the soft woods, Siding those which are classed as durable in the table. especially
some

cypress, cedar,and redwood. Lath are generally from cut soft wood

Porch

columns

and

the like

require very

durable

woods.

should be hollow except for very small ones. Builtbut up columns of interlocking type are usuallyspecified, the lumber used should be thoroughly kiln-dried so that the

They

f'eth'-d

of

testin?
?

s,-mpl"

brick

to

see

whet'rur

it will h-ve tr white wash. will not open. tendency joints of resisting should be capable and should Flooring wear not The hard woods as a class are more splinter. adaptable than the soft woods, althoughyellowpine and Douglas fir The determination of the standards. held up to such rigid action is quite used a great deal on account are resistance of bricks to frost and weather of their cheapness.These latter are divided into two grades: "flat grain," in which givesa clear simple. A brick which struck by a hammer the annual ringsare almost parallel the surface, and to ring is one which has been well burned and has no soft in which the annual ringsrun almost per"edge grain," spots, cracks,or weak places.Such a brick can be said to pendicular that it has the the surface. The latter is more for exterior use, provided to desirable, be satisfactory since it wears better. The flat grainsplinters off,due to proper form and color desired and is not so overburned as the layers of soft spring sometimes wood and hard summer be twisted and warped. Another Oak wood. to requirement

ARCHITECTURE
is that the face brick made specified
not

343 If after

from
excess

soft clayshould
to

passingthis
occurrence

test to

the brick
the
mortar.

wall should In order

show

in percentage of absorption
or

and due

for the stiff-molded

cent.

of 15 per cent, than bricks not more dry-pressed

10 per
to

This,however, cannot

be

hard-and-fast rule,
very hard, ugly white surface

the variation of

Certain red

clays. unless they are bricks,

wall, a very

burned

show, when

built into the

stances.
it can developwhitewash, be laid

prevent any
the

such the

joints around

it is necessary to waterproof window-sills and between the

amount

foundations and

wall,so that the minimum

of

water

will be soaked addition will tend

up into the wall when of 2 per cent of barium

to

it rains.

An

pensive ex-

carbonate

to

the

mortar

fix the soluble salts which

cause

this

efflorescence.
Shrwlns
wahbM
int--

th" htllrw

::tt

r-t r"t-l
tr

l"th

In

tho

Jrlnti

of

vertlonlly

Hollow
tll"i
in*

Tiles either alone and covered

prevspt
--llr"w

t'""

rtrrp-

"":".":r") the

r^rt-r

"

vrMs

*lsr"

toe

Bep-r-tlon

f?

~^rt

,1fi

Hollow with
stucco

terra-cotta
or

tiles used
veneer are

beingused more extensively than ever, due to the cheaper cost of laying them, since they and also to the fact that they build a cellular are units, larger wall. Wherever these tiles are used for bearing walls it is important that they be hard-burned,but the softerones be permitted in non-bearing Tiles for use partitions. may
in
outer

brick

walls should should

be
not

hard-burned,free from cracks,and

show
a

and straight, than the The and than shown those efflorescence. This called "whitewash" or discoloration, is not entirely since the mortar that is used due to the brick, sometimes produce it. If it is due to the brick it can may be discovered before the brick is used in the wall,by placing inch of a sample brick on one edge in a pan containing either rain or distilled water. is absorbed by As the water the brick, the white discoloration will developon the top if it contains the salts surface after several days of standing which will
cause

of greater absorption

water

10 per cent. As these tiles are intended to support loads from floor-joists, it is essential that they should have
correct

of proportion width

voids

to

solid shells and

not

webs. be less

maximum 15 per with

the thickness
cent

of any voids should of any shells or webs

measurement.

exceed 4 inches
not

should In
tests

of this

it has been

is not loads

that tiles laid with webs vertical are stronger than webs horizontal, but this difference in strength of very great importance in the small house,where the
are

very
to

when of tile,
mortar
over

light.The chief thingto avoid in the setting of they are vertical webbed, is the dripping the bottom of it and the insufficient spreading
and shells. This
can

the ends of the webs lath

over

be

overcome

wire by laying
mortar on

each course, and then the inside and outside edges. The

the buttering
mortar

is prevented

the whitewash. will

not

Those

bricks which any

have

been very

hard-burned

discolor under

circum-

of placeby the lath, and because it out falling is not continuous throughthe wall, of moisture any penetration throughit is stopped.

from

Mr.

Leigh'sLithographs
one a

Harry
a

Leslie

Walker, architect, announces

19 West 44th Street
to

the

moval re-

of his offices from of this number is frontispiece THE notably distinguished lithographs by Howard artist,
a

of

series of

144 East

54th

who Leigh, Paul

ican Ameryoung has but lately returned from in Paris. the Mr.

New Street, Tilden "

York

City.
that
on

year

of

study under

Maurow of views in

Leigh's
and of

drawings include a number famous and scenes buildings bought a

month them
at

of old Paris devastated French The

Register, announce architects, 1, 1920, they will occupy new offices at Pa. Street, Philadelphia,
The

vember No-

1525 Locust

regions,
ment Governthis that find
new

Rouen, Reims, Verdun, Soissons.

number of them.

ILG
to

Electric their
new

Co., Chicago, Ventilating announces

and commodious
at building

architects well

They will be shown the Anderson and we feel sure Galleries, and all interested in the graphic arts will worth careful study.
Announcements

the removal North

2850

Crawford
company

Avenue. has had

a

The

most

will building

be of solid concrete, 300

interesting growth. The two by 200 feet,

and stories, The

cost

will include

alone of building

100,000 square feet of floor space. was $400,000. The new plant

John M. Gardner and Richard O. Parrybeg to announce and opened an they have entered into partnership office for the practice of architecture under the firm name of Gardner " Parry,architects and engineers, 209-211 Guardian Trust Building,Denver, Colo., where they will be of various trades and manupleasedto receive catalogues facturing
that
concerns.

for doubling the output of 1920. Modern provides ments improvefor employees' welfare include shower-bath^groun for athletic events, baseball, There is a cafeteria tennis, etc. where meals will be served at cost, club-rooms, a movingbooth for educational and entertaining picture purposes. The business

ventilating apparatus,

of the company is the manufacturing of ILG self-cooledmotor fans propeller

We

Gillis "

in receipt of the new booklet showing the are trial Geoghegan hoists for handlingmaterial in indusplants. It will be sent free upon request.

and universal blowers and exhausters, unit heaters, and air derives its name from Mr. washing units. The company Robert A. Ilg, the inventor.

Concrete
By DeWitt
SECOND

Construction
Clinton Pond, M.A.
ARTICLE

in that the bent-up steel would stresses replace. The steel is bent up at both ends of the beam so it will take the place of panelsoutlined by 9 stirrups in the entire length. The total number columns 9, 12, 15, and 17 of the building of stirrups now beingerected struction will be 19 for the 395 Hudson 9 10 necessary in the beam. Street Corporation It will be by the Turner Conis located at the corner in the list, in Fig. noted by looking Ill,that Ei is reinforced Company. This building York of Hudson in New and West Houston Streets, City, in exact accordance with the figures given above, and that entire cityblock. the dimensions, except the length, and occupies ready an to those alcorrespond The architects for this building determined. The true length of the beams cannot be McKenzie, Voorare hees " Gmelin, of New York. determined until the girders are designed. These articlesare intended for general In following and the through the calculations in this article it practice will be necessary to refer to the figures I,II,III,and IV New York Building Code has not been strictly new followed. in the last article, In the actual construction heavier reinforcing which appeared in the September numhas been used ber far as stirrups of ARCHITECTURE. In carrying the calculations for ing on as are a shearconcerned,as the code requires in concrete of 150 pounds when all diagonal stress sion tenis resisted by the steel. In accordance with this law there will have to be twenty-six The method used stirrups. herewith has been found to givevery good results, however, law states otherwise its use is recomand unless a building mended. last article there IN the slab and beam typical
a was a

discussion of the

in the floor

rups
"

"

"

As the

far

as

the slab is

concerned, it will be noticed that

of the ^2-inch round bars was spacing givenas 7 inches in the previous these bars and that the list shows article, for by a This is accounted spaced 7^ inches on centres. reconsideration of the figures given in the last article. In
this calculation the span of the slab
was

taken

as

4 feet.

established that this it has been pretty definitely Actually, span will be only 3 feet 10 inches,and the spacingof the bars The
on

this basis works

out

between

7^

and ly$ inches.

evidently thoughtthe last spacing engineers gave enough reinforcing. They may not have taken the weightof wood tions. in these calculablock paving as high as has been the case
So in a tentative far, such designed, The slab
can to

manner,
as are

beam typical Bi and

and

slab

have

been

marked
as

841, in

Fig.II.
which it will be necessary In the last article it was found that the the per beam square
was

be considered
the variation in

but,owing
vary
on

signed, debeingdefinitely of the beams, lengths

account

beam typical

to

these designthe stirrups. girders, if the width of

beams

cannot

of the difference of thickness of the be considered as established.

even

increased to 1 foot and 2 inches the shear inch would be 150 pounds the maximum lowed al"

Of this,in accordance BuildingCode. wi h general but not the New York Building practice Code, 40 pounds will be. taken up by the concrete and 110 pounds by the steel. The clear span of the beam is 17 feet 6 inches, and the proportionate that will take the length of shear over 40 pounds will be 110/150 X 17.5 excess

by

the New

York

that 846, having the same span and and reinforced than the latter, heavily The asked as to why this is so. there might be questions slab but is "semiis that 846 is not a continuous answer continuous," and the formula in such a case is M ^Wl. In the present case, an engineerwould not experienced bother to go through all the lengthysteps outlined in the It will be noticed
as

load

841, is

more

last article but and the

use

would

combine The

them

all in would

one

calculation in

his slide rule.

formulas

be combined

12.83

153.9 inches. feet, or

over

The

beam

is 14 inches wide will be applied

and

manner: following

the
14
=

area

which

the shear will be

153.9 X

shear is 110 pounds, 2,155 square inches. The excess shear over this area is 55 pounds,and the total the average shear is 55 X 2,155 118,525 pounds. The value of a iHi-inch is 3,532 stirrup (Fig.Ill, in the previousarticle) is 6,281 pounds. pounds,and the value of a ^-inch stirrup There Dividing 118,525 by 6,281 gives 19 stirrups. will be two \y% square, double-bent bars,with* a total crosssectional area of 2.53 square inches, and as seven-tenths of this area may be used to withstand the horizontal shear,1.77
=

1,085 X 3.83
10 X

51 X
X
=

2
=

1.93 bars in 12 inches.

16,000 X7
12
-f-

-1963 6.2 inches

on

1.93

centres.

The

results

givenabove given in the

on

will be found Slab

to

check

with

formation the in-

Schedule, where
and

the

spacingis

given as
In floor

6 inches

centres.

of the square inches may be deducted from the area 1.77 -5- .3926 the number 4.5, approximately, as
=

stirrups.
of stir344

the developing panel the author

sizes of beams has

a

slabs in the first-

certain of the slabs in

attempted to show that while before be designed floor panel can

346
will be found of 1 foot 6 each the
to

ARCHITECTURE
be 2 feet

highand

have

an

average

thickness

be reduced Other such

in accordance should

with the be used

to

of requirements

the code.

inches,and each foot alongthe wall will contain weighs 160 pounds per cubic foot, 3 cubic feet. Limestone
so

columns
as

list the additional

the

weight of
feelmay

the structural column be listed under

are

loads, the wall itself,

linealfoot will
of weights

weigh 3

160

480

all these three materials weightof each foot of wall will be: 524 for 790 480
"
"

ing pounds. Addthe total together

load, and any other information

designer may
After

not

regarding weightsthat the the other headings.

should be other

all these

loads

listed there

concrete.

brick. limestone. total.

itself. the column giveinformation regarding should give the size of the column, the This information the size of loads carried by the concrete and by the steel, wire used and its pitch, and the number and size of spiral

headingswhich

the vertical rods

or

bars.
can

If such

information
to

is tabulated

1,794

"

in

some

manner

this

be

given over
that the

the

draughtsman
can structed concan

who

is

the developing in such

on

column

schedule and
columns

the results

exacting be employed some In order to do this, system must engineer. by which he can tabulate his loads and calculations. It will loads alreadydetermined be noticed that there are many

The column will carry 20 feet of wall,so the total weight 36,880 pounds. of wall will be 1,794 X 20 schedule is one of the most of a column The developing tiresome tasks of an of the most and perhapsone
=

be shown

manner

be

the
to

job.
of
of explanation
to

Owing
no articles, as

the need

each

item

in these

attempt

will be made

list the results of calculations

they are developed. It

as

will be left to the reader 9 is the

to

do this. As far the roof load live been

on

column It

unit dead wall loads

and

the weight of loads,

concerned, the column, and the

only remains to add by the column is 100 square feet. The unit dead load is 40 pounds and the total live load of the roof is 4,000 pounds. This,of course, be reduced, as no reduction is possible to cannot according
have

determined.
area

these results

together.The

carried

the code
floor" is The
IOTH

until

the load

of the floor "next

below

the top

figured.
dead load will be 100 X 100 load has been the

the column
TUO OR
T

determined
as

LCVEL
poor
*

or

the wall load will be considered

must

10,000 pounds,and 13,000 pounds,and 37,000 pounds. To this

=

as

which will be weightof the hung ceiling, considered as 10 pounds per foot,having a total weight of the total will be: 1,000 pounds. Adding these results, be added

4,000 pounds live load. dead load. 10,000 load. column 13,000 wall load. 37,000 load. 1,000 hung-ceiling
" "

"

"

65,000
FIGURE.

"

total.

YH
This in The and and
must

be carried on

an

exterior column,
and
a

rectangular
or

shape and reinforced by vertical steel

concrete

bands

ties.

for this type of column

is

1, 2, 4 mixture,

500

pounds

7,500 pounds
to

the concrete per square inch is allowed on that the steel. It will be remembered on this requirements column
was

because

of architectural contain

signed de-

for

only one
for each

section of column.
it can floor, be
seen

As that

these
some

loads

must

be

found

form of tabulation
a

is necessary.
concrete to

who Every engineer designhas a printedform

can

has made

great deal of
out

in which

It will 5.1 square feet in cross-section. Onethan necessary. is much be seen that this area more be of steel, half of one per cent of this area or 3.7 square must that 7,000 pounds is allowed If it is considered inches. of the steel and 500 pounds allowed on the the net area on gross
area

the various

results of his calculations does

not

be listed.

If the reader method devised with horizontal of

have

one

of these forms the following

pounds, which
unfortunate
have
as

of the concrete, in is much that the

as

the column
excess

will support

394,900

lines ruled

be used: A form should be can tabulating The and vertically. horizontally and floors, the

code that

of the load upon it. It is that the steel should requires

an large

lines will represent the various various ruled spaces will have vertically first headingwill show and loads
two
area

column

the and

area

of floor carried

headings. The umn, by the coldead and live

next

Unless a is necessary. the amount stated above up of

made

givenabove, when a rectangular ever, is made, howruling special be is required. This can J^-inchround bars. The ties will be spaced eight
area on

the second

third will

give the

\.\JAinches
In the columns

centres.

The per square foot used in the calculations. will give the total dead and live loads on columns carried

next

article the

the
two
can

will be carried in the

by

the column. be

types of loads should

It is important that these kept separate, as the live load

other columns

designof other sections of of well as the design as through, panel.

( To
be continued

the the

Book
ENGLISH IV. PERIOD Vol. I: LATE HOMES, STUART, 1649-1714. By H. AVRAY TOPPING, graphs PhotoM.A., F.S.A. Profusely Illustrated from of Famous English Homes, Showing General Exterior and Interior Details, Elevations, Gateways, Gardens, Furniture, Iron Work, Plaster, etc., etc. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
able volume, one of the comprehensive and invaluseries that will include all the important periods from and Plantagenet to late Georgian, is the first

Review

This Norman

be issued since the war. The earlier volumes to of the series were entirely exhausted,and the new volumes will include revision and extension of the whole scheme, with of new a material heretofore unpublished. The great mass of practically all the houses of plan involves presentation England of real architectural merit,and will form a complete and monumental of tecture. history English domestic archi-

In the volume
that
were two

under

consideration
or

are

shown

houses

of the inspiration Inigo Jones and Sir greatest English architects, The Wren. impression that these English Christopher houses give at first glance is one of stately dignityand reserve, in keeping with the contemnot porary to say plainness, English mode of life. The dawn of the Renaissance in England under Jones, and its apogee under Wren, is one of the most interesting of all the periodsof development of Englisharchitecture, and the influence of their work has been since. If the exteriors of these houses were
a

built under

the direction

vital one marked

ever

by

re-

Erddig Park, Derbyshire.

serve

there
once one master to

in keeping with their natural environment, lack of sumptuousness and luxury in their interiors. Many of them, the under the designation of palatial. The periodwas doors, come you enter when the wood-carver was when GrinlingGibbons was the great at his best,
was no

and

generalquiet homeliness

in this field, and elaborately carved and decorated mantels were designer be found in almost every house of note. The use of wood was made an art, used in the panelling of the walls with a richness and elaborateness never work surpassed. It is to Webb that the author creditsthe pre-eminenceof the woodof this period. and The the
more

reasons particular

as
as

well
a

include some of the great ducal palaces as well as homes, and the text gives not only the country squires' for the outstandingarchitectural character of each house but of its occupants. It is, affairs as well therefore, a record of human history
or

houses in this volume

less modest

of history
owners

architectural

structures.

the he

In
was

brought out, and are the influence considering

many
a

The individuality and personal tastes of the part they played in the lifeof the nation. of InigoJones it is to be noted that,although

keen follower of the Palladian visits to

mere

knowledge by
he
to
was
never

his
a

work,
mechanic

taste art.

with an exceptional first-hand tradition, of Italian architecture, both ancient and modern, Italy but brought a fineartistic sense and originality copyist, and a regard for fitness without which all architecture is often
to

but

"The immediate from

restraint, amounting

shown severity,
ornament

by InigoJones
is from
a

and his of the

followers in the matter master's strong individualism. He

in 1614. Italy the whole

of detail and
to him

mark

formed and developed his style on

and derived

his return

stairway,Chatsworth, Derbyshire. Tijun's

knowledge,subjectonly to English tradition, who had never left its shores. In 1647 Roger Pratt came These are the only three names that survive in long study in Rome. the historyof our country-house architecture during the middle years of the seventeenth century when it firstdeveloped the Late Renaissance phase. They Two of them learned it in Italyitself, are its founders and earliest practitioners. the third at home by close connection with the elder and greater of the other two. From it came, and yet it is not what Italy, therefore, Jones and Pratt found for there the baroque stylehad ousted fashionable in Italywhen they visited it, restraint and the word men's After pittoresco lips. was on a youth of extreme the architecture of the Italian Renaissance had reached manhood virility at the Bramante and San Gallo. as beginningof the sixteenth century under such men In the third generation Palladio who, like several of his predecessors, came wrote the principles well as practisedthe art of the reborn style. To them on as whose treatise on Augustan architecture survived, Vitruvius, was as a little god."
strong in him
home after

In 1628 Webb came of his architectural taste and

this association

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WINDOW

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Haven,
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Fro.)

347

XX

ARCHITECTURE

Important Facts About Heating With

AS

an

evidence

consider enclosed porches. of the Kelseys efficiency,

their
an

Consider all the windows Consider

Consider that that

that
on so

glass

exposure

is

frequently equivalent
air.
or

to

entire

floor. leak have much cold

a

points many frequently they

only

foundation

enclosure,

but Next

no

cellar.
to

Stillthose
as

heating up a cake of ice,enclosed porches are Kelsey Health Heated houses are as on
halls and all

the most
cozy

difficult. able comfort-

and

the

all rooms

in the

house.

Of
If

course, success.

existingheating difficultiescannot

be ignored and
with

ex-

pect

Will

followed, you plans and recommendations our are Kelsey Health Heat be assured of entire satisfaction. be pleased to send booklet request. upon

can

the

BOSTON-9 405-M P. O.

OFFICE

Square

Bids

WARM
304

AIR

GENERATOR

N. Y. James St.,Syracuse,

a o

""

pa

t/5 t/3

a"
u

jz
5
CL,

eu

3 O O

Hi

y
z

Oh

Q
U

BE

"1

ARCHITECTVRE
THE

PROFESSIONAL

ARCHITECTVRAL

MONTHLY

VOL.

XLII

DECEMBER,

192O

NO.

"W(mi"HMHwiM^^

The

Architecture
as
Illustrations from

of the
a

SpringfieldMunicipal Group
Asset
Municipal Group
Orr

Business
by Louis

Drawings Made

for his Etching of the

commission given Mr. interesting THE Paris, the American painter-etcher, by

Louis the

Orr, of

The

first step of the commission from the

was

to to

ask

for

liberal

propriation ap-

Mass., Chamber
well-known added attention

of

Commerce,

to

make

an

Springfield, etchingof Springfield's plans. By

attract

city with
many
were

which of the
to

secure

competitive

this method

municipal
to

has served to group, this notable example of American That

firms in

the country

induced

make

leading architectural drawings. Some

tecture. archisuch
a

daring design for a municipal building

should have in New been
cepted ac-

staid

old

spired England has inment, frequent comand

to

it is interesting know how

to

such be
new

plan came accepted.

a

The

of city group made buildingswas ing possible by the burnof the old cityhall in 1906. of
was

The the

tion destruc-

building

necessary
new

total,and made complete a

Some the years before the old late

structure.

dozen
Detail of portion of pediment.

burning of
hall,the

city Tilly

former a Haynes, citizen and later a well-known figurein Boston Springfield New and York, had bequeathed the city $10,000 for the handle. For the past six years the Convention Bureau of extension of its historic Court Square to the river. Through of Mr. has been the Chamber of Commerce the energetic spending $10,000 aleadership George Dwight Pratt, who for Springfield year for this purpose, instrumental in securing and with excellent results. later to be largely was monumental this amount increased It was committee its now the desire of this convention for some was by group, to $100,000, with which was tions purchased popular subscription adequate pictureof the municipal group to show to convenThe entire that ultimately led to the commissionit was Mr. Haynes's wish. ing the land needed to seeking, carry out the river,with *the exceptionof the of Mr. Louis Orr to make cleared It to an was etchingof the group. square The first planned to commission artist to make historic First Church. oilsome was an opening of this space in the intrusted with of the first cities in the task was heart of the city made one painting,but the committee Springfield cation soon America convinced that the result of such an attempt would be to enjoy a civic centre, and it afforded an ideal lofor the classic group that was built. then disappointing. The attention of the committee was of Mr. Orr and the remarkable after the burning of the city hall, Francke W. attracted Soon honors to the work had been bestowed him by the French of twenty which ment. GovernDickinson, then mayor, appointed a commission upon Further satisfied the committee with George Dwight Pratt as chairman, to present to that investigation men, the city plans for a building to replace the old city hall. (Continued on page 351.)
349

fifty submitted, and by a process of elimination plans were these were limited number, and finally to brought down a the design of Pell " Corbett, of New chosen York, was a similar buildingswith classic Corinthian plan callingfor two columns, separated by a campanile 300 feet high. The beauty of the group idea with its tall, gracefulItalian fronts of the sister shaft,separating the pure Corinthian was buildings, instantlyappealing,but it did not escape bitter criticism from the essentially sharp and even practical But the critics of the plan have long since taxpayers. been silenced, and the loudest champions of the group to-day the city's heaviest taxpayers. There to be found are among is one that does not structure beauty of the triple appear the surface. It was tration on honestly built. With its adminisished building, having adequate and very handsomely finaldermanic and council chambers, spaciousoffices for all the cityofficials, marble and stairway, a stately entrance and its beautiful auditorium, seating400 more people than the MetropolitanOpera House and acoustically ind perfect, its stately campanile towering300 feet high these buildings, land and all, were completed in 1913 at a cost of $1,800,000. The auditorium, with its splendid seatingcapacity of nearly 4,000 people,and its spaciousexhibition hall in the and with basement, proved ideal for convention purposes, of Commerce this excellent equipment the Chamber mediately immade all convento plans to attract Springfield tions which it deemed desirable and which it could properly
" "

35"

ARCHITECTURE

MLi
?
:

i, i

.,"
, .\

""-

*-

,.-"""

-.',

T.'
I
PENCIL STUDIES FOR DETAILS OF LARGE DRAWINGS.

cross

north of the MunicipalGroup, The Springfield-West a little Springfield Bridge, with its approaches, will lead from the heart of Springfield, and furnish ample connections to which is ready for development at the southerly the river, traverse end of West Springfield, a tract It will provide for Massachusetts. of West Springfield at the north, and the centre the through routes leadingto the whole of western viaduct over service across the river, It will cross and for direct access direct trolley to the fair grounds in West by a concrete Springfield. filled the railroad yard on the Springfield and then series then of seven the river, arched spans across approaches to the bank, by a by end to end of approaches the extent will be about a mile, the river bridge itselfoccupyingsome existingstreets in West Springfield. From river spans will be of reinforced concrete, supported seven 1,200 feet. The be of concrete restingon piles. The lower portions of the piers,exposed to will consist of granite set in drift, and piers
spans
some a

by reinforced-concrete arched
the

ribs.

The

pier foundations

will

concrete

length of the bridge on

Under
L.

artificial stone each side.

an

backing. The upper will be used. There will be

an

and other action of the river with its strong current, ice, In the finish of the faces of will be of concrete. members piers artificialstone balustrade resting extending the entire on pilasters, of the

act of the Massachusetts the bridge was commission, consistingof Honorable Legislature, planned by a special Joseph H. O'Neil, and Jv R. Worcester, Esquire, and is being built by Hampden County under the direction of the county commissioners. " Haven Fay, Spofford " Thorndike of Boston have been retained as engineersby both commissions. also of Boston, were retained by the engineers as architectural advisers on of the Hoyt, architects, matters relating to the appearance and the treatment sive of the ends of the piers. The contract for construction of the bridge, exclustructure, notably to the towers, railings,

of authority

John

Bates, Honorable

of

has approaches,

been let

to

H.

P. Converse

"

Company,

of Boston.

ARCHITECTURE
352

drawings and pencil

"Old

23

his including etchings, original

"

Artist's Nationale Paris" series. In the Bibliotheque tion CollecIn the Prince de Broglio of Colbert's tomb. proof
"

St. Etienne
"

du

Mont. Neuf

In the New

York

Public

brary Li-

owned by the Louvre, and plate by the French Department of Fine Arts. In the presented Conn., Boston Public Hartford, Morgan Memorial Library, collections. other public and private and many Library,

Proof of Pont

VALUE

RECEIVED

the plansof the Municipal In carrying to completion not only met its civic BuildingCommission, Springfield of satisfaction with a degree to come needs for a generation but in doing in municipal seldom experienced expenditure, done which has probably it gained for itself publicity so
more

to

advertise

in a Springfield

desirable way

than

any

in the city's history.Competent judgeshave single exploit in America. buildings pronouncedthese the finest municipal cost the municipal the land it occupies, group Including received fullvalue for every dollar and the city $1,800,000, expended.

The
be read

serves campanile a

no

practical purpose

other than the

can

housingof
two

illuminated largeelectrically

clock which

miles away, and a $10,000 set of chimes given The group is of by individuals and civic organizations. with Indiana limestone facing, steel and reinforced concrete and corridorsof the administration with the halls, stairways, The marble. of polished municipal group facing building civic centre, making not Court Square forms Springfield's tiful but a beauarchitecturalmonument, only a most imposing which dominates the landscapefor miles landmark around.

Detail of columns.

Louis

born was Orr, the painter-etcher,

art

in

Hartford,

Conn., and received his first instruction in

in his native

of such a The possession the very best Springfield which has served not onlyto
to

fine auditorium of music and

has

brought

entertainment,

afford its residents entertain-

city. In 1906-1907 he studied in Paris with Jean Paul The firstaward known painter-teacher. Laurens,the widely for figure first prize ing drawreceived in Paris by him was a which held by the Academic in a competition Julien, now hangson the walls of that famous atelier. the uniquedistinctionof havinghis work in He enjoys of the Luxembourg In the permanent collection the Louvre. Galleries are 33 of his original drawingsand etchings.A his command distinctionof hardlyless importance was by three etchingsof the Government the French to make These Cathedral Rheims three etchings, during the war. sketched of the facade, and one interior, one one side-view, fire and while the building under was showing"the sad destruction wroughtby German shells, are now as regarded the finest reproductions and of this famous cathedral, among the trophies of the war. treasured by France among are
At Orr
to

the close of the

war

another

command from

came

to

Mr.

from make

the government, this time an etchingof the French has

was

Marshal

Petain,

The

which resulting picture, is

now

been

entering Strasbourg. reproducedin this

is
a

country,
year, and

shown in the Paris Salon in the spring of last

in the Louvre

Gallery.It

strikingly
troops

beautiful picture showing the entry of the French

into the ancient

of Alsace-Lorraine, adorned capital lavishly with the national colors. In recognition Mr. of his services, the Legion of Honor Orr has been awarded by the French Government. Mr. Orr's other works
"

include:

In the Louvre

Museum

south side, terior; and inCathedral, fa9ade, tomb of Admiral Hotel de Sens; Hotel du Colbert; Compas d'or. In the Musee de Luxembourg 22 original Pont
"

Neuf; Rheims

Detail.

ARCHITECTURE
ment
more

353

of
and

the
more

best
a

sort, but
centre

to

make

Springfield
the

of culture.

has been Extravagantpraise acoustics of the auditorium and SOME celebrated OTHER SPRINGFIELD" is Springfield the
centre

bestowed upon

by distinguished speakers

artists. NOTABLE THE fortunate BUILDINGS ART in the

an uncommon

IN

CENTRE
near possession

of the

city of

group

of

the arts and sciences. The to buildingsdevoted City Library,the joint giftof Andrew Carnegie the citizens of Springfield, and costing$350,000 and housing 200,000 books, with a capacity of

double

that

number,

is

beautiful

white

marble

it is buildingon State Street, and as practical as artistic. Immediately west of the library is the Art Museum, which houses the priceless George Walter Smith Art Collection, Vincent the liferepresenting work of one connoisseurs of the most discriminating of America. To the assembling of this rare tion collecof porcelain, cloisonne, bronzes,jades, iron, ancient armor, and ivory, illuminated manuscripts, lacquer fine laces,embroideries, and Oriental rugs, Smith has his Mr. devoted and long and busy life, this collection he has now given to the city. The Italian Renaissance of unstructure an building, usual character and beauty, was designedby the late Walter Tallant Owen, a brilliantyoung field Springarchitect. This made buildingwas possible by a bequest of $50,000 from the late Horace Smith and subscriptions of $90,000 made by publicindividuals business and Still concerns. spirited

farther

west

in the
are

same

group very

is the Science

seum, Mu-

where

shown

arranged zoologicaland nearly all the donations

Most notable of this the famous St. Gaudens and Chestnut
statue

complete and wellornithological exhibits, of Springfield's citizens.

educational group is Puritan"
on

entire

of "The

by Augustus
corner

in Merrick Streets.

Park,
This

the

of State
Detail.

impressive monly statue, comcalled "Deacon Chapin," was erected by the late Chester W. Chapin,then president of the Boston " Albany Railroad, in honor of Samuel Chapin,one of the founders of in the old First Church. and a deacon It is reSpringfield

garded as
and with

one a

of the best creations of it in the

dens, of the brilliant St. Gauranks it in France

cast

the foremost

Luxembourg of the day. sculptures

The

bells of the chimes

were

given by individuals and civic organizations.

Home
National Investor

Ownership
Women's

on

Pay Envelope

Seeks to Make the Road Easy for the Small Housing Programme of the Young House." Believe Big Demand for the VerySmall the "Cottage Apartment"or "Kitchenette and Popularize Outlined by Architect ! Proposed Suburban or Heat Project with No Surplus House Space to Buy, Build, Care for,

Christian Association

By
National Board

Wm.
Young

F.
Women's

Thompson, Architect
New Christian Association, York

City

that the ownership is to be individual and free. In this "map" could be worked out, chartingthe building of owners manner can small house built to pocket the considerable any group to the ownership of the very ulus would it not be a stimsavingsthat in developments of this kind generally order at the smallest outlaypossible, go to the real-estate promoter. and construction market for the building toward releasing form of It will, however, be necessary to have some small investors who are now holdingoff as much from the roads, the tennis-courts, ? intimidation as highprices agreement so as to maintain well as the entrance-gates as As part of their national housing programme, ularly and the recreation building, particI would recommend of every class and the general planting.And, further, and business women ,for professional that the purchase of the owners desires to sell, that if one sidering concommunities are alreadyactively (in which sixty-six This is be approved by the balance of the owners. must or making surveys, raisingmoney, possibilities, who will materially undesirable tian Christo keep out the Young Women's as so owners, already engaged in construction), lower the standard of a section of this kind. has undertaken Association to promote the building the plotplan above is shown married The scheme on as outlined of the "cottageapartments," to fit the young cut also two with this article. There of who are building plans one couple or salaried young women yearn for a home for a cottage apartment and the other for a six-room house. which has their The proposedsuburban their own. project illustrated is a unique plan, The business proposiis not only interesting indorsement a as cottage apartment tion it is designedprimarily for one or two persons, the inasmuch as it is the first attempt to put across but because is used as a sleepingthe idea being that the living-room so-called "kitchenette" type of house, so dubbed because has been shown and therefore bath and dressing room it is cut to fit the "beginning" married coupleor the lone room, the first floor as well as the kitchen. There is,however, woman's needs in space as well as purse. on young of having one finished off later, room idea of this proposed development is to "scale up-stairs The a possibility if this is found desirable. of thousands home down" ownership to the requirements with the window The cash limitations of home-lovers large bath and dressingroom who, because of their stringent and inexperience, are now unnecessarily stayingout ment placedas shown should prove very useful. The arrangethe actual as of the kitchen is worthy of mention,inasmuch an of the building to them on field;to demonstrate thus simplifyare on one side, ing working basis how to go ahead. range, sink, and refrigerator is iced from the work in this room. The refrigerator of it is proposedto purchase In order to do this, a piece the outside,and the kitchen is sufficiently the initial cost largeso that it property, in this case about 325 by 600 feet, for one or two could very well be used for meals, especially divided among of which will be equally the twenty-six owners, and allowing sufficient persons. givingeach a plotof 40 by 125 feet, the house down This is getting to its lowest terms, and for the property for the main drive and two service drives, be found for buildings of I believe that a ready market with gate-posts and can of a wall or fence,together building be dewill show, can signed this type, which, as the perspective and also space for two at the entrance, space for planting and given some recreation building, character, and at the and the pergolason attractively tennis-courts, a

IF

way

"

"

either side. The scheme

to enter desiring persons economical will find it more

same

time The

be economical six-room house and

to

build.

into and

this

co-operative

is

extremelylow in cubage for

the

desirable for the

number

of

rooms

their size.

thus In this plan the usual hall has been eliminated, First,the property is purchased in one reasons: following I believe and personally living-room, allowingfor a larger largeblock, and they obtain the benefit of this; second, houses are built at one the twenty-six time, thus effecting that a very fine effect can be obtained by having the stair wellfrom the living-room.The floor start the second the contract in giving to out to one third, a saving, contractor; will afford a good elevation and also an will be carefully located fireplace their neighbors since only wellselected, and you will notice that there is ample obtain the privilege recommended of building interior, interesting persons may in this community. Further, wall space for furniture. their home there is a recreation is ample, and the idea with the tennis-courts, The veranda, being 8 by 25 feet, and there is also ample building of each plotof ground for the erection of is to have it permanently glazedand screened,so that,like space at the rear
a

garage.
At

the sedan the

to

car,

it is for all

seasons.

present

cost

of construction

(attentionshould
so same

The

dining-roomis placed,as
room can

shown

on

the

drawing,
at

be called

these houses and plots falling prices) will cost about $5,000 apiece. If two a house persons erect the outlay per person (half cash and balance on together, rental. mortgage) falls to $1,250,or less than several years' Other than in an advisory the Ydung Women's manner, Christian Association purposes to have absolutely control no in this project.It is co-operative only in the purchaseof the property and construction for the savinginvolved. After
354

the fact of

that this time

of the street, and be directly off the veranda. have

a

view

the

kitchen is so designedthat the range, The china-closet are and drain-board, refrigerator, side. There
are

sink all
on a

with
one cross-

windows

on

two

which sides,

afford

wall for kitchen-table and ample space on the opposite draft, which also be used for supplies. and a largepot-closet, can into the The entry leads out into the yard and down

ARCHITECTURE

355

cellar, and contains closet for brooms, etc.

is also The
a

small There

coat-closet

off the

living-room.
second-floor for

planshows
a

three bedrooms

with

very hall

largecloset
with and
a

each, together
the

two

closets in

off the stairstorage-closet landing.There is no attic to this house, but there are nine and the cellar will afford closets,

additional storage space. From the arrangement of the

windows, as shown
it is evident elevations The
over can

on

the drawings,

that

good

be obtained.

bathroom the

is

directly
will make

kitchen,which

the plumbingand simplify it

more

another
room

economical. There is point in that each

a

ing includcross-draft, bedroom, for rear be the windows, as shown, can has the small

opened onto
it
T O } L .yc.".i."- -OHl-.IHCX
"

the

and stair-hall,

be ventilated by the exterior windows.

can

in

turn

V1.AMt"JU_"iS 5"T1)."
"

The
case

cellar
a

plan
small
page

in each

COT
J"--

T AGET
-i. H

J"HA;DOW
"W
"

f-

BUJDJCT1AOM*J"H
"

00

icy*

contains

heating-

oAvp
'

.Jon,
"

A.lcRJTtc.Ji.V. C.

*.X)H"3i'Y"SM Avi-

on (Continued

374.)]

Ic 1
o

St. Mark's

Church, Mount
By Ernest Peixotto

Kisco

TO
an

the

article

New York Cram share of the credit that is due to Mr. Ralph Adams church. of that very remarkable for his part in the designing My attention has been drawn I
to am

ARCHITECTURE, I contributed Fifth Avenue, Church on I failed to attribute a proper City. In this article,

July

number

of

on

St. Thomas's

The oaken doors of the west porchadmit one to vestibule stone-vaulted chamber that precedes a in oak. The
nave

small,

panelled

to
now

this fact and indeed

to correct

glad
the the

be able

statement

that I made article that

we see

in that

church, "as
Goodhue's."
success

it today,

Mr. is essentially

Justwhich belongto
members of

is simplebut rich in effect. Three massive arches of the main side, support the pointed walls. These six piers varied in form, four of are slightly them beinground, one beingoctagonal and the other ribbed with perpendicular lines that give it,too, the effect of an is paved with old flagstones, fully careoctagon. The entire nave chosen and laid, oaken pews seat about and its plain There three hundred is aisle the north an people. along the south side,though I am side of the nave, but none on The beams be told that a south aisle is shortly added. to of the roof are plainly and trusses exposedand make a fine
at pillars

each

part of the credit for its

should firm be the individual of the

effect.

The handsome

nave

is separated from the choir of carved oak.

by

an

exceptionally

rood-screen

Its elaborate and

Cram,
to

detail of exquisite
arches and

the richest late Gothic

type, its slender

most

Goodhue, and

Ferguson

delicate cornice and

parapet,

contrast

hap-

[1^

it would that both Mr. have

difficult

determine,but it is clear
Mr. Cram and

Ferguson should been giveneach his

fullshare of credit in the

completedwork. The plans for

church Mount of St. Mark's

the
at

New York, Kisco, stillCram, Goodhue, also drawn when the firm was were but again,at a later date, Mr. Goodhue and Ferguson, of the building of the church,an edificethat, in took charge my for our smaller as a model opinion, might well serve Undoubtedly,the fact that parishchurches in America. of wealthyparishioners has made it possible it has a number for St. Mark's the
to

possess

certain

number

of features that

to. But, built ordinary country church could not aspire of a simplegranitic it is, field stone, its fine proportions, as ting its beauty of line and mass, could well be copied as a fitthat adhere to and type of church for congregations maintain the old Anglican tradition. Its west front is almost entirely filledby a robust tower, -windows. and pierced only by a few narrow square-topped, its north side,is an octagonal on Engaged in this tower

tourellethat ties also

so

to

the buttressed roof of the north the the when northwest, especially
tree

aisle,
the

that, viewed

from

leaves have of the way, with

fallen from the

that stands
a

in that

angle

church,the composition piles up in

two

very picturesque

and its larger that is tied to the neighbor, forminga very handsome mass ground by the low long line of the rector's study and the small
tower

the porches,

choir

rooms.

Though
called "The

the church Peace it has

was

built in
was

1909, the main

added

Tower,"

not

and, of

course,

enhanced greatly

tower, until last year, the general ness effectivemasses

of the

is quite the edifice, which,otherwise, plain,

of itsrough-laid stone

broken onlyby simple and rather being small paired windows in the aislesand clear-story. The roof is made of heavy slabs of slate, whose grays and purples with the general harmonize effectively color of the stonework.

356

ARCHITECTURE

357

"

View

into chantry from

aisle.

The

organ

from

the sanctuary.

pilywith through
window altar.

the

of simplicity
one

the
sees

stone

surfaces about
handsome

it,and
the

its traceries

the

mullioned above

for the choir; the ing-rooms the vestibule screen sacristy;

at

linen fold that

nave

panelsin

supports the choir

are

that

the pierces

east

end

of the church

the

west

end ness, rich-

of

the

priest's lery galall,despitetheir

the

elaboration

and

of his evidences At the right end of the rood-screen stands a beautiful of A. W. Butler,the rood-screen also in oak, the gift fine restraint and unerring pulpit, of good taste itselfhavingbeen givento the church by Robert S. Brewster. sense from Doctor choir-stalls were in design. The ornaThe Allen M. Starr in ment a gift is limited of "his son, while the bishop's in stone chair,to the left of memory the altar,was few details, to a very given by Mrs. William Sloane in memory The delicate screens corbels that supthat separate the of Bishop Greer. two port arch at the gift of the the main chancel from the chapelthat adjoins it, were the choir other the lectern to Guild. Mr. the Altar entrance giftsare by Among of St. in memory of his father, the and entrance figure Henry J. Whitehouse the main Hamilton L. Hoppin, the altar above Mark to the chapelby Mr. screen of the tower of her father,Mr. John entrance by Mrs. E. N. Potter in memory T. Atterbury. by Mr. Lee O. Laurie of is unusually beautiful in designand All this woodwork being the onlypieces The the same careful craftsmanship that distinguishes and shows sculpture used. finish, the choir furniture at St. Thomas's, it having lighting fixtures are firm of wood-carvers. been made, in fact,by the same priate, very simple and approthe glass and Goodhue's Mr. and placing genius for the designing with well harmonizes little is everywhere apparent in this exquisite of ornament character of the general The woodwork that I have mentioned; the doors church. the church. and robthat admit to the north porch and to the sacristy

358

ARCHITECTURE

DETAIL

CHOIR

STALL

END.

DETAIL

OF

STALL

ENDS.

DETAIL

OF

CHOIR

SCREEN.

DETAIL

OF

BISHOP'S

CHAIR.

(Representing Consecration

of

First American DETAILS OF CARVING IN ST. MARK'S

Bishops.) KISCO,
N. Y.

CHURCH,

MT.

36"

ARCHITECTURE
office force can design which will be the best that your combined be kind enough to will you produce. If you cannot participate, hand
to

be changed; these people This situation must go increasing. will face greater have their burdens or must we lightened exists." discontent than now In conclusion lies in Mr. Stabler said that "The

this programme

to

some

draftsman

who

would

be competent

only remedy

participate.
Yours HENRYK.
very

measure

convincing Congressthat the passage of a tax-exemption funds back is needed to bring 'the vanishing
'

truly,
Architectural Adviser.

HOLSMAN,

into real-estate loans.' The needs well

as

to

for serious discussion, that one questionis one the effect upon the future as consider carefully will have be
as

The

Architectural

League

Exhibition
of Art

in the

the present. well

of the present income A reorganization taxes and maybe it would bearingon the problem, wait do until
we see

MetropolitanMuseum

to to

what

the

new

administration is going
be done if
we are

npHROUGH
A

city of
has

New

the courtesy of the Park Commission York, with the cordial consent

of the of the

Something must building adequate to needs.

about

it.

to

have

trustees

of the

Museum,
the

York

undertaken and

Architecture

Architectural League of New Exhibition of hold its Annual to Allied Arts in the unfinished south
March 25 and

the

For
A

Better

Housing
Illinois

Letter from
American

the President
Institute of

of the

Chapter of
to

the the

Architects

Addressed

of Art. MetropolitanMuseum The exhibition will be opened about will close April26, 1921. We in making ask your co-operation notable exposition of recent progress in the

wing

of the

this the
arts

most

of

design
hibition ex-

Profession
November Chicago,
DEAR SIR: The American Institute of Architects realizes that
to

that has

ever

been held in New circulars of

sent

York.

Detailed
23.

information

regarding the
GRANT

will be

later. LAWRENCE

J. MONROE
the architectural
are

HEWLETT,
President.

WHITE, Secretary.

and the services it can rendei profession properly appreciated by the people, greatly to the profession and the community. The architectural other has profession
not

society

not

the

detriment

of

received
not to

as

much

public
formed per-

Book
OLD ENGLISH
THE

Reviews
AND
TO THE

recognitionas
as

much

because it has professions publicservice. The logical way of the

hitherto

FURNITURE

ITS

SURROUNDINGS REGENCY.
York. Old

FROM

of architectural

services in the minds

keep the peopleis to do

value
some

RESTORATION

By

MAC!VER

PERCIVAL.
There have interest

Charles Scribner's
been
many

Sons, New published on

and value the them

conspicuouspublicgood.
The in country is now confronted home with
a

books collector
name

Furniture,all
for the
we

of them and

lack of

privateinitiative

with

an

for the

home-building and
to

realize that homeless

not owner

or

poor, are home

We need is beginning the decorator. not ownership. The government commend of special interest citizens and families, whether rich size with a text that flows the citizens best that tional addipotentially every of illustrations from both
as
"

amateur, have nor

architect

and

this book.

can space, but we It is a book of ate moder-

makes

an

additional

and informinglythrough a field gracefully on photographs and drawings. The book is especially

credit

an possibility, an

ditional valuable ad-

urge

to the nation's wealth, and property security for all other forms of permanent construction.

additional

With "Own

view Your

to

stimulatinghome
to

Home"

and home ship, ownerbuilding have been inaugurated Expositions show the

of information it gives regarding the appropriate such things as Table Appointments, Upholstery, furniture, Wall and Floor Coverings,various Decorative Adjuncts. For instance, ways, StairHangings, Pottery,Panelling, Delftware,Glass,Spoons, Candlesticks, for the amount surroundings of good

to
a

be held in various

large centres
to

people the value of

the

good home
homes
are

and
not

how

obtain it.
the

that Realizing

majorityof

FurniChimneypieces, ture Floors,Fireplaces, Mirrors,Brasses,Pictures, Coverings, etc. interested in the better co-ordination of period for every a book one furnished house. furniture and minor details of a tastefully
It is

designedby

that small-house

plans are not the architects will make architect,

at
are

and architects, competent work for the established usuallyprofitable

most

THE

BOOK

OF

NEW

YORK.

their contribution Small House

to

this

Publishing Company,
in its

By ROBERT Philadelphia.

SHACKLETON.

The

Penn

from the view-point of one interested York Essentially a story of New of much valuable tion informachanging human aspects, it is yet a source with many regarding the city'swonderful growth, and is concerned the best solution of the small-house problem that can be devised would follow the history famous districts and buildingsof interest to all who for your particular It points out of New York's locality. our ever-changing architectural aspects. the beauties of business, the homes of the rich, and dwells upon You will notice that the cash prizesto be awarded great towers are siderable, conCortlandt mansions. of such classics as the City Hall, the Jumel and Van and that the other prize conditions are portant imeven more Of the Woolworth Building,the author says: "It is a noble buildingin its the architectural profession. The to the plans securing and points out, if the fact needs any pointing dignity and its fine simplicity, prizeswill be widely published,will be made available, in a city be not complete only a thing of necessity, out, that a sky-scrapermay with specifications York develops, but a thing of beauty." developing as New ready for execution, at small cost to home owners,
movement

You

present invited

in the form

of

Competition.
and send in

to

in this participate

movement

and builders. These plans will bear the architect'sname architects, and address so that he may receive not only compensation for every reproduction of his plan, but may be placed in contact with the builder. Furthermore, arrangements are being made to reproduce the first-prize designsin the Expositionin facsimile and other prize One designs in small models. has large house-furnishing store offered to reproduce the prize designs in full size, furnished and in their store, and it is expected that other stores throughdecorated, out the country will do similar service. this matter of enough value public to prepare and send a that you will consider the profession, and the yourself,
trust

TECHNIQUES
and The Here arts, is
a

OF

PRACTICAL Artists.

DRAWING.

For York.

Teachers, Students,
i6mo. trated. Illus-

Professional

Macmillan of

By EDWARD Company, New

S. PILSWORTH.

book

to especially

those

value to practical who are engaged of illustrations

or

and worker in the every student in making drawings for reproduction, in the

Commercial
use

We

the 'The

ever-wideningfield of purely able Many young artists miss opportunitiesfor a profitquirements by a lack of knowledge regarding the technical recommercial artist needs for reproduction. The to know just things that this book deals with in a direct and helpfulway. "Pencil The subjectsdealt with are: Technique,""Pen Technique,"
either in the form endeavor. of this talent

to

Technique of

the

Brush."

DECEMBER, 1920.

ARCHITECTURE
/ I
t
f

PLATE 0. Pf
\

CLXXVII.

A*

DETAIL

OF

NORTH

DOOR,

ST.

MARK'S

CHURCH,

MT.

KISCO,
The

N. Y.

Church

by Cram, Goodhue " Ferguson, Architects. designed Tower, Screens for Chapel and Vestibule by Bertram G. Goodhue, Architect.

X X
u

H
U w

H
hH

w
u

Hi

i
Q

DECEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXIX.

IIJiJiJLlIJUUJJUULILIiJ

X X
u

OS

08

T3 O O

O E
U

"s

X X X
u

w Pi

5
H
U

13
h-l

ffi
U

u
a
H

u o u

DECEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXXV.

LIVING-ROOM.

EKlPtHCt M- 1 C"tt"K --K L"cos; vvrT.^1"?

-

tSO..
"

RESIDENCE,

I.

COZZENS,

LOCUST

VALLEY,

LONG

ISLAND,

N.

Y.

Rouse

" Goldstone, Architects.

DECEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXXVI.

c-c

FVLL

CVPI""?AR_D'
AJLCHITECTVR.E
"Of-

IK

"

-MEA^VILED

"

BY-

J-FR.EDER.1CK-KELLY"DR-AWAt-BYH

DECEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CLXXXVII.

RESIDENCE,

AUGUSTA

HAYS

LYON,

HUNTINGTON,

LONG

ISLAND,

N.

Y.

Rouse

"

Architects. Goldstone,

i
"u

ti

" fc

Q"
z

1
Q"

bf

1
I

DECEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXC.

DETAIL

OF

TOWER,

TOWN

HOUSE,

HEMPSTEAD,

LONG

ISLAND,

N. Y.

Steward

Wagner, Architect.

DECEMBER,

1920.

ARCHITECTURE

PLATE

CXCI.

DETAIL

OF

ENTRANCE

LOBBY

AND

MAIN

STAIRWAY,

TOWN

HOUSE,

HEMPSTEAD,

LONG

ISLAND,

N.

Y.

Steward

Wagner,

Architect.

"

The

New

Hempstead
Steward

Town
Architect

House

Wagner,

Rear

view, Town

House, Hempstead, Long Island,N. Y.

House has Hempstead Town THE historic interest closely intertwined with
new an

ancestry of
the

several

history

said house

a part of ye persons had "pulledand carried away without order or authority," the committee were

of

our

earlycolonial times.
first town in hall the

imposed to
on

niake

and inquiry
town.

to

prosecute such transgressors of the old

ture, struc-

The

established within
where the the settlers
town

"meeting-house"was originally bounds of Hempstead by a white settlement

or

behalf of the The and records

at

show

no

further mention

1643, and

was

located inside the fort

or

stockade,

gathered for worship on Sundays and held for the transaction meetings were also used for the holding of public business. It was of the magistrate's The old town records show that court. drummer" the "town was a year paid twenty-five shillings for his service in beating the drum to call people to the Sabbath on meeting-house days for worship,and for the nection yearlytown meeting. It is of interest to note in this conthat in this "meeting-house"took place the first York State. legislative assembly held in New provincial called togetherby Governor It was and Richard Nicolls, met February 28, 1665. In 1680 the old fort and meeting-house were sold,and, a new meeting-house having been provided for by action built with of the town was meeting,in 1678 a new building
annual
town

War a system Revolutionary of holdingthe town prevailed meeting "at the houses" of certain prominent men, in the of Hempstead, mostly village the placeof the next This meetingbeingdecided by vote. of a continued in force for the next three-quarters practice ingly appointed to be held seemcentury. The meetings were

the close of the

after some
inns
or

system of rotation
of the
was

at

one

or

other of three

taverns

village.
followed until the year 1874, and
we

This method
may

such octheir townsmen casions on imagine that entertaining honor "mine to not host," was an unprofitable the law and public bidden as especially opinionhad not yet forhouses on election days. the open bar in public In the year of society which hall.
was women

1874 their from

the

town

from purchased
as

patriotic
the
town

known building that time

on

Washington Hall,
as

used

until 1920

funds

on

the

common

land.

This

new

structure

was

for Christian worshipand town business for the followIn the year 1918 the growth of the community and ing the consideration accumulation of records made imperative fifty-six years. selected known as Harper During this periodSt. George'sChurch was organized, of new quarters, and a site was church building and after its new at a town Park, oppositethe historic St. George'schurchyard,the was completed, the 1, 1774, it"was voted to move building meeting held November approach being flanked by two giant button-ball of the old meeting-houseinto the new church hundred two out cent seats trees, over years old,these forminga magnififor the new the meeting-house thereafter beingused exclusively structure. building, setting it was and A competition for town was being used infrequently, held,and the plans submitted by purposes, the author were the plan being of a T-shape form, and was into decay. At a town falling meeting chosen, neglected with a clock-tower in the designbased on the early held December colonial, 27, 1742, a committee was appointed "to old church or town house to take care and charge of our accord with the historic traditions of the town. it from any further damage," and as it was said that secure (Continuedon page 364.) used

361

362

ARCHITECTURE

CORNER

OF

WING.

DETAIL

OF

WING.

MAIN

ENTRANCE. TOWN

MAIN'STAIR

AND

SECOND-STORY N. Y.

LOBBY. Steward

HOUSE.

HEMPSTEAD,

LONG

ISLAND,

Wagner, Architect.

ARCHITECTURE

363

I
CO

""
fc

o"

O Z

s
Q " W

w
en

364
(Continued from page 361.) It

ARCHITECTURE
The

main

entrance

on

and might be said here that in the past the planning has generally been associated construction of a publicbuilding incomwith political mind intrigue, in the public In this instance, however,it is fair petency, and worse. not that the architect was onlyunhampered in his to state efforts to produce a fitting structure, but received every assistance from the various public and encouragement ested in chargeof the work, and their disinterofficials directly results. factor in securing satisfactory aid was a large let in construction were for the building The contracts of 1918, at a time when prices were soaring the early spring and as the expenditure was height, to an unprecedented limited to a very modest sum, unusual care had definitely to be exercised in both the plan and choice of materials so limitations. to keep within the fixed price as ment, exclusive of baseis two storiesin height, The building of seventy-five feet with a tower to a height rising is equipped with a above the sidewalk level. This tower and furnished which is illuminated at night, four-dialclock,

lobby,from public
Assessors.

which

are

Front'Street opens on a spacious accessiblethe departdirectly ments

of the Receiver of Taxes, Town and Board of Clerk, The plan avoids all long or dark corridors, and of crowding is arranged to avoid at all times any possibility

congestion. Adjacentto the public lobby a separate stair lobby is which to the second providedwhich givesaccess on floor,
or are

located the

court

and

town

board

room,

which

are

equipped with the necessary conveniences in the way of for conchambers, retiring veyance judge's private stairway rooms, of prisoners between the cell-rooms and the courtroom, the prisoners' quarters beinglocated in the basement, the groupingof all rooms cation permitting ready intercommuniwith completeprivacy. On this floor are also located the various minor town such as the Superinoffices, tendent of Highways and Overseer of the Poor. Special vault accommodations and complete have been provided
for the convenient and A contains

safe storage of all

the the

town

records. of the

is provided in heating-plant
rooms

which also basement,

ployees, emterior ex-

with chimes

to

toll the hour and

and for half-hour,

use

on

requiredfor

convenience

pccasions. special The plan is principally distinguished by its compactness business handle all public and its ability to conveniently offices. The and the correlationof the various departmental
the interior design, motive has been carriedthroughout colonial which have been specially designed by furnishings including useful and harmonious equipment. the architect to secure

and office, janitor's of the

similar

activities. The

is constructed building all floors and

of red brick with

stone

trimming,with

of fireproof terials. mapartitions

to

acknowledgmentis made Special

of Hempstead, New in this article.

Mr.

John

D.

Fish,

York, for the

historical data

contained

Construction
By
H.

of the Small
Fandervoort Walsh

House

Instructor in Architecture, School of Architecture of Columbia

University

ARTICLE ESSENTIAL
CEMENTING STANDARDS OF

IV IN BUILDING MATERIALS

QUALITY

MATERIALS

4 parts

by

volume

of sand.

The

use

of

hydrated lime is
are

THE
gypsum,
concrete.

cementing materials which enter important into the construction of the small house are lime, cement,
most

which recommended, since the poor qualities

apt

to

velop de-

from careless
It also
comes

and

their various

as mixtures,

mortar,

and plaster, and

in

thus avoided. of quicklime are slaking smaller packages, and if the entire quantity (Continued on page 366.)

The
cement

various technical requirements for

good lime

and for the small house are very strict and detailed, it is customary to cover in the briefestmantheir qualities ner of the to the standard by referring specifications for Testing Materials. Society Slaked ican Amer-

lime should be made from well-burned quicklime, free from ashes, and other foreign materials. clinker, lime be should the finely divided product Dry hydrated from mechanically at the resulting slaking pure quicklime of manufacture. place The specifications of the American for Testing Society the quality of cement should be followed Materials covering where largepurchases made. Where small quantities are of the dealer must be the basis to be used, the reliability are of

purchase.
As
mortars

and

concretes

made
or

from

these materials
to

are

as

as important

the

cements

it is essential limes,

have definite standards for them. Lime of 1 part should be made mortar slaked-lime putty or dry hydratedlime and

by volume
not
more

of

than

ARCHITECTURE

365

HOUSE

AND

PLANS,

W.

L. CLAYTON,

HOUSTON,

TEX.

B.

P. Briscoe, Architect.

366
is used (Continued from page 364.) be stored without it may

ARCHITECTURE

ordinarymass
deterioration. from %
exceed The inch best
to

concrete

not

at

once

and inches,

the size of aggregate should vary in reinforced work should not

It is only necessary to mix the hydrated lime with water then add the necessary sand. until it becomes a paste, and The purpose of adding sand is to increase the bulk and to which pure lime paste will developas reduce the shrinkage

\y$ inches.
the

of parts to use must ing proportion vary accordbut for the small house good results requirements, will be obtained by using1 part of cement, 2 parts of broken stone. Pure lime paste, without it hardens. sand, and 4 parts of gravel or sand, will shrink, Stucco is really used on the a Portland-cement crack, and develop very little strength.By introducing plaster and its success sand this contraction is reduced, but the addition of too exterior, depends a great deal upon the crease quality of materials employed and will decrease the strength much However, this deslightly. workmanship. All of 1 part made to a greater or less degree stucco is very little. A mortar of strength cracks,but the problem is the cracks as small as possible. to make The government is lime to 6 parts sand is nearly as strong as one made from 1 of sand extensive investigation of the problem of amount on an carrying part lime and 3 parts sand. The maximum and stucco exterior panels to be used is generally through experimentson fifty-six governedby the ease of working, which have been under observation since 1915. Each one much by the strength.A lime which is too sandy not so of these panels has been spread the trowel. will not spreadeasily on upon a differentbase or made with differentproportions. So far onlytwo panels of course, a stronger material and can have been Cement mortar is, would deteriorate. found to be entirely where lime mortar free from cracks,althoughmany be used in damp places are of mixtures of both cement The theory and concrete mortar veloped. practically by the small cracks which have deuninjured It is therefore quite the materials so that theyproducethe most is to proportion evident that as a rule it must
to

the will crack to a certain extent, be assumed that the stucco cement mortar of and in order to cover such defects a rough surface isthe best. voids between the particles this cement the As to proportions of mixtures, should justfill mortar there is a great variation of sand, and in concrete voids in between the larger is 1 part of cement, 2"" parts of aggregate, and this larger gregate opinion. The commonest agshould be so graded in size that it makes the most sand, to which is added about ,V part of hydratedlime by For a more detailed account on weight of cement. compact body. It used to be thoughtthat certain definite stucco, numerical proportions, laid down of the various send for the Progress ards as by theory, Report issued by the Bureau of Standof Stucco and Plaster Construction. would hold true for all kinds of sands and the Durability on ingredients The qualities of internal plaster the proportion of 1 part of cement, struction aggregates. For instance, depend upon the con3 parts of sand, and 6 parts of aggregate was of the wall, the methods of application of the thought under all conditions. But and the quality to be the best for ordinary of the plastering use material. plaster, extensive tests by the government The walls and ceiling have shown that the is to be applied to which plaster of mixtures be so constructed as to be practically must under the only real way to determine the correct proportions rigid is to experiment with the particular sand and gravel Since plaster is not loads that they will carry. elastic, that will be used, and to test them to see what ratios give it to change in shapeof the surface will cause any slight the most It has shown also been crack. The for round that common compact mass. backingswhich are satisfactory wood and masonry, metal lath, such as are aggregate, like pebbles, produce the strongest concrete, lath, plastering since the particles flow into placebetter than the sharper concrete, terra-cotta tile, brick, board,etc. Wood plaster lath makes considered necessary because were and for this reason the least rigid back of all, is' aggregates,which formerly of the supposed idea that they made better mechanical considered the best, it is the cheapest. Unless not a although another. bond with one The proportion of water is also the wood laths are wet before the plaster is applied, they and it is found that a quakingmixture will will absorb the moisture from the plaster and swell, important, thus duce prothe best results. the wall. Metal lath for this reason is superior. cracking It is customary in small work, however,where no experiments Masonry walls should be made rough to give the necessary be made can various mixtures to determine on In brick walls the joints to cling to. are key for the plaster their proper proportions, to follow the old rules of thumb raked out, in concrete walls the surface is picked, for and the amounts. with grooves for this outside of terra-cotta tile is marked Cement mortar should be made of cement and sand in purpose. the proportions of 1 part of cement and not more The best results in plaster than 3 secured with three coats. are parts of sand by volume. The first coat is called the scratch coat, and is intended to If cement-lime mortar is to be used it should not have form a bond between the wall itselfand the plaster.It than 15 per cent by volume of the cement more into the apertures between the lath to seshould be pressed cure replaced by an equal volume of dry hydrated lime. The addition of a good bondingkey,and its surface should be scratched lime to cement hydrated mortar its workingqualbond between it and the improves ities, with a tool to give the required making it slidemore the trowel and also increasing on The brown forms the main readily next coat. coat coat, or brown its waterproofness. Its strength is not decreased and averages about ^ inch to J/iinch body of the plaster

compact substance.
should

For

in the instance,

cement

justfillthe

within the limits In

concrete

prescribed.
it is
as

thick. Each

The
to

finished

coat

is then added

on

top of this and is

the desired color. and then and and be
wet

have good sand and aggregate as cement. Sand should be sharp, clean, coarse quartz. The sand used should not when it is rubbed in the hand leave the palm stained. Gravel which isused as an aggregate should be freefrom

work

to important

intended
coat

developa plane surface with should be allowed to dry out

next
one

before the

is added.

If wood

lath is

used, this

clayor loam, except

with

the lath to shrink dryingand wettingwill cause that cracks will be developedin the scratch so
coats.

swell,
brown
coat

such If there is too much

water. When bank be obtained if it is screened

adheres to the parnaturally ticles. clayor loam,itshould be washed is used the best results will gravel
as

These The As

should be filled in before the finished

is

added. materials which the the should be used in the various

coats

from the sand

fine and
coarse

and

remixed

in For

depend upon
one.

the proper

for proportions

aggregate.

which are necessary for each requirements most importantcharacteristicof the scratch

New
By B.
H.

Houses
tff C. N.

for Old

Whinston, Architects

Remodelled

shops and apartments

corner

Broadway

and

Both Street, New

York.

B. H. " C. N. Whinston, Architects.

confronted with the need for increased revenue, the owner was of exof improvingthe property at a minimum the problem pense, the use of novel ideas in planning and arrangement. the architects were and intrusted with the entire The northwest of Broadway and 80th Street, corner that they were The ultimate result shows proposition. New York City,some fifteenmonths and their treatment of the an ago presented pearancegiven full swing of the project, apof dilapidation inconsistent with the neighand profitable entirely borhood problem has resulted in a pleasing, practical, and the possibilities of the corner. The seven arrangement. which occupied old buildings the corner ous harmonierected some The houses were thrown were to form an together A
or sixty fifty years

Calvin Apartments are an example of what may be with a comparatively small outlay and accomplished

ago

and

had

ness. long outlived their useful-

in the no one fact, down the to neighborhood, oldest inhabitants, could tell with certainty when they just
were

In

introduced ones removed, and new whole,the stairways in logical locations. The
'

divided into suites were of one, two, and three rooms

floors with and foyers, baths, The ets. clos-

erected. The

four

tenements

on

quality of plumbing equipment was

provided,and the finish of the building throughoutwas
made
new,

best

Broadway,with
saloon The
on

the inevitable

the corner, the poorest class of total rental

housed
tenants.

with parquet

floors,
and the

revenues

of

the property amounted to about twenty thousand dollars

per year. The apartments, of the old dead-centre type,

doors walls,new stippled and so on, down to trim, last detail. The four

corner

houses, which
were

teen contained sixin

one

apartments
increased

brought about fifteen dollars two per month,there being per

floor and Sixteen in all. With

I^I^H
Old buildingsbefore alteration.

originally, height by
entire

the addition of

on (Continued page 370.)

368

ARCHITECTURE

369

ENTRANCE-HALL

ON

WEST

BOTH

STREET.

TWO-ROOM

APARTMENT.

"M""""
*"

j"

flR-Tn

WMT-OMBL
b^
i LJixq^

bt"DWAT^
bt."oe.e. "

60'

JifcttT

OH"Wim

uTt-g.*TQ"^'

BEFORE

ALTERATION.

AFTER

ALTERATION.

CALVIN_

APARTMENTS

(REMODELLED).

37"
from page 368.) (Continued floor and divided into

ARCHITECTURE built-in oak

settees

and

are

new

thirty-nine apartments, with additional apartments fifteen extension. in the northerly An elevatorwas installed,
which
connects

the by wall-brackets, lighted whole forming a most inviting

entrance.

The the

two-story garage

at

the

entrance-

end of the propwesterly erty provided an excellent

two-room

hall with the upper the building.

of portion

five-room and and

as

ment apart-

ing The old one-story buildthe street suggested on the proper motive for an entrance, and the entrance-hall
was

above,with two baths bath respectively, one

as

well

two

stores to

and

vice ser-

entrance

restaurant

below. The work

was

developedin
with the

full

formity con-

total

cost

of

the and of

interior

$150,000,
is
now an

effect. English beamed The ceiling was in old oak,with stippled ter plasbetween.
caen

the ultimate rental value the property $ 120,000 per

over

The

walls

are

of

year,

crease in-

stone, tooled with six to the inch and deeply cuts The left open. cut joints floor is of dull faience and quarry with tile, Tennessee

of
Main
entrance to

Calvin apartments

on

West

8oth Street.

year !
course, owner,

$100,000per This latter sum of is, realized by the not but by the operating
over

marble

base.

The

ornamental

The is of cast caen stone. trim at all doors and openings between the radiators are concealed behind bronze grilles These alcoves have alcoves. vestibule and the adjoining

developmentenhanced be seen by comparingthe character with those on the new. premises

company That

who
the

took

over

the

property.
the of the

neighborhood can
on shops

the old

Announcements
wish to Jobson and Hubbard, architects, they have moved their offices from the Pullman to 225 North MichiganAvenue, Chicago. Weller East H.
announce

showing in
Indexed
the
names

thousands

of cases,

location

of branch

offices.

Building

under

and sup14,000 classifications of material, plies and addresses of these 35,000 manufacturers
on

Noyes

announces

the removal

of his office

talks with briefselling An and the and

the merits of the advertisers' ucts. prodof trade

names

from 800 First Avenue

to

Suite

No. 7 602, Transit Building,

index alphabetical addresses

as

of materials

42d

New Street,

York

City.

names

of the manufacturers

thereof.

Hewitt and Ash, architects, their have moved offices from No. 520 Walnut Street to No. 1827 Arch Street,
Messrs.

Philadelphia.
John
Park Bank We F. officefor the the openingof an Suppes desires to announce of architectureat the Firestone general practice 1115 South Main Building, Street, Akron, Ohio.
to
announce

and tables, weights, measures, from a thousand sources, and so uniqueand valuable gleaned valuation of railroads, that in the physical where almost be considered, every form of material and equipment must it has been used very extensively. Manufacturers are scattered Rae's Macfrom coast to coast, from boundary to boundary. dustrial Blue Book gives view of the entire inyou a bird's-eye Miscellaneous It enables you field. and dealers of whom
to

data, such

regret

the

recent

death "

of Mr.

E. W.

get in touch with manufacturers

of the firm of Hart Hart, architect,

Barrett,East Las

Vegas,N. M. Mr. Hart was well known and had practised can be sent his profession for eighteen Fifth Avenue Prizes for the best work in beautifying years in Columbus,Ohio,before going to Las Vegas for his health. Mr. Barrett will continue duringthe year have been awarded as follows: the office at its present location, Suite 11, Crockett 24 West Fifty-seventh Gold medal for best new building, East Las Vegas,N. M. Building, Street Company, for their new erected at 24 West building The firm of J. C. Berry " Co.,architects, Buchman " Kahn, architects. Street, Fifty-seventh composed of J.C. Berryand E. F. Rittenberry, have taken into partnerbest new Silver medal for second building, Douglas ship Mr. M. C. Parker of Fort Worth, Texas. L. Elliman " Co., Inc.,for their new erected at Mr. Parker building will move his office to Amarillo and be connected with this 15 East Forty-ninth Cross " Cross, architects. Street, firm afterNovember 1. The new firm will be styled Gold medal for best altered building, Guaranty Trust Berry, Parker " Rittenberry, with officesin the Architects, Company, of New York, at 522 Fifth Avenue, Cross " Cross, ent presSuite 29, 30, 31, Fuqua Building, location, Amarillo, architects. Texas. will complete J. C. Berry and E. F. Rittenberry all Silver medal for second best altered building, Edward their old contracts and assume all obligations of the old firm. I. Farmer, at 15 East Fifty-sixth " AckerStreet, Trowbridge Lawrence MACRAE'S BLUE BOOK. Barnard, associate architect. architects, man, stantially Thoroughlyindexed,subbound, of convenient size and weight. All names Mr. James C. Mackenzie, located architect, formerly Jr., live. More than 50,000 of America's keenest buyers the removal of his office announces rely at 15 East 40th Street, MacRae's Blue Book for their buyinginformation. New York upon to 4 East 39th Street, City. It contains: Arranged in alphabetical order, the names Croft and Boerner, architects and engineers, announce and addresses of 35,000 of America's leading manufacturers, their removal to 1006 MarquetteAvenue, Minneapolis, Minn.
"

heard before. Letters you have never and west, stating north, east, south, your needs.

The

Building Situation
Photographs by
"

in

Argentina
Aires

La

Nacion,"

Buenos

is field for the sale of American large THERE materials in Argentina. Buenos Aires is in great
a

tion construc-

"patio" or

mansions
and

inner court, there are, nevertheless, many in the newer quarter of the city and

tial palain the

need

of first-classoffice-buildings. Modern of the American for working men type

will
are soon

hotels and needed and be erected

business apartment-houses many in the

model homes suburbs. Notices appear

designedafter Parisian, Italian, Moorish, Norwegian patterns. On of the scarcity of lumber, wooden houses account
district
seen.

in the newspapers of the from time

capital
to

are

seldom
are

The of
a

smaller

one,

time

houses with such

made

hand-made

two, and three story native brick, and are faced

various

inviting bids on struction publicconprises. enter-

cement.
as

The largerand apartment-housesand steel frames hollow and brick for

more

expensivebuildings, are structed conoffice-buildings,

reinforced cement,
with littlestone

with brick walls and

partitions. Very

The Council

National
of Education

or

there

has adopted a largebuilding gramme profor

is used, althoughin certain parts of the country granite culty are large deposits yet to be quarried.The great diffisince freight is transportation, rates are very high for
or

either brick

stone.

public

Only
Buenos

few years

ago

the greater part of the houses

in

schools, and the pleted plans to be comin the

next

few
an

years

call for

expenditureof
$8,500,000.
needs

about The

of various cities in the Province of Buenos Aires will call for

the installation and
water
near

hence the impression only a ground floor, which struck the European traveller on arriving gentine at the Arof a decapitated was town, extendingover capital flat. But in these last years an vast space, and extremely of buildings have been constructed,scatinfinite number tered all the town, with very grand proportions over and, for the most style. part, of the Italian Renaissance

Aires had

for 1920 considered the increase municipal programme of public area parksin the cityof Buenos Aires of previous ideas of out by fifty-one acres, and the carrying The of the the city. Comparisons were diagonalboulevards crossing cipal before the muniwith European cities and presented made authorities to show that Buenos Aires was not devoting Although enough space to the use of parks and avenues. and a half times as grea*'as this city covers two area an much it contains less than half as park and open space. Paris, also Comparisons with London, Vienna, and Berlin were

of

sewerage

systems, in the

future,at
Faculty of philosophy and literature. cost

total

of

2"2,300,000.

have

building programmes

.The various of Argenprovinces tina independentof those of the

unfavorable.
Buenos world. and The
now

central government, but also receive federal aid in the execution of many publicworks. Argentinahas always been an excellent market for iron steel productsfor construction purposes. but were considerable, imports of cement
and about in operation plant is now owned Buenos Aires, by American
two
a

Aires is
census

it is
are

citiesof the of the fastest-growing showed 1,575,800 inhabitants, grants since immiestimated to be over 2,000,000,
one

of 1914

Formerly the largecement

week.

the

is found in many quality of Paris used is produced chiefly in plaster

hundred miles from interests. Lime of unsurpassed and parts of Argentina, the country.

of more than 10,000 per the rate at arriving of the recentlythe city has retained most characteristicsof the small Latin American city. The oneUntil
stucco

story massive

house

with

has been interior patio

page

the

(Continuedon

374.)

Clay roofingtiles and

vitrified floor

tiles, are
ten

and glazed wall and roofingslate, importedin considerable quantities.

In the past been erected. The lack of

years many

skeleton-steelstructures

have

in conocean struction transport tonnage for bringing materials, machinery, etc., the high costs of such of fuel,lubricants, freight materials, etc., increased ocean of and the higherwages capital, rates, a lack of investing minished dilabor with a shorter working day all of these greatly of* either a public construction operations or a
"

nature private

in 1918.

An

immediate

result of the decrease

has been an in the erection of office and apartment buildings abnormal increase in rentals of all sorts, and without regard

localities. has so comof the older citiesof South America None pletely lost its national characteristicsas Buenos and, Aires, of houses are constructed after the while the greater number
to

old

Spanishstyleof

one

or

two

stories built around

Paseo

Colon

(Columbus

Square).

371

ARCHITECTURE
372

ARCHITECTURE

373

COLEGIO

NACIONAL

(Mariono

Moreno

High School).

BOLSA

DE

COMERCIO

(the Exchange).

NUEVO

BANCO

ITALIANO

(New Italian Bank).

as a specimen of the HOTEL. PLAZA (Fourteen-storybuilding nationalprogress rather than as a money-making undertaking).

374

ARCHITECTURE

THEATRE. (The exterior of the building shows three COLON the different stylesof decoration: the first floor in the Ionic style; thian. toward the Corinsecond Corinthian ; and the third Attic,inclining nice, The height of the facades,from the ground up to the corThe playhouse is one of the largest in the is 24.70 metres. from one of the balconies is 75 metres, three world. Its total length metres longerthan that of San Carlo in Naples. The dimensions of It contains 900 by 22.50 metres. the ground floor are 27.8 metres fauteuils placed on seven grades. The hall can hold 3,750 spectators. broad by 19.25 metres high. The The front of the stage is 18 metres from the foundations interiorverticaldimension of the stage is 48 metres incombustible with The isconstructed theatre arch. the to up

cut

PALACE. (The building is constructed with GOVERNMENT bricks on a pieceof ground that forms a parallelogram. The facades The building at rightangles and measure by 81 metres. 125 metres of gigantic statues, made its highest part a group has on by the sculptorBianchi).

to

insure proper
intended de

embellishment
avenues

that these but

Plaza

Mayo,

the scheme

of the city. It was originally should radiate from the abandoned because of was

materials.)

the property and constructing the great cost of acquiring ing the boulevards. However, the administration favored tak-

prevailing type, and

of a few the streets, with the exception that new ordinance now requires A city are narrow. avenues, linein order to widen be constructed to a given must buildings increase in land values isautowhile the big matically the thoroughfares, of buildings, of the increase in the height care taking which are invariably beingbuilt of two or three stories. of A resolution was adopted also for citysupervision all buildings to be erected
on

of so many houses along up the planagain. The razing the line of the boulevards would necessarily aggravate the but it is felt that this present situation of rent scarcity,
than compensated would be more temporary disadvantage and four story houses of two, three, for by the building alongthe way. If the ideas of the administration and city augurated will soon boom be incarried out, a building are engineers need for in Buenos Aires with an accompanying materials. large importsof building

the

avenues diagonal

in order

Home

Ownership on

Pay Envelope

in

(Continued from page 355.) coal storage,and a small laundry. In connection with plant, the laundry, there is a suggestion that might be made, that of the sink a combination in place dry sink be installed or launwhich over tray be placedalong the side of the sink, the drain-board would fit, and the regulation kitchen-sink installed. Many people believe that one laundrytray would be sufficient in a house of this size, if there is a especially good hot-water supply. In this way, it goes without saying, the expense would be less. I believe if the architects generally would take up this of trying matter to interest groups of approximately twentysix of property, and sufficiently people, investigate prices be better architecture for the that that the result would houses. inexpensive have eliminate

the

know, in plan and elevation, the speculative to superior would very quickly builder's type that the public recognize mentioned it. Therefore, as above,it is only necessary for which boost the architect to hold down on special mouldings, with a simple, the price, and be content well-proportioned for the firstfew developments. building the publicwill soon appreciate By this first sacrifice, of these buildings, and then in later developthe superiority ments the architect can undoubtedlyprove to his group of better will givethem infinitely clients that a few dollars more of design and, consequently, houses from the standpoint
a as we very short time,for, be so far houses would more

i. livable,

e., the
more

owners

will
more

soon

realize that each stead inbe made because

year

they become
of each year

and

fond of their houses

small,

of lack of real

a change to desiring design.

They
a

must

bear

in mind

they
that

got

to

great many

of the refinements

one's natural

tendency leads him into with the resultant higher cost, and it is justthis small additional extra amount the prospective client from per house that usuallyturns the architect to the speculative builder. To say that a project of this kind is unprofessional is, to my since results are what count, mind, beside the point, and if the architects could see their way clear to this development idea, there is no question but that the small-house architectureof the entire country would be greatly improved

in business women or or Any group of professional in the outlined fact, young married couples who are interested information concerning as given, project may obtain full struction and Conit from Miss Blanche Geary, of the Building of the Young of the National Board Bureau Christian Women's Association,500 Lexington Avenue, New York City. Miss Geary,under whose direct guidance floor plans for many million dollars' worth of association have been developed, buildings spends almost her entire time in visiting in the interest individuals and communities of this housingprogramme of the association.
" "

ARCHITECTURE
who
out to a new can, move started all over again. At all events, process is perhaps and little protection was there was given co-ordination, no and of platting, the home-builder in such a method to

where subdivision,

the whole

fabulous

sums

have been lost

to

the nation

in this have

manner.

all communities Furthermore, practically

allowed

cepting large parts of their suburban districtsto be ruined by acplanned with any plat after plat that was rarely vards boulefor open spaces, or for major arteries, or provision ceptions, and parks, or beauty of any sort, and, with few exall laid out in a senseless, dreary, dry, hopeless and minimum-sized of straight lots; streets just vehicle traverses such streets for hours at a time and there mannner of is a peak load. The same them lines drawn never walks. regardless to sideprinciple applies platswith straight upon revision of these antedated of the land, and mostly with the sole idea the topography Therefore, a streetfrom the ground width ordinances and a more much of extracting scientific as as profit planningthat will possible of: "After us the deluge." In many determine them upon the basis of actual requirements and with the philosophy will, for miles around in the aggregate, prove a considerable saving have been platted in construction instances such districts of houses being erected of roadways. This does not mean and maintenance that no a community, with probability There local street widths between property lines should be reor more thirty duced; years to come. upon them for perhaps with their ribbons of the countryside the contrary, the space saved in roadways should on decorating they lie, be added to the parkingspace between property line and sidewalks that will have gone into decay before beingused, and growing weeds curb,which,in all cases, will improve the looks of a street good farm land that perfectly upon of besides allowing should be used as such to producefood next to the source more moving ground for shade-trees, thereby rethese farther from the house fronts and allowing consumption. Such procedureis nothing but economic when the land is finally more air and sunlight, madness and criminal waste, in that, the greatest enemies of germs, to the interest charges upon built upon, the accumulated penetrate the houses. inflated purchaseprice of the lot plus the taxes, solution of an efficient suHowever, a satisfactory original burban and is one of has produced a value that is all out of reason be accomplished street by strictly system cannot there the factors for the high cost of living. in all Besides this, following, cases, the property linesestablished by the the losses to the community of the interest charges land grants and their subdivisions. Examine the are original upon in the intervening of any community and it will be found that the suburban premature developmentand of food production map has been conlike a picture bestreet demned puzzle, years of idleness. Such practice system is very much the streets time and againand cannot often be repeated. "cause have followed the crooks and breaks of too The really factor about this is that after all of the land, and the puzzle the boundary-lines is leftto the disheartening the accumulated such if possible, town to provide, at least a few throughplanner expenses have been piled up against in the end, nothingto show for it but the arteries at the least expense. troit land,there is, going transverse Again Defurnishes some adequate the inmost ordinary, commonplace developmentthat will be all glaring examples;for instance, of harmony with the advanced of the time demands out connection between Woodward and Jefferson when it finally will be put in use, if at all, since in some Avenues inside of the Seven Mile Road. such lots have actually been resold for farm land. cases Where a suburban section is located upon rolling territory The remedy for all this is "comprehensive with a number of owners, then the only rational, planning" of such territory, with the exerciseof forethought and which, economic,and beautiful solution of such a probpractical, lem will make such depreciations possible imreasonable regulations, be had upon a comprehensive, can basis; co-operative besides adding greater uniformity of existing and beauty to by which the area is platted, regardless property such districts and at less cost of construction, out and all withis reallotted the same and each owner lines, percentage of the other than the in the minus the to his community same preparation original locality, expense ground holdings of the comprehensive street plan, which,besides stabilizing erty proppercentage of contribution to the common system. from private for values,will also reserve A procedure of this sort is bound to be slow and require ownership such land as is needed for school and playground public use to get all parties to agree. However, it will be patience for play fields, and boulevard, and for a comworth the effort, beautifulsubdivision sites, since not only a more parks, prehensive and major arteries of such in street will result, but also a great savingcan be made system of streets forms and widths and in such locations that these will link construction and grading,besides allowingbetter street up with the major arteriesof the cityand with the rural grades. I recentlyhad just such a problem involving highways,and with each other in such a manner of about three hundred acres. differentowners to as twenty-five allow a swift, Also in localities where the residentialsections do not smooth,and direct flow of traffic which,under where no such provisions have been other natural feaoffer any irregularities tures, of topography present conditions, or and more difficult because of the more made, is becoming where these sections are not bisected by frequent or and trucks, increasingly greater use of motor-cars especially radial rural highways that will relieve the monotony of the This particularly on Saturdaysand holidays. to street applies operative plan,it would be desirable to follow this plan of coand fast-growing our communities such as Detroit. larger comprehensiveplanning in order to get away At present these communities allow property lines alongtheir from the bone-dry of the rectangular street plan monotony main rural highways, to that affords no features of interest, traffic-bearing arteries, formerly no interesting tives perspecbe established upon a basis of width laid down in the early broken street, but presents to the curved or peculiar settlement days that to-day quate inadewith houses ultimately uniform,endless vistas of straight streets prove to be entirely to carry peak-load traffic. holiday less alike, of and as inspiring more or as a string Cityplancommissions should, have the greatThis senseless scheme therefore, of thingsis happily I freight-cars. est a nd to regulate guidesubdivision platting power and beautiful being supplantedby the more upon a interesting

that major arteries be to demand and that these be of ample width to take care providedfor, of such peak-load traffic that they will ultimately be called to carry, and with at a maximum speed compatible upon of existing and regardless local ordinances pertaining safety widths. However, in most the full street to street cases width need not be taken over by the community until such time as it is actually needed. On the other hand, the roadways of second-class arteries, and especially of purely local residence streets, are, by city ordinance in most cases, of far be needed, in that not a single greater width than will ever

basis and comprehensive

ARCHITECTURE
modern

377
over

plan

of curved

streets

and

broken

vistas.

ever, How-

citytook plan,of

justsuch

of to small plots applied best is and at boundary-lines, ground within rectangular of a general scheme. out onlypatchworkinstead of evolving This is not to mean, to be understood though,that the has no placein the modern subdivision or street straight cityplan. On the contrary, it has as much of a placeas
this has its limitations when

which in

for its group district a dilapidated feature Clevelanders are very proud. However,

the curved
The

street, and

in many in
some

desirable,and
of
street
a

instances is far instances more

be
to variety

more

tical, pracbeautiful. the

notony mo-

pointis that there should

street rectangular

break
to

system, and

adapt

the

plan to

the

contours

of the land.

There is stilltime and opportunity for cityplan commissions

defects in already to correct at least the most glaring that have as yet not been suburban districts platted built upon, by replatting such territory irlscientific well-rounded whole, that will conform to the diversified upon more of its inhabitants, and upon and artistic principles, and comprehensive and allow lines, terests, needs, and preferences them the enjoyment of all the worth-while basis by which the replatted of life, a co-operative things ground will be besides the purelyessential, then the maxim of "harmony reallotted accordingto the original holdingsand in approximately Of course this would in be admitted to the the same location. of looks,"or the "citybeautiful," must that should govern rational of essential maxims be a considerable undertaking; sidering however, consome cases partnership be the future welfare of the community, it would and a clear and unprejudiced town planning, opinion upon this should be had. would then well worth the trouble, and the property-holders The old "citybeautiful" idea as such, without primary flated while to show for the inat least possess somethingworth consideration of the practical involved in a comprehensive questions purchasepriceof their lots. So wake up, American sand to build while you may. communities, and salvage cityplan,is to-daybut shifting of the programme of essenof public is also a very imporThe question tials tant buildings upon, because of the largeness On the other and the limitation of available funds. consideration in every community, and, where possible, such as post-office, hand, the predominanceof the engineer during and after federal, buildings, county, and municipal the war, and the wonderful feats of his profession, art and industrial together hall, court-house, auditorium, library, city with the high cost of improvementsand the intense commercial etc., should be broughtinto a group plan. Some museums, of these days, have broughtabout a tendency and because spirit engineers oppose this idea as beingexpensive, the esthetic and beautiful, cult and to go toward is often diffidisregarding adequatespace for future necessary expansion of the purely"city beautiful" idea. to the other extreme to provide. However, I do not agree with this view, Both of these extremes for if the original are are, and wrong, as all extremes space does not allow of future expansion, it is only by keepingto the middle of the road between done with the then near-by as was property can be acquired, them that a thoroughly of the cityof New York harmonious, all-round development adjacentto the office-building be only acof a community can be expected, and this can complished covers a vast City Hall. Furthermore, as a citygradually tects, archithe work of engineers, be municipalborough centres there should to by co-ordinating territory, all phasesof and by giving and landscape relieve the central office and for the convenience of the architects, the plan their proper sphere of influence. Beauty is public. should not, as a rule,be to be a necessary recognized Moreover, publicbuildings part of the whole and in its if it can in order as any other part, especially because as much located in the heart of a business district, place they careful study of a of a more be had merely for the price either less interfere with the expansion of business, or more of of higher standards it to a halt at such buildings projectand by the application or seriously ing interruptbringing criticism and professional well as ability.These will in many as adjacent it, reducing thereby property values, increase values all out of proportion able sufficient availto the money there is rarely pended. excases those that lie beyond;besides, In all events, it is certain that the rational aesthetic for such buildings, and the space in a business district or can project building, apply his art to any town-planning ground is too expensive.Furthermore, there is no valid be it ever be conbusiness should not so centrated studygiveto it a commonplace,and by patient reason apparent why public well as private business;and, lastly, public simplebeauty that will entail littleor no additional expense as all the difference in the world in its appearance. and make of prideto a community, and should be a matter buildings therefore be of dignified Where, however, there is no regardfor beauty in a town however, no matter appearance; in worth while will be lacking if the building has not a fine setting, plan,somethingvery much how good the design, and a lopsided of its impressiveness is lost. much developmentis bound to community life, result. On the other hand, a harmonious, orderly be obtained in an since a fine setting plan will cannot Therefore, since business district, buildings, be secured from a proper consideration of this factor, why not combine public ordinary of "harmony and order." in a sense, is the product into a group plan, where possible, beauty, justoffside the business tant have been very relucIn the past many be found that has often a district aan town where quite planners district, mention the word beauty in connection with come of events and has beto even been scrappedin the forward march mitted in some town cases planningbecause of the sins that have been comhaving turned cheap and dilapidated, that this word has in its name, and for the reason be acland can into a slum district. By doing this, quired more cause before our courts, and, furthermore,bereceive an effective the buildings for less money, as can yet no status of a general lack 'of conscious understanding instead of scattered by the setting, and, because it is a real eyeful in of the meaning of art and its importance feature of beauty and bits here and there, general public an impressive for in our intensely and commercial be local character is created in which community pride life; practical can age art is looked upon by many Cleveland is here cited as an as a thingapart from,instead of a centred. example where a
.

to be understood as championingany extravagance On the contrary, public publicbuildings. like any other, should firstof all fulfiltheir pracbuildings, tical functions and be compactlyand economically planned, but that is no reason time why they should not at the same be good to look upon and have a dignified setting, especially if this can be had by using judgment in the selection .good of the site and great care in the design.The pointis that there should be a sane nicetyof balance of all questions that enter into all community undertakings. in placeto discuss the status At this pointit seems of "beauty"in town planning. into a homogeneous, If a community is to be developed

this is not

378
necessary part of, our view should remember all
races

ARCHITECTURE

dailylife. But

those and

who

hold

this have

in Buildings
come

such

important locations should,therefore,

York Art
to

from

that every age the North to the South and

sense

and civilization, Poles,have striven to in and

some

under

of the New the jurisdiction the lesson be derived from

Commission, and
every

this is that
to
operate coan

express
or

their need that have

for the beautiful the down

most to
us

form

other, and
are

among
come

valued from

cherished

community should have an art commission with its city plan commission, whereby
no

many

that heritages ages the

these

bygone

individual that the

called art, as is attested these works of beauty by man of the French and Belgiansat by the fury and grief their architectural to damage done during the war
to

eyesore how matter

can

be avoided, for be
a town

it remembered if conceived,
or are square with each

well

plan has
line
a

been

individual

structures
are

that
not

street

without

merit, or
where

designed in harmony
Wonders
can

monuments, fine old avenues

to

their domestic of trees,

etc.

architecture,and
So mark

to we our

their strive

other, the ensemble

With' difficult
to

will suffer.
a

be

plished accom-

why
and

should

not

there is lessons

will and
to

co-operation.
upon, it should the necessity for
not
a

hand

to posterity down as a of beauty monuments lasting

degreeof
our

zation civili-

such

look

back

be

besides

wonderful

convince

the

publicof

prehensive com-

and science, are which, moreover, plan. to invention mains change from year to year, whereas beauty reGOALS the constant through ages ? In former ages it was The down of the church, and of potentates, to hand goals of a community as set forth in this chart privilege of should be to provide healthy,substantial growth, and at but in our this heritage, democracy this is the privilege it is the same time the means for maximum conservation since they are also the government; and so all the people, lectively and colthis contribution individually and health,and wealth of its inhabitants, enjoyment of life, to make up to them est this heritage and to interin a well-worked-out toward to hand down to posterity our present-daycivilization,

contributions

subjectto

themselves

in and

further

the

finer and

less obvious

thingsof
We

life. strive and

our

to

surround it in

ourselves
our so

in

our our

daily life with

household
to

CHART

VI.

good

taste

express

homes,

nishings, furthe that

"

motor-cars,

etc.,

why

be indifferent

of thingsthat are common appearance look upon day after day, such as we

property

and

street our pictures our of all kinds,the railroad and publicand privatebuildings our parks,etc. ? Surely highway approaches to our cities,

it is

greater satisfaction to
as

look

upon

beautiful

street

High Street,Oxford, England, or upon a laidharmonious or a beautifully or bridges, building upon Therefore, out park,than upon a commonplace or ugly one. for example,an individual wishes to erect a building, why if, the city beautiful and make it a contribution toward not have a designof simplebeauty that will fit the purpose and sides bethe owner into its surroundings, and be a monument to producingdividends ? York Use a few examples in New City, for the sake of the lessons of which, in spiteof their typical illustration, New will hold good anywhere. The York magnificence, for instance, be looked upon Woolworth must not Building, individual and an to an only as an elaborate monument but as a dominating of this name, expensiveadvertisement landmark of great beauty and character that lends disbut tinctiveness not only to the immediate street pictures picturesuch
to

1
orderly, Wealthy,
substantial growth development. and Ultimate execution of all features of 1he plan.

the

for community development, that these plan and principles goals may be perpetuated and afford the greatest opportunities of This will put an for constructive end to judged as citizenship. the most the makeshift, haphazard, uncorrelated development of the world. Before the old Fifth 'Avenue Hotel was down torn economic, permanent community by substituting orderly, there stood the Flatiron Building, solution of the tensive ina splendid development and growth, that will allow a maximum of all of the facilitiesof the community, and reproblem, the Metropolitan Life Tower, the Parkhurst serve use from privateownership for publicuse such areas that and the Madison Church, the small Court Building, Square Garden, besides a few other less conspicuous buildings. will contribute toward the main goaland allow for the greatest Then the new of community spirit and pride. Mere came buildings along the north and west possible expression sides of the square, which, for the most in in other words, increase in area size of population, and part, are lacking refinement and good taste, not because of lack of money pended exquantity without a correspondingqualityof development, is a mighty poor, short-sighted and gray them, but because of lack of ability goal for a community to upon ing strive for,and has a parallel matter who amasses in the man a great put into the design. As it is,the square, stillboasthas sadly fallen behind in the of the finer, worth-while fortune but misses many a few distinctive features, thingsin charm that it promised in its earlier structures. life.
asset to

of Manhattan entire panorama be considered a distinct must

Island, and
New

quently conse-

York.

Madison

Square, on the other hand, which must time to become a whole,promised at one one beautiful and picturesqueopen spaces in

be