ABS for Powered Two-Wheelers

Results of Accident Analysis

*picture taken from GIDAS #3020050171

Accident Research CR/AEV

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Motorcycle Accident Study

Fatalities in road traffic 2006 share of vulnerable road users

13% 3% 7% 2 892 fatalities1) 11% 2% 11% 18% 28% 42 642 fatalities1) 5 091 fatalities1) 17% 22% 6% 16%
sources: 19 755 fatalities3) 1) IRTAD (D; J; CAN; AUS), FARS (USA) 2) National Crime Records Bureau, India Ministry of Home Affairs 3) Ministrio das Cidades, Departamento Nacional de Trnsito Brasilia 1 598 4) Traffic Accident Analysis Center, Road Traffic Safety Authority Korea 5) IRTAD (Luxembourg, Italy, Bulgaria, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Rumania, Slovakia, Cyprus are not included, data is not available so far) 6) Traffic Accidents China, Official yearbook 2005, data statistically blurred) 7) Royal Thai Police, *Traffic Accident National Highways 2005, data statistically blurred by estimation

31 681 fatalities5)

18% 17%

7%

89 455 fatalities6) 10%

CR/AEV1 Accident Research

7 272 fatalities1) 32%

14%

26% 9%

39% 18% 5%

14%

4%

6%4%19% 34% 12871 fatalities7)

6 327 fatalities4)

killed pedestrians killed bicyclists killed motorcyclists

26% 98 254 fatalities2)

14% 2% 15% fatalities1)

Notations:

data of Thailand and India as of 2005 known numbers 2006: fatalities 12 691 (Thailand); 105 749 (India), beneath 17 105 cyclists

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Motorcycle Accident Study

Share of vulnerable road users in main countries of the EU in 2006

18% 7% 17%

31 681 fatalities1)

1) IRTAD (Luxembourg, Italy, Bulgaria, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Rumania, Slovakia, Cyprus are not included, data is not available so far)

source: International Road Traffic and Accident Database IRTAD

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Motorcycle Accident Study

General accident occurrences

Fatalities per 100 Mio. covered person kilometers in the EU (source: ETSC Report 2002*):

Part of deadly injured motorcyclists with respect to all traffic fatalities in Germany from 1990-2007 (source: Federal Statistical Office ):

16 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 train bus plane car motorcycle 0,04 0,08 0,08 0,8 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 948 4958
Total fatalities Fatalities on motorcycles

Riding a motorcycle is 20 times more dangerous than driving a car considering the same distance! Number of deadly injured motorcyclists is constant since 15 years by contrast to all road accidents!
* European Transport Safety Council

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Motorcycle Accident Analysis

Used Data in the Bosch study

Representative
2004

Germany n=354 534

weighting factor B
2)

1)

Source: GIDAS 2001-2004 (weighted for Germany) 100 %

100 %

2004

354 534

4 913

GIDAS accidents with injuries2)

Single case analysis

15 %
15 %

n=4913

52 574

737

Involved powered two-wheeler

228

According to the official statistics 52 574 accidents w/injuries where a PTW was involved occurred in Germany in 2004. This is a share of 15% to all accidents w/injuries in Germany for 2004. The GIDAS database (2001-2004) includes 737 accidents w/injuries where a PTW was involved. This is a share of 15% to all accidents w/injuries within the GIDAS database. For the two-wheeler study a representative sample of 228 accidents from 737 accidents was taken because single case analyses are very time consuming.
1) Destatis, 2) GIDAS

official accident statistics annual report 2004 Reihe 7, Fachserie 8 www.destatis.de database (German In-Depth Accident Study) 2001-2004, weighted for Germany www. gidas.org

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Motorcycle Accident Analysis

Motorcycle accident analysis - Germany*

9 20
Loss of control accident Turning off accident Turning into a road/ crossing it Crossing the road (pedestrian) Stationary vehicles Other vehicles Carriageway (downfall) Other Object impact on the side Pedestrian

8 1

21 19 3 2 26

25

63

Vehicles moving along in carriageway Other accident

Type of accident in [%]

Collision opponent in [%]

during the primary collision

45% of all motorcycle accidents take place in a crossing or turning area 20% of all motorcycle accidents are caused by drivers losing control of the vehicle

In 63% of all motorcycle accidents the opponent is another road user 25% of all motorcyclists contact the road before the first collision

The collision with another road user in a crossing area is the most common accident situation.
* Basis: 737 weighted motorcycle accident of GIDAS (years 2001-2004)

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Response of driver possibilities reactions and advice*

actual driver reaction
no reaction downfall caused by wrong braking not enough brake power evasive maneuver abandon the curve ride other reactions

proportion of all accidents 33%

optimal main reaction of driver based on accident situation (retrospectively determined)

8% no recommendation 38% full brake power (ABS) 25% evasion 18% others

11% more attention required

27%

67% full brake power (ABS) 14% more banking (in case of curve ride)

19% others

20%

50% full brake power (ABS)

25% evasion

25% others

11% 4%

54% 33% full brake power others

13% other direction

in most cases: more banking

5%

e.g.: intentional downfall with motorbike

A third of the motorcyclists show no reaction before the first collision and 47% braked in a wrong way.
*Based on a single case analysis of 228 representative cases of GIDAS (years 2001-2004)

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Motorcycle Accident Analysis benefit of ABS

Field of effect of motorcycle ABS*

Field of effect: Accidents in which ABS could reduce accident severity or improve the position relative to the opponent. Brake intervention is provided. Relevant Scenarios: z No maximum deceleration of the motorcycle z Blocked rear wheel z Downfall due to over braking the front or rear wheel 40% non-relevant 60% ABS-relevant

Procedure to evaluate the efficiency of motorcycle ABS: z Comparison of real accident sequence with ideal full retarded and directional stabile ABS motorcycle (base of evaluation is the real existing tire trace).

In 60% of all accidents motorcycle ABS could influence the accident in a positive way!
*Based on a single case analyses of 228 representative cases of GIDAS (years 2001-2004)

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Motorcycle Accident Analysis - ABS

Function efficiency of ABS*

Evaluation results show that 26% of all motorcycle accidents could be prevented by motorcycle ABS th of them are small two-wheelers (scooters/mopeds) z 1/5 z Cases where downfall on street occurs due to overbraking one of the two wheels are included analyses of severity in prevented cases: 2% 18% fatal heavy slightly 80%

26% of all accidents: prevention of collision or downfall

60% of all motorcycle accidents: field of effect ABS

Effective customer benefit: z No insecurity while braking z No downfall due to emergency brake z Utilization of the maximal possible braking distance

In maximum 14000 two-wheeler accidents per year could be prevented in Germany by the standard fitment of ABS. Among them there are 200 fatalities.
*Based on a single case analysis of 228 representative cases of GIDAS (years 2001-2004)

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Motorcycle Accident Analysis - ABS

Function efficiency of ABS*

66% average reduction of impact speed in all cases - clear decrease of injury severity is expected
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 0-19 1 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 Reduction Vcollision 28 20 16

26% of all accidents collision/downfall avoidance

Number of cases

60% of all motorcycle accidents: field of effect ABS

Reduction of collision speed [%]

1% no change Additional customer benefit: 2% unknown z Reduction of impact speed z Upright sitting position at the start of impact hence efficiency of passive safety functions (e.g. airbag) increased.

31% Reduction of Vcollision

Reduction of collision speed increases efficiency of passive safety systems.

*Based on a single case analyses of 228 representative cases of GIDAS (years 2001-2004)

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Motorcycle Accident Analysis benefit of ABS

Summary

The number of fatally injured motorcyclists has remained constant over the last 15 years whereas the number of fatally injured car occupants decreases (Germany). Existing safety technologies - both active and passive - can enhance motorcycle safety, provided market penetration is increased. In 60% of all motorcycle accidents ABS could influence the accident in a positive way. The evaluation results show that 26% of all powered two-wheeler accidents with injuries could be prevented by motorcycle ABS. An additional increased deceleration by an ABS was taken into account. A strong decrease in the average collision speed was determined in 31% of all power two wheeler accidents. As a consequence, an significant reduction in the injury severity is expected.

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Motorcycle Accident Analysis benefit of ABS

Motorcycle ABS: Effect and Benefit Studies

NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), 2006
Stopping distance reduction - Avg. (dry+wet surface) - Loaded bike (dry) - Rear foot pedal (dry) - Both brakes (wet) - Loaded, both br. (wet) -5% -7% -17% -11% -16%

Police department Saarland, 2005

- Reduction of powered two wheeler (>125cc) accidents with injuries and fatalities (GER) -20%

Allianz (AZT), 2005

- ABS field of effect (GER): 50% of severe accidents involving all powered two-wheeler (>250cc) - Reduction of severe accidents with injuries and fatalities between -8% to -17% - ABS effectiveness for fatalities -10%

HLDI (Highway Loss Data Institute), 2008

- Fatal crashes1): - Insurance loss - Claim frequency for motorcycles equipped with ABS -38% -21% -19%

Bosch, 2007
- ABS field of effect (GER): 60% of all powered two-wheeler accidents involving injuries and fatalities - Reduction of accidents with injuries and fatalities -26% (14.000 p.a., incl. < 250cc, base GER 2004) - Reduction in collision speed -31%

IIHS (Insurance Inst. for Highway Safety), 2008

- ABS effectiveness1) (>250 cc): of fatal crash involvement of ABS equipped motorcycles compared to non equipped ABS motorcycles -38%

BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute), 2008

- ABS effectiveness2) (incl. < 250cc): Accidents Fatalities Serious injuries -2.4% -12.1% -11.7%

1) 2)

Statistical data given from HLDI, effectiveness supported by IIHS Study doesnt consider potentials in reduced injury severity by ABS

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