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Introduction to AE and AE Instrumentation

PrePre-conference Event for AEWGAEWG-46 (Aug 44-6, 2003) Live Stream: 11-3 pm PST March 21st 2003

AE Instrumentation and Methodology


AE Basics
AE Process Chain Sensors Attenuation and Frequency Effects Source Examples Wave Propagation

Richard Nordstrom, PhD Acoustic Emission


Lecture Notes on Web: http://www.cecs.pdx.edu/~nordsr/AEWG46/conference_primer.htm Information for Live Event: Questions by Phone: 503503-725725-9135 Questions by Email: nordsr@pdx.edu

Applied AE

Analysis Methods Data Reduction Paths Activity, Active Sources, Characterization and Evaluation

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Process Chain Definitions


Stimuli Global Source of energy, often mechanical load; other examples: corrosion, temperature AE Source localized stress
release

Process Chain:
Goal of AE Behavior Characterization Correlate (5) AE Response to (1) Stimuli

Wave Propagation
dynamic response of structure to AE source

AE Sensor conversion of
mechanical wave to voltage

Signal Processing
amplification, filtering and measurements
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Tensile Test

Dead Weight Test Stress Corrosion Cracking

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Sensor Type Examples Resonate Broadband

AE Sensors
Basics for Choosing Sensors
Resonant Type
Choose appropriate Frequency
20 kHz for leak detection 150 kHz for crack detection 300 and 500 kHz for crack detection in noisy environments

Broadband Type
Better for Waveforms SignalSignal-toto-Noise Ratio Suffers at Most Interesting Frequencies More Expensive

Diagrams from www.deci.com, with permission

Sensor contributes to filtering

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AE Amplitude Measurements
dBAE = 20 Log [A [AMeasured / 1 V]

Attenuation / Signal Loss


Signal Loss - the loss in
measured amplitude with distance from source. Generally increases with measurement frequency.

Effects of Signal Loss


Limited Sensor Range Structural Vibrations tend to have much lower frequency range then transient propagating signals Can be used in simple location schemes

Dynamic Range => Saturation / Discriminate Saturation: Peak Amplitude instrument can measure Discriminate (Resolution): Lowest resolvable change in measurement, usually limited by the noise in the instrument.
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Frequency Regimes

AE Filtering
High Pass
Eliminates low frequency mechanical noise (vibration in structures) Works well when noise sources have falling (1/f) characteristics and source is white (more or less)

Low Pass
Serves to limit EMI, RF Limits total bandwidth of signal, keeping overall system noise to a minimum
Filter slope characteristics are given in dB/octave

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Process Chain:
Signal Measurements
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stimuli (Load) AE Source Wave Propagation AE Sensor Signal Processing

Basic Categories of AE Signals


Burst and Continuous
Burst AE beginning and end of the signal can be identified Continuous AE beginning and end of signals cannot be identified

Effect of Bandpass
No offset (DC and low frequencies filtered) Oscillation instead of fast edges (high frequencies filtered)
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Amplified noise signal, identification of signal is against this backdrop


AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Signal Parameterization

Waveform Acquisition
Increasingly incorporated in lab studies Memory intensive Analysis time intensive Requires settings for trigger, sampling rate, length of signals

Basic AE Parameters that are measured in most multipurpose AE systems: (from example)

Peal Amplitude (53 dBAE = 456 mV) Rise Time (9.6 ms) Duration (17 ms) Counts (6) Energy definitions vary
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Some Source Attributes


Prominent Examples of Effects of Sources Readily Seen in AE

Source Examples
Cracking (Example from Steel)

Amplitude (General Range within 30 100 dBAE) Signal Duration (from s to several milliseconds) Frequency Characteristics
White (broadband) or 1/f (falling) Partitioned into Guided Wave Modes (Extensional, Flexure, )
Time [ s] Frequency [kHz]

Source Directionality
as Independent of Structure with respect to structure (IP, OOP, Shallow IP/OOP)
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

General Attributes (more or less)


Amplitude: can be very high >80 dB Signal Duration: microseconds Frequency Characteristics: white Directionality: complex
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Source Examples
Adhesive Failure

Source Examples
Boiling (water, liquid Nitrogen)
General Attributes
Amplitude: up to 60 dB Signal Duration: typically short, can milliseconds Frequency Characteristics: white Directionality: unidirectional

Time [ s]

Frequency [kHz]

Time [ s]

Frequency [kHz]

General Attributes
Amplitude: up to 80 dB Signal Duration: typically short, can milliseconds Frequency Characteristics: white Directionality: unidirectional

General Attributes (more or less)


Amplitude: up to 60 dB Signal Duration: up to milliseconds Frequency Characteristics: typically 1/f Directionality: complex
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Time [ s]

Frequency [kHz]
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Wave Propagation
AE Considerations AE travels in one or more types (modes) of wave

Wave Propagation for AE


Motion Associated with Bulk Wave Types

Bulk Waves
Wave Speed =Wavelength * Frequency Shear Main AE concerns:
How amplitude changes with propagation distance How arrival time changes with propagation distance How wave shape changes with propagation distance More advance Concern -> Direction of Wave Motion with Surface
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003 AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

(also called Dilatational) Velocity = c2

Compressional
(also called Longitudinal) Velocity = c1

Wave Propagation for AE


Motion Associated with some Guided Wave Types Surface
(also called Rayleigh) Velocity = cR

Frequency Dependence of Wave Speed (dispersion) Affects from Plate Boundaries

Bounded Waves
Multiple modes Introduces Dispersion Structure Dependent (some lowest mode Plate waves shown: Flexure, Extensional)

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Wave Propagation
Linear Array Example in a Plate

Wave Propagation
Array Example for a Plate

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Wave Propagation
Some Velocities: will vary within material types
C1 Velocity of dilatational (P) waves in an unbounded space C2 Velocity of distortional (S) waves in an unbounded space CR Velocity of surface (Rayleigh) Rayleigh) waves Velocities are dispersive In thin walled structures (plates) and viscoelastic materials.
Material c1 m/s Aluminum6325 Brass 4099 Copper 4361 Glass 5660 Ice 3980 Lead Nickel Platinum Silver 1991 5645 3718 3769 c2 m/s 3162 2127 2322 3420 1990 704 2929 1579 1662 3142 550 2862 2657 cR m/s 2980 1998 2177 3149 1876 674 2752 1502 1578 2943 524 2681 2480

Uses for Activity, Location, Amplitudes / Waveforms


When, Where and What emitted

When AE Occurs
(traditionally 8080-90% of Applied AE) Correlate to load, such as Kaiser, Felicity ratio

Where AE Occurs
(traditionally 1010-20% of Applied AE)

How Much AE Occurs


various methods, such as classification (traditionally used in AE Study,currently being put to use in more advanced applications)
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Steel 5864 Teflon 1350 Titanium 5354 Tungsten 4807

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Location Analysis with Attenuation


By signal strength comparison at several sensors (used in leak location) By arrival / nonnon-arrival at different sensors (Zonal analysis) Advantages: Low Computational Needs Disadvantages: Low Accuracy
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Location Analysis By using arrival times


Requires 1 more arrival than degree of freedom Planes have 2 degrees of freedom, require 3 dTs
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Important AE Analysis
According to Test Program use of controlled stimuli and any/all of below methods (i.e., applying stairstep loading and looking at activity in each step) According to Activity (when) Acording to Location, Clustering (where and how dense AE occurs at any one spot) Classification Acording to Waveshape and size for instance, with pattern recognition

Data Reduction Paths


Outline for AE Data Interpretation

Steps (by category) of reducing data Raw Activity: All data recorded Active Sources: Grouping of data and elimination by filtering of noise Characteristics of Active Sources: extracting attributes from AE such as Felicity ratio, Kaiser Effect Evaluation: Summarizing Results, often with a simple statement
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Comparison of 3 Areas of Data Reduction Paths


Activity
Uses time of occurrence, often based on hits or events Has highest data efficiency Analysis is enhanced with specialized test programs, such as stairstep loading Forms the basis for most accepted AE applications

Raw Activity
All Measured Activity
It is prudent to examine all measured activity before further analysis. At this stage, it is easiest to spot measurement glitches such as saturation, event overlapping For some types of tests, all data together represents entire results or characterization based on raw activity
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Location
Used on Events based on how AE arrives at several sensors Only part of AE can be located Requires algorithms which vary from vendor to vendor Can be combined with clustering to enhance efficiency Is used more and more often with activity analysis
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Classification
Waveshape and size Can be used with waveforms Data Intensive Usually requires automation (such as pattern recognition)

Active Sources
Grouping of Data
For analysis purposes, grouping breaks data into subsets that are meaningful to characterize by themselves Filtered Data based on noise characteristics Data from Clusters Data from Specific Time Segments (hold period, reload period) Activity by Channel

Characterization of Active Sources


Characterizing AE behavior by values or other short expression Example shown:
b-value of amplitude distribution

Grouping Data into Clusters

Often empirical,
without quantitative physical explanation
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AE Characteristics
Example Evaluation Criteria used for Pressure Vessels
During hold, AE occurring after specified time above/below specified level Count rate per sensor above/below specified level at specified load increase Number of hits above specified amplitude compared to reference number of hits Relative activity and amplitudes/energy increasing with increasing load

Evaluation of AE Results
Goal Reduce Characteristics of AE into a simple statement, such as: Recommended Action Property Determination of Structure/Material Identify Point on Test Structure State Assessment of Test Structure
AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

Evaluation Example
yes/no result
Simple Easiest to put into a procedure Can be oversimplified Errors are Complete!

ranking result
Difficult to obtain correct ranking function Errors are bounded

Error Tables

AEWGAEWG-46 PrePre-Conference Primer RN/March 2003

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