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Strategy 1- Abuja Pledge CP + Bush Bad Ptx + China Relations DA+ Spending DA + case This is probably the preferred strategy. You dont have to include all of the disads, but the CP is key. The aff has reasonably good squo harms, but the CP captures better solvency than even the plan (because of non-monetary incentives). If they try and shift their aff to include non-monetary incentives, you should point out that the US cant give non-monetary incentives- only the Africa has control over them. FYI- some Sub-Saharan African countries have their budgets easily accessible online, so you can calculate how much 15% of their budgets are, which I know for sure is more money than the plan gives (15% of South Africas budget alone is a large figure near 10 billion US dollars per year, whereas some of the aff evidence says the plan gives 2 billion to 7.7 billion US dollars per year over five years). Remember though, South Africa already spends 10% of its budget on health care, so the 5% under the Abuja pledge would be about 3 1/3 billion extra per year). Its best if you can win that the perm fails through foreign aid bad arguments; even though the CP competes through net benefits, allowing the perm to capture double solvency allows them a better chance to try and outweigh. The foreign aid bad arguments really need to prove that foreign aid + CP together messes up both because it promotes a dependent health care system, which will collapse without further aid. Furthermore, foreign aid is just bad. Real bad. You should point out that the CP solves for most of the solvency takeouts and turns on case since the Abuja Pledge solves infrastructure in general. Honestly, the politics links arent very deep- for example the black caucus links are fairly weak even if they are a little more specific. Generic links should work well in that case too. Finally, the most important thing on this CP is to win that it would solve the health worker shortage, which is pretty much the main weakness of this CP. While none of the cards directly say that, (they just say in general that most of the $2 billion to 7.7 billion from African governments would make progress) its easy to search the budgets (as mentioned before) and win solvency for the health worker shortage. Strategy 2- Abuja Pledge CP + Imperialism K + case The cards that I put in the Imperialism K are not the greatest. Specifically, they are more geared towards an aff that claims that U.S. training is an incentive, so U.S. health workers would need to enter Africa to train African health workers. Though I dont think that this will be the case, the Institute of Medicine 05 card in the DDI CM aff does say that U.S. health workers might train native workers (presumably in their native countries). Because any alternative will not solve the squo harms of the health worker shortage, use the solvency takeouts to prove that there is a 0% chance that the aff can solve for the squo harms either, so the squo harms apply in the worlds of the plan and alternative. Alternately, you COULD just use the Paul 06 card as the link because it applies to foreign aid in general being imperialistic. The CP DOES solve the Imperialism K (at least you have to say so) because it obviates foreign aid, which is the link to Imperialism. Strategy 3- WHO CP + Bush Bad Ptx + Spending DA + case There is no actual shell included, just some specific solvency indicating that the WHO does have strategies/programs to combat the health worker shortage. The Stilwell et al 04 card is fairly good at describing the strategies and you can use this to point out where the aff plan would not meet and thus fail at stopping brain drain, which is the internal link to their advantages.
Plan: The USFG should provide necessary incentives to establish 1 million jobs in Sub-Saharan Africa for public health workers. Advantage One: Disease THE LOSS OF ONE OR TWO SPECIALISTS CRUSHES EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Tim Martineau, Sr Lecturer in Human Res. Mgmt Intl Health Research Group, Karola Decker, Lec poli sci / IR U Hamburg, and Peter Bundred, Sr lecturer Dept of Primary Care, U Liverpool, October 2004, Health Policy , Volume 70, Issue 1, Brain drain of health professionals: from rhetoric to responsible action p. 3-4 AFRICAN HEALTH WORKER SHORTAGES INCREASE PREVENTABLE DISEASE CASES AND CRIPPLE THE SYSTEM Health Global Access Project, Advocacy group of health experts dedicated to achieving equitable access to treatment for all AIDS patients, 8-05, http://www.healthgap.org/hgap/accomplish.html TENS OF THOUSANDS OF AFRICANS DIE A DAY FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASE. DOUBLING HEALTH WORKERS IS KEY TO ENSURE QUALITY MEDICAL CARE American Jewish World Service, News Periodical, 2007, Take action to fight preventable disease in sub-saharan Africa, http://action.ajws.org/campaign/HealthCareWorkers HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS WILL DIE IN THE COMING YEARS OF TREATABLE DISEASE AND THE NUMBERS ARE ONLY INCREASING Rotimi Sankore, Medical Activist and freelance Writer, December 10, 2006, Right to Health Most Important Right of All THE IMPACT IS LINEAR AND ESCALATING-AS THE U.S. STEALS MORE HEALTH WORKERS FROM AFRICA MORTALITY RATES WILL INCREASE Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 7-13-06, G8: What Would an Effective Health Worker Plan Look Like? Physicians for Human Rights Envisions a Plan to Alleviate Health Worker Shortage and Build African Health Systems, http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/news-2006-07-13.html THE WINDOW IS CLOSING. WE MUST REVERSE THE AFRICA DISEASE CRISIS BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE Vanguard (Nigeria), Nigerian Newspaper, 12-11-06, Nigeria: Health Rights Activists Demand 15% Budgetary Allocation From African Leaders
Contention Two: Solvency SOLVING AFRICAN HEALTH CARE SHORTAGES IS KEY TO EFFECTIVELY COMBATING MOST DEADLY DISEASES Kaisernetwork.org, Online Service committed health policy solutions, 3-15-07, Africa; Daily HIV/AIDS Report, International Task Force Launched to Address Worldwide Shortfall in Health Workers, WHO Says INCREASED FUNDING CAN DOUBLE HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN AFRICA AND SOLVE THE SPREAD OF DEVASTATING DISEASE Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 1-01-05, Cost Estimates: Doubling the Health Workforce Doubling the Health Workforce in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2010 INCENTIVES EMPIRICALLY SOLVE SHORTAGES- SEVERAL COUNTRIES PROVE Physicians for Humans Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 6-04, An Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Healthy Systems in Africa, http://physiciansforhumansrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf RURAL COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS CAN REVIVE MEDICAL CARE AT A GRASS ROOTS LEVEL AND INCREASE PREVENTIVE TREATMENT Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 7-13-06, G8: What Would an Effective Health Worker Plan Look Like? Physicians for Human Rights Envisions a Plan to Alleviate Health Worker Shortage and Build African Health Systems, http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/news-2006-07-13.html AFRICAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS ARE NOT BEYOND SAVING. DECENT SALARIES WILL RETAIN HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS Hetherick Ntaba, Health Minister of Malawi, 7-08-05, Africa doctors, AIDS, International Herald Tribune, page 11 FOREIGN AID IS NECESSARY TO KICK START AFRICAN SELF-HELP Jeffrey D. Sachs et al, dir The Earth Inst Columbia U, 2004, UN Millennium Project, Ending Africas Poverty Trap p. 139
Plan Text: The USFG should provide sufficient funding to double the number of health care workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and increase the salaries of the health care workers in Africa. We reserve the right to clarify
ADV 1: The Big A Word Shortage of Health-care workers impairs immunization, safe pregnancy, and treatments for HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis Chinadaily.com.cn, April 8, 2006 [L/N] [SL] Health Care Worker Crisis stops effective AIDS treatments Physicians for Human Rights, December 2, 2005 [L/N] [SL] TENS OF THOUSANDS OF AFRICANS DIE A DAY FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASE. DOUBLING HEALTH WORKERS IS KEY TO ENSURE QUALITY MEDICAL CARE American Jewish World Service, News Periodical, 2007, Take action to fight preventable disease in sub-saharan Africa, http://action.ajws.org/campaign/HealthCareWorkers AIDS is the greatest threat to humanity's survival once sub-Saharan Africa is gone, the rest of the world will follow Muchiri, 2000 [Michael Kibaara Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi, "Will Annan finally put out Africa 's fires?" Jakarta Post , March 6, LN] [Sekaran]
ADV 2: Children Die Millions of children die yearly from preventable causes problem acute in sub-Saharan Africa. US Coalition for Child Survival, collaboration of organizations and individuals that are working together to strengthen the United States and global commitment to child survival, (fill in), p. http://www.childsurvival.org/WhyCS/whatiscs.cfm Child health is the moral and public health issue of our time It is bigger than AIDS, TB, and malaria. David McAlary, science correspondent for the Voice of America, 6/27/03, Voice of America News: Health Section, p. ln
OBS 2 Solvency Increased salaries are needed to retain African doctors Physicians for Human Rights, December 2, 2005 [L/N] [SL] US workers train native workers for self-sufficiency. Institute of Medicine, distinguished professors researching for a private, nonprofit society to advise the federal government, 05, Healers Abroad THE WINDOW IS CLOSING. WE MUST REVERSE THE AFRICA DISEASE CRISIS BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE Vanguard (Nigeria), Nigerian Newspaper, 12-11-06, Nigeria: Health Rights Activists Demand 15% Budgetary Allocation From African Leaders Ethical imperative now to prolong survival. Institute of Medicine, distinguished professors researching for a private, nonprofit society to advise the federal government, 05, Scaling Up Treatment for the Global AIDS Pandemic [MP]
2. Corruption means that any aid money gets redirected and vanishes Robert Kilroy-Silk, Former Independent British Politician, September 8, 2002, The Express (editorial)
TONY BLAIR says that he has a great passion for Africa. Bully for him. It is more than most African leaders have for the continent. Like the would-be tyrants, Sam Nujoma of Namibia and Mugabe of Zimbabwe, they appear to have only a passion for themselves, Rolls-Royces, Lear jets, other peoples property, sharp suits and the expensive boutiques of London and Paris. They have a passion all right for holding out the begging bowl and then syphoning off large chunks of aid to their Swiss bank accounts. Everyone in Africa could have clean water today if international aid money had not been embezzled by grasping, greedy leaders.
3. Non-unique: some countries are already using incentives but theres still brain drain- the plan wont make any difference Physicians for Humans Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 6-04, An
Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Healthy Systems in Africa, http://physiciansforhumansrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf Several African countries, recognizing the potential benefits of these incentives, have introduced increased pay for rural health workers. Mauritania, as part of a program to supplement salaries of health and education special incentives for civil servants, is providing higher bonuses for workers in remote rural areas.589 In early 2004, the Director-General of the Ghana Health Service announced that Ghana would soon introduce a package of benefits, a Deprived Area Allowance Scheme package, to health workers who accept posts in any of 55 designated deprived areas. District assemblies are to manage the incentives.590 South Africa also provides special allowances to rural health professionals. South Africas health budget allocates a total of 500 million rand (about $70-85 million) for two types of allowances, rural health allowances and scarce skill allowances, for health workers in 2003/2004. The funding is set to increase to 750 million and in 2004/2005 and 1 billion rand in 2005/2006. Depending on how the rural area in which the health professionals work has been designated, professional nurses will receive an additional 8-12% of salary; psychologists, pharmacists, and several other classes of health professionals will receive an additional 12-17% of salary, and; doctors and dentists will receive an additional 18-22% of salary.592
5. Alternate causalities- more training is also required for new health professionals as well as support staff in order to retain health workers Physicians For Human Rights mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice and promotes the right to health for all, June 04, An Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Health Systems in Africa,
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf, ael Addressing brain drain requires retaining health care workers, but given the severity of the shortage, it is not enough that low-income countries retain current health care workers. It is critical that large numbers of new health professionals be trained. Therefore, the response to brain drain must include measures to increase training capacity of medical, nursing, and other health training institutions. Low-income countries must also provide training to sufficient numbers of support staff, such as security guards and administrative workers.
The rate of health worker emigration is accelerating- theres no way the plan can solve in time Physicians for Human Rights, August 06, Bold Solutions to Africas Health Worker Shortage,
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-boldsolutions-2006.pdf, ael Health professionals have always been mobile. Leading specialist physicians have long been able to find posts anywhere. What is new is that there is a global market in health workers at many levels, including justqualified nurses. Like all markets, it is dominated by those with the money to pay. Those who already have health workers are recruiting more, while those who lack workers have even their few health professionals taken away. And this phenomenon is accelerating rapidly.
2. Alternate causality- fear of vaccinations Harriet A. Washington, a fellow in ethics at the Harvard Medical School, a fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a senior
research scholar at the National Center for Bioethics at Tuskegee University. As a journalist and editor, she has worked for USA Today and several other publications, been a Knight Fellow at Stanford University and has written for such academic forums as the Harvard Public Health
August 1, 07, The International Herald Tribune, pg. 4, Why Africa fears Western medicine; Medical killers, lexis nexis academic, ael Such well-publicized events have spread a fear of medicine throughout Africa, even in countries where Western doctors have not practiced in significant numbers. It is a fear the continent can ill afford when medical care is already hard to come by. Only 1.3 percent of the world's health workers practice in sub-Saharan Africa, although the region harbors fully 25 percent of the world's disease. A minimum of 2.5 health workers is needed for every 1,000 people, according to standards set by the United Nations, but only six African countries have this many. The distrust of Western medical workers has had direct consequences. Since 2003, for example, polio has been on the rise in Nigeria, Chad and Burkina Faso because many people avoid vaccinations, believing that the vaccines are contaminated with HIV or are actually sterilization agents in disguise. This would sound incredible were it not that scientists working for Basson's Project Coast reported that one of their chief goals was to find ways to selectively and secretly sterilize Africans.
Review and The New England Journal of Medicine,
3. Without sterilized equipment, more HIV cases will spring up regardless of whether or not there are more health workers Harriet A. Washington, a fellow in ethics at the Harvard Medical School, a fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a senior
research scholar at the National Center for Bioethics at Tuskegee University. As a journalist and editor, she has worked for USA Today and several other publications, been a Knight Fellow at Stanford University and has written for such academic forums as the Harvard Public Health Review and The New England Journal of Medicine,
August 1, 07, The International Herald Tribune, pg. 4, Why Africa fears Western medicine; Medical killers, lexis nexis academic, ael Such tragedies highlight the challenges facing even the most idealistic medical workers, who can find themselves working under unhygienic conditions that threaten patients' welfare. Well-meaning Western caregivers must sometimes use incompletely cleaned or unsterilized needles, simply because nothing else is available. These needles can and do spread infectious agents like HIV - proving that Western medical practices need not be intentional to be deadly. Although the World Health Organization maintains that the reuse of syringes without sterilization accounts for only 2.5 percent of new HIV infections in Africa, a 2003 study in The International Journal of STD and AIDS found that as many as 40 percent of HIV infections in Africa are caused by contaminated needles during medical treatment. Even the conservative WHO estimate translates to tens of thousands of cases.
5. HUMANITY DOES NOT FACE EXTINCTION FROM DISEASE Malcolm Gladwell, journalist and staff writer for the New York Times, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995 excerpted
in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32* Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy but every strategy carries a corresponding cost and this makes human counterattack possible. Malaria is vicious and deadly but it relies on mosquitoes to spread from one human to the next, which means that draining swamps and putting up mosquito netting can all hut halt endemic malaria. Smallpox is extraordinarily durable remaining infectious in the environment for years, but its very durability its essential rigidity is what makes it one of the easiest microbes to create a vaccine against. AIDS is almost invariably lethal because it attacks the body at its point of great vulnerability, that is, the immune system, but the fact that it targets blood cells is what makes it so relatively uninfectious. Viruses are not superhuman. I could go on, but the point is obvious. Any microbe capable of wiping us all out would have to be everything at once: as contagious as flue, as durable as the cold, as lethal as Ebola, as stealthy as HIV and so doggedly resistant to mutation that it would stay deadly over the course of a long epidemic. But viruses are not, well, superhuman. They cannot do everything at once. It is one of the ironies of the analysis of alarmists such as Preston that they are all too willing to point out the limitations of human beings, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
2. Brain drain isnt bad for public health or the economy- doctors who emigrate would not be seeing patients anyways Kerry Howley, senior editor of Reason and a graduate of Georgetown University, where she received a B.A. in philosophy and English, July 1, 07, Reason, Out of Africa: brain drain or brain gain?; Citings; demand of health care workers, pg. 11,
lexis nexis academic, ael A new study has turned A new study has turned this assumption on its head. To test whether health worker emigration is hurting developing countries, Michael Clemens, an economist at the Center for Global Development and an expert on international migration, created and analyzed a database of health worker emigrants from Africa. To his surprise, Clemens failed to detect "any negative impact of even massive movements of health professionals out of Africa upon health worker stocks, basic primary health care availability, and public health outcomes." The African countries that send the most workers abroad, it turns out, are educating many more doctors and nurses than they are employing. It's a mistake to assume that an Ethiopian physician who takes a job in New York would otherwise be seeing patients in Addis Ababa. The shortages of working medical professionals to which the Times referred are a reality, but they reflect systemic problems, not a lack of health care workers. For some would-be physicians, the opportunity to emigrate may be the driving force behind the decision to seek training. Denying visas to nurses in Mozambique may just result in fewer nurses overall. "Punishing emigration, restricting quotas, and banning recruitment," Clemens concludes, "may at best make no one better off and at worst make everyone worse off."
4. Turn- migrants actually contribute to the economies of their home countries- empirically proven Ian Herbert, North of England Correspondent for the Independent, June 23, 05, The Independent, Pg. 8, MIGRANTS
'BRING MORE BENEFITS THAN COSTS' TO BRITAIN, lexis nexis academic, ael An increasing number of migrants are moving temporarily " rather than permanently " so there is potential for 'brain circulation' or 'brain gain', rather than 'brain drain'. Contrary to the perception that migrants take jobs from local workers, the report says that they tend to fill spaces at the poles of the labour market " working both in low-skilled, high- risk jobs and highly skilled, well-paid employment. They also make a significant contribution to the economies of their home states, the report says, with returning cash flows sometimes exceeding official development aid. Morocco received a total of $ 2.87bn (1.57bn), or 8 per cent of its gross domestic product, from money sent home by migrant workers in 2002 and remittances sent to the Philippines accounted for almost 10 per cent of its gross domestic product.
2. Alternate causalities- immunization and nutrition needed US Coalition for Child Survival, collaboration of organizations and individuals that are working together to strengthen the United States and global commitment to child survival, no date given, Child Survival - the Current Situation,
http://www.child-survival.org/WhyCS/current.cfm In 2000, the US pledged to work with 188 other members of the United Nations to achieve a two-thirds reduction in the number of child deaths by the year 2015. This goal can be achieved with enhanced global commitment to the following basic, cost-effective child health actions: Expand routine immunization Promote proper child feeding, especially breastfeeding, and deliver essential micronutrients Prevent, diagnose, and treat acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, and malaria Ensure safe pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care
3. Alternate causalities- drought and plague Hilary Andersson, the BBC's Africa Correspondent and reported on starvation and corruption in Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Rwanda, July 20, 05, Children are dying of starvation in feeding centres in Niger, where 3.6m people face severe
food shortages, aid agencies have warned, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4695355.stm, ael The crisis in the south of the country has been caused by a drought and a plague of locusts which destroyed much of last year's harvest. Aid agency World Vision warns that 10% of the children in the worst affected areas could die. They say the international community has reacted too late to the crisis. Niger is a vast desert country and one of the poorest on earth. Millions of people, a third of the population, face food shortages.
2. Turn Utilitarianism is the best moral theory. Its based on the value of life but not solely hinged on absolutist moral claims. Torbjorn Tannsjo, Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University and Research Fellow in Political Philosophy at the Swedish
Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences,
1998
First of all, utilitarianism is a moral theory. As stated and defended in the present book, it takes as its point of departure the idea that our moral reasoning makes sense, and it avoids moral particularism and moral relativism by providing an explanation of the (absolute) truth of those particular moral judgments that we want, upon reflection, to retain; or so I have argued, at any rate. Secondly, utilitarianism is not simplistic. The distinction used by utilitarians between a criterion of rightness and a responsible method of decision making is subtle. The criterion of rightness as stated in the present book is sensitive to the particularities of a situation. Any variation in the situation that might affect the value of the outcome of the action is morally relevant, so the utilitarian must concur in Carol Gilligans assessment that the example of Abraham, who is willing to sacrifice the life of his son in order to demonstrate the integrity and supremacy of his faith, so often referred to with admiration in traditional moral reasoning, shows the danger of an ethics abstracted from life.
2. Only African countries can offer additional salary or other non-monetary bonuses to improve morale and increase retention Physicians for Humans Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 6-04, An Action
Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Healthy Systems in Africa,
http://physiciansforhumansrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf African countries, with assistance if necessary from the United States and other donors, should provide extra salaries and benefits to health workers who take posts in rural or other underserved areas. Health professionals working in especially remote or otherwise unpopular facilities should be eligible for extra incentives. Just as increased remuneration generally is a key strategy to recruiting and retaining health professionals in Africa and other low-income countries, additional increases in salary and benefits are likely to help attract health professionals to rural areas, or encourage those already posted in rural and other underserved areas to remain. These incentives may take many forms, and need not be monetary, or exclusively monetary. For example, they might include extra vacation or study time, employment assistance for health workers spouses, and assistance with accommodations and the education of health workers children.588
3. And, unimproved morale will cause absenteeism, pilferage, strikes, and malpractice Support for Analysis and Research in Africa (SARA), The SARA project supports the work of USAIDs Bureau for Africa,
Office of Sustainable Development (AFR/SD) to improve policies and programs in health and basic education. Together, AFR/SD and SARA aim to improve the link between research, policy development and program design and implementation in Africa by promoting the use of information in policy and program development, and by identifying information gaps, February, 03, The Health Sector Human Resource Crisis in Africa: An Issues Paper, http://www.healthgap.org/camp/hcw_docs/USAID_healthsector_africa.pdf, ael Where the HR crisis has been most severe, adaptive and counter-productive behavior of health workers has also been more noticeable. Like all employees anywhere caught in the same difficult situation, African health staff resort to all forms of coping mechanisms, including absenteeism, salary-augmenting activities, pilferage of public property, industrial strikes, and poor treatment of patients. These should be seen as symptoms of underlying problems that need to be addressed, rather than as insoluble cultural givens that cannot be changed.
5. FINALLY, THE PERM FAILS- MORE FOREIGN AID IS NOT THE ANSWER ONLY AFRICA CAN SOLVE FOR AFRICA Ayittey 2005 (George) [Distinguished Economist at American University; President of the Free Africa
Foundation]. Africa Unchained: The Blueprint for Africas Future, pp. 417-418. In recent times, various people, including this author, have propagated the idea that the impetus for reform and change in Africa must come from within. Back in 1993, the $3.5 billion international peace mission into Somalia failed miserably. As a result, this author coined the expression African solutions for African problems. African solutions are less expensive, and, further, reform that is internally generated endures. Only Africans can save Africa. An international conference on Africas Imperative Agenda, held in Nairobi in January 1995, emphasized this new philosophy. Conference participants expressed strong support for the following priority propositions: 1. Africas human and natural resources are more than sufficient to revive progress if a concerted, determined effort is launched within each society, and coordinated regionally. 2. Such efforts will succeed only if Africans take full charge of them and formulate policies that are geared to meet national needs rather than win international approval. 3. Participatory political structures and good governance are essential preconditions for effective policymaking. 4. Only Africa can reverse its decline. 5. The criteria of success for economic policies must be the improved health and education of the population and increased employment and production. Therefore, the agricultural sector, which employs the vast majority of Africans, is central to economic revival. 6. The role of political leadership and government action has been downplayed and private sector efforts stressed in international debate. (Africa Recovery, June 1995; p.9) It may be recalled that this plan of action does not differ substantially from the Atinga development model we laid out in chapter 10. It requires the establishment of peace, the provision of some basic infrastructure, the mobilization of capital through the revolving rural credit schemes, and the investment of funds in agriculture or agriculture-related cottage industries. Agriculture is the main occupation of Africas peasant majority. Nothing complicated is envisioned just modernizing the existing indigenous institutions to generate economic prosperity. It is an African solution that returns to Africas roots and builds upon Africas own indigenous institutions. This blueprint is already there in Africa and does not require billions of dollars in Western aid. Nor does our plan envision extensive involvement of the state. In a sense, this approach may be characterized as the new African renaissance. Two African leaders Presidents Thabo Mbeki of South Africa and Isaias Afwerki of Eritrea have latched on to the African renaissance bandwagon. Let us briefly review their pronouncements.
2. Increasing health care to 15% of the budget increases the number of health workers Tanzania Gender Networking Programme, June 16, 07, Tanzania: What kind of budget do feminist
and gender activists want?, http://www.ansa-africa.net/index.php/views/news_view/tanzania_what_kind_ of_budget_do_ feminist_and_gender_activists_want/, ael Maternal Health depends, in part, on all girls and women having access to quality health care, good nutrition and safe, clean water, from the time of their birth. According to the Budget Guidelines, the total allocations to health, water and agriculture will actually decline from last year, in spite of government promises to ensure that all of its citizens have access to basic social services. We call on our government to stay true to its pledge at Abuja to increase the Health Budget [including provisions to LGAs] to the 15% target figure by 2010, and begin with 12% of this years budget. Equally important, we expect that concrete measures will be taken to dramatically improve health delivery, beginning with a major increase in the number of qualified trained health workers, and in provision of drugs, equipment and other resources needed at the community level.
3. The majority of the 15% goes to solving the health worker shortage Africa News, January 25, 07, Africa; Health Promises, Time to Deliver, lexis nexis academic, ael
The Petition also identifies key healthcare challenges which the resources from the 15% commitment should be focussed on resolving. One of them is Africa s health worker shortages that have been exacerbated by OE Brain Drain , which subsidises healthcare systems of more developed countries.
African governments must take the 15% commitment seriously or else good health care will be an impossibility Africa News, January 25, 07, Africa; Health Promises, Time to Deliver, lexis nexis academic, ael
"The evidence suggests African Heads of State are not taking the Abuja 15% commitment as seriously as they should. 5 years after the pledge, the great majority of the AU s 53 member governments including those in southern Africa most hit by Africa s worsening Public Health crisis have not even begun the process of meeting this pledge." She emphasised that "it s almost as if African governments don t realise that without a healthy and active population especially in the key age groups and social groups most affected by the health crisis Africa has no future. Maternal mortality for instance is almost 100% preventable. The fact that the figures for Africa are the highest in the world suggest that our governments still think that reproductive health which applies to half the populations of our countries is a fringe service" The Petition also identifies key healthcare challenges which the resources from the 15% commitment should be focussed on resolving. One of them is Africa s health worker shortages that have been exacerbated by OE Brain Drain , which subsidises healthcare systems of more developed countries. Speaking on how brain drain has worsened Africa s public health crisis, Eric A. Friedman, Senior Global Health Policy Advisor of Physicians for Human Rights, a partner of the campaign, stated: "In country after country, the shortage of health care workers, along with the lack of support for health care workers who struggle heroically to save lives, is a central obstacle to delivering a wide range of critical health services. Simply put, without the health workers, health services can t be delivered, and horrific levels of death and disease will persist. Much of the shortage is due to brain drain, as health workers migrate to countries in the North. Many of these countries train too few health workers themselves, so rely on health professionals from abroad to help meet their health care needs. Wealthy nations special connection to the health worker crisis in Africa due to brain drain requires that they work on a variety of fronts to prevent brain drain and support the development of effective and equitable health systems in Africa. Moreover, their own human rights obligations demand an intensive and multi-faceted response to this crisis." Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi Director of Women Advocates Research and Documentation Centre and Chair of the Nigerian and West African Social Forums underlined the implication of African governments of meeting their 15% pledge: "Unless the 15% commitment is fully implemented, all of Africa s 2010 Universal Access targets for prevention, treatment and care for HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria will definitely not be met. Even worse the three 2015 health-related Millennium Development Goals - based on scaling up reproductive health, children s health, and tackling the monster killer diseases of HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria and other diseases may be an impossibility"
3. FOREIGN AID HINDERS ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, CAUSING POVERTY AND TURNING CASE Duc 2006 (Vu Minh, graduate of the International University of Japan, with a Master's degree in International
Development; Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in the Developing Countries - A Cross-country Empirical Analysis, March 2006, accessed on 7/11/07) http://cnx.org/content/m13519/latest/ As discussed above, the foreign aid is likely to hinder the economic growth for some reasons. In countries where the institutional environment is distorted, aid could be fungible into financing the governments consumption instead of being effectively invested. Saving displacement, aid dependency enhancement also badly affects growth of the recipient countries. Foreign aid and windfalls in countries characterized by a divided policy process are associated with increased corruption (Svensson, 1998). Foreign aid reduces long-run capital accumulation and labor supply (Gong and Zou, 2001). Moreover, depending on the marginal propensity to spend on the export goods and the conditions of aid, the foreign aid can possibly improve the donors terms of trade while make the recipient worse off (Krugman and Obsfeld, 2003).
COLONIALISM PRECLUDES SOLVENCY- HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FAIL BECAUSE WE ONLY LOOK FOR THE DOORS THAT OUR KEYS FIT Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, Professor Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 2006, Healing
Our Differences: the crisis of global health and the politics of identity, p. 194-5 Some educators and scholars today like to focus on individuality (at the exclusion of the contexts) as if it were the one key that would open all doors to Black progress. Cornel Wests (1993) rejection of the approach of trying to open all doors with one key while closing ones eyes to all other doors except the one the key fits is most instructive of the limits of many conventional approaches to studying health and behavior. The question of identity, culture, and health is about recognizing the several doors that have always been open in the form of cultural expressions, but have been ignored until they no longer seem like doors but incidental windows. To understand health behaviors in its many expressions is to know that there are many open doors; they are simply not constructed in the usual, familiar shape, pattern, and structure.
Alternative- Reject foreign aid since it is imperialistic Paul 06 (Ron, US Representative and Presidential Candidate, antiwar.com, True Foreign Aid, May 2, 2006,
http://www.antiwar.com/paul/?articleid=8926) There are also practical reasons to oppose governmental foreign aid. Though it may be given with the best intentions, government agencies simply cannot do the kind of job that private charities do in actually helping people in need. Government-to-government assistance seldom helps those really in need. First, because it comes from governments, it usually has political strings attached to it, and as such is really a cover for political interventionism. Take our own National Endowment for Democracy, for example. The "aid" money it spends is usually spent trying to manipulate elections overseas so that a favored foreign political party wins "democratic" elections. This does no favor to citizens of foreign countries, who vote in the hope that they may choose their own leaders without outside interference. Likewise with the so-called Millennium Challenge Account, which sends U.S. aid to countries that meet U.S.-determined economic reform criteria. The fact is, countries that enact solid economic policies will attract many times the amount of private foreign investment on international capital markets than they receive through the Millennium Challenge program.
Neoliberal Imperialism is pure evil in the fact that it plunders natural resources, leads to disease, and destroys lives- turns case Michael Parenti, Ph.D. in political science from Yale University and has taught at several universities, colleges, and other institutions, 1995 [http://www.michaelparenti.org/Imperialism101.html, Imperialism 101, Chapter 1 of
Against Empire, Accessed 6-29-06, JT//JDI] Wealth is transferred from Third World peoples to the economic elites of Europe and North America (and more recently Japan) by direct plunder, by the expropriation of natural resources, the imposition of ruinous taxes and land rents, the payment of poverty wages, and the forced importation of finished goods at highly inflated prices. The colonized country is denied the freedom of trade and the opportunity to develop its own natural resources, markets, and industrial capacity. Self-sustenance and self-employment gives way to wage labor. From 1970 to 1980, the number of wageworkers in the Third World grew from 72 million to 120 million, and the rate is accelerating. Hundreds of millions of Third World peoples now live in destitution in remote villages and congested urban slums, suffering hunger, disease, and illiteracy, often because the land they once tilled is now controlled by agribusiness firms who use it for mining or for commercial export crops such as coffee, sugar, and beef, instead of growing beans, rice, and corn for home consumption. A study of twenty of the poorest countries, compiled from official statistics, found that the number of people living in what is called "absolute poverty" or rock bottom destitution, the poorest of the poor, is rising 70,000 a day and should reach 1.5 billion by the year 2000 (San Francisco Examiner, June 8, 1994). Imperialism forces millions of children around the world to live nightmarish lives, their mental and physical health severely damaged by endless exploitation. A documentary film on the Discovery Channel (April 24, 1994) reported that in countries like Russia, Thailand, and the Philippines, large numbers of minors are sold into prostitution to help their desperate families survive. In countries like Mexico, India, Colombia, and Egypt, children are dragooned into healthshattering, dawn-to-dusk labor on farms and in factories and mines for pennies an hour, with no opportunity for play, schooling, or medical care. In India, 55 million children are pressed into the work force. Tens of thousands labor in glass factories in temperatures as high as 100 degrees. In one plant, four-yearolds toil from 5 o'clock in the morning until the dead of night, inhaling fumes and contracting emphysema, tuberculosis, and other respiratory diseases. In the Philippines and Malaysia corporations have lobbied to drop age restrictions for labor recruitment. The pursuit of profit becomes a pursuit of evil.
AT Perm (1/1)
1. The plan and alt are mutually exclusive- you cant give foreign aid and reject it at the same time for being imperialistic- thats severance since perm would only open jobs without giving incentives to Africa. 2. Severance perms bad A. Kills link ground: our positions all assume the plan as the focus, severing it kills that this is a moving target B. Kills CP ground: they can just sever the plan and do the alt C. Kills education: we will never debate the merits of the plan because they actually have severed the foreign aid part of the plan. D. Kills solvency: their authors advocate that aid occurs- kills their own solvency. E. Argumentatively irresponsible. This destroys affirmative advocacy by encouraging conditionality. The affirmative could conditionally advocate parts of plan destroying any predictable ground. F. Destroys clash we attacked one part of the plan, but the aff can just sever out that part of the plan, making debate about argument evasion rather than clash. G. Even if perms are just a test of competition, they test it between the whole aff plan and the alternative- not just part of the aff plan- the perm is unjustified. H. VI for ground and education 3. Extend the Paul 06 card from the shell- all foreign aid is inherently imperialistic (especially from the US), so the perm would still be imperialistic. 4. Extend the World Socialist Website 96 card- imperialism turns case since more people are killed, including children. 5. AND, neoliberal imperialism causes more disease and poverty- turns case- thats the second Parenti 95 card.
The Congressional Black Congress supports minority health issues- they wouldnt turn away from the plan Congresswoman Donna M. Christensen, Britt Weinstock, and Natasha H. Williams, 06, From Despair
to Hope: Rebuilding theHealth Care Infrastructure of New Orleansafter the Storm, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/HJAAP/06%20articles/christensen%20et%20al06.pdf, ael Delegate to Congress Donna M. Christensen is a Democrat representing the U.S. Virgin Islands in the U.S. House of Representatives. As a member serving her fifth term in the 109th Congress, she is the first female physician in the history of the U.S. Congress, the first woman to represent an offshore territory, and the first woman delegate from the U.S. Virgin Islands. In the 109th Congress, Delegate Christensen serves on the following House committees, subcommittees, and caucuses: the Committee on Resources, which oversees territorial and public land issues, the Committee on Small Business, which oversees entrepreneurship and business activities, and the Homeland Security Committee, which oversees preparing the nation to prevent and withstand attack. Congresswoman Christensen is the chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Health Brain trust and is recognized as a champion and expert on health, minority health, and the elimination of health disparities
Link- Policies addressing the health worker shortage in Africa are bipartisan Congressional Press Release, March 7, 07, Africa News, U.S. Senators Introduce Health Capacity
Investment Act of 2007, lexis nexis academic, ael A bipartisan group of Senators today introduced the African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2007, a comprehensive bill to help sub-Saharan African nations confront the alarming shortage of health workers; thirteen countries on the continent have fewer than 5 physicians per 100,000 people. The United States has 549 physicians per 100,000 people.
Biden and Brownback dont support the bill Physicians for Human Rights, June 15, 07, G8 Summit: Results and Reactions,
http://www.phrweekofaction.org/?cat=9, ael Students have been playing a crucial role in encouraging the US to act on its promises to address the African health worker crisis. Senators Joseph Biden and Sam Brownback have still not co-sponsored The African Health Capacity Investment Act. Their support is critical to ensure passage of this bill because of their important roles on key committees. Contact them today and ask them for their support, even if they are not your Senator.
U.S. foreign aid is now uniquely unpopular- subsumes their evidence Vazquez, 1997 (Ian, CATO Handbook for Congress 105th Congress, 56). Foreign Aid and Current Lending
Fads, 1997 edition, http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-56.html. Foreign aid is among the most unpopular of all government programs with the American public. Although the public continues to place the alleviation of world poverty and the promotion of development in poor countries as priorities on its list of foreign policy concerns--a view consistent with the American tradition of generosity--it has lost confidence that the U.S. government is well suited to achieve those goals.
prices. This, in turn, has had a perceptible impact on the growth rate in parts of Africa. China has also made use of soft power - help with infrastructure, roads, schools and health centres. Beijing has sent doctors to Africa, and opened Chinese educational establishments to students from Africa. This week, Tony Blair made his farewell tour to Africa, where he declared that Africa is close to my heart. This paternalism is perhaps already outdated, as is clear from Chinas calculated non-interference in the affairs of sovereign states. At a meeting of the African Development Bank in Shanghai this week, Chinese Premier Wen Jinbao said China is truly sincere in helping Africa speed up economic and social development for the benefit of the African people and its nations. China - in Africa at least - is free of the imperialist taint that clings to the West. In 2006, China gave more than $2.7 billion in foreign aid. A decade earlier, this had amounted to less than $100 million. Blairs valedictory visit to the continent may be symbolic in more ways than one: he is also bidding goodbye to the undisputed control over Africa which the West has enjoyed since the demise of the Soviet Union. A new scramble for Africa is only just beginning.
Internal link- INCREASING U.S. INFLUENCE IN AFRICA WILL BRING IT INTO CONFLICT WITH CHINA Paul McLeary is a staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review and has contributed to The
Christian Science Monitor, The Guardian and The San Francisco Chronicle, FOREIGN POLICY, March 2007, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3744&print=1 The fact that Hus visit and the announcement of AFRICOM coincided was most likely a coincidence. The Pentagon has been planning AFRICOM for years, and Chinas involvement in Africa is hardly new. That said, its obvious that both powers are sinking more assets into the continent at a time of growing instability and greater competition for resources. Although they may be ultimately drawn to Africa for different reasons, the United States and China could be headed for a collision in the most unlikely of places. Chinas interests in Africa are overwhelmingly economic. Gone are the days when Chinas main interest in African countries was to ensure that they didnt establish diplomatic relations with Taiwan. For the resource-hungry Chinese, Africas oil and mineral deposits are enticing, and the continent has provided a growing market for cheap Chinese textile goods. Chinas trade with Africa rose from $10.6 billion in 2000 to about $55 billion in 2006, and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao says China intends to increase trade with the continent to $100 billion by 2010.
The WHO already is making a new code to promote good health worker employment practices, one of the key pull factors States News Service, May 15, 07, NEW INITIATIVE SEEKS PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TACKLE
HEALTH WORKER MIGRATION, lexis nexis academic, ael One of the initiative's first priorities will be to support WHO in drafting a framework for an International Code of Practice on Health Worker Migration, as called for by a resolution of the World Health Assembly in 2004. This framework will promote ethical recruitment, the protection of migrant health workers' rights and remedies for addressing the economic and social impact of health worker migration in developing countries. The Code of Practice will be the first of its kind on a global scale for migration. The initiative will also promote good practices and strategies to enable countries to increase supply and retain their health workers more effectively. The new tools and policy recommendations developed by the initiative will support better management of migration through North-South collaboration. Dr Omaswa emphasized the importance of addressing both the 'push' and 'pull' factors simultaneously.
The WHO estimates it to be a minimum of $7 billion per year Africa News, May 4, 07, Africa; Support Budgets to Improve Health And Education Services, lexis nexis
academic, ael Oxfam found that fragmented and underpaying public systems, particularly in the health sector, lost personnel to private providers and donor-funded, disease-based programmes. Research in Ethiopia showed that medical specialists could earn three times as much working for an American donor agency, as they could at the ministry of health. WHO estimated that countries with severe health-worker shortages would need to increase their level of spending by about $1.60 per capita to meet the cost of training new health personnel. "To pay the salaries of the scaled-up workforce as they finish training, a further increase of $8.30 per capita would be required ... This implies extra investment of a minimum $7 billion each year," Noel said.
August 1, 07, The International Herald Tribune, pg. 4, Why Africa fears Western medicine; Medical killers, lexis nexis academic, ael But to many Africans, the accusations, which have been validated by a guilty verdict and a promise to reimburse the families of the infected children with a $426 million payout, seem perfectly plausible. The medical workers' release appears to be the latest episode in a health care nightmare in which white and Western-trained doctors and nurses have harmed Africans - and have gone unpunished. The evidence against the Bulgarian medical team, like HIV-contaminated vials discovered in their apartments, has seemed to Westerners preposterous. But to dismiss the Libyan accusations of medical malfeasance out of hand means losing an opportunity to understand why a dangerous suspicion of medicine is so widespread in Africa. Africa has harbored a number of high-profile Western medical miscreants who have intentionally administered deadly agents under the guise of providing health care or conducting research. In March 2000, Werner Bezwoda, a cancer researcher at South Africa's Witwatersrand University, was fired after conducting medical experiments involving very high doses of chemotherapy on black breast-cancer patients, possibly without their knowledge or consent. In Zimbabwe, in 1995, Richard McGown, a Scottish anesthesiologist, was accused of five murders and convicted in the deaths of two infant patients whom he injected with lethal doses of morphine. And Dr. Michael Swango, ultimately convicted of murder after pleading guilty to killing three American patients with lethal injections of potassium, is suspected of causing the deaths of 60 other people, many of them in Zimbabwe and Zambia during the 1980s and '90s. (Swango was never tried on the African charges.) These medical killers are well known throughout Africa, but the most notorious is Wouter Basson, a former head of Project Coast, South Africa's chemical and biological weapons unit under apartheid. Basson was charged with killing hundreds of blacks in South Africa and Namibia, from 1979 to 1987, many via injected poisons. He was never convicted in South African courts, even though his lieutenants testified in detail and with consistency about the medical crimes they conducted against blacks. Such well-publicized events have spread a fear of medicine throughout Africa, even in countries where Western doctors have not practiced in significant numbers. It is a fear the continent can ill afford when medical care is already hard to come by. Only 1.3 percent of the world's health workers practice in sub-Saharan Africa, although the region harbors fully 25 percent of the world's disease. A minimum of 2.5 health workers is needed for every 1,000 people, according to standards set by the United Nations, but only six African countries have this many. The distrust of Western medical workers has had direct consequences. Since 2003, for example, polio has been on the rise in Nigeria, Chad and Burkina Faso because many people avoid vaccinations, believing that the vaccines are contaminated with HIV or are actually sterilization agents in disguise. This would sound incredible were it not that scientists working for Basson's Project Coast reported that one of their chief goals was to find ways to selectively and secretly sterilize Africans.