1.1.

ABILITY TO WITHSTAND SHORT-CIRCUIT

The ability to withstand short circuit of power transformer is done by

First: By calculating the asymmetric short circuit current

Second: Determining the axial forces and radial force

Third: Calculating the stresses on various assembled part

Fourth: Compiling the design value for input variables

Fifth: Determining the limits of stress

Sixth: Comparison of calculated value and permitted value

REFERENCES:

The calculation of axial forces is done by residual ampere turn method (m.a. waters)

And the following references are included

1. “The short circuit strength of power transformer” M. WATERS.

2. Sollergren,B .”Calculation of short circuit in transformers.” Electra, Report no. 67,

1979, pp.29-75.

3. Mcnutt, W.J. “shortcircuit characteristics of transformers.” IEEE SUMMER

MEETING, Portland, July 1976, Paper No. ch1 159-3/76, pp. 30-37.

4. “Transformer engineering” Design and practice by:

S.V. Kul Karni & S.A. Khaparde.

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1.1.1.1

CALCULATION HYPOTHESIS

These stresses calculations are based on following hypothesis:

1. Square cross section with homogeneous ampere-turns distribution

2. Windings are concentric & regular radial gaps are maintained.

3. the final axial length(shrunk) of hv and lv winding is fully matched

1.1.1.2

PERMISSIBLE LIMITS

Following parametric limits are permissible as per IEEMA and the other limits

( critical resistance to clloapse is calculated ):

a) Hoop Stress =1250

kg/cm2

b) Compessive Pressure in radial spacers =500

kg/cm2

c) Bending Stress on Clamping Ring (Permawood Ring) =1.1

MT/cm2

1.1.2

PEAK ASYMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT:

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1.1.2.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

Iph = RATED PHASE CURRENT

ZT = PER UNIT IMPEDANCE OF TRANSFORMER

ZS = PER UNIT IMPEDANCE OF TRANSFORMER

K1 = K x √2 (IEC 60076-5 1976 AND IT’S AMMENDMENT)

EZ = TOTAL PER UNIT IMPEDANCE

%X = PERCENT RECTANCE OF TRANSFORMER

%R= PERCENT RESISTANCE OF TRANSFORMER

1.1.2.2
CALCULATIONS:

ZT = 12.216

ZS(HV) = RATED MVAFAULT MVA = 5010000= 0.005 ; EZ(HV) = 0.12216 + 0.005 =

0.12716

ZS(LV) = RATED MVAFAULT MVA = 501000= 0.05 ; EZ(LV) = 0.12216 + 0.05 =

0.17216

%X%R = 12.210.4044 = 30.19 ; K1 = K x √2 = 1.8 x √2 = 2.55

ISC(HV) = IphHV× K1 EZ(HV) = 157.83× 2.55 0.12716 = 3165

ISC(LV) =IphLV× K1 EZ(LV) = 874.44× 2.55 0.17216 = 12957

1.1.3

AXIAL IMBALANCE FORCE (as per IEEMP (M.A Waters)):

1.1.3.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

Dm = MEAN DIA OF WINDING

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Isc = SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

N= TURN OF WINDING

H = HEIGHT OF WINDING

Ka = CONSTANT (SEE ANEX-A)

1.1.3.2
CALCULATIONS:

Fa(hv) = 4π2 ×Ka×N(hv)×Isc(hv)2×DmH×10-7 Newton

=4π2 ×0.1387×1334×31652×9122115×10-7
=4.2×106 Newton

Fa(lv) = 4π2 ×Ka×N(lv)×Isc(lv)2×DmH×10-7 Newton

=4π2 ×0.1387×241×129572×6762115×10-7
=1.7×106 Newton

1.1.3.3
CONCLUSION:

The result axial imbalance force for winding hv and lv are listed below:

winding CALCULATED VALUE

Fa(hv) 4.2×106 Newton

Fa(lv) 1.7×106 Newton

1.1.4

AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FORCE (as per IEEMP (M.A Waters)):

1.1.4.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

KVA = RATING OF THE JOB

%Z = SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE

HW= HEIGHT OF WINDING

1.1.4.2

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 CALCULATIONS:

Fc = 34×KVAHw×%Z×9964×10-3 Newton

=34×50,000211.5×.1221×9964×10-3 Newton
=0.655×106 Newton

Fc(HV) = 13×Fc= 0.218×106 Newton

Fc(LV) = 23×Fc= 0.437×106 Newton

1.1.4.3
CONCLUSION:

The result axial compressive force for winding hv and lv are listed below:

winding CALCULATED VALUE

Fa(hv) 0.218×106 Newton

Fa(lv) 0.437×106 Newton

1.1.5

AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRESS :

1.1.5.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

FC= AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FORCE OF WINDING

n = NO OF CONDUCTOR RADIALLY

t= THICKNESS OF CONDUCTOR

w= WIDTH OF KEYBLOCK

s = NO OF BLOCK/CIRCLE

1.1.5.2

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 CALCULATIONS:

Qc = Fcn×t×w×sNewton /mm2

Qc(HV) = 0.218×1062×2.55×40×24 N /mm2 =44.52 N/mm2

Qc(LV) =0.437×10612×2.7×40×16 N /mm2 =21 N/mm2

1.1.5.3
CONCLUSION:

The result required no of vertical support for winding hv and lv are listed below:

winding CALCULATED VALUE PERMITTED LIMIT comment

Qc(HV) 44.52 N/mm2 20 N/mm2

Qc(LV) 21 N/mm2 20 N/mm2

1.1.6

BENDING STRESS ON CLAMPING RING:

1.1.6.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

BS= BENDING STRESS

FC= TOTAL AXIAL FORCE OF WINDING (IN TON)

n = NO OF JACKING POINTS

t= THICKNESS OF PERMAWOOD RING

b= WIDTH OF PERMAWOOD RING

Dout = O/D OF PERMAWOOD RING

Din= I/D OF PERMAWOOD RING

1.1.6.2
CALCULATIONS:

FC = Fa-13 Fc = (4.2×106-0.218×106) N = 3.982×106 N=399.63 TON

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b =(Dout-Din)2cm= (115-60.0)2cm =27.5 cm
BS(MAX) = 6×π×Fc×D8×t2×n2×b MT/cm2 = 6×π×399.63×10-
3×1158×62×102×27.5 MT/cm2=0.00109 MT/cm2

1.1.6.3
CONCLUSION:

The result of bending stress on clamping ring listed below:

winding CALCULATED VALUE PERMITTED LIMIT comment

BS(MAX 0.00109 MT/cm2 1.1 MT/cm2

1.1.7

COMPRESSIVE STRESS ON WINDINGS:

1.1.7.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

PI= COMPRESSIVE STRESS ON INNER WINDING

POUT= COMPRESSIVE STRESS ONOUTER WINDING

FC= AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FORCE OF WINDING( HV & LV)

Fa= AXIAL IMBALANCE FORCE OF WINDING

FI = MAX COMPRESSIVE FORCE ON INNER SPACERS

FOUT = MAX COMPRESSIVE FORCE ON OUTER SPACERS

Asin= TOTAL SUPPORTED AREA OF INNERWINDING SPACERS

Asout = TOTAL SUPPORTED AREA OF OUTER WINDING SPACERS

w= WIDTH OF KEYBLOCK

b= LENGTH OF KEYBLOCK

n = NO OF BLOCK/CIRCLE

1.1.7.2

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 CALCULATIONS:

FI = Fa+13 Fc = (4.2×106+0.218×106) N = 4.418×106 N = 443.4 ×103 kg

FOUT = Fa+23 Fc = (4.2×106+0.437×106) N = 465.37 ×103 kg

Asin = w×b×n= 4×9.6×16 cm2= 614.4 cm2

Asout = w×b×n= 4×8×24 cm2= 768 cm2

continued………………………….

PI =FiAin= 443.4 ×103 614.4=721.67 kgcm2

Pout=FoutAout= 465.37 ×103 768=605.95kgcm2

1.1.7.3
CONCLUSION:

The result of compressive stress on windings for winding hv and lv are listed below:

winding CALCULATED VALUE PERMITTED LIMIT comment

PI(lv) 721.67 kg/cm2 500 kg/cm2

Pout(hv) 605.95 kg/cm2 500 kg/cm2

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1.1.8

CRITICAL RESISTANCE TO COLLAPSE:

1.1.8.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

E= MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF COPPER=

m= TOTAL NO OF PARALLEL CONDUCTORS

Dm= MEAN DIA OF WINDING( HV & LV)

Iph/cond= PHASE CURRENT PER CONDUCTOR OF THE WINDING

t = THICKNESS OF THE CONDUCTOR

FOUT = MAX COMPRESSIVE FORCE ON OUTER SPACERS

As= TOTAL SUPPORTED AREA OF SPACERS

J = CURRENT DENSITY
WCR= CRITICAL RESISTANCE TO COLLAPSE

1.1.8.2
CALCULATIONS:

WCR =1.05×E×m×Iph/cond2t×Dm×J2+4500×As×t3×JIph/cond

WCR(LV)
=1.05×1.13×106×12×72.920.27×67.6×249.62+4500×614.4×0.273×249.672.9kg
cm2

=66.543×103+ 186.325×103 kgcm2

= 252.868×103kgcm2

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 WCR(HV
=1.05×1.13×106×2×78.920.22×91.2×3072+4500×768×0.223×30778.9kgcm2

=7.818 ×103+143×103kgcm2

=151×103kgcm2

the total compressive force of the inner and outer spacers must be less
than these critical resistance to collapse

1.1.8.3
CONCLUSION:

The result of compressive stress on windings for winding hv and lv are listed below:

winding CALCULATED VALUE wcr comment

PI(lv) 721.67 kg/cm2 252.868×103 kg/cm2

Pout(hv) 605.95 kg/cm2 151×103 kg/cm2

1.1.9

HOOP STRESS:

1.1.9.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

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hoop = HOOP STREES
Rdc= DC RESISTANCE OF WINDING IN CM
HW= WINDING HEIGHT
2
K(CU) = 0.03 × K x √22.55 = 0.03

1.1.9.2
CALCULATIONS:

hoop(HV) =K(CU) ×Rdc_hv×Iph_hv2EZ(hv) 2×Hw = 0.03×4.71×157.832

0.127162×211.5 = 1029.22 Kg/cm2

hoop(LV) = K(CU) ×Rdc_lv×Iph_lv2EZ(lv) 2×Hw = 0.03 ×0.0928×874.442

0.172162×211.5 = 339.58 Kg/cm2

1.1.9.2
CONCLUSION:

The result of hoop stress for hv and lv are listed below:

winding Calculated Permissible value comment

value
HV 1029.22 Kg/cm2 1250 Kg/cm2
LV 339.58 Kg/cm2 1250 Kg/cm2

1.1.10

REQUIRED NO OF SUPPORT FOR RADIAL FORCE:

1.1.10.1
MEANING OF ABREVIATIONS:

Dm = MEAN DIA OF WINDING

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t = THICKNESS OF CONDUCTOR OF THE RELATED WINDING

EO = MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF COPPER =1.136 ×106

Ns= REQUIRED NO OF VERTICAL SUPPORT FOR WINDING

1.1.10.1
CALCULATIONS:

Ns(hv) =Dm t×12Xhoop(HV) EO =1100.29×12X1029.22 1.136 ×106 = 39.55

≅40

Ns(lv) =Dm t×12Xhoop(lV) EO =67.600.27×12X339.58 1.136 ×106 = 14.99

≅15

1.1.10.2
CONCLUSION:

The result required no of vertical support for winding hv and lv are listed below:

winding Required supports Available supports comment

HV 40

LV 15

ANNEXTURE-A:
CALCULATION OF CONSTANT Ka:

15 mm.

HV
TAP

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 746

LV
HV M 1490 2115 T = 2x746+623

=H HV
TAP
746

d1

=118

d2

=212

Kt=ATS OF TAPATS OF MAIN+ATS OF TAP=5041334+504=0.274

X1 = 15mm ; d1x1=11815=7.86

X2=H-T4+X1= 2115-14924+15= 170.75 mm ; d2x2=212170.75=1.241

Ka= 1-Kt1+d1x12 + Kt21+d2x22 = 0.09162+0.0471=0.1387 (FOR LV & HV)

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