2003 IBC Chapter 16

Seismic Design
Diaphragms

1
 SCOPE
Diaphragm Design
• Diaphragm System Review
• Load Combinations
• Vertical Distribution of Horizontal Loads
• Diaphragm Loads
• Diaphragm Design
• Openings in Diaphragms
Wall Anchorage
• Wall Support
• Sub-diaphragms

2
Lateral Force
Resisting
Diaphragm
System

3
Lateral Force Resisting System

4
 Diaphragm System
Diaphragm design depends on type of
diaphragm
Flexible Diaphragm
Computed maximum in-plane deflection of the
diaphragm itself is more than 2 times the average
drift of the adjoining vertical elements of the lateral
force resisting system
Per Simplified Design Section 1617.5.3, untopped
steel decking or wood panel diaphragms can be
considered flexible
Rigid Diaphragm
5
Diaphragm System

6
 Flexible Diaphragms
Load is transferred to lateral resisting elements
based on tributary width

7
Flexible Diaphragms

q = wL/2W
q = diaphragm shear
w = lateral load to diaphragm
L = length of diaphragm
W = depth of diaphragm

8
 Rigid Diaphragms
Rigid Diaphragm Analysis includes
torsional moments with accidental
torsion
Rigid Diaphragms using Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure in SDC C, D, E or F with Type 1 torsional
irregularity per Table 9.5.2.3.2 must have the
accidental torsional moment, Mta, multiplied by Ax,
2
;max Ax need not
Ax exceed 3.0
1.2;avg
9
 Rigid Diaphragms
Load to vertical lateral resisting
elements is based on the rigidity of
the elements
R= 1/
Must locate center of gravity
And center or rigidity
Riy x i Rix y i
xr yr
Riy Rix
10
 Rigid Diaphragms

Distance between center of

mass and center of rigidity, e,
produces a torsional moment
under seismic lateral load

11
Rigid Diaphragms

12
 Rigid Diaphragms
The lateral force is distributed to vertical lateral
force resisting elements accounting for direct
shear and torsional shear using the equations:

Riy Riy x'

Vy i
Fpy Fpy e x
Riy Jr

Rix Rix y'

Vx i
Fpx Fpx e y
Rix Jr
Jr = relative polar moment of intertia
= (Rixy’2+Riyx’2)
13
 Load Combinations
Section 1605
1605.2 Strength Design
1605.3 Allowable Stress Design
1605.3.3 Alternate Basic Load Combinations
• ASD Load Combination
• Increase in allowable stress permitted

14
 Load Combinations
1605.3.2 Alternate Basic Load Combination
D+L+S+E/1.4
0.9D+E/1.4
1605.4 Special Seismic Load Combinations
1.2D+f1L+Em
0.9D+Em
Em = Maximum effect of horizontal and vertical
forces (1617.1)
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,
live loads in excess of 100 psf and parking
garage live loads
= 0.5 for other live loads 15
 Load Combinations
1617.1
E = QE + 0.2SDSD
E = QE - 0.2SDSD
= Redundancy Coefficient (1617.2)
1.0 for design forces for diaphragms
and wall anchorage
QE = Effect of horizontal seismic forces
SDS = Design spectral response
acceleration at short periods
16
 Load Combinations
1617.1, Maximum Seismic Load Effect
Em = QE +0.2SDSD
Em = QE – 0.2SDSD
= System Overstrength Factor
(Table 1617.6.2)
An allowable stress increase of 1.7 (not to be combined with
1/3 allowable stress increase due for wind or seismic loads)
is permitted for ASD designs
Term QE need not exceed force that can be transferred to
the element by the other elements of the lateral force
resisting system

17
 Load Combinations
For designs utilizing ASCE 7, Equivalent
Lateral Force Procedure, the Special
Seismic Load is
E = QE +0.2SDSD
E = QE – 0.2SDSD
This E is then used in the load combinations
from ASCE 7 (Same as Strength Design or
basic ASD combinations from IBC)
An allowable stress increase of 1.2 is
permitted for ASD designs
18
 Analysis Method
1. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
ASCE 7-02 Section 9.5.5
2. Simplified Analysis
Permitted for:
Seismic Use Group I structures if
1. Buildings of light framed construction not
exceeding 3 stories in height
2. Buildings of any construction not exceeding 2
stories with flexible construction at every level

3. Dynamic Analysis
ASCE 7-02 Sections 9.5.6, 9.5.7 or 9.5.8
19
 Analysis Method
For structures designed using the
Simplified Analysis Procedures, the
requirements of Sections 1620.2-
1620.5 (IBC) must be met.
Exception: Structures in SDC A
For structures designed using the
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure,
the requirements of 9.5.2.6 (ASCE 7)
must be met
20
 Simplified Procedure
1617.5.1 Seismic Base Shear

1.2SDS
V W (EQ. 16-56)
R
R = Response modification factor (Table 1617.6.2)
W = Effective weight of structure

21
 Simplified Procedure
1617.5.2 Vertical Distribution of Horizontal
Forces

1.2SDS (EQ. 16-57)

Fx wx
R
wx = Portion of effective weight of structure,
W, at Level x.

22
 Simplified Procedure
1620.2.5 Diaphragms
Designed to resist force:
Fp = 0.2IESDSwp + Vpx (EQ. 16-60)

wp = weight of diaphragm and other elements attached

to diaphragm
Vpx = portion of seismic shear force required to be
transferred to lateral force resisting elements
through diaphragm from other lateral force
resisting elements due to offsets or changes in
stiffness of the lateral force resisting elements
above or below the diaphragm 23
Simplified Procedure

24
 Simplified Procedure
1620.4.3 Diaphragms in SDC D
n
Fi
Fpx i x
n
wpx
wi
i x

25
 Simplified Procedure
Level Weight, wi Fi = Fx Fpx
Ground 1 w1 Zw1
2 w2 Zw2
3 w3 Zw3
Roof 4 w4 Zw4

1.2SDS
Z
R
26
 Simplified Procedure
n
Fi
Fpx i x
n
wpx
wi
i x

Zw1 Zw2 Zw3 Zw 4

Fp1 w1
w1 w2 w3 w4
Z(w1 w2 w3 w 4 )
w1 Zw1
(w1 w2 w3 w 4 ) 27
 Simplified Procedure
Level Weight, wi Fi = Fx Fpx**
Ground 1 w1 Zw1 Zw1
2 w2 Zw2 Zw2
3 w3 Zw3 Zw3
Roof 4 w4 Zw4 Zw4
1.2SDS
Z **
R
Fpx max = 0.4SDSIEwpx
Fpx min = 0.2SDSIEwpx
28
 Simplified Procedure
IE If R > (# below), If R < (# below),
then Fpx min then Fpx max
controls controls

1.0 6 3
1.25 4.8 2.4
1.50 4 2

29
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
ASCE 7 9.5.5.2 Seismic Base Shear
V = CsW
SDS need not be SD1
Cs Cs
R/I greater than T(R/I)

but not less than C s 0.044SDSI

and for SDC E 0.5S1
and F not less than C s
R/I 30
 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
9.5.5.4 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces
k
wh
Fx C vx V C vx n
x x

k
wh
i i
i 1
Cvx = vertical distribution factor
wi and wx = portion of total gravity load, W, assigned to
Level i or x
hi and hx = height from base to Level i or x
k = 1.0 if period, T = 0.5s or less
= 2.0 if T = 2.5s or more
31

use linear interpolation for periods between 0.5 and 2.5

Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
9.5.2.6.2.7 Diaphragms
Must resist the larger of
1. The portion of the design seismic force at
the level of the diaphragm that depends
on the diaphragm to transmit forces to
the vertical elements of the lateral force
resisting system
2. Fp = 0.2SDSIwp + Vpx

32
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
9.5.2.6.4.4 Diaphragms in SDC D
n
Fi
i x
Fpx n
w px
wi
i x

33
 Diaphragm Design Example
3 story CMU bearing special reinforced shear wall building with
3 foot parapet
Level 2 and 3 concrete diaphragms on metal deck
Roof steel roof deck diaphragm
SDS = 0.50 R = 5.0 (Table 1617.6.2)
SDC D T = 0.4 seconds
I = 1.0 No plan irregularities

Floor DL = 60 psf Wall Rigidities

Roof DL = 15 psf R1 = .2 R3 = .1
Wall DL = 80 psf R2 = .1 R4 = .3

Analysis for Diaphragm Design

1. Cannot use Simplified Analysis per section 1616.1; we

don't have light framed construction and we exceed 2
stories 34
Diaphragm Design Example

35
Diaphragm Design Example

36
 Diaphragm Design Example
2. Using the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure from ASCE 7-02,
find the base shear

V = CsW (Eq. 9.5.5.2-1)

Weight tributary to level 1 = 80psf*12'/2*(2*40'+2*60') = 96,000 pounds

Weight tributary to level 2 and 3 = 80psf*12'*(2*40'+2*60') + 60psf*(40'*60')=
336,000 pounds
Weight tributary to level 4 = 80psf*(12'/2+3)*(2*40'+2*60') + 15psf*(40'*60') =
180,000 pounds

Cs = SDS/(R/I) = .50/(5/1) = 0.10

CHECK OTHER Cs EQUATIONS

37
 Diaphragm Design Example
Level Weight, w Height, h wihi Cvx Fx Fpx
Ground 1 96,000 0
2 336,000 12
3 336,000 24
Roof 4 180,000 36
948,000 0

V = CsW=0.10*948,000 = 94,800 pounds

38
 Diaphragm Design Example
3. Determine the vertical distribution of Seismic Forces
k
Fx = CvxV w xh x
C vx n
k
k = 1 (T<0.5) w ih i
i 1

Level Weight, w Height, h w ih i Cvx Fx Fpx

Ground 1 96,000 0 0 0 0
2 336,000 12 4032000 0.2171 20577
3 336,000 24 8064000 0.4341 41153
Roof 4 180,000 36 6480000 0.3488 33070
948,000 18576000
39
 Diaphragm Design Example
4. Determine forces to diaphragm at each level
n
Fi Fpx (max) = 0.4SDSIwx
i x Fpx (min) = 0.2SDSIwx
Fpx n
w px
wi Fp3 = {(F3+F4)/(w3+w4)}w3
i x

Level Weight, w Height, h w ih i Cvx Fx Fpx

Ground 1 96,000 0 0 0 0 9600
2 336,000 12 4032000 0.2171 20577 37386
3 336,000 24 8064000 0.4341 41153 48331
Roof 4 180,000 36 6480000 0.3488 33070 33070
948,000 18576000
40
 Diaphragm Design Example
5. Determine diaphragm shears to design diaphragm

Level 4

Flexible Diaphragm

Diaphragm Shear due to Y direction load

q1 = q3 = (Fp/2)/b = (33070/2)/40 = 413 plf (Ultimate)
ASD Load Combinations: E/1.4
q1 = 413/1.4 = 295 plf
41
Diaphragm Design Example

42
Diaphragm Design Example

43
 Diaphragm Design Example
Level 3 Rigid Diaphragm

Center of Rigidity
xr = Ryixi/ Ryi = (R1(0)+R3(60))/(R1+R3)
= (0.20*(0)+0.10*(60))/(0.20+0.10)
xr = 20 feet
yr = Rxiyi/ Rxi = (R2(40)+R4(0))/(R2+R4)
= (0.10*(40)+0.30*(0))/(0.10+0.30) =
yr = 10 feet

Center of Mass = center of diaphragm

ex = 30-20 = 10 feet plus 5% accidental torsion
44
ex = 10 +0.5*60 = 13 feet
 Diaphragm Design Example
Direct Shear

Vyit = (Ryi/ Ryi)Fpy

Vy1t = (0.20/(0.20+0.10))*48331 = 32221 pounds
Vy3t = (0.10/(0.20+0.10))*48331 = 16110 pounds

45
 Diaphragm Design Example
Shear due to torsion

Vyir = (Ryix'/( Ryix'2+ Rxiy'2))Fpyex

Ryix'2 = 0.20(20)2+0.10((60-20)2 = 240
Rxiy'2 = 0.10(40-10)2+0.30((10)2 = 120

Vy1r = (0.20*20/(240+120))*48331*(13)
= 6981 pounds

Vy3r = (0.10*(60-20)/(240+120))*48331*(13)
= 6981 pounds 46
 Diaphragm Design Example
Substituting Rxiyi for Ryixi in above equation to find
shear in wall 2 and 4 from torsional shear due to
load in Y-direction

Vy2r = (0.10*30/(240+120))*48331*(13)
= 5236 pounds
Vy4r = (0.30*10/(240+120))*48331*(13)
= 5236 pounds

X-direction load will likely control shear for wall lines 2 and 4
Do not decrease shear in wall due to negative torsional shear
47
 Diaphragm Design Example
V1 = Vy1t + Vy1r = 32221 pounds
q1 = V1/W = 32221/40 = 806 plf (Ultimate)
ASD Load Combinations: E/1.4
q1 = 806/1.4 = 576 plf

V3 = Vy3t + Vy3r = 16110+6981 = 23091 pounds

q3 = V3/W = 23091/40 = 577 plf (Ultimate)
ASD Load Combinations: E/1.4
q3 = 577/1.4 = 412 plf

48
Diaphragm Design Example

49
 Diaphragms with Openings
Analysis of diaphragms with large openings
assumes diaphragm behaves similar to
Vierendeel Truss.

Example:

50
 Diaphragms with Openings
Step 1 – Analyze Diaphragm as though no openings existed

Line 1 V1 = wL/2 = 400(60)/2 = 12,000 #

q1 = V1/W = 12,000/40 = 300 plf
Line 2 V2 = w(L/2-x) = 400(60/2-10) = 8000 #
q2 = 8000/40 = 200 plf
M2 = (wx/2)*(L-x) = (400*10/2)*(60-10) = 100,000 #ft
T=C=M/d
F2@a = 100,000/40 = 2500 # C
F2@d = 2500 # T
Line 3 V3 = 400(60/2-15) = 6000 #; q3 = 6000/40 = 150 plf
M3 = (400*15/2)*(60-15) = 135,000 #ft
F3@a = 135,000/40 = 3375 # C; F3@d = 3365 # T
Line 4 V4 = 400(60/2-20) = 4000 #; q4 = 4000/40 = 100plf
M4 = (400*20/2)*(60-20) = 160,000 #ft
F4@a = 160,000/40 = 4000 # C. F4@d = 4000 # T
Line 5 V4 = 400(60/2-30) = 0 #; q4 = 0 plf
M4 = (400*30/2)*(60-30) = 180,000 #ft
51
F4@a = 180,000/40 = 4500 # C. F4@d = 4500 # T
 Diaphragms with
Openings
Step 2. Determine the shears and
chord forces at the edges of the
openings using free-body diagrams
for each segment

Segment A
V4(ab)=V4/2=4000/2= 2000 #
q4(ab)=V4(ab)/15’=2000/15= 133 plf
V3(ab)=V4+400(5’)=2000+2000
= 4000 #
q3(ab)=4000/15’= 267 plf
F4@a M3b=-3375(15)-2000(5)-
400(52/2)+F4@b(15)
F4@a=4375# C
F4@b Fx=-4375+3375+F4@b
52
F4@b=1000# T
 Diaphragms with
Openings
4375#
Segment B
V2(ab)= V3(ab)+400(5)=4000+2000
= 6000
4000# 2000#
q2(ab)=6000/15= 400 plf
F2@a M3b=-F2@a(15)+3375(15) 1000#
+400(52/2)-6000(5)
F4@a=1708# C
F4@b Fx=-3375+1708+F4@b
F4@b=1667# T

53
 Diaphragms with
Openings
1708# 4375#
Segment C
V4(cd)=V4/2=4000/2= 2000 #
q4(cd)=V4(ab)/15’=2000/15= 133 plf
6000# 4000# 2000#
V3(ab) Fy V3(ab)= 2000 #
q3(cd)= 133 plf 1000#
1667#
F4@c=V4(cd)(5’)/15’=2000(5)/15
= 667 # C
F4@d=3375+667= 4042 # T

54
 Diaphragms with
Openings
1708# 4375#
Segment D
V2(cd) Fy V2(cd)= 2000 #
q2(cd)= 133 plf
6000# 4000# 2000#
F2@c=V4(cd)(5’)/15’=2000(5)/15
= 667 # T 1000#
1667#
F2@d=3375-667= 2708 # T

667#

2000# 2000#

4042#
55
 Diaphragms with Openings
Step 3 The net change in the chord forces
caused by the openings is determined by
adding the results of step 2 to that of the
diaphragm without openings, these net
changes must be dissipated into the
diaphragm

56
 Diaphragms with Openings
Chord Force (lbs)
Diaphragm Without With Net Change
Force Location Openings Openings Due to Openings
F2@a 2500 C 1708 C 792 T
F2@b 0 1667 C 1667 C
F2@c 0 667 T 667 T
F2@d 2500 T 2708 T 208 T
F4@a 4000 C 4375 C 375 C
F4@b 0 1000 T 1000 T
F4@c 0 667 C 667 C
F4@d 4000 T 4042 T 42 T

57
Diaphragms with Openings

58
Diaphragms with Openings

59
 Diaphragms with Openings
Step 4 Determine resultant shears in
diaphragm by combining the net shears
due to openings to the shears for the
diaphragm without openings

60
 Diaphragms with Openings
Shear (plf)
Diaphragm Shear Without Due to Resultant
and Location Openings Openings Shear
V1 @ a to b 300 -79.2 +220.8
V1 @ b to c 300 +87.5 +387.5
V1 @ c to d 300 +20.8 +320.8
V2 @ a to b 200 -79.2 +120.8
V2 @ b to c 200 +87.5 +287.5
V2 @ c to d 200 +20.8 +220.8
V4 @ a to b 100 -37.5 +62.5
V4 @ b to c 100 +62.5 +162.5
V4 @ c to d 100 -4.2 +95.8
V5 @ a to b 0 -37.5 -37.5
V5 @ b to c 0 +62.6 +62.6
61
V5 @ c to d 0 -4.2 -4.2
 Diaphragms with Openings
Step 5 Determine forces in the framing
members in the direction perpendicular to
the applied load by adding the shear
forces at the edge of the opening

62
Diaphragms with Openings

63
 Other Considerations
Must verify plan and vertical
irregularities (Tables 1616.5.1.1 and
1616.5.5.2)
Verify diaphragm requirements
specific to material being used

64
 Collector Elements
Collect force from diaphragms and transfer
them to shear walls (drag struts)

65
 Collector Elements
SDC B and C

Must have design strength to resist the

special load combinations of 1605.4
Exception: Structures that use light
framed shear walls entirely
Note: Collector need not be designed
for a force that exceeds the force
that can be transferred to it from
other members 66
 Collector Elements
SDC D, E and F

Must have design strength to resist the

special seismic load combinations
Must resist forces in accordance with
diaphragm forces required for SDC D
Exception: Structures that use light framed
shear walls entirely
Note: Collector need not be designed for a
force that exceeds the force that can be
transferred to it from other members
67
Collector Element Example

Diaphragm 1

Diaphragm
2

68
Collector Element Example

Fpx

Tearing at
Discontinuity Fpx

69
Collector Element Example

Tearing at
Discontinuity

70
 Collector Element Example
Design of Collector for Forces in Y-Direction

1. Determine diaphragm shear for large component along line

of collector
For given Fpy1=100 k, qy1 = 100k/2/200’ = 250 plf
2. Determine diaphragm shear for small component along line
of collector
For given Fpy2=300 k, qy2 = 30k/2/100’ = 150 plf
3. Determine load in collector
QE = (250+150)*100’ = 40,000 # = 40 k

71
 Collector Element Example
4. Collectors required to be designed per load combinations for special
seismic loads (determined from ASCE 7 or IBC for procedure used in
design)
For IBC, Em = QE +0.2SDSD
For given = 2.5, the lateral load to the drag strut for design is Em
= 2.5*40k = 100 k
5. If the drag strut carries dead loads, the additional seismic portion of
the dead load must be added to the load combination
1.2D+f1L+Em = (1.2+0.2SDS)D + 100k(Em)
0.9D+Em = (0.9-0.2SDS)D + 100k(Em)
An allowable stress increase of 1.7 can be used with these load
combinations

Note that this example meets the definition of Plan Structural Irregularity
#2 per Table 1616.5.1 and therefore per section 1620.4.1, the
design forces shall be increased 25% for connections of diaphragms
to vertical element and for collectors to vertical elements except if
using special seismic load combinations 72
 Collector Element Example
Design of Collector for Forces in X-Direction

1. Determine diaphragm shear for small component along line

of collector (wall with slip connection)
For given Fpx2=20 k, qx2 = 20k/2/100’ = 100 plf
2. Determine load in collector
QE = (100)*100’ = 10,000 # = 10 k

73
 Collector Element Example
3. Collectors required to be designed per load combinations
for special seismic loads (determined from ASCE 7 or
IBC for procedure used in design)
For IBC, Em = QE +0.2SDSD
For given = 2.5, the lateral load to the drag strut for
design is Em = 2.5*10k = 25 k
4. Develop this drag force into the larger diaphragm. This
example meets the definition of Plan Structural
Irregularity #2 per Table 1616.5.1 but we are using
the special seismic load combinations
For given diaphragm capacity of 400plf, must extend drag
strut into diaphragm length, L = 25*1.33/.4/1.7 = 47.8’
Say extend into main diaphragm 48’

74
 Collector Element Example
5. Design the larger diaphragm for Fpx of that diaphragm and
add in the additional force caused by the drag strut
from the smaller section.
For a given Fpx1=90 k,
qx1 = qx3 = 90k/2/200’+10/2/48’ = 329 plf

75
Bearing and Shear Wall Anchorage
Simplified Analysis
SDC B

Same force as used in wall design:

Fp = 0.40IESDSww
ww = weight of wall

76
 Wall Anchorage

Simplified Analysis SDC C

Must meet requirements of SDC B and

For concrete or masonry walls

supported by flexible diaphragm
Fp = 0.8SDSIEww
Supported by rigid diaphragm
77
 Wall Anchorage
Simplified Analysis SDC C

Supported by rigid diaphragm

0.4apSDSWp z
Fp 1 2
R p /Ip h
With component amplification factor, ap = 1.0 and component
response modification factor, Rp = 2.5
z = height to point of attachment
h = average roof height
Fp (max) = 1.6SDSIpWp
Fp (min) = 0.3SDSIpWp 78
 Wall Anchorage
Simplified Analysis SDC C
Additional Requirements
Continuous ties or struts must be provided to
transfer wall anchorage forces into diaphragm
Metal deck cannot be used as tie or strut
perpendicular to deck span
Wood sheathing cannot be used as tie or strut
Steel elements used for wall anchorage shall
have the strength design forces (ultimate)
increased by 1.4

79
 Wall Anchorage
Simplified Analysis SDC D

Must meet requirements of SDC C and

Concrete and masonry walls anchored to

flexible diaphragms must also
Be designed for the forced induced by the
eccentricity of wall anchorage connections
by elements that are not perpendicular to
the wall
Be designed for additional forces collected
by pilasters in the wall
80
 Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
SDC A
Fp = 0.133SDSww
or minimum of
Fp = 0.05ww
Concrete or masonry walls
Minimum E = 280 lbs/liner foot of wall

81
 Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC B

Must meet requirements of SDC A and

Concrete or masonry walls

Fp = 0.4SDSIwc
or minimum of
Fp = 0.10wc
or minimum of
E = 400SDSI lbs/liner foot of wall
82
 Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC B
Additional Requirements
Connections must have sufficient ductility,
rotational capacity or strength to resist
shrinkage, thermal changes, and
differential foundation settlement when
combined with seismic forces
Walls must be designed for bending if
anchorage spacing exceeds 4 feet

83
 Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure SDC C
Must meet requirements of SDC B and
For concrete or masonry walls supported by flexible
diaphragm
Fp = 0.8SDSIwp
Supported by rigid diaphragm
0.4apSDSWp z
Fp 1 2
R p /Ip h
Fp (max) = 1.6SDSIpWp
Fp (min) = 0.3SDSIpWp
Same equations as Simplified Analysis SDC C requirement
except no 1.4 increase for anchor bolts and reinforcing 84
 Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
SDC C
Additional Requirements
Same as those required for SDC C
and SDC D in Simplified Analysis

85
 Wall Anchorage
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
SDC D, E and F

No additional requirements regarding

wall anchorage forces

86
Wall Anchorage Example

87
Wall Anchorage Example

88
Wall Anchorage Example

89
Wall Anchorage Example

90
Wall Anchorage Example

91
Wall Anchorage Example

92
 Sub-diaphragms
Continuous ties or struts must be provided
between main diaphragm chords to transfer wall
anchorage forces to the diaphragm
Chords may be added to form sub-diaphragms
with maximum length to width ration of 2.5/1
(may be less for wood diaphragms)
Wood diaphragm sheathing shall not be
considered effective as providing the ties or
struts
In metal deck diaphragms, the metal deck shall
not be considered effective as providing the ties
or struts in the direction perpendicular to the
deck span 93
Sub-diaphragms

94
Sub-diaphragm Example

95
Sub-diaphragm Example

96
Sub-diaphragm Example

97
Sub-diaphragm Example

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Seismic Design Diaphragms

QUESTIONS?

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