ESSAY - Is usually a short piece of writing.

It is often written from an author's personal

point of view. Essays can be literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments,
observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.

Introduction

Introductions serve a number of purposes. As it is the first part of your essay your reader
will encounter, and as you will want your reader to cointinue reading, choose
introductions that grab attention. Certainly introductions serves to introduce your reader
to the central ideas expressed in your essay. In this regard, good introductions will
provide the background information necessary for making sense of the argument
provided in the body of your paper. Most importantly, introductions serve to frame the
argument that the essay proposes. Good introductions will impart to your reader the main
point of your paper. So. . . a good introduction will:

1. get your reader's attention,

2. provide background information, and
3. state a thesis.

Body

In the body of your essay you will provide the defense for claims offered in your
introduction. There are two issues to keep in mind here: transition and organization.
Making outlines will help you keep a logical organization for your paper. When you have
a number of points to make in an essay, you should consider the order in which you
present those points--this order is the outline of your paper. Equally important, as you
move from idea to idea, you will want to keep your reader's attention focused on why the
information you present is relevant to the main point of your essay. Transitional sentences
do this. When you move to a new idea, start your paragraph with a sentence or two
informing your reader (1) the content of the new subject and (2) why this information is
important to your thesis. A good body will:

1. defend the central claim of your essay and

2. use transitional sentences

Conclusion

Of course, the conclusion will be last thing your reader will encounter. Because too many
of us have short attention spans, and because you want your reader to learn something
from having read your essay, you will want to adopt conclusions that drive home the
central idea of your essay. Good conclusions, then, will:

1. be memorable and
2. restate your thesis.
SHORT STORY - Refers to a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, usually in
narrative format. This format or medium tends to be more pointed than longer works of
fiction, such as novellas (in the 20th and 21st century sense) and novels or books. Short
story definitions based upon length differ somewhat even among professional writers,
due somewhat in part to the fragmentation of the medium into genres.

NOVEL - A long fictional narrative written in prose that is much longer and more
complex than a short story. In a novel, setting, plot and characters are usually developed
in great detail.

DRAMA - Is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes
from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: δράμα, dráma), which is derived
from "to do" (Classical Greek: δράω, dráō). The enactment of drama in theatre,
performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of
production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike
other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and
collective reception.

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Character - A character is a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the
action of a literary work
-Protagonist
-Euteragonist
-Confidant
-Antagonist
Setting - The setting of a literary work is the time and place in which it happens.

Conflict - Conflict is essential to a plot. Without conflict there is no plot. It is the

opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move.
Conflict is not merely limited to open arguments, rather it is any form of opposition that
faces the main character. Within a short story there may be only one central struggle, or
there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones.

Point of View - is defined as the angle from which the story is told.
-Innocent Eye
-Stream of Consciousness
-First Person
-Omniscient
-Omniscient Limited
-Omniscient Objective
Atmosphere - The mood or feeling of the story, the emotional quality that the story gives
to the reader. This is usually evoked by the setting and, like the setting, may change
throughout the novel. You may say that a novel opens with a mysterious atmosphere, a
gloomy atmosphere, a light, carefree atmosphere, etc.

Music - originally rhythm of speech, although now may refer to music

Spectacle - visual elements such as scenery, costumes, and lighting

Theme - the central idea in the story. It can usually be expressed in a short statement
about human nature, life, or the universe.

Plot - A plot is a series of events and character actions that relate to the central conflict.
Theme - The theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is
the author's underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey. The theme may
be the author's thoughts about a topic or view of human nature. The title of the short
story usually points to what the writer is saying and he may use various figures of speech
to emphasize his theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.

a) Introduction - The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is
revealed.

b) Rising Action - This is where the events in the story become complicated and the
conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax).

c) Climax - This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The
reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?

d) Falling action - The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader
knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between
climax and denouement).

e) Denouement - This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.