Dutch drinking water: principles and practices

Prof. ir. Hans van Dijk

September 12, 2006
1

Vermelding onderdeel organisatie

Drinking water in the Netherlands

Total volume:1.2 x 109 m3/jaar Sources
Groundwater: 2/3 Surface water: 1/3

Treatment
Groundwater: aeration and sand filtration Surface water: very extensive treatment

Distribution
no chlorine!
September 12, 2006 2

Principles and practices:1

1. Focus on public health 2. Large publicly owned private companies 3. With joined efforts for research and communication

September 12, 2006

Safe water for public health..

aantal per 100.000 inwoners 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1900 1925 1950 % niet- aangesloten 70

1919

1945

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1975

jaar
September 12, 2006 4

Principles and practices: 2

1. 2. 3. 4. Source protection Safe groundwater when available Or artificial groundwater Or surface water with multiple barriers for microorganisms, pollutants and nutrients
grondwater oppervlaktewater infiltratiewater oevergrondwater

September 12, 2006

Source protection

September 12, 2006

Groundwater

September 12, 2006

Artificial recharge

September 12, 2006

Multiple barriers

September 12, 2006

Modern technology

September 12, 2006

10

Principles and practices: 3

1. High quality water without chlorine 2. And with a low hardness 3. So the customers drink water from the tap

September 12, 2006

11

Principles and practices: 4

1. No leakage 2. Reliable systems 3. Stimulate water saving

September 12, 2006

12

The miracle from the tap

High quality water supply No waterborne diseases No chlorine No pesticides No hard water No corrosion and metals No leakage No need for home filters No need for bottled water No wasting of water

September 12, 2006

13

Drinking water and Delft

September 12, 2006

14

About TU Delft
Founded in 1842 Eight faculties 14 BSc programmes 38 MSc programmes 13,000 students Academic staff of 2,100 (including 200 professors) 85 PhD dissertations annually 4,000+ annual publications in scientific journals
15

September 12, 2006

Education system
Undergraduate study years BSc TU Delft BSc foreign 3

Selected by admission committees Post graduate study TopTech Executive Education MSc PD Eng PhD 2

2 4
16

September 12, 2006

Disciplines

Total number of students: 13.563 (2005, excluding PhD students)

Aerospace Engineering 1681 Applied Earth Sciences Applied Physics Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Materials Science Electrical Engineering Geodetic Engineering Life Science and Technology Marine Technology Systems Engineering and Policy Analyses Technical Mathematics Technical Informatics Sustainable Moleculair Science & Techn. 244 569 304 43 501 33 228 313 843 200 968 54
0 September 12, 2006 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 17

Architecture, Urban Planning and Housing 2987

Civil Engineering 1460

Industrial Design Engineering 1690 Mechanical Engineering 1445

International MScs at TU Delft

Enrolled MSc students 1997-2006 (international)
number of full time enrolled MSc students 400 300 200 100 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

year

September 12, 2006

18

Drinking water education

All students do their Masters 2 courses in BSc 3 courses in MSc Course on theory and experiments (36 hours of lectures, 5 days of experiments Course on design (2 weeks) Course on distribution systems Research thesis at water company Similar programme for wastewater and sewerage systems

September 12, 2006

19

Erasmus Mundus International MSc

September 12, 2006

20

Research themes

Q21

Unwanted organic micropollutants Biological stability/Legionella Water quality in the distribution system

Modelling New technologies and tools

2.20 2.00

gemeten

voorspeld

Filterweerstand [m]

1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Tijd [uren]

Stimela

September 12, 2006

21

Micropollutants
What is the effectiveness of our treatment barriers to deal with unwanted polar organic micropollutants and how can we improve on this?
Unwanted micropollutants in drinking water (maximum concentration occasionally found in the Netherlands)

Individual compounds EDC

Oestron Bisphenol A Phtalates

Concentration
5 ng/l < 10 g/l 3 g/l 20 ng/l 40 ng/l 90 ng/l 70 ng/l 30 ng/l 80 ng/l 2 ng/l 3 g/l

Alkylphenolethoxylates 2 g/l

Pharmaceuticals

Ibuprofen Sulfamethoxazole Carbamazapine Iopamidol Clofibric acid Amidotrizoic acid

Others

NDMA MTBE

September 12, 2006

22

on Emerging Substances)

Dirces (Dutch Innovation and Research Consortium

diglyme

MTBE ibuprofen prozac NDMA

September 12, 2006

23

Hans van Dijk (hoogleraar drinkwater TU Delft)

Biological stability/Legionella
Is it possible to prevent the growth of Legionella in water installations by improving the biological stability of the drinking water and the piping materials?
Percentage of installations with Legionella

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Groundwater supply Surface-water supply 90-percentile

Median

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage of supplies

September 12, 2006 24

Water quality in the distribution network

Suspended solids

Biofilm formation & sloughing Regular deposition & resuspention

al n t n tio e d ci pen n I us s re

Corrosion

Suspended solids

Precipitation & flocculation Bed load transport

J.H.G. Vreeburg

September 12, 2006

25