1

Diagram 1.1 shows four different aqueous solutions of the same concentration.

Diagram 1.1 (a) Diagram 1.2 shows the pH scale. Fill in the boxes with P, Q, R or S for the corresponding pH value.

Diagram 1.2 (b) What is the meaning of weak alkali?

[2 marks] (c) Compare the pH and concentration of OH ions in sodium hydroxide solution in R and ammonia solution in S. Explain your answer.

[2 marks] (d) Without using litmus paper, describe how you would test for ammonia gas.

[2 marks] (e) State the name of the acid that is found in vinegar. [2 marks] 2 Table 1 shows an experiment to investigate the reaction of 1.92 g of magnesium ribbon with two acids of the same concentration. Reaction I II Acid 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm3 ethanoic acid Table 1 Observation Vigorous effervescence

(a) Write the observation for Reaction II in the Table 1. [1 mark] (b) Explain your answer in (a).

[3 marks] (c) Write an ionic equation for Reaction I. [2 marks] (d) Calculate the volume of gas produced in Reaction I if the hydrochloric acid used is in excess. [Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24; Molar volume of gas at room temperature = 24 dm3 mol1 at room condition]

[4 marks] (e) Sodium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a sodium chloride solution. State one anion test for chloride ion, Cl. [1 mark] 3 (a) You are provided with the sulphuric acid solution as shown in Diagram 2.

Diagram 2 Describe how you would prepare accurately 160.00 cm3 of 0.60 mol dm3 sulphuric acid using the given solution. [6 marks] (b) Solution P and solution Q are 1.0 mol dm3 ammonia solution in two different solvents. Table 2.1 shows the observations of the two tests done on solution P and solution Q. Test/ Procedure Test with litmus paper Using the solution as an electrolyte for an electrolysis Observation Solution P Colour of litmus paper changes from red to blue Ammeter shows a reading Table 2.1 (i) Name one solvent used to prepare solution P and solution Q. [2 marks] (ii) Explain why solution P changes the colour of the litmus paper but solution Q does not do so. Include an ionic equation in your answer. [5 marks] (iii) Draw a labelled diagram to show that solution P is an electrolyte while solution Q is not an

Solution Q No change Zero ammeter reading

electrolyte. [2 marks] (c) Table 2.2 shows the concentration and pH of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid. Acid Hydrochloric acid Ethanoic acid Table 2.2 Explain the difference in pH of the hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid of the same concentration. Include ionic equations in your answer. [5 marks] 4 Table 3 shows the pH value of solutions P, Q, R and S of the same concentration. Solution P Q R S Table 3 (a) Which solution has the highest concentration of H+ ions? [1 mark] (b) (i) State the name of one example for solution Q and one example of solution S. Solution Q: Solution S: [2 marks] (ii) Describe a chemical test for solution Q without using an indicator. pH 3 1 7 13 Concentration 0.1 mol dm3 0.1 mol dm3 pH 1.0 3.4

[3 marks] (c) Explain why the pH of solution Q is lower than solution P.

[3 marks] (d) What will happen to the concentration of OH ions and pH of solution S if water is added to it? [1 mark]

Diagram 3 shows how two solvents are used to prepare solution P and solution Q. Solution P is prepared by dissolving dry hydrogen chloride gas in water. Solution Q is prepared by dissolving dry hydrogen chloride gas in methyl benzene. Solution P

Solution Q Diagram 3 (a) Why is a filter funnel used instead of a delivery tube Y? [1 mark] (b) (i) A piece of calcium carbonate is added to solution P and solution Q. What is observed? Solution P: Solution Q: [2 marks] (ii) Explain your answers in (b)(i).

[3 marks] (iii) Write the chemical equation to show the reaction in (b)(i).

[2 marks] (c) Solution R obtained by dissolving 0.3 mol of hydrogen chloride in 600 cm of the solution. Calculate the molarity of solution R.
3

[2 marks] 6 Table 4 shows an experiment to investigate the reaction of 3.60 g of magnesium ribbon with two acids of the same concentration. Reaction I II Acid 0.1 mol dm hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm3 ethanoic acid Table 4
3

Observation Vigorous effervescence

(a) Write the observation for Reaction II in the Table 4. [1 mark] (b) Explain your answer in (a).

[3 marks] (c) Write an ionic equation for Reaction I. [2 marks] (d) Calculate the volume of gas produced in Reaction I if the hydrochloric acid used is in excess.

[Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24; Molar volume of gas at room temperature = 24 dm3 mol1 at room condition]

[4 marks] 7 Table 5 shows the observations from two experiments to investigate the chemical properties of hydrogen chloride gas dissolved in two different types of solvents. Experiment Solvent Reaction Observation

Tetrachloromethane

With zinc granules

II

Water

With zinc granules

Table 5 (a) (i) Explain the different observations in the Table 5. Include an ionic equation in your answer. [7 marks] (ii) How would you test for the gas liberated in Experiment II? [2 marks] (iii) Without using any indicator or pH meter, describe another chemical test to show the acidic property of the solution in Experiment II. Your description should include a diagram for the set-

up of the apparauts, observation and related ionic equation. [7 marks] (b) Antacids are used to relieve discomfort due to gastric problems. Ammonia is used to prevent coagulation of latex.

Explain the function of antacids and ammonia in these two statements. [4 marks] 8 (a) A student did a titration to find the conentration of sulphuric acid. 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide was titrated with the sulphuric acid. (i) Contruct a table for recording the results of the titration. [3 marks] (ii) The chemical equation for the reaction is shown below. H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaSO4(s) + H2O(l) State the mistakes in the chemical equation and write a correct chemical equation for the reaction. [4 marks] 3 3 3 (b) During the titration, 10.00 cm of 0.50 mol dm sodium hydroxide required 12.50 cm sulphuric acid at end point using phenolphthalein as indicator. (i) Draw a diagram to show the set-up of the apparatus for the titration. [3 marks] (ii) Calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid. [3 marks] 3 (c) A standard solution of 0.50 mol dm sodium hydroxided was used for the titration. Describe how you would prepare 260.00 cm3 of this standard solution. [7 marks]

Answer: 1 (a)

(b) An alkali which dissociates partially in water to produce OH ions of a low concentration. (c) Sodium hydroxide has a higher pH than ammonia solution. The concentration of OH ions in sodium hydroxide is higher that that of ammonia solution. Sodium hydroxide dissociates completely when dissolved in water, whereas ammonia dissociates partially when dissolved in water. (d) Dip a glass rod into concentrated hydrochloric acid. Bring the glass rod close to the ammonia gas. Thick white fumes are produced. (e) Ethanoic acid 2 (a) Mild effervescence (b) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid The ethanoic acid molecules dissociate partially in water The concentration of H+ ions is low (c) 2H+ + Mg Mg2+ + H2 (d) Number of moles of magnesium = = 0.08 mol 1 mol of magnesium releases 1 mol of H2 Number of moles of H2 = 0.08 mol Therefore, volume of H2 = 0.08 24 = 1.92 dm3 = 1 920 cm3 (e) Dilute nitric acid + silver nitrate 3 (a) 1. M1V1 = M2V2 1.0 V1 = 0.60 160.00 V1 = 96 cm3 2. 160.00 cm3 volumetrik flask is filled with distilled water. 3. 96 cm3 of sulphuric acid is measured using a pipette (or burette) is added.

4. Distilled water is added to the volumetric flask until the level is near the calibration mark. 5. A dropper is then used to add distilled water slowly until the meniscus reaches the calibration mark. 6. The volumetric flask is closed with a stopper and shaken for the solution to mix thoroughly. (b) (i) Solvent used to prepare solution P: water Solvent used to prepare solution Q: methylbenzene/ trichloromethane (ii) Ammonia dissociates in water to form OH ions NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH The OH ions are responsible for the alkaline properties of soluton P When ammonia is dissolved in methylbenzene/ trichloromethane, the ammonia molecules do not dissociate No OH ions are present (iii)

(c) 1. Hydrchloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid 2. The hydrogen chloride (HCl) molecules dissociate completely in water to form H+ ions of a high concentration 3. HCl H+ + Cl 4. The ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) molecules dissociate partially in water to form H+ ions of a low concentration 5. CH3COOH CH3COO + H+ 4 (a) Q (b) Solution Q: Hydrochloric acid/ Sulphuric acid/ Nitric acid Solution S: Sodium hydroxide/ Potassium hydroxide (c) Q is a strong acid but P is a weak acid Q dissociates completely in water while P dissociates partially in water Concentration of H+ ions in solution Q is much higher than the concentration of H+ ions in solution P (d) The concentration of OH ions and the pH will decrease 5 (a) To prevent 'suck back' because hydrogen chloride is very soluble in water (b) (i) Solution P: Gas bubbles/ Effervescence Solution Q: No gas bubbles/ No change (ii) Solution P: The hydrogen chloride dissociate completely in water to form H+ ions. The H+ ions shows acidic property and react with calcium carbonate. Solution Q: The hydrogen chloride molecules do not dissociate. No H+ ions are present.

(iii) CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 (c) Number of mole = 0.3 = M = 0.5 mol dm3

(a) Mild effervescence (b) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid The ethanoic acid molecules dissociate partially in water The concentration of H+ ions is low (c) 2H+ + Mg Mg2+ + H2 (d) Number of moles of magnesium = = 0.15 mol 1 mol of magnesium releases 1 mol of H2 Number of moles of H2 = 0.15 mol Therefore, volume of H2 = 0.15 24 = 3.60 dm3 = 3 600 cm3

(a) (i) Hydrogen chloride does not dissociate in tetrachloromethane. Hydrogen chloride exists as molecules. There are no H+ ions to react with zinc. Hydrogen chloride dissociates in water to form H+ ions. H+ ions in water react with zinc to produce hydrogen gas. Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2 (ii) Place a lighted wooden splinter at the mouth of the test tube. A 'pop' sound is produced. (iii) 1. Put 0.5 g 2 g of calcium carbonate (or any metal carbonate) into a test tube containing 2 cm3 10 cm3 of the solution. 2. Gas bubbles are given off. 3. Pass the gas through lime water. 4. The lime water turns chalky. 5. CO32 + 2H+ CO2 + H2O

(b) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Antacids contain chemicals with basic properties. The excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach is neutralised by the antacid. Bacteria acting on latex produces acid which causes coagulation of latex. This acid is neutralised by ammonia.

(a) (i) Titration number Initial burette reading/ cm3 Final burette reading/ cm3 Volume of sulphuric acid/ cm3 Average volume of sulphuric acid/ cm3 (ii) The physical state of sodium sulphate is wrong The chemical formula of sodium sulphate is wrong The chemical equation is not balanced Correct chemical equation: H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) (b) (i)

Trial

(ii) = = Ma = 0.20 mol dm3 (c) 1. Number of mol of NaOH = = 0.13 mol Mass of NaOH = 0.13 (23 + 16 + 1) = 5.2 g Weigh 4 g of sodium hydroxide. Dissolve the sodium hydroxide in distilled water in a beaker. Pour the solution into a 500 cm3 volumetric flask. Using a wash bottle, rinse the weighing bottle, filter funnel and beaker with distilled water and wash down into the volumetric flask. Remove the filter funnel and add distilled water into the volumetric flask until the meniscus level is at the calibration mark. Stopper the volumetric flask and shake gently.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.