Chapter 4

Heat and the Second Law of Thermodynamics:

How do humans control their body temperature?
1. Which situation below best demonstrates the second law of thermodynamics? a. a truck crashing into a wall b. a child growing two inches in one year c. a fraternity party d. marshmallows melting e. leaves falling from the trees Ans: d Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In a living system, in what form is energy lost? a. chemical b. mechanical c. heat d. no energy is lost e. reproduction Ans: c Linked to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which statement represents the second law of thermodynamics? a. Heat will not flow spontaneously from a hot to a cold body. b. Every isolated system becomes more disordered with time. c Scientists have constructed an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work. d. a & b e. a & b & c Ans: b Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

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4. Which type of heat transfer happens in a fluid? a. convection b. conduction c. radiation d. a & b e. a & b & c Ans: a Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which statement about heat and temperature is true? a. Heat and temperature are synonymous to scientists. b. A liter of boiling water and a milliliter of boiling water contain the same amount of heat energy. c. The larger the temperature difference between two objects, the more slowly heat energy will be transferred from one to the other. d. A liter of boiling water and a milliliter of boiling water are the same temperature. e. Two statements above are correct. Ans: d Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which of the following statements obeys the second law of thermodynamics? a. A refrigerator cannot work unless it is plugged in. b. Life can evolve on other Earth-like planets. c. Crystals form when salt water evaporates. d. It takes more force to accelerate a 10-pound weight than it does to accelerate a 5-pound weight. e. none of the above Ans: a Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Radiation is heat transfer by a. electromagnetic radiation. b. kinetic energy of molecules. c. visible light.

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Chapter 4 d. conduction. e. convection. Ans: a Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which temperature states all motion stops? a.-273 F b.-460 C c.-273 C d.460 F e.-273 K Ans: c Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Efficiency is a. the ratio of energy output to energy input. b. the ratio of energy input to energy output. c. the term used in describing heat energy. d. a rating scale for combustion engines. e. directly proportional to radiation. Ans: a Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

10. In the language of physics, what is a high temperature reservoir? a. a place where exhaust gases are released b. an explosion of hot gases c. pistons in the open position. d.atmosphere receiving a hot gas-air mixture. e. air and gas at a stable equilibrium. Ans: b Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

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Chapter 4 11. Where is the heat of compression released in a car engine? a. radiator b. gasoline tank c. low-temperature reservoir d. piston e. cylinder Ans: c Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which of these best defines maximum theoretical efficiency? a. efficiency (%) = [(Thot -Tcold) /Thot] x 100 b. Efficiency compares the difference in temperature between two reservoirs with the temperature in the colder temperature reservoir. c. Efficiency defines the amount of energy available to do work. d. efficiency (%) = temperature hot - temperature cold X100% e. all of the above Ans: a Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Calculate the efficiency of a coal-fired generating plant if the high temperature steam is 800 K and the low temperature reservoir is 500 K. a.40.0% b.62.5% c.50.0% d.37.5% e.137.5% Ans: d Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

14. What do all thermometers have in common? a. digital display mode b. mercury c. temperature control d. thermo coupler

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Chapter 4 e. material that expands when heated Ans: e Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The phrase heat death of the universe refers to a. the burning the sun and all the stars b. the never-ending upward spiral of life. c. everything in the universe eventually becoming the same temperature. d. the greenhouse effect as it spreads out into space. e. a current theory about how the universe will end Ans: c Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The shimmer of a hot road in the summer is caused by a. radiation. b. convection currents. c. entropy. d. the greenhouse effect. e. conduction Ans: b Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which of these represents the coldest temperature? a.0Celsius b.0 Kelvin c.0Fahrenheit d. the freezing point of pure water e.-100Celsius Ans: b Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Easy

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Chapter 4 18. The heat island effect in cities creates convection cells a. by drawing in cool moist air from the suburbs. b. from cool concrete, which conducts heat from the Earth. c. which are usually too small to affect temperature. d. which results in less rain falling in cities than in the surrounding areas. e. which do not affect the weather in any way that can be measured. Ans: a Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Most biologists believe that feathers were evolved to help birds a. fly. b. attract mates. c. float in water. d. hide from enemies. e. maintain body temperature. Ans: e Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Scientists will soon be able to construct a machine that can operate with 100% efficiency. Ans: False Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The entropy of a closed system always decreases. Ans: False Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Atoms will stop moving at -273C. Ans: True Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Easy

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Chapter 4 23. Rocks and minerals have a higher heat capacity than water. Ans: False Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The insulation factor in the newest materials equals zero. Ans: False Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Solid glass is a poor insulator; glass fibers are good insulators. Ans: True Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Goose bumps are a phenomenon demonstrating a humans subconscious need for heat transfer. Ans: False Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Nearly all of the energy from the sun travels to Earth by radiation. Ans: True Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Radiation can travel in a vacuum. Ans: True Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The second law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible for from a cold body to a hot body.

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Ans: False Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

30. A temperature scale requires only the boiling point for calibration. Ans: False Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Creationists sometimes use the second law of thermodynamics to argue against evolution. Ans: True Link to: Consequences of The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Entropy decreases in an isolated system. Ans: False Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

33. How is the dimension of time different from the dimensions defining space? Ans: Time is the only dimension that has just one direction. Link to: Consequences of the Second Law Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The existence of a perpetual motion machine (one that runs forever with no additional energy input) would violate a. Galileo's law of motion b. the first law of thermodynamics. c. the second law of thermodynamics. d. Ptolemy's proclamations. e. the law of universal gravitation.

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Ans: c Link to: Natures Direction Difficulty Level: Medium

35. In which situation below did conduction take place? a. burning yourself in a sauna b. observing the formation of cumulus clouds c. getting a suntan d. looking at a volcano erupt e. having an x-ray taken Ans: a Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium

36. At what part of a pot of boiling water would you find the coolest water? a. at the bottom b. in the center c. at the top center d. along the top sides e. none of the above Ans: d Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium

37. At what part of a pot of boiling water would you find the coolest water? a. at the bottom b. in the center c. at the top center d. along the top sides e. none of the above Ans: d Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Insulation in the attic is like a. bats in the belfry.

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Chapter 4 b. fat under the skin. c. the heater in an electric blanket. d. coal in the coal bin. e. a heat pump Ans: b Link to: Coming to terms with heat Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which of the following temperatures is best for ice cream? a. 0 K b. 10 F c. 10 C d. 32 C e. 10 K Ans: b Link to: Coming to Terms with heat Difficulty Level: Medium

40. To a physicist, which of these is in the highest entropy state? a. a crystal b. an ice cube c. an aging body d. boiling water e. ants marching Ans: c Link to: Consequences of the Second Law Difficulty Level: Medium

41. On a cold winter night, who or what would you rather snuggle with? a. Hot water bottle b. Baked potato c. Bunny d. Down comforter Ans: c Linked to: Second Law of Thermodynamics Difficulty Level: Medium 68

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42. Which would be the least effective insulation for your house? a. a trapped layer of air b. solid glass c. woven glass strands d. wood e. cinder block Ans: b Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which of the following is most like an ordered system? a. billiard balls after the break b. location of fish in a river c. the spacing of eggs in a full carton d. cars in a multi-car collision e. the diffusion of perfume molecules through a room Ans: c Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Medium

44. The greater the number of particles, the smaller the probability that these particles will be in an ordered state. Ans: True Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Medium

45. The greater the temperature difference of two objects, the more rapidly heat energy will be transferred. Ans: True Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium 46. In automobiles, the conversion of heat energy from the exploding gas-air mixture can never be 100% efficient.

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Ans: True Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium

47. How did the study of heat in the nineteenth century lead to the discovery of the second law of thermodynamics? Ans: Heat is a consequence of the motion of atoms and molecules; moving atoms distribute kinetic energy as heat. Such findings led to a better understanding of the second law of thermodynamics. Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Describe what happens at absolute zero. Ans: Absolute zero (0 Kelvin) is the coldest attainable temperature; the temperature at which no more heat energy can be extracted from atoms or molecules. Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Contrast the high temperature reservoir and the low temperature reservoir in a combustion engine. Ans: The high temperature reservoir is the location of the combustion of compressed air and gasoline mixtures. The low temperature reservoir is the site of the exhaust of waste heat and gases. Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Is the seating arrangement of the classroom an ordered or disordered system? Explain your answer. Ans: Answers will vary depending upon the room. If the seats are arranged in straight lines or some other recognizable pattern, it is likely to be an ordered system. If the seats are randomly scattered around the room, it is a disordered system. Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Medium

51. How does the human body maintain its temperature?

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Ans: When the body temperature rises, blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate, so that the blood can carry more heat to the surface where it is radiated away. When the body temperature falls, the opposite occurs. Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Explain why radiation is the only form of heat transfer energy that can travel through outer space. Ans: Answers will include the packing of atoms in space. Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Medium

53. In a convection oven, what is actually convecting? Ans: Heated air Linked to: Natures Direction Difficulty Level: Medium

54. How are the monsoons in India dependent on heat capacity? Ans: During the summer the land of India heats more quickly than the water in the ocean to the west. The rising warm air of the continent pulls in moisture from the ocean and produces clouds and rain over the Indian continent. In winter the reverse is true, bringing about the dry season for six months. Link to: Coming to Terms with Heat Difficulty Level: Hard

55. How is thermal conductivity important to the comfort of living in either an igloo or a brick house? Ans: Any shelter is to protect us from the elements. One important criterion is to slow down the transfer of heat from the inside to the outside. Some materials such as wood, ice, and brick are good insulators (have low thermal conductivity), which keep the dwelling and the inhabitants comfortable. Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Hard

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Chapter 4 56. What is the primary difference between Newtons laws of motion and the second law of thermodynamics? Ans: The second law of thermodynamics includes a time sequence for the events, while Newtons laws of motion omit reference to time. In Newtons laws, events can happen in any direction. In the second law of thermodynamics, events can only be perceived as occurring in one direction. Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Hard

57. Is all the energy in gasoline used to run the car? Explain your answer. Ans: No. Some of the energy is used in ways that do not propel the car; for example, the cars engine and hood become hot. In addition, some energy is used to return the engine to its beginning state after each power stroke. Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Hard

58. Why does a piece of metal at room temperature feel colder than a piece of wood at the same temperature? Ans: Metal is a good heat conductor; heat moves rapidly away from your skin to the metal, making your skin feel colder. Wood impedes the flow of heat away from your skin because wood is not as good a heat conductor as metal. Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Hard

59. How does a vacuum bottle keep warm things warm and cold things cold? Ans: Answers should include a discussion of insulation and types of insulation including air. Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Hard

60. Some Creationists contend that the development of life through gradual evolution is inconsistent with the second law of thermodynamics. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your response. Ans: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the second law of thermodynamics and changes in energy uses of organisms.

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Chapter 4 Link to: Consequences of the Second Law Difficulty Level: Hard

61. How can a freezer make ice if heat will not spontaneously flow from a cold body (freezer air) to a warm body (water in ice cube trays)? Ans: Answers will include a description of the second law of thermodynamics and the conversion of mechanical energy to heat energy. Link to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Hard

62. Describe the effect of entropy on the placement of smoking sections in restaurants. Ans: Answers may include application of the second law of thermodynamics to the motion of air, the affects of fans on the air, and placement of walls. Link to: The Second Law Difficulty Level: Hard

63.What laws of nature are working against perpetual youth? Ans: Answers will vary and could include the first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy, and possibly the affect of gravity on the human body. Link to: Natures Direction Difficulty Level: Hard

65.How did the need for a thermometer that measured absolute zero dictate the design of one? How is this thermometer used in research? Ans: Answers should include a discussion of form following function as well as a description of experiments requiring temperatures of absolute zero. Link to: Coming to terms with heat Difficulty Level: Hard

66. Why does a convection oven cook more efficiently than a conduction oven? Ans: Heat is carried by the air and is pushed around the oven by a fan so that all areas of the oven maintain the same temperature in a convection oven.

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Chapter 4 Link to: Natures Direction Difficulty Level: Hard

67. Why, after you get sunburned and you enter an air-conditioned building do you feel cold? Ans: Blood vessels near the surface of your skin dilate, allowing blood to move to the area of skin damage. As the blood loses heat to the atmosphere, you perceive a drop in temperature. Linked to: Heat flow Difficulty Level: Hard

68. What is the dominant form of energy transfer within the solid earth, within the oceans, and within the atmosphere? Ans: Answers will vary, but conduction between molecules in solids is more efficient than conduction between molecules in liquids and in solids. Radiation heats gasses more readily than liquids and solids. Linked to: Heat Transfer Difficulty Level: Hard

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