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FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING LAB MATERIAL

REPORT
Subject Code Code & Experiment Title Course Code Date Section / Group Name Members of Group BFC 21303 SHEAR FORCE IN A BEAM 2 BFF/1 26/01/2011 2 MUHAMAD ASYRAF BIN AB MALIK 1.MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN 2.AHMAD FARHAN BIN RAKAWI 3.IDAMAZLIZA BINTI ISA 4.AINUN NAZHIRIN BINTI ABD JALIL EN MOHAMAD HAIRI BIN OSMAN 03 OCTOBER 2011

(DF100108) (DF100018) (DF100142) (DF100128) (DF100076)

Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor Received Date

Comment by examiner

Received

STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC (SCE)


DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UTHM

We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our effort. We also admit not to receive or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in the report is true.
___________________________ Student Signature Name : MUHAMAD ASYRAF AB MALIK Name ___________________________ Student Signature : IDAMAZLIZA ISA

Matric No. : DF100108 Date : 03/10/2011

Matric No. : DF100128 Date : 03/10/2011

___________________________ Student Signature Name : AHMAD FARHAN BIN RAKAWI Name

___________________________ Student Signature : AINUN NAZHIRIN ABD JALIL

Matric No. : DF100142 Date : 03/10/2011

Matric No. : DF100076 Date : 03/10/2011

_______________________ Student Signature Name : MUHAMMAD IKHWAN ZAINUDDIN

Matric No. : DF100018 Date : 03/10/2011

1.0

OBJECTIVE 1.1 1.2 To examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load To examine how shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading condition

2.0

LEARNING OUTCOME 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 To application the engineering knowledge in practical application To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. To communicate effectively in group To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application

3.0

INTRODUCTION Beams are defined as a slender members and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis. Generally, beams are long, straight bars and having a constant cross sectional area. It can be classified as one of the most important of structural members.

Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x) axis. For design purposes, the beam's ability to resist shear force is more important than its ability to resist an axial force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting parallel to the longitudinal axis.

The following is a drawing of a simply-supported beam of length L under a uniform load, q:

This beam has the following support reactions:

where Rl and Rr are the reactions at the left and right ends of the beam, respectively.

4.0

THEORY Part 1

Shear force at the left of the section, Sc

W L a Equation 1 L Wa . Equation 2 L

Shear force at the right of the section, Sc

Part 2 Use This Statement : The shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the force acting to the left or right of the cut

5.0

EQUIPMENTS

Picture 1: Apparatus for Shear Force experiment

Picture 2 : Digital Force Display

Picture 3 : The Loader ( 1piece = 10 gram)

6.0

PROCEDURES 6.1 Part 1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 Check the Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load. Place a hanger with a 100g mass to the left of the cut. Record the Digital Force Display reading in Table 1. Shear Force at cut (N) = Displayed Force Repeat using any masses between 200g and 500g. Convert the mass into a load in Newtown (multiply by 9.81) 6.1.4 Calculate the theoretical Sat the cut and Shear Force at the cut complete Table 1.

Picture 4: The cut position 6.2 Part 2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 Check the Digital Force Display meter zero with no load. Carefully load the beam with the hangers in any positions and loads as example in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 and complete Table 2. Record the Digital Force Display reading where: Shear Force at the cut (N) = Display force Calculate the support reaction (RA and RB) and calculated the theoretical Shear Force at the cut.

Figure 2: W1 with 3.92 N

Figure 3: W1 with 3.92 N and W2 with 0.98 N

Figure 4: W1 with 2.06 N and W2 with 2.06 N

7.0

RESULTS

Mass (g) 0 100 150 200 250 300 350

Load ( N) 0 0.981 1.472 1.962 2.453 2.943 3.434

Force (N) 0 - 0.2 - 0.3 - 0.4 - 0.5 - 0.8 - 0.9

Experimental Shear Force (N) 0 - 0.2 - 0.3 - 0.4 - 0.5 - 0.8 - 0.9 Table 1

Theoretical Shear Force (N) 0 - 0.67 - 1.00 - 1.34 - 1.67 - 2.00 - 2.34

No 2. 3. 4.

W1 (N) 3.92 3.92 2.06

W2 (N) 0 0.98 2.06

Force (N) 1.3 2.7 2.1

Experimental Shear Force (N) 1.3 2.7 2.1 Table 2

RA (N) 5.17 2.36 1.21

RB (N) - 1.25 2.54 2.91

Theoretical Shear Force (N) 15.2 -2.54 -0.85

8.0

ANALYSIS DATA Calculation for Theoretical Shear Force value.

PART 1 W = 0.981N MB = 0 RA (0.44) 0.981(0.14) = 0 0.44.RA 0.137 = 0 0.44.RA = 0.137 RA = 0.311 MA = 0 -RB(0.44) + 0.981(0.3) = 0 -0.44RB + 0.294 = 0 -0.44RB = -0.294 RB = 0.668 FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 0.311 0.981 = VC VC = -0.67

W = 1.472 N MB = 0 RA(0.44) 1.472(0.14) = 0 0.44RA 0.206 = 0 RA = 0.468 MA = 0 -RB(0.44) + 1.472(0.3) = 0 -0.44RB + 0.442 = 0 -0.44RB = -0.442 RB = 1.0 FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 VC = 0.468 1.472 VC = -1.00

W = 1.962N MB = 0 RA(0.44) 1.962(0.14) = 0 0.44RA = 0.275 RA = 0.625 MA = 0 -RB(0.44) + 1.962(0.3) = 0 0.44RB = 0.589 RB = 1.339 FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 VC = 0.625 1.962 VC = -1.34

W = 2.453 MB = 0 RA(0.44) 2.453(0.14) = 0 0.44RA = 0.343 RA = 0.780 MA = 0 -RB(0.44) + 2.453(0.3) = 0 0.44RB = 0.736 RB = 1.673 FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 VC = 0.78 2.453 VC = -1.67

W = 2.943N MB = 0 RA(0.44) 2.943(0.14) = 0 0.44RA = 0.412 RA = 0.936 MA = 0 -RB(0.44) + 2.943(0.3) = 0 0.44RB = 0.883 RB = 2.0 FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 VC = 0.936 2.943 VC = -2.00

W = 3.434N MB = 0 RA(0.44) 3.434(0.14) = 0 0.44RA = 0.481 RA = 1.093 MA = 0 -RB(0.44) + 3.434(0.3) = 0 0.44RB = 1.030 RB = 2.341 FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 VC = 1.093 3.434 VC = -2.34

PART 2 Example For Figure 2:


W1 = 3.92 kN Mc

Vc

FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 VC = RA W VC = 5.17 - 3.92 VC = 1.25 kN

RA = 3.92 kN

Example For Figure 3:


W1 = 3.92 kN W2 = 0.98 kN Mc

Vc

RA = 2.36 kN FY = 0 RA W1 W2 VC = 0 VC = RA W1 W2 VC = 2.36 3.92 0.98 VC = -2.54 kN

Example For Figure 4:


W1 = 2.06 kN Mc

Vc

RA = 1.21 kN FY = 0 RA W VC = 0 VC = RA W VC = 1.21 2.06 VC = -0.85 kN

9.0

DISCUSSION Part 1 1.0 Derive equation 1 SC = W (L 2) L The unknown forces (generally the support reactions) are then determined using the equations for plane static equilibrium.

For example considering the simple beam above the reaction RA is determined by Summing the moments about RB to zero (RA x L) [W x (L a)] = 0 ; Therefore, RA =

W ( L a) L

Sc

2.0

Plot a graph, which compare your experimental result to those you calculated using theory. Refer graph of load versus shear force figure 1

3.0

Comment on the shape of the graph. What does it tell you about how shear force varies due to an increased load? From the graph, we can get a linear graph type. We conclude that every single of load will affect the value of the shear force. The more load increased, the more value of shear force will increase. So, this is almost same with the experimental value.

4.0

Does the equation you used accurately predict the behavior of the beam? Yes, from the graph, we know that the equation was accurately helped us to find the behaviors of the beam. The result that we obtained from the calculation was correctly same with the reaction of the beam

Part 2

1.0

Comment on how the results of the experimental compare with those calculated using the theory. The result that we obtained from the table is quite different. The result of experimental shear force was originally taken while doing the experiment compare with theoretical shear force obtained from the calculation. Therefore, perhaps during the experiment being carried out, there are some errors due to equipment experiment or environmental interference.

2.0

Does the experimental proof that the moment at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the moment of force acting to the left or right of the cut. If not,why? Yes. Shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the force acting to the left or right of the cut. The shear force can be calculating based on the data distance. Proof by our experiment, distance effect the shear force.

3.0

Plot the shear force diagram for load cases in Figure 2,3 and 4 Figure 2 VC = -3.92 VA = -3.92 + 5.17 = 1.25 VB = 1.25 + (-1.25) = 0 OK!

Figure 3 VC = 0 VA = 2.36 VD = 2.36 3.92 = -1.56 VC = -1.56 0.98 = -2.54 VB = -2.54 + 2.54 = 0 OK!!

Figure 4 VC = 0 VA = 1.21 VD = 1.21 2.06 = -0.85 VC = -0.85 2.06 = -2.91 VB = -2.91 + 2.91 = 0 OK!!

4.0

Comment on the shape of the graph. What does it tell you about how shear force varies due to various loading condition? The value of shear force will be in positive or negative where these values will influenced the diagram either the diagram located at the above or below The Condition of the load also has influenced the value of shear force. From this result, it helped us to draw the diagram.

10.0

CONCLUSION Conclusion, after we had done the shear force experiment, we found that the load that applies onto beam will affect the shear force. Beside that, the distance of the point also will make some changes to shear force. From the result we get from this experiment, we notice that beam shear is defined as the internal shear stress of a beam caused by the bending of a beam.

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