Thermal Engg.

Laboratory 2010-11

FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE ANNULUS

Exp.No: Date: AIM: The aims of this experiment are 1. 2. To determine the heat transfer coefficient in forced convection and, To compare the experimental value of heat transfer coefficient with the theoretical one. APPARATUS: The set up consists of a U-Shaped hollow GI pipe diameter D1= 34mm enclosing a heating element (test section) of length L=267mm and diameter D 2 = 22 mm fixed horizontally on a table. One end of the pipe is connected to the outlet of a blower which forces air into the pipe. Other end is open to atmosphere. Thus, air flows through the annulus formed by the pipe and the heating element. Thermocouples connected to temperature indicators measure (a) Air inlet temperature T6, (b) Air outlet temperature T9 and (c) Pipe surface temperatures at the inlet T8 and at exit T7. An orifice meter (orifice diameter, d = 27.4 mm & Cd = 0.62) with a U-tube manometer measures the airflow through the pipe. Panel board also contains ammeter, voltmeter, selector switches etc. PRINCIPLE: A cold fluid flowing inside a hot tube carries heat. This process is called heat convection. The rate of heat convection from an area A, of a body with surface temperature Tw to a fluid at temperature Tf. (Tw > Tf) is given by the equation, Q = hA (Tw-Tf), where, h Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 46 MES College of Engg, Kuttippuram

Thermal Engg. Laboratory 2010-11 is called the (convective) heat transfer coefficient. This equation, which defines the heat transfer coefficient, may be solved for h as h = (Q/A)/ (Tw -Tf). By measuring the rate of heat input, the temperatures and surface area, the experimental values of heat transfer coefficient, h, may be calculated. Theoretical formulae correlate Nusselt number Nu = h D/k, (the non dimensional heat transfer coefficient) with Reynolds number Re = GD/, where. G (=v) is the mass flux (mass flow rate per unit area) and Prandtl number, Pr = cp /k. Here is the density of the fluid. V is the velocity of the fluid, is the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the fluid, cp is the specific heat of fluid and k is the thermal conductivity of the wall. METHOD CALCULATIONS: 1. Calculation of air flow rate: The usual equation for mass flow rate through an orifice is m= AV= (d2 /4) (Cd (2p/)) = Cd (d2 /4) ( (2p/)), Where, is the density of air, d is the diameter of orifice, p is change in pressure. If h1 and h2 (h1 > h2) are the heights of the water columns in the two limbs of the manometer in [m], then, p = wgh (h1 > h2), where, w (= 1000 [kg/m3]) is the density of water Since air is the fluid, assuming that it behaves like an idea1gas, air = p/RT Where, p is the laboratory pressure, A is area of orifice, Cd is coefficient of discharge,

Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

47

MES College of Engg, Kuttippuram

Thermal Engg. Laboratory 2010-11 T is the laboratory temperature R (=8.3143/29 kJ/kg K) is the characteristic gas constant for air. 2. Heat Transfer Calcu1ation: Heat absorbed by air is Q=maircp (T9-T6), where, T6 is air temperature in [C] at the inlet section and T9, is the air temperature in [C] at the outlet section. Assume cp, = 1.003 [kJ/kg K]. The heat transfer is defined as h = (Q/Aw)/ Tm where Tm is the mean temperature difference between the wall and the fluid. Since both these temperatures vary along the length, it is defined as Tm=(T)1-(T)2/ln((T)1/(T)2), where, (T)1 and (T)2 are the temperature difference between the wall and the fluid at the inlet and exit respectively. LMTD = Tm= (T) 1-(T) 2/ln ((T) 1/ (T) 2), This mean temperature called logarithmic mean temperature difference (denoted also as LMTD), is approximated as (Tw -Tf) where, The wall temperature is approximated as Tw. = (T8 +T7)/2 The bulk fluid temperature is approximated as Tf = (T6 +T9)/2 Then the equation shows that the heat transfer coefficient depends upon the choice of the heat transfer area, Aw If heater area is chosen then Aw = D2L, flow over an immersed body. In this case the heat is transferred from the heated Inner tube to cold air. Hence the Inner tube surface area should be chosen as the heat transfer area. and the flow corresponds to longitudinal

Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

48

MES College of Engg, Kuttippuram

Thermal Engg. Laboratory 2010-11 For the flow through the annulus, convective heat transfer coefficient is obtained from the following experimental correlations. For laminar flow i.e., For Concentric tube Annulus Dh = Di - Do Nui = hi Dh / k & Nuo = ho Dh / k Nusselt number is defined with the heat transfer coefficient is the arithmetic mean of the inner and outer surfaces. Nu = (Nui+Nuo)/2 For fully developed laminar constant wall temperature Values are tabulated below Di/Do Nui Nuo 0 3.66 0.05 17.46 4.06 0.1 11.56 4.11 0.25 7.37 4.23 0.5 5.74 4.43 1 4.86

For Turbulent flow i.e., For Concentric tube Annulus Nu = 0.023 ReD0.8 Prn , 6 < Pr < 100, 2500 < Re < 1.25 x 106 : L/D > 60 Where ReD = (VDh ) / n = 0.4 for heating of fluids, n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids Properties at bulk mean temperatures Tf = (T6+T9)/2 The heat transfer coefficient hthe = Nu k / Dh PRECAUTIONS: Checked that all thermocouples function properly (i.e., they indicate reasonable values) at all times. Checked that the heater does not short circuit or malfunction. Ensured that air flows through the pipe as long as the heater was on.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

49

MES College of Engg, Kuttippuram

Thermal Engg. Laboratory 2010-11 PROCEDURE: Verified that all thermocouples indicate near ambient temperature. Switched the blower on and ensure that air flows through the tube. Switch on the power. Noted down the temperatures indicated by the thermocouples, power input (energy meter constant = 2400rev/kWh and the manometer reading every 10min till steady state was reached, i.e., temperatures were same for two successive periods. RESULTS: Experimental and theoretical values of heat transfer coefficient are 1. hexp= 14.94 W/m2-K 2. hthe=11.914 W/m2-K INFERENCE:

Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

50

MES College of Engg, Kuttippuram