Final New York City: A Brief History by Robert Tomes 1. Chapter 8: focus on p.

30-31 (An industrial giant after the civil war) - end of Civil War brought industrial boom - "New Immigration" - Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe - American New Yorkers less comfortable with new wave of immigrants - Ethnic/racial tensions rose - Immigrants faced hardships but still came because conditions were still better - labor needs remained high - Possible but unusual for immigrants to arrive penniless and become wealthy - "American dream" - Many Jews were already educated and had some financial resources - Not unusual to make a living and build a better life - Hard work may not get you rich but better off than when you started - Children had a real chance of better life than you had - Jews moved up quicker than other groups (emphasized the need to educate their children) - Irish lagged behind all European group (fewer resources and greater difficulty adjusting because of crises like Great Potato Famine) - Irish young often became priests or nuns instead of money-earning professions - African Americans suffered discrimination, segregation, and racism - Statue of Liberty gift from France (1886) 2. Dewitt Clinton and Robert Moses - Dewitt Clinton: check midterm study - Robert Moses: planning and executing public works projects that transformed the physical environment of the city - projects aimed to accommodate needs of growing population in NY - system of highways, bridges, and tunnels - entered public affairs as an idealistic public servant committed to efficiency, modernization, and urban development - expert in legal circumvention (evaded rules designed to prevent multiple officeholding and conflicts of interest) - 1945-1954: Commissioner of Parks, Coordinator of Construction, and Head of the City Planning Commission - Chairman of the Triborough Authority: controlled Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority - acquired dictatorial and autocratic control of projects

no hesitation to publicly humiliate an opponent, maintained personal vendettas and crushed anyone who disagreed with him - Built the RFK Triborough, Whitestone, Throgs Neck, Henry Hudson, and VerrazanoNarrows bridges - Built the Brooklyn-Queens, Gowanus, Prospect, Staten Island, Van Wyck, Long Island, Clerview, Whitestone, Cross Bronx, Sheridan, Bruckner, Major Deegan, grand Central, and Belt Parkways/Highways/Expressways - Built more than 150,000 new apartment dwellings under Federal Housing auspices - Built more than 1,000 apartment buildings under NYC Housing Department - Built United Nations Complex - Envisioned future where automobile provided main means of daily transportation - Roads were incapable of handling traffic eventually - bulldozed whole neighborhoods for new construction - "city of extremes" 3. The Great Depression - Factors that led to (misconception is stock market crash) o Stock Market Crash did not cause Great Depression, but it was a component o Origins of depression was international o Rooted in Europe at the end of World War I o Too much economic devastationn, debt, instability, economic sectors/geographic regions in southern/eastern Europe o Europe was struggling along on borrowed money and peace was on borrowed time o GD came to NY in October 1929 but was raging in parts of Europe for 12 years o Europe's dependence on NY banks was catastrophic o Wall Street ran out of lending money o national/global economies plunged into greatest economic crises of modern era o Two problems went unnoticed before: at the end of summer 1929, inventories stockpiled and factory orders dropped to a standstill (not enough money or purchasing power to continue buying consumer gods at record pace set during the Roaring 20's) o Other problem was that many stockholders owned stocks that they purchased "on margin," if you wanted to buy stock but no cash, you could put up stock you already owned as collateral to borrow against purchase of new stock, then pay off debt o BIG PROBLEM WAS WHAT IF THE STOCVK PRICES DROPPED? everything would be worth less and money would be lost - Impact it had on NY society

Stockholders "dumped" their shares and a sell-off took place Creditors had little or nothing left to collect when defaults occurred Banking, industrial production, commerce, and trade slowed Hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers lost their jobs Work became on and off activity Many became homeless (unable to pay rent and buy food) West Side of Manhattan along Hudson River became "Hooverville" "squatters" lived there they lost their homes, evicted from apartment camped out o soup kitchen and breadlines came about but not enough to feed everyone o Local economy recovered not in 1932 when Franklin Roosevelt was elected but in 1940 o Roosevelt's New Deal alleviated pain but not enough o Depression changed NY's position on American politics o NY became largest liberal state 4. How NY was major jumping point for WWII (Chapter 12) - international city (what does this mean) - melting pot (describe what this means) o NY is home of the United Nations o Postwar period marked cultural highpoint o WWII/Cold War sent wave of European intellectuals, scientists, and artists to US as political refugees o Artists flocked to NY and it became world's center for production of modern art o Leonard Bernstein wrote West Side Story, became most famous musician o Metropolitan Opera moved to Lincoln Center, huge complex of theatres, concert halls, libraries, and conservatories rivaled or surpassed the cultural facilities of any city anywhere in the world o Broadway thrived o Writers filled coffee shops and bookstores from the Village to Washington Heights o NYC universities had increased numbers in faculty and students o NYC stood in the undisputed lead of the nations and world's high culture o Internal immigration to NYC reached all time low because of immigration laws from 1920s to 1950s o Growing population came from Baby Boom o African Americans moved from southern states and Latinos moved from Puerto Rico 5. Justice (Chapter 6) - John Rawls case for equality

o o o o o o o o

o what principles we would agree to in a condition of initial equality o He suggested we assume a veil of ignorance, such that we would not know our own station in life (smart or not, rich or poor, of proud majority or despised minority, etc.) o no utilitarianism o ask what principles we would then agree to o adopt principles which protect the weak and minority groups. o guarantee basic freedoms for all, like freedom of speech and religion* o permit only those social and economic inequalities that work for the good of the least well-off members of the society* o The rich, the very intelligent, the athletically gifted and so forth would be permitted to exercise their abilities but would receive for their efforts only enough to keep them motivated and working, with the rest going to the rest of society o Rawls views produce just two categories of moral responsibility o natural duties which require no consent (harm no one, treat all with respect, etc.) and voluntary obligations which do require consent (Ill work for you for x amount of pay, etc.) o incentives, effort - How did so and so think about Rawl's ideas? 6. Perspective Questions (opinion-type) - social media news to our attention - impact of devices how they brought stories to us (notice on phone, online, etc.) - overall use of social media (embarrassing, etc.) - What are some of the pitfalls you can be victim to in social media? - obstacles we face w/using social media 7. 9/11 Experience World Trade Center Documentary - thoughts/how it affected you - observations how it changed world/country