APUSH Giant Review Guide

1606- Settling - 1700

Virginia: founded by Virginia company. British looking to make a profit. Trade with natives. Starving Time: Powhatten Indians, dont trade with settlers. Leads to 2 Powhatten wars, English win but Natives feel the pressure. John Rolfe: introduce tobacco as cash crop. Indentured Servants: white workers under contract, NOT slaves, have rights. For every indentured servant, a person receives 50 acres (Headright system) Main source of labor for 25 years AFTER African Slaves come. Dutch: 9 cargo ships of African slaves.

Colonies and Religion

Maryland: Catholic haven Carolinas: S: large plantations, N: dont like authority Georgia: buffer between S. Carolina and Florida Calvinists: Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, follow Calvin. Separatists. -Mayflower Compact: First written democracy, civil body politic Puritans: Non-separatists, Great Migration, intolerant people. After Massachusetts Bay Charter, uproot entire towns. We shall be a city on a Hill, John Winthrop, city of, by, for, Puritans. Strict. Anne Hutchinson: contradict predestination, antinomianism Roger Williams: church + state = bad, separation of the two. Buys Rhode Island, rel freedom and true separation Quakers: Pennsylvania. Society of Friends, advertised, freedom of Worship. Anti-slave, tolerant people. Usually pacifist, but Nathaniel Greene is the Fighting Quaker King Phillips War: Metacom, organize multiple tribes.

Chesapeake: huge farms, slave society. Unhealthy, malaria and typhus, low life expectancy New England: Cold winters, traditional family unit, population growth, Town meetings and communal land Bacons Rebellion: Bacon lives on frontier, asks for permission to attack, doesnt get it. Attacks peaceful AND warlike Indians.

1700
First Great Awakening: religious revival, fire and brimstone. Sinners in the hands of an angry God. French and Indian war: 7 year war, no longer happy as British subjects. Washington is a lieutenant. Guerilla warfare. End with Treaty of Paris. Acts: Molasses, Quartering, Stamp. Taxation w/o representation?? Pontiacs Rebellion: Native American leader rebels against Europe, but we win. Led to Proclamation Line of 1763 to keep peace with them, forbid to go past Appalacian Mountains. Albany Congress: 7 colonies get together with Ben Frankline, first time they met. Wrote Albany Plan, call for limited selfrule of colonists. Rejected in Colonies and by king. Mercantalism: Colonies get raw materials, Britain makes finished goods that they sell back here. Practice Salutary neglect. Colonies are somewhat independent, but get the protection of navy.

Independence
Sons of Liberty: Sam Adams, respond to Stamp Act. Boycott british goods, lead riots. Stamp Act Congress: 9 colonies, stamp act repealed, but the king enforces that they are in charge (Declatory act) Boston Massacre and tea party: angry about taxes. Kings have tea monopoly in East India Company.

Continental Congresses: 2 of them, reaction to intolerable acts. Write Olive Branch petition, but King hears of Lexington and Concord, and refuses. Declaration of Independence: We are rebelling against British govt, list of grievances. REVOLUTIONARY WAR! B has money and power, we have motive. Saratoga is turning point, get French as our allies. British will focus on invading the south. Treaty of Paris, 1783, ends revolution. Britain recognizes our independence.

A New Nation
Republican Mother: train next generation. Civic virtue and patriotism. Articles of Confederation: weak, loose confederation of independent states. BUT kept colonies together. Govt doesnt have enough power. State power > fed power Shays Rebellion: Rev. war vet, demands an IOU, brings weapons to courthouses. Scare people in power. Govt is too weak to do anything. Constitutional Convention: 12 states, 55 delegates. Fix the articles secretly. 3 parts. Virginia Plan: Based on population, bicameral. New Jersey Plan: 1 vote per state. Compromise? Senate (2 per state) and House (on population), checks and balances George Washington: Cabinet (sec of state, treasury, and war). War hero. Farewell Address: avoid debt, partisanship, and alliances. Hamilton: Govt should assume debt of states. Loose constructionist. Bank of United States, thinks that debt is a good thing if you pay your interest. Elastic Clause: Necessary and Proper, make any laws necessary to make the other ones work. Whiskey Rebellion: threaten excise tax collectors.

Federalists: Hamilton, strong govt, implied powers, loose constructionist. Democratic-Republicans: Jefferson, fear strong govt, favor States rights. French Revolution: Republican experiment is spreading? Between F and Eng. Washingtons Neutrality proclamation, not ready for another war. Impressment: British are kidnapping our sailors for British navy, Jays treaty and they agree to remove forts in Ohio. Pinkneys Treaty: Spain opens ports at New Orleans for nothing. John Adams: Freedom of the Seas, continues neutrality. XYZ Affair: 3 diplomats go to France to ask them to leave us alone. Leads to Quasi naval war with France, attack ships but dont invade. Alien and Sedition: Kick out dangerous people, cant conspire against the govt. Huge mistakes of Adams Presidency. Compact Theory: Constitution is a contract between fed and state govts, states can nullify an unconstitutional law?

1800- Jeffersons Revolution

Election: favor small govt, states rights, yeoman farmer, agriculture, and a peaceful change of government. Marshall Court: Federalist. Promotes strong central government, fed > state. Louisiana Purchase: Spain gives L to France, so the enemy is too close. We buy it super cheap. Lewis and Clark explore with the help of Sacajawea. Embargo Act of 1807: shuts down trade and shipping everywhere due to war between B and F. Destroys our economy, but prevent impressment and harassment. Ended with the nonintercourse act, permit trade everywhere but B and F. Cause of War of 1812 Tecumseh and the Prophet: Unite Indians against the White man, boycott American customs. Wiped out with the Battle of Thames.

War of 1812: Impressment, tired of B, want Canada!! Prove ourselves to Europe. Hartford Convention is federalists who are sick of war. But war ends with the Treaty of Ghent and they get over it.

A New American Nationalism

Henry Clay: American System, new bank of the US, protective tariffs, and internal improvements. Era of Good Feelings: 30 years of Democratic Republican Rule, dispute over slavery, Missouri, and the Panic of 1819 Missouri Compromise: 1st state to apply from Louisiana Purchase. NW ordinances do not apply. M=slave, Maine-Free. Keeps a balance in the govt, slavery is banned north of 36*30 line, keeps peace for 30 yrs. War on Bank: Clay wants to renew charter of Bank of US tto ensure that Jefferson will lose support, BUT he vetoes it and still wins election. Pet Banks: Take federal money to state banks, people want their money close (Jackson). Panic of 1837: economy collapses, specie circular. Tariff of Abominations: Jackson, protect northern textile interests. SC Exposition and Protest: states have the right to nullify taxes (John C. Calhoun) Indian Removal Act of 1830: Go west of the Mississippi, in the way of progress. Create Indian territory. Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it-Jackson. Trail of Tears.

Market and Industrial Revolution- 1845

Nina: no Irish need apply, immigrate after poptato famine. Harassed by Star Spangled Banner and Know-nothing Parties Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts. Eerie Canal: New York, link lake to Hudson river, starts canal craze and invention of steam boat (Robert Fulton)

Steel Plow: Great American breadbasket, farm west of 100th meridian

Second Great Awakening

Women: encouraged to participate Temperance: slow use of alchohol, Asylum + Prisons: Dorthea Dix Abolitionism and Education: Horace Mann, father of American education Millerites: Jesus is coming, fades away when they are wrong Mormons: Joseph Smith, chased out of towns, want theocracy. Shakers: Mother Ann Lee, simple life, closer to God. Celebusy. Oneida: free love, eugenics. Lucy Stone: first to keep her last name after marriage World Anti Slavery Convention: women arent allowed to speak, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, form the Seneca Fall Conference, write Declaration of Sentiments (1848) American Colonization Society (1816) support gradual emancipation, raise money and said slaves back to Africa. Garrison: Immediate emancipation and no compensation, moral issue. Let southern oppressors tremble! Transcendentalism: truth will come to you, discover it yourself. Self-discovery, self-reliance, individualism. Ralph Waldo Emmerson: focus on nature, Thoreau: dont have to follow rules that are unjust, but you have to accept consequence (Civil Disobedience) Wilmot Proviso: ban slavery in any land we might get from Mexico.

Manifest Destiny
Pony Express: mail between MO and CA in 10 days Aroostook War: declared by a state, dispute over Canada border

Texas: 300 American families go to texas, was own nation for 10 years. Mexican War: 1848, James K. Polk wants California, offer to buy at any price. Spot Resolutions was American blood really spilled on American soil? Ended with treaty of Guadalupe. We get Texas, California, and New Mexico. Oregon Trail: missionaries go to Oregon and send for families, we get it with treaty with Britain James K. Polk: Dark horse president, form independent treasury, lowered tariffs, only served 1 term.

Early Emancipation
NW Ordinances ban slavery completely between North and South, Missouri Compromise seen as promise against spread of slavery, Southern South: agrarian, rural, Cotton is KING! Slave Labor: gang=hard, tast=nicer, some opportunities to earn money, Cotton is important. Sugar is brutal slave labor Slave Resistance: work slowly, sabotage, run away! Nat Turner: most successful slave rebellion, was a prophet, killed slave owners in their sleep (60). Denmark Vesey: SC, bought freedom and got weapons from an armory

THE 1850S!
Comp of 1850: Had fugitive slave act, force northern officials to comply with law, bribe judges to turn in slaves, slaves cant testify Uncle Toms Cabin: Harriet Beecher Stowe, expose the evils of slavery William Walker: declares himself ruler of Nicaragua Know-Nothings: Nativists, anti-Catholic, white Personal Liberty Laws: thward fugitive slave act, defy government and WERE actual laws

Kansas-Nebraska Act: help to get a transcontinental railroad, try to split Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty Border Ruffians come armed to polling places, a pro-slavery constitution wins Sumner: beaten by Brooks during debate Dred Scott: not a citizen, he is a slave and property. Constitution protects right to property, even if a slave runs away he is not free. Has no rights.

Lincoln- 1860
Inauguration: 8 states have seceded, fed govt does nothing. Wants to keep union together, has no problem with slavery but will protect federal property. Doesnt want to start a war, but he will defend the govt. Fort Sumter: South Carolina secedes, and fire on a fort of Union soldiers. Trent Affair: British are kidnapping diplomats, Lincoln offers One War at a time Taxes: Excise (Alchohol), Income, Greenbacks (paper money) Deficit Spending: 14 million dollar debt, sell bends and lend government money. Habeus Corpus: Constitution gives some other rights that are protected by the constitution. Lincoln suspends this in Baltimore riots. Southern Advantages: defensive war, dont have to invade, home field advantage, better generals, motivation, better fighters, cotton. Northern Advantages: Factories, numbers, navy, farms, and railroad mileage. King Cotton?: Huge surplus, and king corn > king cotton (Britain wont get involved with civil war) Union Economocis: excise tax, income tax, green backs, defecit spending (14 million dollar debt)

Anaconda Plan: blockade the south, control river and force them to surrender George McClellan: union general, always feels outnumbered and makes excuses to not fight Battle of Antietam: Find confederate plan in cigars, union victory, Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation: frees slaves in rebellious states (not border states), blacks can enlist in the army Gettysburg: Lee invades the north, confederate army wont be the same, beginning of the end Meat Grinder Effect: Grant understands that he has numbers on his size, un-relentless (Unconditional surrender Grant).

Reconstruction
10% Plan: in states that seceded, 10% need to take oath to country Assassination: John Wilkes Booth kills Lincoln Wade-Davis Bill: Iron-Clad Oath, 50% have never participated in the rebellion. Dont allow confederate leaders back in power. Vetoed by Lincoln 13th Amendment: finally abolish slavery, first time it is mentioned in constitution. Congress has authority to enforce this. Freedmens Bureau: bridge slavery and freedom, educated African Americans, President Johnsons Plan: grant amnesty to all leaders and those with a lot of money, pardon planters and bring back to power. Black Codes: guarantee labor now that slaves are emancipated, southern fields still need work. Share Cropping/ Crop Lien: tenant farming, former slaves work and share profits but becomes economic slavery.

14th Amendment: Defines citizenship, no state can deny life, liberty, property without due process of law and equal protection under the law 15th Amendment: black suffrage to MEN, but leads to poll tax, literacy test, etc. KKK: Invisible empire, white supremacists, slowed by the enforcement acts Military reconstruction: divide south into 5 districts, Andrew Johnson: almost impeached, Sir Veto, want him to violate a law so they can impeach him Hayes Tilden Affair: Tilden agrees to give the election to Hayes if he ends reconstruction. 1877 Redeemer Movement: whites in power return and favor color line, regresses gains made by African Americans Jim Crow Laws

Railroad!
Union Pacific: Hell on Wheels, building east to west. Central Pacific: Go over mountains, work is done by Chinese, paid more but harder work. Land Grants: subsidize railroads. Credit Mobilier: construction company hired by Union Pacific to build railroad. Promotory Point: where the two railroads meet Inventions: Westinghouse air brake (safer), Gustavus Swifts refrigerated railway car (preserve meat), Pullmans Palace Car (Create own factory town) Jay Gould: made his money through railroads, made, sold, and destroyed them Stockwatering: make a company look more profitable Granger Movement: farmers organize politically, elect farmerfriendly reps.

Munn v. Illinois: declares intrastate trade constitutional, reversed by the Wabash Case Interstate Commerce Act: no rebates, pools, railroads must publish their rates. Govt regulates trade on side of consumers

Plains Indian War

John Deers Plow and McCormicks Reaper: travel faster, past the 100th meridian Ft. Laramie Treaty: 1851, treaty with natives, but unsuccessful because tribes arent really organized Sandcreek Massacre (1864): similar to Bacons remember, attack the frontier of the frontier, pressure from gold rush Fetterman Massacre: crazy horse massacres 80 soldiers, whites see them as savages. Custers Scientific Expedition: go to black hills and find gold, 1.5 years of bloody warfare. The Long Walk: similar to the trail of tears, forced to move to a reservation. Battle of Wounded Knee: ghost dance, accidental shot and soldiers open fire, 100+ killed Dawes Severalty act: assimilate native americans, make them farmers. Led to Carlisle Indian School. Exoduster: freed slaves who have trouble leaving the south, organize blacks to go to Kansas on RR cheaply Homestead Act: promise 160 acres cheap west of the 100thh Meridian Turners Frontier Thesis: provides a safety valve, when farmers deplete the soil they can go west. Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor, Native Americans

Gilded Age
Bessemer Process: speeds up steel production

Model T: Henry Ford makes an affordable car with assembly line, mass produces cars Laissez Faire: Adam Smith, government should leave economy alone Social Darwinism: evolution and natural selection, explains social classes New Immigrants: Southern and Eastern Europe, looked different and sparked nativism. Andrew Carnegie: rags-to-riches, uses Bessemer process, uses vertical integration (owning every factor in production) JP Morgan: banks railroads steel, wants buys Carnegie Steel John D. Rockefeller: standard oil business, America fears a monopoly, horizontal integration (dont own everything, just control it) Chinese Exclusion Act: shut the door on immigration to Chinese. Kearnyites abuse the Chinese. Jane Adams: voice of sanity, help immigrants, Hull House is immigrant aid house. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives, muckrakers expose situations of poverty Scabs: take the place of workers on strike Triangle Shirtwaiset Fire: 10 story building fire, leads to building codes and fire escaps and Bureau of Fire Prevention (NYC)

Unions
Commonwealth v. Hunt: unions have the right to exist National Labor Union: original unions Knights of Labor: skilled workers dont like working with unskilled, so American Federation of Labor Pinkerton Agency: spies during civil war, now hired to stop strikes

Homestead Steel Strike: use high pressure water hoses to stop it, wont let scabs in, national guard called to put it down. Pullman Strike: cut wages and raise rent at same time, trains stop rolling and Clevelands army breaks it up Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890): prevents restraint of free trade, but it is used against the unions

Populists
Combine: harvests wheat, expensive technology but allows them to overproduce Farmers Alliance: cut out the middle man, buy their own silos, but they wont work with black farmers Goals: govt ownership of RR, direct election of senators, income tax, and unlimited coinage of silver Sherman Silver Purchase Act: 1890, govt runs out of gold and asks JP Morgan for a loan William Jennings Bryan: Cross of Gold speech, represents poor farmers

Imperialism
Alfred Thayer Mahan: Influence of Sea Power on History, impacts TR White Mans Burden: Rudyard Kiplings poem, poor uncivilized people dont know any better, show them the right way Hawaii: Dole Pineapple business, queen wants independence. Reciprocity treaty: No tariff of Hawaiian sugar, give them Pearl Harbor as a naval base. Annexed after Spanish American War. Cuba: Ostend Manifesto line of rebellions crushed easily by Spain. Sends the Butcher Weyler General to crush them, use a reconcentration policy. Cuba destroys sugar so that spain cant make money. Yellow Journalism: sensationalize headlines to sell newspapers

Teddy Roosevelt: Imperialist and nationalist, starts rough riders (volunteer army), later gets Nobel Peace Price (RussoJapan War). Big Stick policy. USS Maine: steel battle ship to protect American interests in Cuba, is blown up. Asks for declaration of war. Teller Amendment: promises Cuban freedom after the war - splendid little war John Hay Philippines: Emilio Aguinaldo leads uprising, we think hell rally them to fight back and he thinks well give them their independence. We civilize them (Benevolent assimilation) Anti-Imperialist League: Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie, want them to reject Treaty of Paris, they lose. Platt Amendment: we will leave if Cuba is free (but needs our permission to make treaties with other nations), we will manage their finances, must give up Guantanama Bay, and we can intervene if we need to. Panama Canal: Panama rebels against Columbia, we recognize their nation and build a canal. Roosevelt Corollary: We get control of Latin America, establishes a Yankee Lake, Open Door Policy: John Hay, opens the market of China

Progressive Movement
Muckrakers: Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil), Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives), Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) Meat Inspection + Pure Food and Drug Act: require food labels, need scientific basis to sell something. 17th Amendment: direct election of senators

Municipal Reform: get rid of Party Boss (Boss Tweed), City Managers etc Mullec v. Oregon: upholds law to limit WOMENS working hours

Womens Christian Temperance Union: like the age of Jackson, slow alchohol consumption Square Deal: control of corporation, consumer protection, conservation Anthracite Coal Strike: leads to Hepburn Act to regulate the Rail Road (enforce the interstate commerce act) William Howard Taft: biggest trust-buster, uses Dollar Diplomacy Bull-Moose Party: /peoples party/TRs third term party. Wilson (democrat) easily wins because the republicans are split. Roosevelt the Conservative: creates 5 national parks, sets aside 125 million for National Forest Reserves, Newlands Reclamation Act to make dams in the west

Woodrow Wilson
Clayton Anti-Trust Act: anti-trust act that WORKS, legalizes the right to strike and picket Federal Reserve Act of 1913: 12 bank system throughout the country, independent treasure but approve by senate. Goal = stable economy. Louis Brandeis: first Jewish supreme court justice Policies: favors employees (Workmans comp, adamson act (8 hour day)) but racist Mexico: invests billions of dollars, Huerta takes over, but Wilson wont recognize his leadership. Invades and occupies for 6 months (Tampico Incident)

World War 1
Triple Entente (England, France, Russia) vs. Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy) Neutrality: still sell to them, but not really neutral. Freedom of the seas? Submarines: new wave of weapons

Lusitania: 128 Americans are killed when this is sunk, but Wilson doesnt declare war yet. THEN: Sussex and the Arabic Zimmerman Notes: intercept a telegram from Germany to Mexico if Mexico declares war on the US, German will give them back the Mexican session. Wilson asks to declare war to make the world safe for democracy with his 14 points. Creel Committee: Committee on Public Information. Propaganda to buy War bonds and patriotism done by 4 Minute Men. Armistice: 11/11/18, agree to stop fighting but isnt a treaty. Alvin York: fighting quaker, most decorated man. Draft: 400,000 African Americans serve, 15,000 Native Americans do. You cant buy our way out. Council of National Defense: War Industries Board: business, govt, and workers work together Food Administration: Herbert Hoover Espionage Act: illegal to disrupt military recruitment or protest drafts Debs v. US: Socialist encourages US to strike against war, knows he will be arrested. Sedition Act Treaty of Paris: Wilson wants League of Nations, but congress says no. Irreconcilables: William Borah Reservationists: Henry Cabot Lodge

Suffragists
Seneca Falls: Declaration of Sentiment, like the Declaration of Independence, list of abusives of men 15th Amendment: gives blacks the right to bote, not them. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: National American Women Suffrage Association: one state at a time, older group.

Alice Paul: National Womans Party: we need an Amendment NOW, more radical and directly to federal govt. 19th Amendment in 1920.

Roaring 20s
Warren Harding: A Return to Normalcy, return to Laissez Faire and republican ideals KKK: fear helps clan to grow, support white supremacy. Birth of A Nation heros. First Red Scare: Class warfare, socialism appeals to the poor, share the wealth? A. Mitchell Palmer rounds up radicals and deports them. Sacco and Vanzetti: anarchists accused or murder, quickly tried and executed. Faced racism. Prohibition: prohibit manufacture, sale, and transportation of alchohol (Volstead Act). Alcohol is romanticized. Gangs: bootlegging (illegal alcohol), organized crime Fundamentalism: Bible=direct and exact word of God. Scopes Monkey Trial: teaches evolution and goes to court, conviced and pays fine. Jennings Bryan is involved. Mass: production and consumption. Fred Taylor creates scientific method. Sparks advertising agencies and buying on credit. Flappers: young women who want to rebel against Victorian conservative parents. Margaret Sanger: advocate of birth control Andrew Melon: trickle-down economics, give tax cuts to the rich and they will invest in the poor Stock Market Fever: buying on margin, buy low and sell high War Vets? They want compensation, govt is conservative. Adjusted compensation act promise a bonus in 20 years. Tariffs: increase to protect US economy, but they dont realize that economies are linked

Tractors: depression starts 10 years earlier for farmers, overproduction and then prices go down. Marcus Garvey: voice of black power, proud of heritage. Back to Africa movement. Coolidge: period of high tariffs, The Business of America is Business Japan: most Arian of the Asians, encourages them to become a world power Kellog-Briand Pact: England, France, US, Japan, promise to not start a war Washington Naval Arms Conference: establish ratio of 5:5:3 (US, Britain, Japan) on large ships Dawes Act: makes it legal for banks to loan money to Germany, the money cycles around due to debts Hawley Smoot Tariff: raises tariff on imports by 60% other countries do it too. Need free economy.

Great Depression
Causes: overproduction, buying on credit and on margin, farms in crisis, income gaps, decreasing purchasing power, high tariffs, stock market crash Hoover: rugged individualism, pick yourself up, welfare isnt govt job. Hoover dam- public works project. RFC: reconstruction finance corporation, give low interest loans to big business (TRICKLE DOWN) Bonus Army: marches on Washington and sleep at the capital, USA army kicks them out forcefully FDR (Election of 1932): Hoover is unpopular, FDR Happy days are here! New Deal: relief, recovery, reform. Crazy productive 100 days. CCC: Fix roads, parks, lakes. TVA: builds dams WPA: Works Progress Admin, pays artists to photograph the GD

SEC: regulate stock market SSA: social security AAA: Stabilze farms Banks: bank holiday, closes them and passes emergency banking relief act, giving loans to banks to keep them in business. FDIC: federally insures banks up to $5000, forbids them to play the stock market. Father Coughlin: radio program, called FDR socialist. Believes Jews are responsible. Huey Long: Share our wealth, class warfare, give to the 99%. He was assassinated. Court Packing: FDR tries to appoint new supreme court justices Townshend: give each senior citizen $200 to SPEND a month, circulate money. Dustbowl: farmers are in trouble, they lose everything New Deal #2: more socialistic, Indian reorganization Act: reservation, not assimilation Wagner Act: cant discriminate against unions African Americans: change to democratic, represents a govt that cares. Hispanic relocation: threat to jobs, deported from the United States

World War 2
Europe: economic depression also, ITALY: fascist, militaristic, and totalitarian. GERMANY: hyperinflation after WWI, Nazi partyis born Panay Incident: American gunboat attacked by Japan, FDR wants to Quarantine the Japanese cut off trade Neutrality Act of 1939: Cash and carry trade, still neutry Dunkirk: France falls, Britain stands alone, and US worries about domino effect

Destroyer Deal: we can lend Britain destroyers. Lendlease- All aid short of war! Arsenal of democracy: Billions, not bodies! Atlantic Conference: FDR and Churchill sign atlantic charter, plan world after WWII, replace League of Nations and support self-determination Hitler First: D-day, no retreat, no surrender. Largest invasion, but beginning of the end. Casa Blanca: goal is unconditional surrender Tehran: Stalin, FDR, Churchill, plan D-Day Japanese Relocation: paranoia in California, Executive order 9066 gives govt power to relocate Japanese from war zones Fred Korematsu vs. USA: during times of war, rights dont have to be respected. Smith Connally: govt can take over industries when there are strikes not necessary, people support the war Rosie Riveter: We can do it! WAACS and WAVES: women serve in airforce and navy Hispanics: integrated in war, Bracero Mexican immigrants work in the United States Zoot Suit Riots: represent style on money, sailors and Mexicans fight Code Talkers: Navajo know language of communication for WWII Tuskegee Air men: integrated fighter pilots Mechanical Cotton Pickers: tenant farmers driven off land and go north, face heavy discrimination Fair Employment and Practices Commission: Executive order 8802, cant hire/fire based on race Potsdam Conference:Truman, Churchill, Stalin, goal to finish off war Truman learns of successful Manhattan project