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Types
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Storage or conservation reservoirs Flood protection reservoirs Distribution reservoirs Multipurpose reservoirs

SURFACE WATER SOURCES STORAGE RESERVOIRS

Dr. Sanghamitra Kundu

Various kinds of dams

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Earth dams Rock-fill dams Solid masonry gravity dams Hollow masonry gravity dams Steel dams Timber dams Arch dams

Green mountain dam, Colorado, USA

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, AP, India

Bhakra Dam

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Rockfill dam (Cougar Dam, USA)

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Arch Dam

Idukki Dam, Kerala

Investigations for reservoir planning

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Investigations for reservoir planning

Geological investigations
Water tightness of the reservoir basin Suitability of foundations for the dam Geological and structural features, such as folds, faults, fissures etc., of the rocks of the basin Type and depth of overburden (superficial deposits) Location of permeable and soluble rocks, if any Ground water conditions in the region Location of quarry sites for materials required for dam construction, and quantities available from them

Engineering surveys
Preparation of contour plan
Area elevation curve Storage elevation curve Map of the area to indicate the land and property to be surveyed Suitable site selection for the dam

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Investigations for reservoir planning

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Selection of site for a reservoir

Catchment area:
Percolation losses are minimum, maximum run-off Reservoir basin should be narrow
For economy, the length of the dam should be less

Hydrological investigations
Study of run-off pattern at the proposed dam site to determine the availability of water Determination of the hydrograph of the worst flood, to determine the spillway capacity and design

Site should be such that a deep reservoir is formed

Lower cost of land submerged per unit of capacity Less evaporation losses because of reduction in the water spread area Less likelihood of weed growth

Site should be easily accessible Value of land and property submerged by the proposed reservoir should be as low as possible

Storage zones of a reservoir

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Storage capacity of a reservoir

The monthly inflow rates during a low water period at the site of a proposed dam are tabulated in the given table. The corresponding monthly pan evaporation and precipitation at a nearby station are also given in the table. Prior water rights make it obligatory to release the full natural flow or 15 ha-m/month, whichever is minimum. If the estimated monthly demands are given in the table and the net increased pool area is 400 ha, find the required storage capacity of the reservoir. Assume pan evaporation coefficient=0.7 and also assume that only 28% of the rainfall on the land area to be flooded by the reservoir has reached the stream in the past.

Normal pool level or Maximum conservation level Minimum pool level Useful and dead storage Maximum pool level Surcharge storage Bank storage Valley storage

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Storage capacity of a reservoir (Ripple Method)

Plot the mass inflow curve Plot the demand curve From the apices of the mass inflow curve draw tangents parallel to the demand curve Measure the vertical intercepts between the tangent and the mass curve The biggest of the vertical ordinates represent the reservoir capacity

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

Inflow at the Pan dam site in ha- evaporation in Precipitation in Demand m cm cm in ha-m 1.2 1.8 1.3 15.8 0 1.8 1.7 14.3 0 2.6 0.6 9.6 0 10.2 0 4.8 0 15.4 0 3.5 0 16.6 1.1 3.4 240 10.8 16.1 5 480 11.7 16.4 5 1 10.8 2.2 10 0.6 9.6 0.8 15.6 0.5 7.8 0 16.8 0.2 2 0 16.8 723.5 101.1 40.2 120.6

Storage capacity of a reservoir

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Storage capacity of a reservoir (Sequent Peak Procedure)

Procedure for determining the minimum storage capacity of a reservoir (for no shortage of draft) Based on the assumption that the reservoir is full at the beginning of the dry period.
Denote monthly run-off as Q, and Monthly demand as D Find the deficiency for each value = (D-Q) Negative values are surplus, positive values are deficiencies Calculate the cumulative deficiency (D-Q), by starting cumulation at the beginning of the maximum dry period The required maximum storage is the highest numerical value in (D-Q) values or the maximum cumulative deficiency at the end of the dry period.

Find the required storage capacity of a reservoir for the data given below. The draft is uniform with 16 Ml/month.

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Distribution Reservoir
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A distribution reservoir is to be constructed for supplying water to a city. Water is pumped from wells to the distribution reservoir at a uniform rate of 2.5 cumecs. The estimated hourly requirements for the maximum day are tabulated below. Estimate the capacity of the distribution reservoir.