PROC~

PRINCIPL~

IN MINERALS

AND MATERIALS

D.2.2 STANDARD REDUCTION

I:4BLE

D.2.2

Standard

electrode

(Aylward

and Findlay)

The standard

POTENTIALS

potentials

electrode potential,

and redox

(Copyright

of the right-hand

equilibria

Jacaranda

in aqueous

solutions

at 25C

Wiley)

Eo, of the half cell system,

Mn+

is the potential

PRODUCTION

+ ne +:t M(I)'

electrode

less that of the left-hand

electrode

in the

cell

Pt, H2IH+ IIMn+IM

when the activities of all ions in the cell are unity, when gases are at I atm (101.325
kPa) pressure and solids are in their most stable form at 25C.
The overall cell reaction may be represented as
Mn+ + ~ H2(1) ~ M(I) + nH +.
If the electrode potential is positive, the above reaction is the spontaneous reaction
in the direction left to right. If the electrode potential is negative, the spontaneous
reaction is in the opposite direction.
The logarithm of the constant for the redox equilibrium, K, for the overall cell
reaction as written above is shown in the last column of the Table. If the equilibrium
constant, KH, for the hydrogen half-cell reaction is taken as unity, that is
It' --~
~~H
-t

aH+ .a.-

-&, 1

PH2
K may be considered as a measure of the relative electron activity
reaction in which the electron may be regarded as the ligand, that is

KMn+/M

Mn+

of the half-cell

..n

Element

Aluminium

Antimony

Arsenic

Barium

/i60

Reaction
At3+ +3e -~

At(s)

E0/V

Jog

-}.66

-84.5

tSb2O5(s,+2H++2e.,= tSb2O3(s)+H2O
tSb2O3(s)+3H+
+3e -.,=
Sb(s,+iH2O

0-69
0-15

7.7

SbO++2H++3e.,= Sb(s)+H2O
Sb(l) + 3H + + 3e -.,=
SbH 3(1)

0.21

10-8

H3AsO4+2H++2e~
H3AsO3+JH+
.tJe -~
As(I)+JH++Je~
Ba2++2e-

-0-51

22.7

-25.9

H3AsO3+HlO
As(I)+3HlO
AsH3\,)

0-56
0-25
-0-60

18-9
12-6
-30.8

Bals)

-2-90

-98-2

D SOURC~

OF

DATA

TABLE D.2.2 cont'd

STANDARD

ELECTRODE

POTENTIALS

Element

Beryllium
Bismuth

Boron
Bromine

Reaction

Be2++2e-

BiO++2H++2eBiOCI(5)+2H++3eH3BO3+3H++3e-

Caesium
Calcium

Carbon

Cerium

E0/V

Be(s)

~ Bi(5)+H2O
~ Bi(,)+H2O+CI~

~ Br-

128.3

1.59

27.0

1.07

18.1

1.09

18.4

-0-40

Cs++e-

Cs(.)

-2-92

Ca2++2e-

Ca(.)

-'2.87

~
~
~

CO(I)+H2O
HCOOH
H2C2O4

-0.12
-0.20
-0.49

Ce3+

(1 M

HCIO4)

M HNO3)

(1 M HCI)

Ce3++3e-

Ce(.)

CIO4- +2H++2e -~
CIO3 -+H2O
CIO3- +2H+ +e -~
CIO2(1)+ H2O
CIO3- +3H++2e -~
HCIO2+H2O
CIO3- +6H++5e~ tCI2(1)+3H2O
HOCI+H++e~ tCI2(1)+H2O
tCI2(1)+e~ CItCI2(.q)+e~ CIiCr2072-+7H++3eHCrO4-+7H++3eCr3++eCr3++3eCr2+2e-

~
~
~
~
~

10.8
8.1

1.52

Cd(s)

(1 M H2SO4)

Chromium

0.16

Ce4++e-

-0.87-44.0

B+3H20

(I

Chlorine

0.32

Cd2++2e-

CO2(8)+2H++2eCO2(8)+2H++2eCO2(8)+2H++2e-

log

-1-85

BrOJ -+6H+ +5e -~

tBr2(1)+3H2O
HOBr+H++e~ tBr2(1)+H2O
tBr2(1)+e~ Br tBr2(aq)+e-

Cadmium

(continued}

Cr3++tH2O
Cr3+-t4H20
Cr2+
Cr(S)
Cr(S)

-13-6

-3.5
-6.71
-15.9

1-74
1.61
1.44

29.5
27-2
24.4

1-28
-2-48

21-6
-125-9

1.19
1-15
1.21
1-47

40.2
19.5
41.0
124.2

1-36

27.5
23.0

1.40

23.6

1-63

1-33
67-6
1-20
60-6
-0-41
-6-9
-0-74 -37-7
-0-91 -30-9

661

PROCESS PRINCIPL~

1'ABLE

D.2.2

IN MINERALS

AND MATERIALS

PRODUCTION

cont'd
STANDARD

ELECTRODE

POTENTIALS

(continued)

Reaction

Element

Cobalt

Co3++eCo(NH3)63++eCo2++2eCo(NH3)62++2e-

~
~
~
~

CO2+
Co(NH3)62+
CO(I)
Co(I)+6NH3

Cu2++eCu(NH3)42++eCu2++CI-+eCu2++Br-+eCu2++I-+eCu2++2e-

~
~
~
~
~
~

CU+
Cu(NH3)2++2NH3
CuCI(I)
CuBr(l)
Cul(l)
CU(I)

Cu(NH3)42++2eCu++eCu(NH3)2+ +eCuCI+e-

~
~
~
~

Cu(I)+4NH3
CUll)
Cu(I)+2NH3
Cu(I)+CI-

!F2+e-

F-

Ga3++2e-

Ga+

Ga3++3e-

Gall)

Germanium

Ge2+ +2e-

Ge(l)

Gold

Au3++2eAu+ +e-

~
~

Au+
Au(l)

iH2(1)

Copper

Fluorine
Gallium

H++e-

Hydrogen

E0/V

1.81

In8+ +2e -~
In + +e~

Indium

Iodine

Iron

.o-phen

ti62

2H2O
In+
In(s)

103- +6H++5eHOI+H++e!12(s)+e!12(aq)+e13- +2e

~
~
~
~
~

!12(s)+3H2O
!12(s)+H2O
I131-

Fe3++e
Fe(CN)63- +eFe(0-phen)33++eFe3++3eFe2 + + 2e-

~
~
~
~
~

Fe2+
Fe(CN)64Fe(0-phen)J2+.
Fe(s)
Fe(s)

= o-phenanthroline.

30'6

0.1

1.8

-0.28

-9.4

-0.43

-14.5

0.16
0.05
0-54
0-64
0-86

2.7
0.9
9-1
10.8
14.5

0-34
-0-04
0- 52
-0.14
0-12

11.4
-1-6
8.8
-2.4
2-0

2-87

-0.4
-0.56

48.4

-13.5
-28-4

0.23

7.8
47.7
28.4

1.41
1.68

o
(by

H2O2+2H++2e-

tog

0
definition)

1.77

59.8

-0.40
-0.23

-13.7
-3.8

1.20
1.45
0.54
0.62
0.54

101.0
24.3
9.1
10.5
18.1

0.77
0.36
1.18
-0.06
-0.44

13.0
6.1
20.0
-2.0
-14.9

D SOURC~

OF

DATA

TABLE D.2.2 cont'd

STANDARD

ELECTRODE

POTENTIALS

Reaction

Element

Lanthanum

La3++3e-

La(s)

Pb4++2e-

logK

-2.52

-127.9

Pb2+(I.1

~
~
~
~
~

Pb2++2H20
PbSO4(s)+2H2O
Pb(s)
Pb(s)+H2O
Pb(s)+SO42-

1-66
1-46
1-69
-0-13
0-25
-0-36

56-0
49-2
57-0
-4-3
8-4
-12-0

Li+e-

Li(s)

-3.05

-51.5

.=

Mg(.)

-2-36

-79.8

~
~
~
~
~

MnO42MnO2(S)+2H2O
Mn2++4H20
Mn2++2H20
Mn2+(7.5
M H2SO4)

Mn(s)

0.58
1.70
1.51
1.23
1,49
-1.18

Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese

Mg2++2e-

MnO4- +eMnO4- +4H+ +3eMnO4- +8H++5eMnO2(s)+4H++2eMn3++eMn2++2e-

Mercury

Hg2++e-

!Hg22+

0.91

Hg2++2e-

Hg(,J

0-85
0.79

!Hg22++e-

Hg11J

!Hg2CI21.)+e-

H~I)+Cl-

0.27*

!Hg2Br21.)+e-

H~I)+Br-

0.14

HgI1)+I-

-0-04

-0.27
-0.52

!Hg2121.)+e-

Nickel

Ni2++2e-

9.7
85.8
127;4
41.6
25.2
-40.0
15.,3
28. 7
13' 4
4' 5
2. 4
-0. 69

-9-)
-17-7

Nil.)

Nil.)+6NHJ

NO3-+2H++eNO3- +3H++2eNO3-+4H++3e-

~
~
~

-lN2O4(1)+H2O
HNO2+H2O
NO(I)+2H2O

0.80

13.6

0.94

31.6

0.96

48.5

NO3-+10H++8eHNO2+H++e2NO+2H++2eN2O(I)+2H++2e
iN2(1)+H++e-lN2(1)+H2O+2H++e-

~
~
~
~
~
~

NH4++3H2O
NO(I)+H2O
N2O(I)+H2O
N2(1'+H2O
HN3
NH3OH+

0.88

119.2

-3.1

-52.3

-1.87

-31.7

N2(1)+5H...+4e-

N2Hs+

-0.23

-15.4

Ni(NHJ)62++2e-

Nitrogen

M HCIO4)

EO/V

PbO2(.)+4H++2ePbO2(.)+4H+
--!-SO42- +2ePb2++2ePbO(.)+2H++2ePbSO4(s)+2e-

Lead

.The

(continued)

1.00

17.0

1.59

53.8

1.77

59.7

potential

of the "saturated calomel" reference electrode

KCI (saturated) I Hg2CI2 (s), Hg
relative to the standard hydrogen electrode is 0.2444 Vat 25C.

663

PROCESS PRINCIPL~

I:4.BLE

D.2.2

IN MINERALS

AND MATERIALS

cont'd

STANDARD

ELECTRODE

POTENTIALS

Palladium
Phosphorus

Platinum

Potassium
Radium

E0/V

logK

~
~

NH4++H1O
NH4+

1.35
1.28

45-6
21.6

~
~
~
~

H2O
H1O2
20H02(1)+H2O

1,23
0.68
0'40
2.07

41-6
23.1
13.6
70.2

Pd(.)

0'99

33-4

~
~
~
~

H3PO3+H20
H3PO2+H1O
P(.)+2H20
PH3(1)

~
~
~

PtC142- +2CIPt(.)
Pt(.)+4CI-

K++e-

K(.)

-2.93

-49.5

Ra2++2e-

Ra(,)

-2-92

-98.6

NH3OH++2H++2eiN1H5++iH++eOxygen

(continued)

Reaction

Element

!02(1)+2H+
+2e02(1)+2H++2e!02(1)+H2O+2e03(1)+2H++2ePd2++2eH3PO4+2H++2eH3PO3+2H++2eH3PO2+H++eP(.)+3H++3ePtC162Pt1++2ePtC141- +2e-

-9.3
-0.28
-0.50 -16.9
-8.6
-0-51
0-06
3.2
0-68
1-2
0.73

23.0
40.0
24.5

Rnbidium

Rb+ +e-

Rb(.,

-2-92

-49.4

Scandium

SC1+ +2e-

Sc(.)

-2'08

-105.3

Selenium

SeO42-+4H++2eH2SeO3+4H++4eSe(.)+2H++2eSe(.)+2e-

~
~
~
~

H2SeO3+H1O
Se(.)+3H2O
H2Se(l)
Se2-

1-15
38.9
0.74
50.0
-0-37 -12-5
-0'92
-31.2

SiO2(.)+4H++4eSj(.)+4H+
+4e-

~
~

Si(.)+2H2O
SjH4(1)

-0.86.
0-10

!Ag2O3(.)+3H+
+2eAg2+ +e-

~
~

Ag+ +~H2O
Ag+(4 M HCIO4)

AgO(.)+H++eAg+ +eAgCN(.)+e-

~
~
~

!Ag2O+!H2O
A~.)
A~.)+CN-

Ag(CN)2+eAg(NH3)2++e!Ag2O(.)+H++e-

~
~
~

Ag(.)+2CNA~.)+2NH3
A~.)+!H2O

!Ag2S(.)+H+
+eAgCI(.)+eAgBr(.)+eAgI(.)+e-

~
~
~
~

A~.)+ tH2S(I)
Ag(.)+CIA~.)+BrAg(.)+I-

Silicon
Silver

(564

PRODUCTION

1-76
2-00
1-40
0.80
-0-14
-0-38
0.37
1-17
-0.04
0-22
0-07
-0-15

-57.9
6.9
59.4
33.8
23.7
13.51
-2.4
-6.3
6.3
19.8
-1.2
3.8
1.2
-2.6

D SOURC~

TABLE

D.2.2

OF

DATA

cont'd

STANOARO

ELECTRODE

POTENTIALS
Reaction

Element

Sodium

Strontium
Sulphur

Na + +eSr2++2e-

Thallium

Titanium

Uranium

Vanadium

E0/V

~ Na(s)
~

Sr(S)

~
~
~
~
~
~

SO4lHlSO3+HlO
SlO3l+3HlO
S(I)+3HlO
SlO3lSl-

Te(OH)6(s,+2H++2eTeO2(s)+4H++4eTe(s)+2H++2eTe(s)+2e-

logK

-2-71

-45-9

-2.89

-97.6

2.01
0-17
0.40

33.9
5-8
27.0

HlS(I)

0.45
0.08
-0.48
0.17

30.4
1-4
-16-1
5-8

~
~
~
~

TeO2(SI+4H2O
Te(SI+2H2O
H2Te(11
Te2-

1-02
0-53
-0-72
-1-14

34-6
35-8
-25-0
-38-6

T13+ +2e-

TI+

TI++e-

TI(sl

1-26
42-6
-0-34
-5-7
-0-56
-9-4
-0-66 -II-I
-0-77 -13-0

tSlO8l-+eSO4l-+4H++2eHlSO3+2H+
+4eHlSO3+4H++4etS406l+2eS(I)+2eS(I)+2H++2e-

Tellurium

(continued)

TICI(sl+e-

TI(s)+CI-

TIBr(sl+eTII(sl+e-

~
~

TI(s)+BrTI(sl+I-

Sn4++2e-

Sn2+

Sn2+ +2e-

TiOH3++H++eTi3++e-

0.15

5.2

Sn(S)

-0.14

-4.6

~
~

Ti3++H20
Ti2+

-0.06

-0.9

-0.37

-6.2

Ti2++2e-

Ti(sl

-).63

-55

VO22++eVO2++4H++eV4++e-

~
~
~

VO2+
V4++2H20
V3+

V3++3e-

V(S)

0.05
0.9
0.33
5.6
-0.61 -10.3
-1.80
-91

VO2++2H++eVO2++2H++eV3++e-

~
~
~

VO2++H20
V3++H20
V2+

1-00
0-34
-0,26

V2++2e-

V(5)

-1-18

-40-!

~
~
~

Zn(l)
Zn(I)+4NH3
Zn(I)+40H-

-0.76
-1.04
-1.36

-25-8
-35-2
-46.0

Zn2+ +2eZn(NH3)42++2eZn(OH)42+2e-

16.9
5-7
-4-3

665